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Kiøbenhavn, Joh. Phil. Bockenhoffer, 1695. Samtidigt hellæderbind. Ryg med blindtrykte stempler. Titel ligeledes i blindtryk. Ryg med lidt krakeleringer. I kassette med skindforstærkninger. Kobberstukket titelblad med teksten 200 Viser... (Vedels inkluderet). Bogtrykt titelblad trykt i rød/sort. (48),783,(11 - Register) pp. Med navnetræk af tidligere ejere: P. von Gersdorf (øverst på det kobberstukne titelblad) og J.C.P. Wormskjold. Usædvanligt velbevaret eksemplar med nogle få svage skjolder og enkelte brunpletter. Contemporary full calf binding. Spine with blindstamped title and decorations. Leather on spine with cracks. Housed in slip-case with leather edges. Engraved title-page with the text "200 Vider..." (including those of Vedel). Printed title-page in red and black. Title-page with the ownership signatures of P. Gersdorf J.C.P. Wormskjold. Unusually well preserved copy with only minor vagie damp staining and very little brownspotting. (48), 783, (11 - Index) pp. Den yderst sjældne originaludgave, her tilmed i det egentlige førsteoplag idet der findes 3 forskellige tryk med samme årstal, de 2 med træstukket titelblad, hvor førsteoplaget (som her) har kobberstukket titelblad. Thesaurus (II,676) anfører, at de "to sidste er dog sandsynligvis først udkommet efter århundredskiftet". Et monument i dansk litteratur idet Peder Syv her viderefører Anders Sørensen Vedels Visebog. Exceedingly scarce first edition, in the even scarcer first issue, of this monument of Danish literature, folk tales, folk song, and story telling. Three issues appeared with the same year on the title-page; only the first issue has the engraved title-page. According to Thesaurus, the two other issues were presumably only issued after the turn of the century, even though the bear the printing date 1695. Peder Syv’s magnificent work collecting the songs narrating the tales about our kings, giants and other greats is one of the most important treasure troves of Danish and Scandinavian folk songs and tales. The work contains Anders Sørensen Vedel’s 100 songs, to which is added another 100 songs taken from manuscripts, fly leaves, and word-to-mouth, also preserving translations of skaldic epics that would otherwise have been lost. He also included a few contemporary poems, such as Laurids Kok’s “Danmark dejligst, Vang og Vænge, which is one of the most beloved songs about our country, printed here for the first time. The work was very popular and was reprinted several times in the 18th century. Thesaurus II,676. - Bibl. Danica IV,192.

K., 1866-1995. 8vo. 1866-1912 indb. i to slags hldrbd. 1914-64 i hæfter og resten i orig. papbd. Mangler 3 årg.: 1880,1913,1934.

Paris, 1907. 8vo. Bound uncut in a later brown half calf with gilt title-label and gilt lines to spine. Neat marginal repairs to a few leaves and first two leaveas trimmed at lower margin. Signed author's presentation-inscription to half-title. (4), VIII, 403 pp. + 31 pp. of advertisements from Félix Alcan. Rare first edition, presentation-copy for Jean Baruzi, of Bergson's seminal main work, the "Creative Evolution", his most famous and influential book, which constitutes the great philosopher's cult-like showdown with Darwinian mechanism, which resulted in a theory of cosmic evolution that covered everything from biology and other sciences to metaphysics and religion.Jean Baruzi (1881-1953), an important French philosopher and historian of religion, specialized in Leibnitz and William James, was a student of Bergson. He was the author of a controversial dissertation, "St. John of the Cross and the Problem of Mystical Experience", which gave an existential-phenomenological description of religious andguish and the "lived experience" of the mystic. He was a professor at the Collège de Frace and held the Histoy of Religion chair after Alfred Loisy. In 1907, when Henri Bergson's third book, "Creative Evolution", was published, the seminal French philosopher, who had studied both mathematics and philosophy, possessed the professor chair of modern philosophy at the Collège de France. Though the book was the result of several years of extremely thorough research, Bergson himself could have hardly foreseen the effect that this book was going to have throughout the 19th century with an amazing revival in the 20th century, making him one of the most important philosophers of his time.Always committed to the reality of time as the basis and as a source of creative change, Bergson, in his magnum opus, sets out to free the sciences of psychology and biology from the materialism and mechanism that had dominated them in the late nineteenth century and due to which they had been made unable to explain creativity, growth and change. He makes an amazing new contribution to the theory of knowledge by providing an account of creative evolution and the creative mind, thereby freeing psychology and biology from a number of problems otherwise unsolvable through philosophical and scientific explanations. Bergson accepts the historical facts of evolution but rejects all the mechanistic and materialistic explanations of the evolutionary process. Like Darwin, he accepts natural selection as an explanation of extinction, but he does not accept it as an explanation of evolutionary change, and likewise with Lamarck, Spencer, and the orthogenesists, he accepts the foundational theories of evolution but only to the point at which mechanism or materialism sets in, instead of which, he basically explains further change and growth with a basic vital principle that accounts for creative changes.As such, "Creative Evolution" sets out to found a philosophy that can account for the continuity of all living things, for both the creation of life and the diversity that results from creation, and Bergson does this with his idea of an original vital principle, a governing immaterial force of life, a sort of natural creative impulse, that embraces the whole of life in one. The book was hugely popular when it appeared, and its immediate immense influence lasted a couple of decades, making Bergson an internationally acknowledged cult-like hero of a French intellectual. After the Second World War, though, the interest in Bergson decreased, only to be reawakened in the late 1960'ies where a growing interest in his works re-emerged, making him to this day one of the most read philosophers of the early 20th century. There can be no doubt as to the continued influence of his works.

