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Paris, Ruault, 1785. Royal8vo (Bookblock: 247 x 147 mm). In a beautiful contemporary full red morocco binding (Anker Kyster) with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Gilt borders to boards, inner gilt dentelles and gilt ornamentation to edges of boards. Single-line ruled fillets to boards and gilt oval shaped decoration centered on boards. All edges gilt. With very light occassional marginal browning. Leaf M8 and N4 with closed tear. Plate no. 2 with a few stains. An overall very nice large paper copy on véin. Half title with list of 12 booksellers and "Avis de l' Editeur" regarding a pirated Amsterdam edition on the verso. LI, (1), (1)-199, (2) pp. + 5 engraved plates by Lienard, Halbou und Lingee, from the illustrations by St-Quentin. The famous Kehl-edition (printed the same year as the original, also referred to as first edition, second issue – occasionally second edition), regarded as being the most beautiful and sought after early edition. Beaumarchais used it as a way to combat piracy and counterfeiting of his play and it became an object of great desire among 19th-century bibliophiles. The original edition appeared without illustrations and almost immediately, five plates were added, drawn by St Quentin and engraved, the present edition printed in Kehl, with the new Baskerville type used for Voltaire, features the same 5 illustrations drawn by St Quentin for the original, but larger, more beautiful and engraved (plate 1, 3 and 5) by Liénard, (plate 2) by Halbou, (plate 4) by Lingée. (See Tchemerzine). “Le Mariage de Figaro" is the second play in Beaumarchais' Figaro trilogy following “The Barber of Seville” and preceding “The Guilty Mother”. It is a political and social satire aimed at aristocratic privilege and advocating for liberty and social justice. It was initially banned by Louis XVI, only to become an symbolic work of the pre-revolutionary period in France. This Kehl edition is often seen as both a literary milestone and a masterpiece of 18th-century printing, representing Beaumarchais' genius as both a playwright and publisher. Tchemerzine II, p. 15PMM 230

[No place nor year, but presumably last quarter of the 18th Century]. Folio (415 x 260 mm). 45 quires loosely inserted in contemporary cardboard binding. French manuscript in brown ink in very fine legible hand within double framed borders. Binding with wear, internally very fine and clean. [Vol. 1:] XXXII, 76 pp; [vol. 2:] (8), 156 pp. [vol. 3:] (6), 219 pp. Very nice French manuscript on the War of the Austrian Succession. Thomas, Georg Martin: Codices manu scripti Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis Gallici 155.OCLC locates one similar manuscript (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, BSB-Hss Cod.gall. 107)

Paris, Moutard, 1786. 4to. Contemp. full sprinckled calf with 5 raised bands on spine. Richly gilt compartments, title-and tomelabels with gilt lettering. A small nich to leather at middle of front hinge. A small tear to rear hinge at upper compartment. "Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans", Tome XI. (4),198,682 pp. Wide-margined, fine and clean. This collective work is the French Academy's monumental treatise on the chemistry and the production of Salpetre, a topic of great importence for the war-industry in making gunpowder. The volume contains papers by Macquer, Darcy, Lavoisier, Sage, Baumé, de la Rochefoucault, Clouer and an anonymous report on experiments made in England (CAVENDISH'S) on the composition of nitric acid....papers by Cornette, Thouvenel and Thouvenel, Le Lorgna, Gavinet and Chevrand, de Beunie, Romme, Clouet and Lavoisier, de Rochefoucault etc.(Partington III, p. 467 n)."The Regie des Poudres et Salpetres had the monopoly of refining salpetre from 1775 until it was suppressed during the Revolution. Until his retirement in 1791 the leading light in it was Lavoisier, who seems to have written its publications. - In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 4000 livres for a process for procuring an abundant supply of salpetre,the announcement being written by Lavoisier. Altogether 66 papers were received and the prize was finally awarded in 1782 to the brothers Thouvenel, who gave a full account of nitre plantations. The material was published in 1786 in one volume by the Academy. In it Lavoisier describes 'Experiences sur la décomposition du nitre par le charbon' said to have been made in 1784..."(Partington III, pp. 466 ff.)."Peu de temps après que Lavoisier eut été nommé régisseur des poudres et salpêtres, il suggéra à Turgot, alors contrôleur général des finances, l'idée de charger l'Académie des sciences de décerner un prix au meilleur mémoire sur la formation du salpêtre. 'Académie nomma une commission dont Lavoisier fut le rapporteur ; c'est lui qui examina tous les mémoires présentés au concours, en fit l'analyse, et, quand l'Académie publia en 1786 un volume contenant l'histoire du prix du salpêtre et les mémoires présentés au concours, c'est encore Lavoisier qui en fut le rédacteur. Ce volume fait partie du Recueil des mémoires de mathématiques et de physique présentés à l'Académie royale des sciences par divers savants et lus dans ses assemblées (tome XI, contenant le Recueil des mémoires sur la formation et la fabrication du salpêtre, à Paris, de l'imprimerie Moutard, DCCLXXXVI). Sauf les mémoires des concurrents et un mémoire du duc de la Rochefoucault, ce volume est tout entier de la main de Lavoisier. Il est formé de deux parties ; la première est intitulée : Histoire de ce qui s'est passé relativement au prix proposé sur la formation du salpêtre ; la seconde partie comprend les mémoires présentés au concours ainsi que des mémoires de Lavoisier et Clouet, un mémoire sans signature, mais qui appartient à Lavoisier (le manuscrit autographe a été conservé), le mémoire du duc de La Rochefoucault, et les expériences de Lavoisier sur la décomposition du nitre par le charbon."

Stockholm, Lars Salvius, 1752-53 Folio. (33x22 cm) Stor helt ubeskåret eksemplar i orig. blødt, blankt papbind. rester af titelskrift på ryg. Kobberstukket frontispiece (= planche I). (12),100,(8),101-260. Med ialt 30 kobberstukne plancher (Nummererede II-XXIX, komplet og med det lille stik indsat ved p. 6)), de fleste store dobbeltsidede. 2 kort, hvor det sidste er kobberstukket gengivelse af 2 Ptolemaeus-kort fra 1513-udgaven, (planche XXIX. 33 x 43 cm.). Indvendig aldeles frisk eksemplar, uden pletter, trykt på skrivepapir. Blandt planchernme kan nævnes Kungsbacka, Varberg, Falkenberg, Halmstad, Laholm, Vinbergs, Holms og Getinge Kirker, Skottorp etc.Warmholtz, 610: ""Lycka var, at Döden ryckte pennan ur handen på Författaren, eljest hade Kronan blifvit belastad med ännu mera Maculatur" !

