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London, Printed for J. Baker and T. Warner, 1716. 8vo. In a contemporary Cambridge-style mirror binding with five raised bands. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Light wear and miscolouring to extremities, corner bumped. A few corrections and cross-outs in text. Small worm-tract to lower outer corner of last 20 ff. (16), 206 pp. (Pp. 50-63 misnumbered). The rare first edition of this anonymously published political and religious treatise that addresses the dangers posed by the ongoing rebellion against the British monarchy during a period of political and religious turmoil following the Jacobite rising of 1715. “The following Discourse was occafion'd by a Sermon preach'd Nov. 15. 1715. It was some time before I refolved upon the Publication of it, and then thought fit to add in proper Places, the Substance of several other Sermons which related to the same Subject; which with other Thoughts occurring, swell'd the Book to a much larger Bulk than I at first intended. The main Design is, partly to demonstrate the Unreasonableness, Impiety, and Wickedness of those who rife up in Rebellion against our only Rightful Sovereign King George, endeavour to dethrone him, and set up a Popish Pretender to his Crown” (From the preface to the present work). The Jacobite rising of 1715 was the attempt by James Edward Stuart (or the Old Pretender) to regain the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland for the exiled Stuarts. The English Jacobites allied with Scottish Jacobites under the command of William Gordon they marched into England, where they encountered Government forces at the Battle of Preston on November 12–14. Initially, the Jacobites gained the upper hand, however, the arrival of Government reinforcements the following day turned the luck which lead to the eventual surrender of the Jacobite forces.This main sermon/discourse of this present work was written on November 15th, that is immediately after the fall of the Jacobites. Probably due to the instability and relatively insecure future the author has wished to remain anonymous. The document is structured to provide an analysis of the causes and consequences of the rebellion, underlining the author's position that the monarchy and the Church of England must be upheld to maintain social order and stability. The book criticizes the growing influence of dissenting religious groups particularly those associated with Calvinistic beliefs, arguing that their rebellion against the established order was both treasonous and destabilizing. Terry: A BIBLIOGRAPHY of Jacobite History 1689-1788, P. 288.

New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890. Lex 8vo. Original blue full clothWith title in blue to front board and blue and gilt lettering to spine. Spine and parts of boards lightly brownspotted. A bit of wear to capitaks and corners. But overall a very nice copy of this fairly fragile and delicate cloth binding (there is an original variant binding with cloth spine and illustrated boards, but no precidency between the bindings has been established). Internally very nice and clean. XV, (1), 304 pp. Wih numerous illustrations, most of them photographic. First edition of this landmark work on the miserable living conditions of the poor immigrants in New York, constituting one of the very earliest - and certainly the most popular and influential - attempts at making "the other half", i.e. the middle and upper classes, aware of how the poor in New York actually lived. Riis's work created attention to the neglected and overseen community that was the underprivileged in New York. In the long run, the great success of the work created attention to the status, living conditions and general health of the poor, and it initiated social reform movements in all major North American cities. Furthermore, the work is regarded the very first example of "muckraking" journalism and was the first to extensively use halftone photographic reproductions in a book.Riis used a convincing combination of facts from Dr. Roger S. Tracy, Registrar of Vital Statistics, and his own talents as a photo journalist to make a hitherto unseen powerful description of the correlation between the high crime rate, drunkenness and reckless behavior of the poor and their lack of proper homes. The statistical facts made it a relevant and sober work and lent it enough authority to the book's claims for it to be taken serious by city official. His groundbreaking photographs confirmed the dry numbers and "spoke directly to people's hearts". (Pascal, "Jacob Riis: Reporter and Reformer", p. 87). Unlike all previously works on the living conditions of the poor, "How the Other Half Lives" offered concrete solutions on how to improve living condition, how to make the tenants improve their buildings, and finally how the politicians and city officials could make the appropriate and necessary juridical changes.The effect of the work was immediately seen and included: the tearing down of New York's worst tenements, sweatshops, and the reformation of the city's schools. The book led to a decade of improvements in Lower East Side conditions, with garbage collection, sewers, and indoor plumbing all following soon after. Because of the present work, Riis quickly rose to fame and in 1895 he became close friends with Theodore Roosevelt, then a New York City official, who wrote of Riis: "Jacob Riis, whom I am tempted to call the best American I ever knew, although he was already a young man when he came hither from Denmark". After Roosevelt became President, he wrote a tribute to Riis that started: "Recently a man, well qualified to pass judgment, alluded to Mr. Jacob A. Riis as "the most useful citizen of New York". Those fellow citizens of Mr. Riis who best know his work will be most apt to agree with this statement. The countless evils which lurk in the dark corners of our civic institutions, which stalk abroad in the slums, and have their permanent abode in the crowded tenement houses, have met in Mr. Riis the most formidable opponent ever encountered by them in New York City."The title refers to the French writer François Rabelais, who famously wrote in Pantagruel: "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives". As a work of journalism and of social criticism, Riis's book still stands as a truly seminal testimony to how the lower classes lived at the turn of the century. Due to this work, attention was eventually paid to them and their conditions bettered.