Leipzig, Thomas Fritschen, 1706. 4to. In contemporary full vellum with yapp edges and gilt lettering to spine. All edges coloured in red. Light wear to extremities. Ex-libris (Carl Juel, Danish statesman and owner of Valdemar's Castle) pasted on to pasted down front end-paper. Two-line note in contemporary hand to front free end-paper. First 5 leaves evenly browned. A very nice and clean copy. (14), 786 pp. + frontispiece depicting Sophia Electress of Hanover, Hereditary Princess of England, mother of George I. The very rare first edition of this important and influential first English/German dictionary: “Thus when, in 1706, Ludwig inaugurated the history of bilingual German/English lexicography, it was as a somewhat late first entrant to the history of bilingual dictionaries among what we might today consider the ‘major’ languages of Europe, and certainly notably later than English–French, English–Spanish, English–Italian and English–Dutch lexicography. It is telling that Ludwig had recourse to the older practice of adapting an existing bilingual source. There were as yet no monolingual German dictionaries on which to draw.” (McLelland, Christian Ludwig (1660–1728) and the beginnings of German/English lexicography) Ludwig’s dictionary was not only the first but also so good it was do dominate the market for an entire century. The first leaves comprise a long dedication to Sophia, Electress of Hanover. For a time it looked as if she was to succeed to the throne of England, hence the relative sudden interest in Germany of such a dictionary. Sophia died less than two months before she would have become Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Consequently, her son George I became King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714. “Dedicating his 1706 dictionary to Sophia, Electoral Princess and duchess-dowager of Hanover, Ludwig remarked on the change in Anglo-German relations from previous entfremdung und widerwillen (‘alienation and antipathy’) to eine erwünschte vereinigung (‘a desired unification’) through the anticipated royal dynastic connection. In 1716 Ludwig similarly pointed out that his German–English dictionary was timely (‘an der zeit’), since the ascent of the Hanoverian George I to the throne in 1714 meant English and German people were now ‘würcklich verknüpfft’ (‘really connected’). (McLelland, Christian Ludwig (1660–1728) and the beginnings of German/English lexicography). It was reprinted in 1736, 1763 and 1791.

Berlin & Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter, 1925. Large 4to. (300x234mm). The entire volume 154 [(4),259,(1) pp.] offered here in original blank wrappers. Exceptionally fine. First edition of von Nuemann's first significant publication, in which he introduced the concept of classes, and gave the first finite axiomatisation of set theory.

1810-11. Folio. (36,5x23,5 cm.). Nyere hldrbd. i brun oaseged. Består af 9 sider i håndskreven folio, uden forfatterangivelse. Bladenes kanter og bund lidt flossede, nederste del af tekstsiderne med lidt misfarvning og skjolder. Det håndtegnede kort (20,5x21,5 cm.) er opsat bagerst, men noget brunet, med en revne og fragilt. Det er håndkoloreret og med bogstavsignaturer (A-K) angives kortets skovområder (A. Teglstrup Hegn etc.etc.). De på kortet indførte tal (1-125) henviser til en medfølgende planche "Tallenes Forklaring" som navngiver 125 steder, som iøvrigt er omtalt i tekstdelen. Unik militær-topografisk beskrivelse af Nordøstsjælland fra Hellebæk i nord over Helsingør, Lokkerup, Snekkersten, Espergærde, Humlebæk, Sletten, Nivaa til Mikkelborg i syd samt de bagved liggende landskaber, landsbyer, gårde, skove, søer m.v. i en "trekant" som udgøres af hjørnerne Hellebæk/Helsingør - Frederiksborg/Herlöw - Mikkelborg.Efter englændernes landgang 1807 under Syv-årskrigen, kom Sundets kystforsvar under nøje inspektion, idet englænderne i 1807, uden at møde nogen modstand, landsatte deres hær mellem Skodsborg og Vedbæk. Den foreliggende topografiske undersøgelse må anskues under denne synsvinkel; og det står klart, at det er en militær-topograf som har affattet beretningen, som ud over en fyldig topografisk beskrivelse indeholder vurderinger af, hvorledes landområdet, med henblik på en gentagelse af et angreb, bedre kunne befæstes og beskyttes. Således anbefales anlægget af forskellige kystbatterier til beskydning ved angreb, og et telegraf-system foreslåes (semifor-telegrafi). Af et sådant indeholder beskrivelsen endda en lille tegning.Et eksempel på den topografiske beskrivelse: "Snekkersteen og Lokkerup er ubetydelige Fiskerbyer. (de)..tæt bag Snekkersteen værende høie Bakker som hen ad Lokkerup (er) noget Skovgroet, tilbyder et godt Forsvar mod en (Landed) Fiende, og især da Skandsøre Batterie kan assistere (den) venstre Fløy - (ved) Snekkersteen er en Kystsignal(streng), som signalerer til Gaard Kÿst Signalen ? paa Alshoÿ, ved Nyboe (?) Strandstykke fra Helsingör til Lokkerup er meget sandig og besværlig at passere (for ?) alle Troppe Arter.....etc....Agemose er en liden bye som er og kommet ved fulgte almindelige Udskiftning...terrainet som (omslutter)...fra Fuglefængehusene til Agemose og Teglstrup hegn bestaaer (for) størstedelen af Lÿng og af...."

Leibzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1907. 8vo. In contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Annalen der Physik", Vierte Folge, Band 23. Entire volume offered. Ex-libris pasted on to top right corner of pasted down front free end-paper. Light rubbing to extremities, a very fine and clean copy (not an ex-library copy). Pp.371-384. [Entire volume: VIII, 1000 pp. + 4 plates]. First edition of the first explicit statement of Einstein's landmark energy-mass equation E=mc2.Nearly all descriptions of Einstein's scientific work state that the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2 was first formulated in Einstein's 1907 review paper 'Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen.' published in 'Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik' (see Weil no. 21 and Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 4 pp.323 for examples). However, in his paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie' [the offered paper] which predates the former mentioned by six months, Einstein gave a clear statement of the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2. See Lanczos: The Einstein Decade, pp.149-150 and 153 as well as Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.Einstein's first paper regarding the relation E=mc2 is his fourth 1905 paper, 'Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?'. In this short paper Einstein showed that a body releasing the energy E in the form of radiation will have its mass decreased by E/c2, and concluded that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content, e.g., that all energy has mass. The next time Einstein returns to the subject is in his 1906 paper 'Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunkts Bewegung und die Trägheit der Energie.'. Here Einstein concluded that one must either ascribe the inertial mass E/c2 to any form of energy E or else give up the fundamental law mechanics regarding conservation of the motion of the center of gravity. Then finally in the 1907 paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie.' [the offered paper] Einstein makes the decisive step of assuming that all mass has energy. On page 382 Einstein considers the total energy of a moving mass point as the sum of its kinetic energy and its rest energy. In classical mechanics it is most convenient to set the second term to zero but in relativistic mechanics one obtains the simplest expression by setting the rest energy equal to mc2. Einstein then continues to show that this stipulation cannot lead to a contradiction in any relativistic argument. In a footnote on page 382 Einstein states for the first time the equation E=mc2 and mentions that this equation is the expression of the principle of the equivalence of mass and energy - see Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.The volume contains another paper by Einstein "Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"", pp.206-208. - Weil No. 18.Collected Works, Doc. 45. Weil 19. Boni 19.

Altona, und in der Cramerischen Handlung in Bremen, (1770). 8vo. Contemp. marbled boards. The marbled paper on covers gone, scratches to marbled paper on spine. (Binding fully intact). Title-and tomelabels in leather with gilt lettering. A stamp on foot of title-page. (6),XXIV,560,32;VIII,112 pp. Some scattered brownspots, mainly to "Verbesserungen des ersten Theiles" and to title-pages. Very scarce first edition of Basedow's main work in educational theory meant to explain his "Elementarwerk".He was strongly influenced by Rousseau's ideas on education in Emile, and he proposed the reform of schools and of the common methods of instruction, the establishment of an institute for qualifying teachers and solicited subscriptions for the printing of a new, illustrated, book, Elementarwerk ("Elementary Book"), where his principles were to be explained at length assisted by "Das Methodenbuch".Basedow was called to Denmark in 1753 to become professor at Soroe Akademi, where he stayed for 8 years. He was dismissed to Altona in 1761 caused by his theological views going against the prevailing orthodoxy. While he stayed in Soroe he published his "Praktische Philosophie für alle Stände", 1758.

Leiden, Joannis Maire, 1653 - Amsterdam, Ioannes Blaeu, 1650. 4to. One contemp. full vellum. Contemp. handwritten titles (weak) to spine. First title in red/black with large engraved titlevignette. (8),154,(1) pp. (Ars Historica 1653) - (16),94,(14) pp. (Grammatistice etc. 1650) - (8),83,(15) pp. (De Philologia, 1650) - (16),467,(33) pp. (De Universae Mathesios..., 1650). Fine and clean. First edition of "De Qvattuor Artibus..." (which includes "De Universae Mathesios" with separate titlepage) and second edition of "Ars Historica"The mathematical work: Poggendorff II, 1235. "de Mathesios.": "According to prof. Cantor, (it) is the first history of mathematics in its widest sense". Honeyman Coll., 3081.