Savoy (London), Printed by Tho. Newcomb sold by Robert Boulter, 1679. Folio (370 x 245 mm). In contemporary full calf with six raised bands. Wear to extremities, corners bumped with loss of leather. Internally nice and clean. (18), 1123 pp. + frontispiece (lacking last 15 pp.). Rare first edition of the second collected folio of Reynolds works, according to Lowndes: “The best folio edition”. Reynolds was highly regarded as a preacher. “Many prized his written sermons and religious treatises. Collections of his works were first published in 1658 and 1679, followed by a complete six-volume edition in 1826.” (Beeke & Pedersen, Meet the Puritans) Edward Reynolds, bishop of Norwich, was born in Southampton in 1599. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1618. He became a fellow in 1620, due to his ability in Greek, debate, and oratory. Later, he received a Master of Arts degree (1624) and a Doctor of Divinity degree (1648) from Cambridge. “Reynolds was chosen dean of Christ Church College (1648-51, 1659) and vice-chancellor of the university (1648-50). From 1657 to 1661, he served as vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, so he was again heard in London. After Cromwell’s death in 1658, Reynolds became a leader of the Presbyterian clergy. He preached to Richard Cromwell’s Parliament several times in 1659 and 1660, counseling that radical political and doctrinal opinions be suppressed but that differences on secondary issues be tolerated. At the Restoration, he and Edmund Calamy were appointed chaplains to the king.” (Beeke & Pedersen, Meet the Puritans). Lowndes IV, p. 2077.

Amsterdam, Marc-Michel Rey, 1766. Small 8vo. 2 contemp. full mottled calf. Raised bands, richly gilt spines, title-and tomelabels with gilt lettering. Light wear to top of spines. Stamp on foot of title-pages. X,(2),388;IV,207,(25) pp. and 1 large folded engraved map. A few marginal brownspots. First French edition of Mueller's "Nachrichten von Scoreisen, und zur See gemachten Entdeckungen, die von Ruszland aus laengstden Kuesten des Eiszmeeres und auf dem oestlichen Weltmeere gegen Japon und Amerika geschehen sind.", 1758. "It contains the original account of Captain Behring's Polar Expedition, and discovery of the strait which bears his name, and the western limits of North America. taken from the third volume of Müller's "Sammlung Russischer geschichte"... Since the rapid development of British Columbia and Alaska this importent book is becoming indispensably for the history of discovery and exploration in the Northern Pacific."(Sabin, 51286).

Kiøbenhavn, 1807-25. Small 8vo. Bound in 9 contemporary brown half calf bindings with richly gilt spines. Bindings with some wear, especially capitals and corners. Vol. 2 with part of spine glued back on. Some brownspotting. No engraving in vol. one (as otherwise mentioned on the title-page). Scarce complete run of all 9 volumes of the first edition of the fist Danish edition of Shakespeare's Tragic Works, containing the first editions of the first translations into Danish of several of Shakespeare's tragic works: Romeo and Juliet; Julius Caesar; Richard II; Henry IV; Henry V; Henry VI; Richard III; Coriolanus; King John; Henry VIII; Cymbeline; As You Like It. The first volume is in the very rare first printing (usually it is found in the second, revised edition from 1811). These nine volumes constitute the entire "Tragic Works", begun by the renowned Danish translator Peter Foersom, who finished the first four volumes and left part of the fifth in manuscript, when he died in 1817. After his death, P.F. Wulf continued the great task of translating Shakespeare's Tragic works into Danish, finishing the fifth volume and doing the last four on his own (1818-1825).The first four volumes contain:Julius Caesar; Hamlet; King Lear; Romeo and Juliet; Richard II; Henry IV; Henry V. Of these, the following have been translated and printed before: Hamlet (1777), King Lear (1790-92), but the rest of them are in the first Danish translations, first printings.Volume five consists in Henry VI, and volumes six to nine: Henry VI (continued); Richard III; Othello; Coriolanus; King John; Henry VIII; Cymbeline; As You Like It. Of these, the following have been translated and printed before: Othello (1792), Cymbeline (1792), but the rest of them are in the first Danish translations, first printings.The present translations of Shakespeare's works are considered the most important in Danish literature and became the standard version of the works. The first edition of these translations are quite scarce, especially all nine volumes together, and with the first volume in the first issue.(PMM 122 - first edition).

Berlin, Springer, 1935. Royal8vo. Bound in recent half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Die Naturwissenschaften", Vol 23, 1935. Minor wear to extremities, otherwise a very fine and clean copy. Pp. 807-812; Pp. 823-828; Pp. 844-849. [Entire volume: XIX, (1), 870, 8 pp.]. First edition and first announcement of Schrödinger's famous reply to the EPR-paradox, arguably the most celebrated and influential illustration of the paradoxes of quantum theory also known as Schrödinger's Cat. When in May 1935 Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen published the so-called EPR-paper in "Physical Review", they set out to demonstrate that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics could not constitute a complete description of nature. The EPR-article prompted a number of responses, e.g. from Bohr, the co-founder of the Copenhagen School, who began writing his response immediately after the publication of the Physical Review article. It is this debate that Schrödinger participates in with his seminal paper on "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics", in which he presents what is now famously known as Schrödinger's Cat. Schrödinger's Cat is the name of the thought experiment that Schrödinger develops in this article and that was intended as a discussion of the EPR article.After the publication of the EPR article, Einstein and Schrödinger had begun an exchange of letters on the subject of the possibility of quantum mechanics, as interpreted by the Copenhagenists, representing reality. During this exchange of letters, Schrödinger had been inspired by Einstein's view of the problem of applying the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics to everyday objects. But Schrödinger, in his response, took his illustration of the absurdity of the interpretation and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics a step further; he applied it to a living entity, namely a cat. Schrödinger imagines a sealed box containing a cat, a bottle of poison, a radioactive source, a Geiger counter and a hammer. When the Geiger counter detects radiation, a mechanism is switched on that makes the hammer fall; the hammer breaks the bottle, and the poison kills the cat. Because it is random, when the Geiger counter will detect radiation, and because in Quantum mechanics, physical conditions are described with the aid of a wave-function that explains all possible conditions of the system, Quantum mechanics, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, would come to the conclusion that the cat in the box is both living and dead, at the same time (the wave function is made up of a superposition of the two conditions -the cat being living and the cat being dead-; the two positions collapse into one, as soon as the system is interpreted as consisting of only one condition -either dead or living cat-, with the sole possible conclusion that the cat is both). Due to Heisenberg and Bohr's independent interpretation of Quantum theory (the "Copenhagen interpretation), Quantum theory had in 1927 developed in a direction unforeseen by Schrödinger. "Schrödinger was "concerned and disappointed" that this "transcendental, almost physical interpretation of the wave phenomena" had become the "almost universally accepted dogma."" (D.S.B. XII, p. 221). His most famous and widely used attack on this interpretation was that of "Schrödinger's Cat". This paradox of the dead-and-alive cat vigorously illustrated the absurdity of quantum mechanics and what was necessary to describe the states within this system. The thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat turned out to be hugely influential, and has become a standard paradox within both physics and philosophy.

