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London, 1914. Without wrappers, but stitched. In "Philosophical Magazine and Journalof Science", Vol. 27, No. 161. May 1914. Pp. 757-916 a. 6 plates.(= the whole issue No 161). Rutherford's paper: pp. 854-860 a. 1 plate. First edition, finally establishing the nature of Röntgen's X-Rays.In 1900 "Villardhad discovered gamma gamma-rays. He noted at once that these rays are not deflected by magnetic fields. Two years later Rutherford suggested that gamma-rays might be very hard form of beta-rays. This view became less and less tenable...(and) slowly the evidence grew that gamma-rays and X-rays were akin, but a lately as 1912 Rutherford still wrote with a touch of caution: "There is at present nodefinite evidence to belive that X-rays and gamma-rays are funamentally different kindsof radiation". he matter was finally settled fourteent years after the first observatiob of gamma-radioactivity, when Rutherford and Andrade observed reflexion of gamma-rays from crystal force (in the paper offered here)." (Pais. Inward Bound p. 62.).The issue contains further importent papers in first editions. W.H. BRAGG. The Intensity of Reflexion of X Rays by Crystals. Pp. 881-99. This is an account of his famous work on X-ray spectroscopy.E. MARSDEN: The Passage of alpha Particles through Hydrogen. Pp. 824-830. Here he discovered that when alpha-particles were projected into hydrogen, so that the heavy projectiles struck lighter atoms, a few of the hydrogen atoms were driven forward far beyond the range of the alpha particles.J.J.THOMSON: The Forces between Atoms and Chemical Affinity. Pp. 757-789.

Augsburg, Wolff und J.M. Probst, 1755. (Zugabe 1744). Folio. Cont. hcalf. Gilt back, gilt titlabel. Paperlabel pasted on upper part of back. Lower part of covers soiled with loos of some of the marbled paper covering the boards. Lower part of text as well as plates dampstained throughout, increasing toward end. Fine engraved frontispiece. (10),97,(5) ,55 pp. and 39 folded engraved plates. 2 engraved vignettes.

Paris, Christophe Remy, 1676. 8vo. In contemporary full calf with five raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Edges of boards gilt. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Wear to extremities, lower part of spine with loss of leather. Lower part of front board with loss of leather. Internally nice and clean. (16), 211, (1) pp. The rare first edition of Sainte-Garde’s work on the art of rhetoric and poetry and techniques, styles and effectiveness of oratory and poetic expression. It discusses the qualities that make a good orator or poet, the importance of eloquence and the role of these skills in society. Jacques Carel de Sainte-Garde (1620-1684), French poet and served as a chaplain and royal advisor. Not in Brunet or Graesse.

[No place], 1888 & 1890. 8vo. 2 volumes in the original full cloth bindings with gilt lettering to front boards. White paper-label pasted on to lower part of spines. Stamps to front free end-papers, title-pages and verso of all plates. Internally with light occassional brownspotting. (2), 48 pp. + 14 folded coloured plates; 110 pp. + 28 plates. Rare publication on the Gruson quick-firing guns, carriages, ammunition and ballistics.

Halae Magdeburgicae, Orphanotrophei, 1725. 8vo. Uniformly bound in two contemporary half vellum bindings with black lettering to spines. Small paper-label pasted on to spines. Marbled paper to boards with wear. Ex-libris pasted on to pasted down front end-papers. A nice and clean set. (14), 414 pp.; 415-799, (50), 119, (1) pp. Black leaves bound in between the printed leaves. Interesting sammelband containing two works by Caspar Heinrich Horn on constitutional law focusing on aspects of Roman-German public law and the political structure of the Empire, especially regarding the responsibilities and agreements surrounding the election of an emperor. The first workis a study of the public law of the Holy Roman Empire combining Roman legal principles with Germanic customs and practices. Horn examines the structure, powers and legal foundations of the Empire discussing how Roman legal concepts were adapted to fit the Germanic context. The second work is on the electoral capitulation of Emperor Charles VI.

Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1719. 4to. In: "Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCXIX". The entire volume offered in contemporary full vellum. Hand written title on spine. A yellow label pasted on to top of spine. A small stamp to title-page and free front end-paper. Library label to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. Pp. 256-270. [Entire volume: (4), 539, four engraved plates.]. First printing of Bernoulli's exceedingly important paper in which he presented the final (and correct) solution to the ballistic curve. Newton had also occupied himself with the problem but had only solved the law of resistance. In 1718, English mathematician Keill had given Bernoulli the following challenge: "Find the curve which a projectile describes through the air on the simplest hypothesis of uniform gravity and density in the medium, the resistance varying as the square of the velocity". The challenge was more an attempt to humiliate Bernoulli, since it was supposed to be unsolvable, than it was an attempt to advance mathematics. "It was therefore natural the Bernoulli, when he published his solution of Keill's problem and an account of his conduct, should dwell at greater length upon his triumph over the English mathematician than upon his very considerable achievement in mathematics." (Hall, Ballistics in the seventeenth century, Pp. 155)."Bernoulli's criticism of Taylor's Methodus incrementorum was simultaneously an attack upon the method of fluxions, for in 1713 Bernoulli had become involved in the priority dispute between Leibniz and Newton. Following publication of the Royal Society's Commercium epistolicum in 1712, Leibniz had no choice but to present his case in public. He released-without naming names-a letter by Bernoulli (dated 7 June 1713) in which Newton was charged with errors stemming from a misinterpretation of the higher differential. Thereupon Newton's followers raised complicated analytical problems, such as the determination of trajectories and the problem of finding the ballistic curve, which Newton had solved only for the law of resistance R = av (R = resistance, a = constant, v = velocity). Bernoulli solved this problem (AE, 1719) for the general case (R = avn), thus demonstrating the superiority of Leibniz' differential calculus." (DSB)

Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1699. 4to. In: "Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCIC". The entire volume offered in contemporary full vellum. Hand written title on spine. A yellow label pasted on to top of spine. Two small stamps to title-page and free front end-paper. Library label to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. Pp. 12-20. [Entire volume: (2), 582 pp. + ten engraved plates.]. First Latin edition (and second overall printing) of a selection of Locke's responses to Edward Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester. These are not only an important source in understanding Locke's late and mature view on religion but are probably the most famous and indebt discussions related to his seminal work "An Essay concerning Humane Understanding" Locke engaged in. The topic is of special interest since: "Religion and Christianity in particular is perhaps the most important influence on the shape of Locke's philosophy". (SEP: John Locke). The debate was essentially about Locke's definition of substance in "An Essay...". Stillingfleet argued that Locke advocated against dualism (mind - body) and thereby opening a door to Unitarianism. Locke did not support this view he, however, did not clearly reject the notion of Unitarianism and Socinianism. The volume contains the following:1. Bernoulli, Jakob. Circinus proportionum nauticus scala loxodromica instructus. Pp. 91-3.2. Bernoulli, Johann. Cycloidis primariae segmenta innumera quadraturam recipienta. Pp. 316-20 + one engraved plate. 3. Bernoulli, Jakob. Quadratura zonarum cycloidalium demonstrata. Pp. 427-28.4. Bernoulli, Johann. Excerpta ex literis. Groningae 7 Augusti 1699 datis. Pp. 513-16.And many other papers by influential contemporary mathematicians, philosophers and historians.

Odense, Christian Iversen, 1780-98. 4to. Indbundet i 6 samtidige hldrbd. Rygforgyldning. Forgyldte titelfelter på rygge. Bind 1-3 rigere forgyldte rygge end bind 4-6 (Bind 1-3 ensartede, bind 4-6 ensartede). En lille etiket påsat nederst på rygge. Stempel på titelblade. Kobberstukne titelvignetter. Bindene omhandlende Danmarks historie indgår som en selvstændig del af "Kongerigerne Danmarks og Norges samt Hertugtdømmene Slesvigs og Holsteens Historie indtil vore Tider" ved Gebhardi og Christiani. Eksemplaret her indeholder også alle 6 titelblade til det overordnede værk.