Paris, Bossange Frères, 1823. 8vo. Completely uncut in the original printed wrappers. A bit of wear to spine and extremities, and internally a bit of light brownspotting, but overall a very nice copy in the rare and fragile original wrappers. VIII, 318 pp. The very rare first edition of the first French translation of the seminal main work by the co-founder of classical economics (together with Ricardo) and a main popularizer of utilitarianism James Mill. The work is considered the first textbook of Ricardian economics as well as the first popular exposition of the principles of classical economics. As such the work, and the important translations of it into the other main languages of Europe - French and German -, came to exercise a profound influence on later economis.The work originally appeared in English in 1821, and apart from the first edition, the present first French translation constitutes the most important edition of the work. "In Elements of Political Economy, James Mill describes his ideas (in the Schumpeterean sense) using economic thought and economic analysis. He uses examples of the Industrial Revolution (industry) and the agricultural industry surrounding England. The utilitarian economist, father of John Stewart Mill, discusses his theory of velocity of circulation of money, the interest from capital as the result of wages of labor (against Ricardian theory), and many other economic principles. James Mill historically writes "the aggregate of commodities, taken all together, there is neither fall nor rise" an issue later paraphrased by Karl Marx in his Das Kapital." (Review - from the 1999-edition of the work)."James Mill, (1773 - 1836), Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist. He was prominent as a representative of philosophical radicalism, a school of thought also known as Utilitarianism, which emphasized the need for a scientific basis for philosophy as well as a humanist approach to politics and economics. His eldest son was the celebrated Utilitarian thinker John Stuart Mill.... His Elements of Political Economy (1821), an especially precise and lucid work, summarizes the views of the philosophical radicals..." (British Encycl.).

Leiden, Elie Luzac jun., 1750. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with five raised bands and richly gilt spine. Light wear to extremities, top of spine with small tear, otherwise a fine copy. XXXII, 440 pp. + 9 plates, primarily folded. First (and only) Dutch edition of the description of the voyage of the ships Dobbs and California to Hudson Bay in Canada (1746-1747), where they finally proved the nonexistence of a North West passage from Hudson Bay. "The first part contains a synopsis of twenty-three English voyages to discover the Northwest Passage, a history of the rise of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the discovery attempted from New England. The second part gives an account of a voyage under Captains Moor and Francis Smith, financed by private subscription, with Arthur Dobbs the leading subscriber. Ellis, also a subscriber, was hydrographer, surveyor, and mineralogist on the expedition, which proved, finally, the nonexistence of a Northwest Passage from Hudson Bay. The voyage led to a rapid decline of British interest in the search for a Northwest Passage, which was not revived until 1816. The work includes many valuable observations on tides, on the vagaries of the compass, and on the customs of the Eskimos, people then practically unknown" (Hill – referring the the original English edition from 1749). Sabin 22315