Ca. 1700-1850. Folio. (34x20 cm.). De 542 eksemplarer er opklæbet på 25 ark i et hefte på ca. 50 sider syet i ryg. Arkene er feltopdelt med fra 9-31 på hver og de fleste med håndskreven undertekst. Med varierende bevarelsestilstand. Seglene er i varierende størrelser og form - ovale, runde og kvadratiske - grønt, rødt, sort lak. En del af de adelige er antagelig ældre end 1700 - således forefindes Absalons store segl, dog i beskadiget udgave. Efter skrift og papir at dømme, er samlingen anlagt omkr. 1850. Samlingen omfatter følgende kategorier: Kongelige-fyrstelige segl: 24 stk. (bl.a. Fr. VI, Fr. VIII, Louis Philip af Frankrig, Caroline Amalie, Kurfyrsten af Hessen, Leopold II af Toscana, Chr. VIII m.fl.) - 2. Adelige segl, 275 stk (mest danske, men også svenske, norske, holstenere). - 3. Offentlige segl, 89 stk. (Universitetet, toldkamre, collegier, laugssegl, regimenter, konsulater, foreninger, retterne, stifssegl, rådsstuer etc.) - 4. Embedssegl, 27 stk. (præster, pastorater m.v.) - 5. Købstads-og Bysegl, 24 stk. - 6. Toldsegl, Toldkamre, 11 stk. - 7. Postsegl, 27 stk. - 8. Amter og Amtsstuer, 22 stk. - 9. Grevskaber-og Baronier, 20 stk. - 10. Diverse, 23 stk.

Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, 1857. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 45, No 22. Pp. (909-) 940. (Entire issue offered with titlepage and halftitle to volume 45). Pasteur's paper: pp. 913-916. A stamp to titlepage and verso of. First printing of this landmark paper (published in full the year after in "Mémoires de la Societe des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des arts de Lille" and in "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" (1858)), marking Pasteur's commencement of the study of fermentation. The offered paper was read in extract on the Séance du Lundi 30 Novembre). Here Pasteur found that lactic acid fermentation is due to small corpuscles of yeast cells, and thus carried out by living bacteria. He hereby ended the long controversy with Liebig, who insisted that fermentation was a purrely chemical phenomenon that did not involve living organisms. THE MEMOIR IS CONSIDERED THE FOUNDING PAPER OF MICROBIOLOGY."Pateur's researches on fermentationm led him to the discovery of the bacteria and yeasts and hence to the germ theory of disease: FROM THIS ALL MODERN BACTERIOLOGY AND IMMUNIOLOGY DEVELOPED."(Garrison & Morton, note to 2472)."There (at the University of Lille) he became interested in the problem of France's importent wine industry. Wine and beer often went sour as they aged and millions of francs were lost as a result. Wasn't there some chemical to prevent this ? In 1856 a Lille industrialist turned to the famous young chemist and put the problem to him. Pasteur agreed to tackle the matter and turned to the microscope. He found almost at once that when the wine and beer aged properly, the liquid contains little speherical globules of yeast cells. When wine and beer turn sour, the yeast cells are elongated. Clearly there are two types of yeast, one of which produces alcohol (good) and the other lactic acid (bad). Pasteur was the first to show definitely that fermentation involves living organisms and that it is necessary to supply the correct organism to provide the correct type of fermentation."(Isaac Asimov).Dibner No. 198. (= the offered paper in Comptes Rendus). - Garrison & Morton 2472.

Firenze, G. Barbera, 1877. 8vo. 2 vols. both in brown half cloth, the Franchetti-volume with paper title-label to spine. Light wear to extremities and internally with a few occassional brown spots. XI, (2), 489 pp; XVI, 476 pp. First edition of Sonnino and Franchetti's landmark work, constituting the very first description of the Sicilian Mafia and a seminal work in Italian anthropology and sociology in general.In 1876, Sonnino traveled to Sicily with Leopoldo Franchetti to conduct a private investigation into the state of Sicilian society. In 1877, the two men published their research on Sicily in a substantial two-part report for the Italian Parliament. In the first part Sonnino analysed the lives of the island's landless peasants. Leopoldo Franchetti's half of the report, Political and Administrative Conditions in Sicily, was an analysis of the Mafia in the nineteenth century that is still considered authoritative today. Franchetti would ultimately influence public opinion about the Mafia more than anyone else until Giovanni Falcone over a hundred years later. Political and Administrative Conditions in Sicily is the first convincing explanation of how the Mafia came to be."The situation in Sicily was at the centre of the political struggle: it was an electoral stronghold for the left, a scene for both great social tensions and an acute outbreak of crime. The was the context that Franchetti and Sonnino found when they went to Sicily to carry out their private enquiry, unfettered by the needs and relationships which could have conditioned the official enquiry. They visited the island in the first half of 1876 and then wrote the two volumes of the enquiry separately (Franchetti wrote about the political and administrative conditions, Sonnino about the peasants). In particular, Franchetti's volume gave rise to two crucial questions which marked (and, in part, still do) civil debates in contemporary Italy: The Southern questions and the issue of the mafia." (Coluccello, Challenging the Mafia Mystique: Cosa Nostra from Legitimisation to Denunciation).Franchetti saw the Mafia as an "industry of violence" and described the designation of the term "Mafia": "the term mafia found a class of violent criminals ready and waiting for a name to define them, and, given their special character and importance in Sicilian society, they had the right to a different name from that defining vulgar criminals in other countries". He saw the Mafia as deeply rooted in Sicilian society and impossible to quench unless the very structure of the island's social institutions were to undergo a fundamental change. The Franchetti-Sonnino report was attacked, disbelieved and labelled as 'unpatriotic'. It is now considered one of the most coherent and comprehensive accounts of the Sicilian mafia and its surroundings.(Govi, I Classici che hanno fatto L'Italia, P. 284)