Hamburg, Bey Carl Ernst Bohn (+) Altona, Christian Julius Bülow, 1778 & 1779. 8vo. Uniformly bound in 4 contemporary half calf bindings with gilt lettering to spine. Paper-label pasted on to top of spines. Wear to extremities. Corner worn off on two of the bindings. Front board on vol. 3/4 bended, but still attached. 2 small worm-tracts in vol. 3/4. Internally nice and clean. XVI, 400, (2), 427 pp.; IV, 396, (2), 406 pp.; (2), 478, (2), 382 pp.; 446, 448 pp.

Paris, G. Cavelier, 1727. Cont. full mottled calf, raised bands, richly gilt back. Top of spine chipped. (14),238,(22) pp. and bound with: FREIND, JOH. Prælectiones Chymicæ, in quibus omnes fere Operationes Chymicæ. Ad vera Principia, & ipsius Naturæ Leges rediguntur. Editio nova, auctior & emandatior. Paris, G. Cavelier, 1727. (2),XIV,102 pp. + Appendix Paris, 1727. 32 pp. (Authors reply to critics). Emmenologia has been considered a remarkable exposition from the iatro-mathematical or mechanical point of view. In 1704 he was appointed to the chair of Chemistry in Oxford and delivered lectures theron in the Asmolean Museum, and in 1705 went as army physician to Spain with the Earl of Peterborough. (Ferguson I:290-91). Freind is furthermore considered the first English historian of medicine.

[London, Eyre and Spottiswoode], 1847. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary blue cardboard. With title label pasted on to spine. Bound with patents: 11701-25. 22 pp. + large folded plate. Scarce original printed patent for the first fishplate, (often also referred to as a splice bar or joint bar) a metal bar that is bolted to the ends of two rails to join them together in a track. It was put into use as early as 1844 but not patented until 1847.Dissatisfied with the scarf joints then in use for joining iron track, he invented the firstrailway fishplate, in the form of an unbolted wedge between adjoining chairs, in collaboration with Robert Richardson, a junior engineer under Peter Bruff on the Eastern Counties Railway.

Kjøbenhavn, Popp, 1826-37. 10 blå hollanderede papbd., ubeskåret. Titeletiketter i papir på rygge. Enkelte bind med lidt skjolder og brunpletter. Indeholder: Kong Olaf Tryggvesons Saga 1-2. - Kong Olaf den Helliges Saga 1-2. - Magnus den Godes, Harald Haarderaades og hans Sønners Sagaer. - Norges Konge=Sagaer fra Magnus Barfod til Magnus Erlingsøn - Kong Sverres Saga. - Norges Konger Hakon Sverresøns, Guttorm Sigurdsøns og Inge Baardsøns Sagaer, samt Hakon Hakonsøns Saga indtil Hertug Skules Fald. - Jomsvikinga Saga og Knytlinga tilligemed Sagabrudstykker og Fortællinger vedkommende Danmark. - Udsigt over Tidsregningen og geographisk Register. - Fiske p. 444.

New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1953. 8vo. Original full green cloth. Volume XXXII, 1953 of The Bell System Technical Journal. Library stamp to front free end-paper and title page. Minor bumping to extremities. A nice and clean copy. [Bullington's paper: ]Pp. 42-62. [Clos' paper:] Pp. 406-424. [Entire volume: 1517 pp.]. First edition of Bullington's seminal paper on the cellular radio principles. The paper circulated around the world and for the first time in a publicly distributed paper, the 21 page article hinted cellular radio principles.First edition of Charles Clos' influential paper on network construction."This paper describes a method of designing arrays of crosspoints for use in telephone switching systems in which it will always be possible to establish a connection from an idle inlet to an idle outlet regardless of the number of calls served by the system." (From the introduction to the present article). The advantage of Clos' network is that connection between a large number of input and output ports can be made by using only small-sized switches and that the number of crosspoints required can be much fewer than were the entire switching system implemented with one large crossbar switch.The following articles of interest are also contained in the present volume:1. Brattain, Walter H.; John Bardeen. Surface Properties of Germanium. Pp. 1-41.2. Babcock, Wallace C. Intermodulation Interference in Radio Systems: Frequency of Occurrence and Control by Channel Selection. Pp 63-73. 3. Wannier, Gregory H. Motion of Gaseous Ions in Strong Electric Fields. Pp. 170-254.4. McRae, J. W. Solderless Wrapped Connections - Introduction. Pp. 523-524. 5. Bennett, A.F. An Improved Circuit for the Telephone Set. Pp. 611-626.And many more.