Geneve, Barde & Compagnie, 1787. 8vo. In a fine contemporary half calf binding with five raised bands, red leather title label with gilt lettering and gilt ornamentations to spine. Boards recently repaired An extraordinarily fine copy. VI, 294 pp. The rare first printing of abbé Legros's fierce critique of physiocratic doctrines. The physiocratic school and the dawning liberalism dictated that the economic order should espouse as closely as possible the concatenation of causes which make up the order of Nature and that everything is interconnected in the human world as it is in nature. In his own early critique of this physiocratic political economy, the traditionalist Legros developed attacks which can equally well apply to Quesnay, Spinoza, Diderot or d'Holbach: "if this grand order, this concatenation [cet enchaînement], this general law of movement are eternal [...] if they are necessary, then they exist by themselves, by the necessity of their nature; they therefore replace the Divinity, they take its place; if the grand order is one and the only one, then there no longer is any moral order, any metaphysical order, any supernatural order." (From the present work: Pp 142-3).Legros (1739-1790) studied theology and functioned as a priest in St.-Aebeul. He always published under the name "d'un Solitaire".Einaudi 3300; INED 2773; Masui P. 406.

Montreal, Acta Inc., 1950. Royal8vo. In the original full red cloth. Hindges a bit weak and light wear to extremities. With dedication (not from the author) to front free end paper. XX, 822, (2), 203 pp. First edition of Selye's landmark work on stress in which he presented his General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), a 3-stage set of physiological processes which prepare the body for danger so that we ready to stand a better chance of surviving it compared to if we remained passively relaxed when faced with a threat. Hans Selye was the first scientist to single out these side effects and to identify them collectively as being the result of 'stress', today he is is widely acknowledged as "the father of the stress field".Selye himself acknowledged that stress impacts each individual differently (Selye, 1950). What one person considers to be a severely stressful situation, another person may experience as only mildly distressing. Physiologists define stress as how the body reacts to a stressor, real or imagined, a stimulus that causes stress. Acute stressors affect an organism in the short term; chronic stressors over the longer term. The general adaptation syndrome (GAS), developed by Hans Selye, is a profile of how organisms respond to stress; GAS is characterized by three phases: a nonspecific mobilization phase, which promotes sympathetic nervous system activity; a resistance phase, during which the organism makes.Selye considered "Stress in heath and disease is medically, sociologically, and philosophically the most meaningful subject for humanity that I can think of".