Berlin, A. Haude, 1745. Small 8vo. Cont. hcalf. Gilt back. Gilt title-label in red leather on back. Upper compartment of back with a paper-label pasted on. Light scattered browning to leaves, but a good copy. Title-page with 2 rubberstamps. Engraved title-vignette. (16), 720 pp. and 8 folded engraved plates. First German edition of Robin's famous work "On Gunnery" describing the compositions of gun-powders, ballistics and pyrotechnics and it is the first edition of Euler's extensive commentaries and additions. It is called "Eulers erläuterte Artillerie.""An inquiry from the King about the best work on artillery moved Euler to translate into German Benjamin Robin's "New Principles on Gunnery". Euler added his own supplements on ballistics, which were five times longer than the original text. These supplements occupy an important place in the history of ballistics..." (DSB). - Poggendorff I:689.

Antverpen, Ex Officina Plantiniana, Apud Viduam & Filios Ioannis Moreti, 1614. - (Second work:) Ex Officina Plantiniana, Apud Ioannem Moretum., 1605. Large 4to. Contemp. full vellum over wood, fully intact. Some scratches and brownspots to covers.Front free endpaper missing. Engraved printers device (Plantin) at titlepage. 397,(6) pp, 1 double-page engraved plate, 3 full-page engravings, 7 large textengravings, many woodengraved illustrations in the text.Wood-engraved initials. First 4 leaves a bit frayed in outer margin (but margins wide). Light yellowing to leaves, a few insignificant brownspots. Poliorceticon: Engraved printers device (Plantin) at titlepage. 219,(7) pp. 25 full-page engraved illustrations, 11 half-page engravings, wood-cut initials. Printers large wood-cut device at end. The 5 last leaves frayed in outer margins (margins wide). Light yellowing to leaves. The volume contains Justus Lipsius's two importent works on Roman military history in the fine printings from the Plantin office. "De Militia Romana", first published in 1595, is a commentary on Polybius's "History", with the Greek text and a parallel Latin translation. "Poliorcetica" (1599) is a study of the Roman machinery of war. Both works are illustrated with the fine engravings of Peeter vander Borcht and Theodore Galle."His (Lipsius) throughout acquaince with Latin literature and Roman history is conspicuous in his numerous treatises, especially in those entitled "De Militia Romana" and "Poliorcetia" (the former including a commentary on the Roman Camp as described by Polybius)..." (Sandy II, p. 304).Cockle: 620 a. 672.

Amsterdam, Henry Wetstein, 1688. Small 8vo. Contemp. full calf. Rebacked to style with raised bands. Corners renewed. Some scratches to covers. Engraved frontispiece (Schoonebeck, del. et sculp.) (10),139,(5) pp. and 35 engraved plates. A faint dampstain in upper part of the first ab. 50 leaves and first 7 plates, otherwise quite clean and printed on thick paper. First edition of this beautifully illustrated work, depicting the different instruments in baroque interieurs and in pictorial landscapes, engraved by A. Schoonebeck. - "The earliest account dealing exclusively with the subject, and especially valuable as the first work laying down rules for the graduation of the thermometer." (Sotheran No. 929, note). - "His detailed description of the principal meteorological instruments of the period is enriched with several new ideas, such as the calibration of the thermometric scale on the basis of two points of change of state: the point at which water freezes and - a much more contestable point - that at which butter melts." (DSB). - Unknown to Poggendorff. - Wellcome II: p. 28.

London, Taylor and Francis, 1867. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions", Vol. 157 - Part I. Titlepage to volume 155 and pp. 49-88. Titlepage with minor light browning at corners. Internally clean. A small stamp on verso of titlepage. First appearance of this seminal paper (in its full version from "Transactions"), representing the announcement of Maxwell's final "Theory of Gases" and introduces the "Maxwell Distribution" in its final form, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases, a theory, together with his electromagnetic theory, are considered to be SOME OF THE GREATEST ADVANCES IN PHYSICS OF ALL TIMES. Everett considers this paper (1868) to be Maxwell's greatest single paper. Maxwell's discoveries laid the foundations of special relativity and quantum mechanics.One of Maxwell's major investigations was on the kinetic theory of gases. Originating with Daniel Bernoulli, this theory was advanced by the successive labours of John Herapath, John James Waterston, James Joule, and particularly Rudolf Clausius, to such an extent as to put its general accuracy beyond a doubt; but it received enormous development from Maxwell, who in this field appeared as an experimenter (on the laws of gaseous friction) as well as a mathematician.In 1866, he formulated statistically, independently of Ludwig Boltzmann, the Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases. His formula, called the Maxwell distribution, gives the fraction of gas molecules moving at a specified velocity at any given temperature. In the kinetic theory, temperatures and heat involve only molecular movement. This approach generalized the previously established laws of thermodynamics and explained existing observations and experiments in a better way than had been achieved previously. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics led him to devise the Gedankenexperiment (thought experiment) that came to be known as Maxwell's demon.