Kopenhagen, 1837. 8vo. Uncut and unopened in the original printed wrappers. A A completely fresh copy - mint condition. (4), 108, (4 - advertisements) pp. Scarce first German edition of this milestone publication, which laid the foundation of modern archaeology and transformed it into an exact science. With this seminal publication, Thomsen was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods, and with it he became the originator of the three-age system (the division into Stone Age - Bronze Age - Iron Age), which is "the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World" (Rowley-Conwy: From Genesis to Prehistory, p.1). This foundational work altered our understanding of our world and our place in it and contains the first use of "culture" in an archaeological context."Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, (born Dec. 29, 1788, Copenhagen, Den.-died May 21, 1865, Copenhagen), Danish archaeologist who deserves major credit for developing the three-part system of prehistory, naming the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages for the successive stages of man's technological development in Europe. His tripartite scheme brought the first semblance of order to prehistory and formed the basis for chronological schemes developed for other areas of the globe by succeeding generations of archaeologists." (Encycl. Britt.).Up until the beginning of the 19th century, our understanding of antiquities had been very loose and fumbling. Studying the artifacts, earlier archaeologists had used a great deal of imagination, especially when adapting information from written sources to the objects. Only when Thomsen enters the scene, this approach changes. He is the first to focus the investigation upon the artifacts themselves. Quickly realizing that this approach must be the only way forward, he soon distinguished clearly between objects, both similar and different, and established what belonged together in time and where there were chronological differences. He was among the first to differentiate between history that could be studied through written sources and prehistory which could only be studied through material culture. He realized - as the first - that in order to interpret findings of prehistoric objects, one would have to know their source and the context in which they were found - thus establishing the foundation for modern excavation technique. He trained the great archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae and sent him on excavation expeditions to acquire artifacts for ethnographic museum that he had founded and thus also founded Danish archaeology. Thomsen was the first to perceive typologies of grave goods, grave types, methods of burial, pottery and decorative motifs, and to assign these types to layers found in excavation, thus combining our different sources of knowledge to establish certainty. When, in 1836, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries published Thomsen's illustrated contribution to "Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology" (i.e. the present publication), in which he put forth his chronology for the first time, together with comments about typology and stratigraphy, Thomsen already had an international reputation. But this publication gave him more than that - it made him the founder of modern archaeology and arguably the most influential archaeologist of all times. In 1816 Thomsen had been appointed head of "antiquarian" collections, which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark. It was while organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition that he discovered how much more sense it would make to present them chronologically, and so he did, using what is now known as the "three-age system". Proposing that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron was not in itself a novel idea, but no previous proposals allowed for the dating of artifacts (which Thomsen's system did for the first time) and they were all presented as systems of evolution. Refining the idea of stone-bronze-iron phases, Thomsen turned it into a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. It is this seminal achievement that led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system.He provided for the first time a solid empirical basis for the system that ever since the present publication has laid at the foot of all archaeological research. He showed that artifacts could be classified into types and that these types varied over time in ways that correlated with the predominance of stone, bronze or iron implements and weapons. In this way he turned the Three-age System from being an evolutionary scheme based on intuition and general knowledge into a system of relative chronology supported by archaeological evidence."His published and personal advice to Danish archaeologists concerning the best methods of excavation produced immediate results that not only verified his system empirically but placed Denmark in the forefront of European archaeology for at least a generation. He became a national authority when C.C Rafn, secretary of the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab ("Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries"), published his principal manuscript in "Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed" ("Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology") in 1836."This groundbreaking publication was immediately translated into German (published the following year, 1837), in which form it reached a wide audience, influencing the archaeologists of all of Europe. In 1848, it was published in English and became highly influential on the development of archaeology theory and practice in Great Britain and the United States.In 1849 Thomsen founded the world's first ethnografic museum, which continued to contribute significantly to the development of modern archaeology."Throughout the course of the nineteenth century growing amounts of archaeological material were being recovered as the vastly expanding engineering activities of the Industrial Revolution were transforming Central and Western Europe into the "workshop of the world." Indeed, much of the popular appeal of archaeology in early Victorian times lay in its seeming demonstration that this contemporary technological advancement, which both intrigued and delighted the middle classes, was no mere accident but the acceleration of a tendency for "progress" which was innate in humankind. This evidence that cultural evolution as opposed to degeneration from an original state of grace had been a significant feature of human history made archaeology pre-eminently a science of progress. Within the context of the history of the discipline, however, the birth of this "scientific archaeology", as distinct from the antiquarianism of earlier times, is generally associated with the unfolding of the "Three Age System" and the pioneering work of C.J. Thomsen.While in the past a few archaeologists had attempted to subdivide prehistoric materials into various temporal segments, it was Thomsen who first envisaged, and applied, on the basis of archaeological evidence, a systematic classification of antiquities according to the criteria of material use and form which could be correlated with a sequence of temporal periods: the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, familiar to every student of archaeology for the last hundred years. The novelty of this approach, however, did not lie in the concept of technological development gleaned from his familiarity with the conjectural history of the Enlightenment, or in his assumption of a sequence of Stone, Bronze, or Iron Ages, itself a variation of Lucretius' popular model. Rather, it lay in his employment of "seriational principles" acquired from his extensive knowledge of numismatics, which he used to combine evidence concerning technology, grave goods, along with the shape and decoration of various artefacts into an internally consistent developmental sequence. Though Thomsen's Museum of Northern Antiquities in Denmark had arranged its collection of artefacts in accordance with this new system as early as 1819, the first written account of his research was not set out in print until the "Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed" ("Guide Book to Northern/Nordic Antiquities") was published in 1836. While prior to Thomsen's work, thinking about antiquities in both Europe and the United States bas both intellectually fragmented and essentially speculative, the publication of the "Ledetraad" and its translation into German a year later unified archaeological studies by providing scholars with an exemplar or "paradigm". For, while previously antiquarians and indeed classical archaeologists, who were interested in what are now recognized to be prehistoric remains, tended to look to written records and/or oral traditions to provide a historical context for their finds, it was Thomsen who liberated archaeologists from this restrictive assumption through the creation of a carefully controlled chronology which allowed for the comprehensive study of those periods in history for which NO written records were available. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Thomsen's system established itself as THE system, as his basic classification of artefacts, arranged in periods by virtue of an analogy with the form and function of tools in his own day, was modified an elaborated upon by, among others, Worsaae, de Mortillet and John Lubbock." (D.A. Nestor: Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, pp. 46-48).

Warszawa, 1887. 4to. In contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine and four raised bands. Spine with wear and top right corner (3 x 5 cm) of title-page lacking, not affecting text. Internally fine and clean. (4), II, 412, XVIII pp. Extremely rare first Polish translation of Darwin’s Journal of Researches: "His first published book is undoubtedly the most often read and stands second only to ‘On the origin of Species’ as the most often printed. It is an important travel book in its own right and its relation to the background of his evolutionary ideas has often been stressed."(Freeman p. 31).Freeman 223

London, MacMillan & Co. 1902. Original red cloth pictorially stamped in black and white (in a design by the author) on covers, lettered in white on front cover, and pictorially stamped and lettered in white on spine. White pigment flaking a little, mainly on the spine, but far less than usual. With slipcase. Minimal foxing to endpapers. [6], 249, [2]; 22 plates by Kipling. First edition of one of Kipling's best known and most beloved works.

(Paris), Gallimard, (1957). Bound with the original printed wrappers in an elegant light brown morocco binding with gilt lettering to spine and waxed patterned paper in red-browninsh nuances to boards. Gilt lineborder to boards. Top-edge gilt. Binding signed Alain Devauchelle. Gilt super ex-libris to inside of front board. Housed in brown paper slipcase with light brown morocco-edges. An excellent, clean, blight, and fresh copy. With the original advertisement-leaf for "L'Exil et le Royaume". First edition, Service de Presse-copy ("S. P." punctured to bottom of back wrapper) - with signed presentation-inscription for the publisher Camille Bloch to half-title - of Camus' great collection of stories, which are considered among the best of his works. Together, these stoires cover the entire variety of existentialism - or absurdism. There is general consensus that the clearest manifestation of the ideals of Camus can be found in the present work.