Kjøbenhavn, Bianco Luno, 1839. 8vo. Nice comtemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Minor wear to capitals and corners bumped. Light brownspotting to first and last leaves. A very fine and clean copy. (8), 470 pp. Rare first Danish edition of the monumental main work by one of the absolutely most influential classical economists, David Ricardo, the systematizer of economics. The Danish translation is translated from the third edition, which appeared in 1821.David Ricardo (1772-1823) was born in London as the son of a Dutch Jew. Initially Ricardo was primarily interested in science and mathematics, but after having read Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" in 1799, he devoted himself entirely to political economy, and in 1817 he could publish his seminal work "The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (see PMM 277). Two years later, in 1819, Ricardo was elected to the Parliament, and became the House's acknowledged expert on economic affairs, -also as such he considerably influenced the opinion towards free trade.There are three classical economists, who must be said to have fundamentally changed political economy, and they are Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus, and David Ricardo, -the three main founders of "modern economic analysis". On the basis of "The Wealth of Nations", classical political economy could be founded by Malthus and Ricardo, -in his "Principles". Ricardo was in doubt as to whether he should publish his later so exceedingly famous work, but was persuaded to do so by his friend James Mill, chief Apostle of the Utalitarians, and so he did in 1817, when the work presented the population of Great Britain with some very unexpected conclusions. Enlarging on the Physiocrats, Ricardo places the interest of the landlord and that of the community in the most violent opposition, -he states: "the interest of the landlord is necessarily opposed to the interest of every other class in the community." On the grounds of this theory, he gathered quite a number of opponents, who considered this the embodiment of injustice and strongly opposed of his theories. "Ricardo, in his paradox to arrest attention, outlined the case for class war. It is one of the issues which John Stuart Mill will be forced to confront, and upon which Marx built his theory and makes his observations." (Catlin, A History of the Political Philosophers, Ldn., 1950, p. 374). In opposition to Smith, Ricardo was not interested in the value as the principle for the equal exchange between differentiated individuals, but in it as the means of building up theories of the relation between wages, profits and rents and their distribution to landlords, capitalists and labourers, -thus developing the famous theory of "labour as measure". Against Malthus he opposes the interest of the agriculturalist as against that of the free-trading manufacturer, -one of his distinctive contributions to economics lies in expounding the monopoly theory of rent. "Ricardo was, in a sense, the first "scientific" economist. Lacking Smith's warmth and sympathy for humanity and for the labourer in particular, Ricardo saw the study of economics as a pure science whose abstractions were capable of quasi-mathematical proof. Although his theorems remain hypothetical, his deductive methods have proved a great use in the elementary analysis of economic problems, currency and banking, it has proved a lasting value." (Printing and the Mind of Man 277).The work is groundbreaking in numerous respects, one of them being that Ricardo here also sets out to establish paper-money, -he actualized this as well as the theory that the banks should convert its stock of gold into standardized gold bars, -this is the reason why the very first gold bars, as we know them, were called "Ricardos"; the first was issued in 1820.The work has been immensely influential throughout Europe, and has had a strong effect on Danish liberal thought and politics.

Wittemberg, Nickel Schirlentz, 1539. 4to. In a later paper binding. Blank white paper label pasted on to spine. Woodcut title-page depicting Herod's guest with Salome and the decapitated John the Baptist. Woodcut-initials in text. Two stamps to verso of title-page. Small paper mark pasted on to lower outer margin on title-page. Title-page with light soiling and last 30 ff. with dampstain to upper and lower outer corner. 120 ff. + 1 blank (H4) (Complete). Exceedingly rare second printing of Luther’s exegetical commentary on the 110th psalm (The first being from 1537). This psalm is a cornerstone in Christian theology, as it is cited as proof of the plurality of the Godhead and Jesus' supremacy as king, priest, and Messiah. For this reason, Psalm 110 is "the most frequently quoted or referenced psalm in the New Testament".[3] Classical Jewish sources, in contrast, state that the subject of the psalm is either Abraham, David, or the Jewish Messiah. The printer Schirlentz had previously had printers license revoked because he had published the epigrams of Lemnius. Luther wanted to help Schirlentz and asked the elector personally for permission to print his psalm. Benzing 3322