Egypt (Cairo, but possibly Istanbul), Kütübhane-i Içtihad, 1909. 8vo. In later marbled wrappers. Light browning to title-page and a few occassional brownspots throughout, otherwise a good copy. In Ottoman script (Old Turkish with Arabic letters). 159 pp. Rare first Turkish translation of Macbeth, printed in Ottoman Cairo. Between 1908 and 1910, Abdullah Cevdet produced a large oeuvre of translations, including four translations of Shakespeare's tragedies: Macbeth, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and Romeo and Juliet to Ottoman Turkish. "A Certain Abdullah Cevdet, a doctor of medicine, a polemist, a printer, was also known as a Shakespeare idolator as he always found a way of mentioning Shakespeare in all his talks and in all his writings. Abdullah Cevdet translated and published in his own printing house first in Cairo and then in Istanbul five of Shakespeare's play, beginning with Hamlet in 1908 and ending the series with Anthony and Cleopatra in 1921" (Turhan, Vahit. Shakespeare in Turkish). Although Macbeth was published the year after The Second Constitutional Era Abdülhamid II seemed to be even less tolerant of the dissemination of Macbeth, Hamlet, and Julius Caesar, all being about unjust rulers who were executed. The performances of these plays were subject to strict censorship in Ottoman dominated countries and they were banned from most of them. (Paker 1986: 91), which is most likely the reason for why Abdullah Cevdet was able to publish the translations of these plays only after 1908, though he presumably had finished translating possibly as early as 1902. Cevdet’s translation was introduced to the Turkish audience at a time when the discourse of westernization was prevalent. The translation coincided with the announcement of a Constitutional Revolution that led to the dethronement of Abdülhamit II and ultimately to the promotion of western-inspired reforms. Since Cevdet was one of the ardent supporters of an Ottoman Renaissance through westernization, his translation has been framed as a symbol of the western canon within the Turkish context. For instance, Demirkol regards Cevdet’s translation as an object of culture-planning which was sought to promote westernization. " (Durmus, Discourses on Hamlet’s Journey in Turkey).

Sorøe, Jonas Lindgren, 1768. 4to. Samtidigt helldrbd. med ophøjede bind på ryg samt noget bleget rygforgyldning. Begge kapitæler slidt og med en smule tab af skind. Titel i skind med et lille tab. Revne i ene fals, men falsen er ikke itu. Udvendige brugsspor. LXX,804,(10) pp. 4 kobberstukne facsimiler i teksten, det ene på titelbladet. De første 10 blade med en brunplet i indre margin øverst. Ganske få brunpletter. Indvendig et godt eksemplar på trykpapir. Den oldnordiske tekst foreligger her med latinsk og dansk oversættelse. Originaludgaven af en af den oldnordiske litteraturs perler - fra omkring 1250 - der i dialogform mellem en fader og hans søn, skildrer det middelalderlige verdensbillede. - Finnur Jonsson anså Kongespejlet som Norges ypperste litterære bidrag, - Fiske I:325 - Klose: 6679.

Sorøe, Jonas Lindgren, 1760. 8vo. In contemporary full calf with five raised bands and gilt lettering and ornanamentation to spine. Light wear to extremities, especially spine and hinges. A few stains to back board. A few annotations to front free end-paper (Nygårds Katalog 1913 / Nr. 1042). Internally nice and clean. (8), 383, (1) pp. + 2 folded plates. Scarce first edition of this pioneering work considered true beginning of scientific ethnology and anthropology: “Kraft's book is the first general ethnology containing a description of the origin and development of society, economic life, religion, and arts” (Birket-Smith, The History of Ethnology in Denmark). “Actually, the first ethnologist in a modern sense was Jens Kraft (1720-65), who deserves a place of honour among the pioneers of cultural research by virtue of his little book (the present). Kraft was born in Norway, which at that time was united politically with Denmark, but after his father's untimely death he was educated in his uncle's house in Denmark, and here he was appointed professor of philosophy and mathematics at the early age of twenty-six. Urged by Rousseau's glorification of primitive man, Kraft wanted to depict the true history of humanity, and disregarding the nations of antiquity he started with the most "savage" peoples he knew, two tribes of South American Indians, the Lule and the Caigua. It makes no difference that his choice is not very fortunate, since these tribes are far from being on an especially low stage; the main thing is that his principle is indisputable The more you become absorbed in his queer little book, the more will the amazingly far-sighted and unbiassed view of the author compel your respect. Referring to the natives of America, he maintains, for instance, that among some peoples agriculture must be older than cattle breeding; usually it is Alexander von Humboldt who gets the credit for this discovery. In order to refute the idea that primeval man lived in a state of promiscuity Kraft mentions the fact that even among the higher animals we find something like married life, thus upholding the view of Westermarck 130 years later. He points out the authority of the women in certain societies and concludes " that the children have for the most part followed their mothers and considered themselves their natural possessions," and from this circumstance he derives matrilineal succession, in other words he anticipates Bachofen's famous discovery by a century. Kraft's book is the first general ethnology containing a description of the origin and development of society, economic life, religion, and arts. It was translated into German, and if it had been known to wider circles it might have been epoch-making. This did not happen. It is doubtful whether Kraft himself was aware of the importance of his work, and anyhow he died soon after in the prime of his life. Kraft was actually a hundred years ahead of his time. In Europe generally as well as in Denmark, physical anthropology and, later, archaeology nearly killed the tiny ethnological germ, and it was not till the middle of the 19th century that it grew to be an independent science. (Birket-Smith, The History of Ethnology in Denmark)

Leibzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1907. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. Title-and tomelabels with gilt lettering. Slightly rubbed. In "Annalen der Physik", Vierte Folge, Band 23. VIII,1000 pp. a. 4 plates. (The entire volume offered). Einstein's paper: pp.371-384. A small stamp on titlepage (Gmelin.Institut.). Internally clean and fine. First edition of the first explicit statement of Einstein's energy-mass equation E=mc2.Nearly all descriptions of Einstein's scientific work state that the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2 was first formulated in Einstein's 1907 review paper 'Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen.' published in 'Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik' (see Weil no. 21 and Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 4 pp.323 for examples). However, in his paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie' [the offered paper] which predates the former mentioned by six months, Einstein gave a clear statement of the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2. See Lanczos: The Einstein Decade, pp.149-150 and 153 as well as Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.Einstein's first paper regarding the relation E=mc2 is his fourth 1905 paper, 'Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?'. In this short paper Einstein showed that a body releasing the energy E in the form of radiation will have its mass decreased by E/c2, and concluded that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content, e.g., that all energy has mass. The next time Einstein returns to the subject is in his 1906 paper 'Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunkts Bewegung und die Trägheit der Energie.'. Here Einstein concluded that one must either ascribe the inertial mass E/c2 to any form of energy E or else give up the fundamental law mechanics regarding conservation of the motion of the center of gravity. Then finally in the 1907 paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie.' [the offered paper] Einstein makes the decisive step of assuming that all mass has energy. On page 382 Einstein considers the total energy of a moving mass point as the sum of its kinetic energy and its rest energy. In classical mechanics it is most convenient to set the second term to zero but in relativistic mechanics one obtains the simplest expression by setting the rest energy equal to mc2. Einstein then continues to show that this stipulation cannot lead to a contradiction in any relativistic argument. In a footnote on page 382 Einstein states for the first time the equation E=mc2 and mentions that this equation is the expression of the principle of the equivalence of mass and energy - see Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.The volume contains another paper by Einstein "Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"", pp.206-208. - Weil No. 18.Collected Works, Doc. 45. Weil 19. Boni 19.