(London: Alexander Strahan and Company, 1868). 8vo. Without wrappers (as issued). Offprint, seperatly paginated, from "Fortnightly Review 1", Pp. 435-42. Author's presentation inscription to top of front wrapper: "Prof Tyndall / With the author's / kind Compliments". Soiling to front wrappers and nicks throughout, not affecting text. Internally clean. Pp. 8. First edition, offprint, with the author's presentation inscription to Professor John Tyndall - the father of the Greenhouse Effect, heat radiation and global climate research - of this important paper, in which Herschel promotes the role of the devine in the natural order. Herschel, now famous for originating the use of the Julian day system in astronomy, naming seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus, his investigation in colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays, did much to promote the public understanding of science . The present paper constitutes one of his most widely read and popular works. "During his life John was immensely celebrated, his name epitomizing science to the public, much as that of Einstein did in the next century." (DSB)Though intended for a popular audience "On the Origin of Force" is one of the most important sources for understanding Herschel's general approach to science. A contemporary review of the paper states: "The article is well worth reading for those who wish to realise the enormous benefit which has been rendered to science by banishing the indefinite uee of the word force and by introducing the term energy, restricting the use of force to the meaning attached to it by Newton. Sir John Herschel still speaks of the "conservation of force" (as did likewise Helmholtz, who, however, very early introduces the term Arheitskraft, power to do work, thus removing all ambiguity).Herschel and Tyndall corresponded throughout their mature lives and they shared an overall view on God's place in science. "In the only case in which we are admitted into any personal knowledge of the origin of force, we find it connected (possibly by intermediate links untraceable by our faculties, but yet indubitably connected) with volition, and by inevitable consequence with motive, with intellect, and with all the attributes of mind in which-and not in the possession of arms, legs, brains, and viscera-personality consists." (Herschel, rrom the present paper). Tyndall agreed in stating that: "An inscrutable power of which we know no more than job did, when he said, 'Can man by searching find this power out?'. (Tyndall's "Belfast Address").

London, Printed for John Clark and Richard Hett, 1725. Small 8vo. Cont. full calf, expertly rebacked in old style w. five raised bands on back and gilt leather title-label. Some scratches to boeards and some bumbing to corners. (2), VI, (8, -table of contents + books published by the same author), 534 (2, -advertisements, i.e. errata) pp. First edition of Watt's standard text book of philosophical logic, which was used as the basic introduction to this field for more than 100 years at Oxford University, also occupying the place as the standard text on logic at Cambridge, Harvard and Yale throughout the 18th century and well into the 19th. Isaac Watts (1674-1748) is considered the father of English hymnody and is considered one of the most important hymn-writerS ever in Great Britain. But Watts was not only a hymn-writer, he was also a renowned logician and theologian, and today he is primarily famous within these fields as the author of his text book in logic, "Logick..." from 1725, which became hugely popular and served as a standard introduction to the field for more than 100 years. The work went through twenty editions, bearing witness to its great popularity.The work is arranged systematically and divided into four general parts: 1. Of Perceptions and Ideas, II. Of Judgment and Proposition, III. Of Reason and Syllogism, IV. Of Method. The work not merely served as a basic text book for beginners of logic, though, it also contains new ideas and new approaches to old problems. The influence of Watts' contemporary John Locke is especially noticeable with many references to his "Essay on Humane Understanding". But a thing that distinguishes Watts' Logic from others of the time, and perhaps the reason why it became so hugely popular, is his constant focus on the practicability of logic instead of the merely speculative approach to it, which again made his logic useful in connection with general problems of philosophy and science. Unusual for his time, Watts here distinguishes between the practical and the speculative part of logic and treats of both parts, anticipating later logicians such as Peirce. C.S. Peirce also described Watts' "Logick" as being "far superior to the treatises now used in colleges, being the production of a man distinguished for good sense" (see The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vol.II, 1933).

(Slesvig, Nicolai Wegener), 1593. 4to. Helpergamentsbind fra 1600-taller. Ved ombindingen er bagerst indsat ca. 100 blanke blade. Forgyldt titeletiket i skind på ryg. Etiketten med lidt tab. Gl. ejernavn Bille Brahe (Hvedholm). 129 blade. På titelbladet er 2 linier, som var trykt med rødt overskrevet med sort. Blad 1b med stort træsnit af Danmarks våben. Blad 2a med helsides træsnit, Christian IV's portræt. Gl. ejernavn på titelbladet. Rent eksemplar trykt på kraftigt skrivepapir og med talrige samtidige tilskrifter i en net hånd. Yderst sjældent forekommende anden udgave (den første trykt af Brandis 1486) af den plattyske oversættelse af Jyske Lov ved Blasius Eckenberger. Der eksisterer kun en lille håndfuld bevarede eksemplarer i privat ejerskab. Det foreliggende eksemplar er en af varianteksemplarerne som er beskrevet af Lauritz Nielsen (Dansk Bibliografi, p.348, no.1072) og som gør sig bemærket ved flere udeladelser. Således er udeladt oversætterens eneretsprivilegium, dedikationen fra oversætteren, Chr. IV's autorisation m.v. (= læg 2 og 3). I dette eksemplar starter teksten med "Vörrede" som har arksignatur D og slutter med blad 139 b, som er et helsides træsnit af oversætterens bomærke. Repertoriet, som Eckenberger udgav 1594 sammen med loven er heller ikke tilstede.Lauritz Nielsen, 1072. - Thesaurus I, 167.