Witebergae, Bergerus, 1610. 4to. In contemporary limp vellum with title and author in contemporary hand to spine. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Soiling and stains to extremities. Red seal to verso of front board. Previous owner's name (Hans Lauridsen Buxen ( ? - 1647)) to tile-page. A few quires loose and a few small worm-tracts. (16), 680, (36), (104) pp. The rare first edition of Lobech’s treatise consisting of 30 disputations that analyze the articles of the Augsburg Confession, a central document of Lutheran theology. David Lobech (1560–1603) was a German Evangelical-Lutheran theologian from Hadeln. He studied languages, philosophy and mathematics in Rostock earning his Magister in 1582. In 1589, he became a deacon at St. Peter’s Church, later serving as Archdeacon at St. James Church. In 1594 he was appointed professor of theology and awarded a Doctorate in Theology. The book has previous belonged to Danish priest Hans Lauridsen Buxen.

Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1853-54. Cont. hcalf. Raised bands. Back slightly rubbed. XX,(2),486,460 pp. and 2 large folded tables. Textillustr. Occasionally a little brownspotted.

Kjørkelvik og Risør, Privat trykk, (1955). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl., indvendig ren. Den første udgave af Sandemoses egen omarbejdede version af "En flyktning krysser sitt spor" fra 1933, som han har ladet flette sammen med "Der stod en benk i hagen". Denne omarbejdning indeholder desuden for første gang Sandemoses forord, der redegør for samtidens reaktioner på "En flyktning...", i hvilken han fremstiller den senere så berømte og benyttede Jantelov, der er inspireret af fødebyen Nykøbing på Mors, som i romanen kaldes Jante, samt for sine tanker omkring værket og dets betydning. Denne omarbejdning udkom som særnummer af Årstidene.Med egenhændig dedikation til "Grete Suszkiewicz-": " "...sannheten er skrevet i/ vann, og det som kalles/ rettfærdighet er gode/ menneskers mareritt."/ Aksel Sandemose/ København, julen 1955." - Det skal nævnes, at Sandemoses ene søn Espen, opkaldt efter Espen Arnakke, døde i 1955.

London, Macmillian and Co., 1958. Royal8vo. Bound in a green full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Volume 181, from January to June, 1958, of "Nature" offered. Binding tight and clean externally as well as internally. Pp. 662-666. [Entire volume: CXLII, (2), 1816 pp]. First edition of the important paper in which the first three-dimensional model of a protein was obtained, and which thus laid the foundation for all structural biology. Kendrew was furthermore one of the first to use a computer in analyzing the data produced by x-ray diffraction. For his essential discovery Kendrew was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962. The discovery is widely regarded as being one the most important in the second half of the 20th century within biology and chemistry. "The first dramatic but hard-won success of the approach [in understanding molecules], the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a protein called myoglobin, was announced in 1958 [in the present paper]. The findings laid the foundation for the age of structure in biology: [...] the paper was the outcome of a truly Herculean task. (Garwin, A century of Nature: twenty-one discoveries that changed science and the world, 2003, Pp. 87-88).

Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1888. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann.", Neue Folge Bd. 33. First appearance of this pioneer paper in the history of the photoelectric effect, as Hallwachs here for the first time showed that metals lose their negative charges under the action of ultraviolet radiation and becomes positive charged. The earliest speculations of the nature of the effect predates the discovery of the electron in 1897 by J.J. Thomson."This process, which is called the photoelectric effect or Hallwachs effect, forms the basis for the physics of the photoelectric cell and was theoretically interpreted by Einstein in 1905 in Einstein's work on light quanta."(DSB VI, p.74)."On the basis of his heuristic principle, Einstein proposed the following 'simplest picture' for the photoeffect. A light-quantum gives all its energy to a single electron, and the energy transfer by one light-quantum is independent of the presence of other light-quanta....and he gave several other applications of his heuristic principle..."(Pais in "Subtle is the Lord" pp. 380-81).Magie "A Source Book in Physics", pp. 578 ff.