København, (1888-1889). 4to (bd. 1-2) + 8vo (bd. 3). Indbundet alle tre original for- og alle tre originale bag-omslag i tre særdeles nydelige, ensartede halvlæderbind and brun maroquin (Erik Olsen). Omslagene til bd. 1 med professionelle restaureringer i kanter. De resterende fire omslag nydeligt opklæbet, med lukkede rifter (hvilket man dårligt lægger mærke til). Særdeles ren og frisk. Et usædvanligt smukt sæt med alle de originale omslag. Originaludgaven af dette banebrydende tidsskrift, hvor man i 2det Bind finder originaltrykket af den først publicerede del af en af den moderne litteraturs hovedværker, Hamsuns "Sult". Heri trykkes for første gang de berømte linier "Det var i den Tid, da jeg gik omkring og sultede i København", indledningen til den roman, der gjorde Hamsun berømt og til det værk, der indvarslede en ny litterær epoke i Europa. "Sult" kom først i bogform to år senere, i 1890, og det er med publikationen af denne del, at Hamsuns ry som en forfatter i verdensklasse bliver slået fast."Knut Hamsuns debutroman fra 1890 er en af de bøger, der har sat skel. Den har virket med til at forme et nyt menneskesyn og en ny skrivemåde. Hamsun hentede stoffet fra sine egne trængselsår, da han uden slægt og venner gik arbejdsløs i Kristiania og kæmpede mod skuffelser, nederlag og sult." (Johannes V. Jensen).Som 27-årig i 1886 blev Hamsun for anden gang reddet fra en sultende tilværelse og sendt til Amerika, denne gang til Chicago, hvor han bl.a. arbejdede som sporvognskonduktør. Da han blev fyret fra dette job og vennerne havde skillinget sammen til en billet hjem, tog Hamsun i forsommeren 1888 tilbage mod Norden, -men han stod ikke af i Kristiania, han tog skibet videre til København. Da han stod og så skibet sejle fra Kristiania, tænkte han på sine nederlag i denne by, og en af den nyere litteraturs vigtigste sætninger indfandt sig i hans hoved: "Det var i den tid, da jeg gik rundt og sultede i Kristiania", -kimen til et af det 20. århundredes litterære hovedværker var lagt, og Hamsun satte sig med det samme på den nærmeste skibskiste og begyndte at skrive. Påvirket af Nietzsche og Dostojevski sad Hamsun i sit loftsværelse på Nørrebro og arbejdede døgnet rundt på sit første mesterværk. Efteråret 1888 stod den første del af monumentalromanen "Sult" færdig, men da Hamsun ikke turde risikere en afvisning fra Danmarks førende kulturperson, Georg Brandes, opsøgte han dennes bror, Edvard, som var chefredaktør på "Politiken". Edvard Brandes fik således æren af at være den første, der anerkendte Hamsuns talent. Til den stærkt forhutlede forfatter sagde han som den første: "Der venter Dem en meget stor Fremtid!" og om det manuskript, han præsenterede ham for: "det var ikke bare talentfuldt som så meget andet, det var mere, noget, der rystede mig." Edvard Brandes var ikke i tvivl om, at dette manuskript skulle trykkes, og da det var for langt til at stå i "Politiken", blev det trykt i tidsskriftet "Ny Jord", og med ét kunne alle, der tidligere havde afvist Hamsun og hans tidlige litterære forsøg, se, hvor stor en forfatter, de havde at gøre med. De tre bind af "Ny Jord" giver et fantastisk indblik i den Nordiske tidsånd i slutningen af det 19. århundrede. Vi finder hér, ud over både førstetrykket af "Sult" og Hamsuns "Kristoffer Janson" ligeledes den første del af den første danske oversættelse af Nietzsches "Saaledes talte Zarathustra", diskussioner og oversættelser af Darwin, bidrag af Strindberg , Høffdings "Om vor Tid og dens Ungdom" etc, etc.

London, Sampson Low, 1878. 8vo. 2 volumes, both in publisher’s original dark brown pictorially decorated cloth, with an elaborate pattern depicting the continent of Africa in black with the Nile crossing it in gilt. Below, also in black, a scene depicting natives roving on a river. Title and author in gilt lettering to front boards and spines. Light wear to extremities, mainly to upper and lower part of capitals. 3 cm tear to lower part of front hindge on vol. 2, otherwise fine and clean. XIV, (2), 522; IX, 566, 32 (publisher's booklist, dated April 1878) pp. + 2 frontispiece portraits, 10 maps including 2 large folding maps in pockets at rear, 33 wood-engraved plates and many illustrations in the text. First edition of this landmark account, "One of the greatest journeys of all time" (Jeal, Life of Stanley, p.202), on the search for the sources of the Nile. This epic journey, lasting for over two and a half years completed the work of Burton, Speke and Livingstone. "The procession that departed from Bagamoyo (Tanzania) on 17 November 1874 stretched for more than half a mile and included dozens of men carrying sections of the Lady Alice, the boat named for his seventeen-year-old fiancée, with which Stanley intended to explore Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika and Livingstone's Lualaba River. During the next two and a half years, the expedition would struggle in temperatures reaching as high as 138 degrees; the powerful Emperor Mtesa of Uganda and the Wanyoro chief Mirambo would consume a great deal of Stanley's time and test his diplomatic skills; he would have to negotiate with a notorious Arab ivory and slave trader named Tippu-Tib for safe passage of his men through the great rain forest; and he and his men would fight more than thirty skirmishes and battles on land and water against hostile tribes.The geographic prizes Stanley achieved on this expedition were unparalleled. (See the two Stanley maps.) He spent almost two months circumnavigating Lake Victoria, confirming that the only outlet was at Ripon Falls and hence establishing for good, he thought, the source of the Nile. He scouted Lake Albert, then moved south and west to Lake Tanganyika, which he also circumnavigated, proving it had no connection with Lake Albert. Stanley then solved the remaining geographical puzzle, determining that the Lualaba was not part of the Niger or Nile rivers but ultimately flowed into the Congo. He reached the Atlantic Ocean on 9 August 1877, after a journey of more than seven thousand miles, in utter exhaustion. Back in London, he learned that Alice had not waited for him." (Delaney, Princeton Visual Materials, online). Mansell IV p. 379 Hilmy, II, p.258 Mendelssohn (1979) IV, p.379.