Urbino, Bartholomeo, e Simone Ragusij fratelli, 1592. Small 4to. Hcalf (19th century), gilt spine, raised bands, titlelabel with gilt lettering. Spine a little rubbed and fronthinge weakening. Corners strenghtened with vellum. Ff (4),82. With around 90 woodcuts in the text including one on the title-page. A stamp on verso of titlepage (the Salamander Collection). Title-page with light browning. A few scattered brownspots, but internally clean. Verso of last leaf with errata. Light fraying to the first 3 leaves. Second Italian edition of Heron's main work (Spiritalium), being his first publication. The work stimulated and contributed substantially to the interest in pneumatics that arose suddenly in the late 16th century and led to the work of Toricelli and Boyle. The "Pneumatics" was not published in Greek until 1693. It is one of the major sources to our knowledge of the techniques and mechanics of Antiquity, and the many hydraulic and mechanical inventions by Hero are here depicted for the first time in print. The work includes studies of pneumatics and mechanics and include 89 illustrations of different inventions, such as siphons, fountains, engines, an account of a small stationary steam-engine (which is of the form now known as Avery's patent, the double-force pump etc., which "by the union of (compressed) air, earth, fire, and water, and the concurrence of...elementary principles..., supply the most pressing wants of the human life, (or) produce amazement and alarm." The book describes many gadgets and magical tricks and includes the first suggestion of a steam engine (see f. 53 verso). Sarton, Introduction...Vol. I pp. 208 ff. - Adams H:372 - Poggendorff I: 1084. - Brunet III,129.

Stockholm, Anders J. Nordström, 1783. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. A very small nick at top of spine. Spine blindtooled and with titlelabel. Spine slightly rubbed. XV,766 pp., 9 folded engraved plates and 1 map (the map in facsimile). The first 8 leaves with a faint dampstain. A few scattered marginal brownspots. The scarce first edition (the first part only, but alone-standing) of Sparrman's famous travelling account which has been called the '"most trustworthy account of the Cape Colony and the various races of people then residing in it" that had been published in the 18th century. The work is one of the most importent investigations of the South African fauna in the second half of the 18th century. He sailed for the Cape of Good Hope in January 1772 to take up a post as a tutor. When James Cook arrived there later in the year at the start of his second voyage, Sparrman was taken on as assistant naturalist to Johann and Georg Forster. After the voyage he returned to Cape Town in July 1775 and practiced medicine, earning enough to finance a journey into the interior.

Paris, Crochard, 1825. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago.", tome 29. Entire volume offered. Very light occassional foxing, otherwise a fine and clean copy with no institutional stamps. Pp. 381-404; 373-381. [Entire volume: 448 pp. + folded plate]. First appearance of this famous memoir, in which Ampère presented his collected results on electrodynamics to the French Academy, creating the foundation of 19th century developments in electricity and magnetism. In the words of James Clark Maxwell, "We can scarcely believe that Ampère really discovered the law of action by means of the experiments which he describes. We are led to suspect, what, indeed, he tells us himself, that he discovered the law by some process which he has not shown us, and that when he had afterwards built up a pefect demonstration he removed all traces of the scaffolding by which he raised it." The offered memoir was published BEFORE the famous "Theorie mathématique des phénomènes électro-dynamiques uniquement déduite de L'expérience", which did not appear until 1827. That 1827-Memoire incorporates, together with a new presentation of Ampère's results from 1820, 1822, 1823, the offered memoir (1825). (Horblit: 100 - Dibner: 62). "From 1814 until 1820 Ampére did not perform the kind of research that would have made it into the annals of the histrory of science, but on September 11, 1820 when he heard Francois Arago speak about Oersted's work, he got fresh inspiration and started the work that made him famous. Arago related how Oersted had found that a steady electric current influences the orientation of a compass needle. After a weak Ampère had determined experimentally that that two straight, parallel, and current-carrying, wires execute a force on each other. The magnitude of the force is inversely proportional to the distance between the wires and proportional to the strenghts of the current..... During the following years he continued his researches, both experimentally and theoretically. he built an instrument for measuring electricity that later was developed into the galvanometer. Finally in 1825 he presented his collected results to the Academy IN ONE OF THE MOST CELEBRATED MEMOIRS IN THE HISTORY OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY (The paper offered)." (Citizen's Compendium, p. 2). - Norman No 47. The volumes contain many other notable papers by: Wöhler, Fresnel, Marcet, Berzelius, Felix Savart, De la Rive, Braconnet, Boussingault, Magnus, Poncelet, Vaugelin, Poisson, Gay-Lussac, Faraday, Laplace etc.

Amsterdam - Gravenhage, 1652-1698. 4to. All 7 works/tracts bound in one early-1800 century full calf, Cambridge-style binding. Gilt line border and panel stamped in blind. Richly gilt spine with the gilt title on spine: "Hollandck Zee.Rechten, De. Politie". Marbled edges. (8),160 pp., (12),139 pp., (16) pp., 40 pp., 48 pp., (40) pp., (36),276 pp. A fine collection of Dutch maritime laws and commentaries, insurances, shipwrecks, customs duties, penalties and other regulations. - Tjassen's Zee-Politie, 1652 is first edition. Kress, 861.