New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1929. Lex8vo. Volume VIII, January, No. 1, 1929 of "The Bell System Technical Journal". In the original printed blue wrappers. Tear to upper part of spine. A bit of minor browning to extremities. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 1-2. [Entire issue: 216 pp.]. First publication of the paper in which the word "Decibel" (dB) was coined and officially announced for the first time. The concept of decibel originates from methods used to measure reductions in audio levels in telephone circuits. Today decibel is being used to measure sound volume in general. The original unit name decided upon was Bel, in honour of Alexander Graham Bell. Because the Bel unit was larger than needed in practice, one tenth of a bel, the DeciBel, was to become world standard of measuring sound volume. Up until 1929, The Bell System had used the "transmission unit" (TU) as their measuring standard which was devised to replace the "Miles of Standard Cable ".In the mid 1920'ies The European International Advisory Committee recommended to the various European telephone administrations that they adopt either the decimal or naperian unit (after John Napier) as a standard for measuring volume. 1 TU was defined as ten times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of measured power to a reference power level. The definitions were conveniently chosen such that 1 TU approximately equaled 1 MSC. Eventually, international standards bodies adopted the base-10 logarithm as a standard unit, named the bel in honor of the Bell System's founder and telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.Other paper of interest contained in the present issue:1. Osborne, H.S. The Principles of Electric Circuits Applied to Communication. Pp. 3-202. Elmen, G.W. Magnetic Properties of Perminvar. Pp. 21-40.3. Siegmund, H.O. The Aluminum Electrolytic Condenser. Pp. 41-63.4. Darrow, Karl K. Contemporary Advances in Physics, XVII, The Scattering of Light with Change of Frequency. Pp. 64-93.5. Carson, John R. Ground Return Impedance: Underground Wire with Earth Return. Pp. 94-98.6. Molina, E.C. Application to the Binomial Summation of a Laplacian Method for the Evaluation of Definite Integrals. Pp. 99-108.7. Mason, W.P. A New Method for Obtaining Transient Solutions of Electrical Networks. Pp. 109-134.8. Bostwick, L.G.Acoustic Considerations Involved in Steady State Loud Speaker Measurements. Pp. 135-158.9. Frederick, Halsey A. Recent Advances in Wax Recording. Pp. 159-172.10. MacKenzie, Donald. Sound Recording with the Light Valve. Pp. 173-183.11. Stoller, H.M. Synchronization and Speed Control of Synchronized Sound Pictures. Pp. 184-195.12. Scriven, E.O. A Sound Projector System for Use in Motion Picture Theaters. Pp. 196-208.

Ulm, Kuhn, 1668. 4to. In contemporary full vellum with yapp edges. Title in contemporary hand to spine. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Soiling and miscolouring to extremities. Title-page slightly soiled but internally generally fine and clean. (34), 527, (7) pp. First edition of Stöltzlin’s work on the suffering of Christ.

London, R. H. Laurie, 1838.. 8vo. In contemporary (Original?) coardboard binding with cloth backstrip. A stamp to spine and two stamps to front board. Three small stamps to title-page. Wear to extremities, internally fine. XXII, 240 pp. Rare eighth edition of Purdy's pilot to the English Channel.

Kiel, Schmidt & Klaunig, 1895 4to. Bound the original wrappers in contemporary half cloth. Stamp to end-papers and front wrapper. Internally fine and clean. 56 pp (8 pp. with coloured signals codes). Rare first publication of the traffic regulations of the then newly opned Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal, now known as the Kiel Canal (or Nord-Ostsee-Kanal). The canal was finished in 1895, but later widened, and links the North Sea at Brunsbüttel to the Baltic Sea at Kiel-Holtenau. An average of 250 nautical miles (460 km) is saved by using the Kiel Canal instead of going around the Jutland Peninsula. This not only saves time but also avoids storm-prone seas and having to pass through the Sound or Belts.The first connection between the North and Baltic Seas was constructed while the area was ruled by Denmark-Norway. It was called the Eider Canal, which used stretches of the Eider River for the link between the two seas. Completed during the reign of Christian VII of Denmark in 1784, the Eiderkanal was a 43-kilometre (27 mi) part of a 175-kilometre (109 mi) waterway from Kiel to the Eider River's mouth at Tönning on the west coast. It was only 29 metres (95 ft) wide with a depth of 3 metres (10 ft), which limited the vessels that could use the canal to 300 tonnes.After 1864 Second Schleswig War put Schleswig-Holstein under the government of Prussia (from 1871 the German Empire), a new canal was sought by merchants and by the German navy, which wanted to link its bases in the Baltic and the North Sea without the need to sail around Denmark.After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles required the canal to be open to vessels of commerce and of war of any nation at peace with Germany, while leaving it under German administration.(The United States opposed this proposal to avoid setting a precedent for similar concessions on the Panama Canal. The government under Adolf Hitler repudiated its international status in 1936, but the canal was reopened to all traffic after World War II. In 1948, the current name was adopted.