Jerusalem, Bialik Foundation. 1948. Large 4to (325 x 235 mm). In the original printed wrappers. Extremities with light marginal miscolouring and a bit creased. Verso of wrappers with offsetting, otherwise a fine copy. (6), 43 pp. + 13 plates. The very first publication of any part of the Dead Sea Scroll. With the present publication, Sukenik also became the first to linking the scrolls and their content to a community of Essenes, which became the standard interpretation of the origin of the scrolls, a theory that is still the general consensus among scholars. The Dead Sea Scrolls are regarded as a pivotal cornerstone in the realm of archaeology, possessing immense historical, religious, and linguistic importance. These scrolls comprise the most ancient extant manuscripts of complete books that would eventually find their place in the biblical canons. Additionally, they house deuterocanonical and extra-biblical manuscripts, providing valuable testimony to the multiplicity of religious ideologies during the period of late Second Temple Judaism. Sukenik's role was significant in acquiring and studying some of the Dead Sea Scrolls after their initial discovery. In 1948, he managed to acquire three of the scrolls from an antiquities dealer in Bethlehem, including the famous "Isaiah Scroll." (the two others being The War Scroll and the Thanksgiving Scroll (Hodayot)). Sukenik almost immediately recognized the historical and scholarly importance of the scrolls and worked to secure them for research purposes. His efforts helped bring attention to the scrolls and contributed to their preservation and study. Sukenik recollected in his diary:"My hands shook as I started to unwrap one of them. I read a few sentences. It was written in beautiful biblical Hebrew. The language was like that of the Psalms, but the text was unknown to me. I looked and looked, and I suddenly had the feeling that I was privileged by destiny to gaze upon a Hebrew Scroll which had not been read for more than 2,000 years." Eleazar Sukenik, along with Roland de Vaux, emerged as among the earliest scholars engaged in the study of the initial scrolls unearthed in 1947. Sukenik swiftly established a connection between these scrolls and the settlement at Qumran, positioned on the northwest bank of the Dead Sea, specifically attributing them to a Jewish sect identified as the Essenes. In 1951, de Vaux conducted excavations at the Qumran site, unearthing pottery that bore an identical resemblance to the pottery discovered in nearby Cave 1 (the scrolls had been extracted from a sequence of 11 caves, each numbered by archaeologists based on their order of discovery). This further solidified Sukenik's correlation between the caves, their contents, and the adjacent archaeological remains of the Qumran settlement. The Qumran-Essene hypothesis put forth by these prominent figures in archaeology subsequently became the prevailing theory, endorsed in scholarly publications and reference works. While a group of experts commenced the task of translating the scrolls in the 1950s, the wider academic community had to wait nearly four decades before gaining access to them.

(Cambridge, Mass.), 1936-37 8vo. Both works together in the original stapled wrappers (with "Testability and Meaning printed to front wrapper). Spine worn and very minor loss to extremities of front wrapper. Wrappers with minor soiling. All in all a nice copy. Pp. (419)-471 (+) 40 pp. Scarce off-print (both parts), Quine's copy, of the first printing of one of Carnap's most important contributions to philosophy and certainly his first major publication in English, in which he introduces semantic concepts. With W. V. Quine's ownership signature on the first page. Carnap's "Testability and Meaning" was published merely two years after Quine published his first book. According to Carnap, a statement is analytic if it is logically true. It is self contradictory if it is logically false. In all other cases the statement is synthetic. The ideas put forth in the present paper constitute the essence of Carnap's philosophy which he was to further develop and elaborate over the next 20 years. The paper is based upon the two fundamental questions: "The first question asks under what condition a sentence has meaning, in the sense of cognitive, factual meaning. The second one asks how we get to know something, how we can find out whether a given sentence is true or false." (From the introduction to the present paper). To this Carnap concludes that "the meaning of a sentence is in a certain sense identical with the way we determine its truth or falsehood; and a sentence has meaning only if such a determination is possible." (Ibid.).Carnap's "1936[-paper] marks a radical rejection of the positivist program of eliminating such metaphysical entities as Aristotelian objective necessary connections and such metaphysical aspirations as those of Gadamer." (Addis, Ontology and Analysis... p. 209).Willard Van Orman Quine (1908-2000), one of the most influential logicians of the 20th century, influenced Carnap academically as well as personally. In 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany and two years later, in 1935, Carnap moved to the United States, helped by Quine, whom he had met in Prague in 1934. Quine stated that: "Carnap is a towering figure. I see him as the dominant figure in philosophy from the 1930s onward, as Russell had been in the decades before...Some philosophers would assign this role rather to Wittgenstein, but many see the scene as I do.".Quine bases his main thesis ("A System of Logistic") on his consideration of the linguist - a subject closely related to Carnap - who attempts to translate a hitherto unknown language. There are different methods that the linguist could apply as to the breaking down of sentences and distribution of function among the words. Quine reaches the conclusion that if any hypothesis of translation needs to be defended, this can only be by appeal to context, by determining what other sentences the language user would utter in the language that is unknown to the linguist. But even here the indeterminacy of translation sets in, because, according to Quine, any hypothesis can be defended, if only enough other hypotheses of other parts of the language are adopted. This indeterminacy of language also applies to the known languages, and even one's own, and thus Quine implies that there are no such entities as "meanings" of right and wrong. Quine thus denies any absolute standards in translating one language into another, but he admits that there are good and bad translation, -this is just not philosophically or logically relevant. Translation can be inconsistent with behavioral evidence, however and thus Quine propounds his pragmatic view of translation.