Barcelona, Edicions 62, 1982 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Light wear to extremities, spine with a few light stains. A nice and clean copy. 412 pp. The genealogical tree included in the pagionation on pp. 124-125. First Catalan translation of Darwin's landmark "Origin of Species". Translated by Santiago Alberti and Constança Alberti. Edition by Joan Senent-Josa and Montserrat Vallmitjana; prologue by Thomas Glick. Published on the centennial year of Darwin's death. The same year is the 20th anniversary of thefoundation of the publisher, Edicions 62, whose foundational mission was to publish texts in Catalan, both original and in translation—and not rarely on controversial subjects. This was seenas a political affirmation of the Catalan identity, purposedly crushed by the Franco regime sincethe Civil War. Edicions 62 decided to publish this translation of Darwin's Origin as the very first title of theirseries "Clàssics del Pensament Modern" (Classics of Modern Thought). The Series would go onto include translations of Adam Smith, Diderot, Karl Marx, Montesquieu, Freud, Tocqueville,Einstein, Lacan, and dozens more from the previous three centuries, which had never been translated to Catalán. Previously a 1980-edition (Barcelona, Bruguera, 1980, Blanco & Llorca 63) has been referred to as the first Catalan translation. This, however, is a bibliographical error since the copy referred to is in Spanish. Freeman F2447.Blanco & Llorca 68.

Tübingen, Heerbrandt, 1795. 8vo. Bound with later blank blue wrapper in recent marbled paper covered boards. Original wrappers or blanks pasted on to the blue wrappers, heavily annotated in contemporary hand. Title-page reinforced and with misolouring to inner margin. Dampstain to upper margin of last two leaves, otherwise internally fine. 62 pp. Rare first edition of Schelling first published work. "When he was 19 years old Schelling wrote his first philosophical work, Über die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt (1795; On the Possibility and Form of Philosophy in General), which he sent to Fichte, who expressed strong approval.” (Encyclopedia Britannica). Schelling’s tract was a manifesto for Fichte’s foundationalist programme, an argument for the necessity of founding philosophy of the basis of a single selfevident first principle. There must be one first principle, Schelling argued, because if there were two such principles, there would have to be some higher synthesis of them, which would then be the first principle. Along with J.G. Fichte and Hegel, Schelling ranks as the most influential thinker of German Idealism. He stands in the centre of this most important and influential of philosophical traditions, and with his philosophy of nature, his anti-Cartesian view of subjectivity and his later critique of Hegelian Idealism, Schelling continues to be of the utmost importance to the development of continental philosophy to this day.

Paris, Bachelier, 1838 a. 1840. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 7, No 19 and Tome 10, No 17/18. With title-ages to vol. 7 and 10. Pp. (769-) 803 a. pp. (671-) 717. (Entire issues offered). Bessel's papers: pp. 785-793 a. pp. 703-710. Stamp on both titlepages. The second titlepage with a fes brownspots, otherwise clean and fine. First appearance of a milestone paper in astronomy, giving the solution of the great problem of distances in the universe which had baffled astronomers ever since the time of Copernicus, announcing the FIRST SUCCESSFUL DISPLACEMENT OR PARALLAX OF A FIXED STAR and hence deducing the FIRST RELIABLE DISTANCE OF THE EARTH TO A FIXED STAR. The parallax observed corresponded to ab. 600.000 times that of the earth from the sun. On these grounds Bessel calculated the distance to about 11 light years, and this was confirmed by fresh investigations by Bessel in 1839-40 (the second paper offered). In 1842-43 it was also confirmed by C.A.F. Peters at Pulkowa. It is the first published instance of the fathom-line thrown into celestial space.Bessel communicated his observations in Comptes Rendus, in a letter to Humboldt (the offered paper dated Nov. 5, 1838), in "Monthly Notices" in letter to J. Herschel, and in "Astronomische Nachrichten" Vol. 16, No 365-66 (pp. 65-96), 1838), where a more detail account was published.Ther paper "Bestimmung der Entfernung des 61sten Stern des Schwans" in "Astronomische Nachrichten" is dated at the end: Altona 1838, Dec. 13.Bessel's investigation was hailed by John Herschel when Bessel was awarded the R.A.S. gold medal "The greatest and most glorious triumph which practical astronomy has ever witnessed". "For determining the parallax of 61 Cygni, Bessel selected two comparison stars of magnitude 9-10 at distances of roughly eight and twelve minutes of arc. 61 Cygni is a physical double star whose components differ in brightness by less than one magnitude. The distance of sixteen seconds of arc between the components favored the accuracy of the determination of the parallax because pointing could be carried out with two star images. After observing for eighteen months, by the fall of 1838 Bessel had enough measurements for the determination of a reliable parallax. He found that p = 0.314? with a mean error of ±:0.020?. This work was published in the Astronomische Nachrichten (1838), the first time the distance of a star became known. Bessel’s value for the parallax shows excellent agreement with the results obtained by extensive modern photographical parallax determinations,..." (DSB).Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1838 A. - Shapley & Howarth "A Source Book in Astronomy", pp. 216 ff.