(Kjöbenhavn [Copenhagen], 1853). 4to. Unbound. Uncut and unopened. A nice and clean copy. 35 pp. First edition of Colding's major contribution to the development of the steam engine. Ludvig August Colding is primarily remembered today for, together with Meyer, Joule, and Helmholtz, having determined the principle of Conservation of Energy. His final major contribution to this discovery consists in the publication of his elaborated experiments which once and for all determined the accuracy of his assumption (that no amount of energy gets lost, since what is apparently lost in energy will be found in other places or in different forms, e.g. heat) (1850). Two years after that seminal publication, he publishes his main contribution to the development of the steam engine, namely his "Investigation of the Water Steams and their Moving Power in the Steam Engine" (1850), which is obviously based on his determination of the principle of conservation and alteration of energy.Colding was a famous Danish engineer and physicist. He was originally educated as a carpenter but graduated as mechanical engineer in 1841. In 1845 he became water-inspector in Copenhagen and in 1847 he was also given the responsibility of the gas- and waterworks. Together with the famous chemist Julius Thomsen, he proved that the cholera spread throughout Copenhagen through the drinking water (1853) - a most significant discovery. After this he was responsible replacing much of the sewer-system of Copenhagen. In 1857 he became state engineer. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences and honorary doctor at the University of Edinburgh.His work on the power of water-stem in the steam engine is considered one of his most significant.

Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1735 8vo. In contemporary full calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine and ornamentation to spine. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Light wear to extremities, parts of gilting worn off. Internally nice and clean. (16), 311 pp. The rare second edition of Pontoppidan's work on Christian faith and the characteristics that define a true believer. The present work was a great influence on Swedish Lutheran lay preacher Carl Olof Rosenius, impressing upon him the importance of conversion and having a living faith. Erik Ludvigsen Pontoppidan (1698 – 1764) was a Danish author, a Lutheran bishop of the Church of Norway, a historian and an antiquarian.

Paris, Duchesne, 1762. 8vo. Uniformly bound in four contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spines. Edges of boards gilt and all edges coloured in red. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spines. Light wear to extremities, primarily affecting capitals and hinges. A nice and clean set. (10), 472, (10) pp. + frontispiece; (2), 539, (11) pp.; (4), 544, (8) pp.; (2), 400, 78 pp. + 4 folded plates. Second edition, the first being published in 1760, of Bielfeld’s highly popular work political institutions and themes such as law making, police, finances, commerce and the general constitution a states. Bielfeld’s work made it into 12 editions, including translations into German (1761), Italian (1764), Spanish (1767), and Russian (1768/75). Even an abbreviated version was published in Portuguese in Brazil in 1823. “Bielfeld’s volumes of Institutions Politiques are written in the venerable Fürstenspiegel – or ‘Kings’ Mirror’ – tradition. Going back to Greek (Aristotle) and Roman (Pliny the Younger) this type of work lists the virtues and duties of ruler and princes, establishing the necessary wisdom and principles for good governance.36 An important German predecessor was Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff’s Teutsche Fürstenstaat (IX) published in 1656 which was continuously in print for 100 years, the last edition being printed in 1754. Seckendorff and Bielfeld were both employed by men who represented the best intellectualism of Enlightened Despotism: Ernest the Pious of Gotha and Frederick the Great of Prussia respectively.” (Reinert, 80 Economic Bestsellers before 1850: A Fresh Look at the History of Economic Thought)