Kbh., 1930. Lille folio. Indb. i et nydeligt samt. hldrbd. af rød maroquin. Indeholder det orig. egenhændige manuskript til teksten af Seedorf, orig. egenhændige tegninger af Nygaard, Orig. egenhændige noder af Clemmensen samt 1. prøvetryk af musikken og teksten, indeholdende adskillige egenhændige rettelser. Yderst interessant originalt manuskript, af hvilket det bl.a. fremgår, at Seedorf havde påtænkt værket titlen "Styrmand Andreasson og Konsorter". Der findes adskillige andre kuriositeter og morsomheder, såsom kommentaren "Her har/ du overset/ den manglende/ Tankestreg/ mellem Stud og med/ Ha! Ha!" på 1. prøvetrykket af noderne til "Bedæk med friske Krandse", hvoraf det desuden fremgår, at den oprindelige titel var "Trøsterig Vise for bedragne Ægtemænd."Manuskriptet bærer en egenhændig dediktion til Karen Else (Seedorfs hustru, også kendt som "Spindevinde"): "Som Hans siger:/ Vor Moders Navn ved et Anker, boys,/ og saa Navnet paa hende, I veed!/ Din hengivne Ven/ Niels Clemmensen." Manuskriptet bærer Karen Elses ex libris. Vedlagt et eksemplar af den trykte originaludgave.

Lancaster, American Institute of Physics, 1939. Royal8vo. In the original green printed wrappers. In "The Physical Review", Volume 56, Second Series, Number 5, September 1. With cloth back-strip. A quire, affecting both papers, detached but without any loss of paper. A few minor tear throughout, far from affecting text. [Bohr & Wheeler:] Pp. 426-50. [Oppenheimer & Snyder:] Pp. 455-59. [Entire volume: Pp. 387-486]. First printing of two landmark papers, all of seminal importance in history of physics: The intricacies of the fission process, the groundwork for atomic and hydrogen bombs and the forgotten birth of black holes: The first theoretical description of a black hole, the production of a singularity when a sufficiently large neutron star collapses.Oppenheimer and Snyder's "ON CONTINUED GRAVITATIONAL CONTRACTION" constitute the very first theoretical prediction of a singularity when a sufficiently large neutron star collapses. This phenomenon was later to be coined as a black hole. "Had J. Robert Oppenheimer not led the US effort to build the atomic bomb, he might still have been remembered for figuring out how a black hole could form." (American Physical Society). The paper has by several physics historians been described as the forgotten birth of black holes. "Oppenheimer and his graduate student George Volkoff presented the first analysis of the formation of a neutron star in a 1939 Physical Review paper titled, "On Massive Neutron Stars". Oppenheimer wondered what would happen to a very massive neutron star. The Schwartzschild analysis of General Relativity has a theoretical limit, called the "Schwartzschild limit", when the ratio of mass-to-radius of a star is 236,000 times greater than the ratio for our sun. When this limit is exceeded, the Schwartzschild analysis does not yield a solution. Oppenheimer believed that a neutron star could have sufficient mass to exceed this limit. What would happen to it? Oppenheimer and his graduate student Hartland Snyder applied General Relativity theory to a star with sufficient mass and density to exceed the Schwartzschild limit. The Schwartzschild analysis assumed that the size of the star stays constant with time. Oppenheimer and Snyder found that they could achieve a real solution from General Relativity when the Schwartzschild limit is exceeded by assuming that the diameter of the star decreases with time. They presented their analysis in a 1939 Physical Review paper, titled, "On Continual Gravitational Contraction," which concluded with: "When all thermonuclear sources of energy are exhausted, a sufficiently heavy star will collapse. Unless fission due to rotation, the radiation of mass, or the blowing off of mass by radiation, reduce the star's mass to the order of that of the sun, this contraction will continue indefinitely." This analysis concluded that when the Schwartzschild limit is exceeded, the star must collapse indefinitely until it reaches a singularity having an infinite density of matter" (Bjornson, Singularity Predictions of General Relativity, P. 4).The Chandrasekhar / Eddington controvery in the mid 30ies did discuss the fate of neutron stars but the first thoroughly theoretical desciption was first published here. "THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR FISSION" is the first fully worked out theory of nuclear fission, which laid the groundwork for atomic and hydrogen bombs."Wheeler's technical mastery of physics is best seen in the classic paper of Bohr and Wheeler. Bohr and Wheeler wrote the paper in Princeton, where Bohr was visiting in the spring of 1939, a few months after the discovery of fission. The paper is a masterpiece of clear thinking and lucid writing. It reveals, at the center of the mystery of fission, a tiny world where everything can be calculated and everything understood. The tiny world is a nucleus of uranium 236, formed when a neutron is freshly captured by a nucleus of uranium 235. The uranium 236 nucleus sits precisely on the border between classical and quantum physics. Seen from the classical point of view, it is a liquid drop composed of a positively charged fluid. The electrostatic force that is trying to split it apart is balanced by the nuclear surface tension that is holding it together. The energy supplied by the captured neutron causes the drop to oscillate in various normal modes that can be calculated classically. Seen from the quantum point of view, the nucleus is a superposition of a variety of quantum states leading to different final outcomes. The final outcome may be a uranium 235 nucleus with a re-emitted neutron, or a uranium 236 nucleus with an emitted gamma-ray, or a pair of fission-fragment nuclei with one or more free neutrons. Bohr and Wheeler calculate the cross-section for fission of uranium 235 by a slow neutron and get the right answer within a factor of two. Their calculation is a marvelous demonstration of the power of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics working together. By studying this process in detail, they show how the complementary views provided by classical and quantum pictures are both essential to the understanding of nature. Without the combined power of classical and quantum concepts, the intricacies of the fission process could never have been understood. Bohr's notion of complementarity is triumphantly vindicated" (John Archibald Wheeler, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 154 (2010)).