Washington, The Smithsonian Institution, 1936. 8vo. In recent red full cloth with gilt lettering to front board. Published as part of "Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Volume 95, Number 3, Publication 3381". A fine and clean copy. (2), 10 pp. + 11 photographic plates. First edition of Goddard's paper on liquid-fueled rocket development. Goddard is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket and is often referred to as the man who ushered in the Space Age (Pendray, Rocket Development). By temperament and training Goddard was not a team worker, yet he laid the foundation from which team workers could launch men to the moon" (DSB). Goddard was secretive about his research and only published two papers; "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" (1919) and the present. Goddard launched the first liquid-fuel rocket on 16 March 1926 near Auburn, Mass. The ten-foot rocket, nicknamed "Nell" reached an altitude of 41 feet, traveled a distance of 184 feet and landed 2.5 seconds after lift-off in a cabbage patch. "Although his list of firsts in rocketry was distuguished, Goddard was eventually surpassed by teams of rocket research and development experts elsewhere, particularly in Germany." (DSB)."Like the Russian hero Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and the German pioneer Hermann Oberth, Goddard worked out the theory of rocket propulsion independently [...] Having explored the mathematical practicality of rocketry since 1906 and the experimental workability of reaction engines in laboratory vacuum tests since 1912, Goddard began to accumulate ideas for probing beyond the Earth's stratosphere. His first two patents in 1914, for a liquid-fuel gun rocket and a multistage step rocket, let to some modest recognition and financial support from the Smithsonian Institution [...] With an eye toward patentability of demonstrated systems and with the aid of no more than a handful of technicians, Goddard achieved a series of workable liquid-fuel flights starting in 1926. Through the patronage of Charles A. Lindbergh, the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation, and the Carnegie and Smithsonian institutions, the Goddards and their small staff were able to move near Roswell, New Mexico. There, during most of the 1930s, Goddard demonstrated, despite many failures in his systematic static and flight tests, progressively more sophisticated experimental boosters and payloads, reaching speeds of 700 miles per hour and altitudes above 8000 feet in several test flights" (DSB).

[No place], The Association for Symbolic Logic, 1936 & 1937. Royal8vo. Bound in red half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Journal of Symbolic Logic", Volume 1 & 2 bound together. Barcode label pasted on to back board. Small library stamp to lower part of 16 pages. A very fine copy. [Church:] Pp. 40-1; Pp. 101-2. [Post:] Pp. 103-5. [Turing:] Pp. 153-163; 164. [Entire volume: (4), 218, (2), IV, 188 pp.] First edition of this collection of seminal papers within mathematical logic, all constituting some of the most important contributions mathematical logic and computional mathematics. A NOTE ON THE ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM (+) CORRECTION TO A NOTE ON THE ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM (+) REVIEW OF "A. M. TURING. ON COMPUTABLE NUMBERS, WITH AN APPLICATION TO THE ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM":First publication of Church's seminal paper in which he proved the solution to David Hilbert's "Entscheidungsproblem" from 1928, namely that it is impossible to decide algorithmically whether statements within arithmetic are true or false. In showing that there is no general algorithm for determining whether or not a given statement is true or false, he not only solved Hilbert's "Entscheidungsproblem" but also laid the foundation for modern computer logic. This conclusion is now known as Church's Theorem or the Church-Turing Theorem (not to be mistaken with the Church-Turing Thesis). The present paper anticipates Turing's famous "On Computable Numbers" by a few months. "Church's paper, submitted on April 15, 1936, was the first to contain a demonstration that David Hilbert's 'Entscheidungsproblem' - i.e., the question as to whether there exists in mathematics a definite method of guaranteeing the truth or falsity of any mathematical statement - was unsolvable. Church did so by devising the 'lambda-calculus', [...] Church had earlier shown the existence of an unsolvable problem of elementary number theory, but his 1936 paper was the first to put his findings into the exact form of an answer to Hilbert's 'Entscheidungsproblem'. Church's paper bears on the question of what is computable, a problem addressed more directly by Alan Turing in his paper 'On computable numbers' published a few months later. The notion of an 'effective' or 'mechanical' computation in logic and mathematics became known as the Church-Turing thesis." (Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, 250) Church coined in his review of Turing's paper the phrase 'Turing machine'.FINITE COMBINATORY PROCESSES-FORMULATION I: The Polish-American mathematician Emil Post made notable contributions to the theory of recursive functions. In the 1930s, independently of Turing, Post came up with the concept of a logic automaton similar to a Turing machine, which he described in the present paper (received on October 7, 1936). Post's paper was intended to fill a conceptual gap in Alonzo Church's paper on 'An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory'. Church had answered in the negative Hilbert's 'Entscheidungsproblem' but failed to provide the assertion that any such definitive method could be expressed as a formula in Church's lambda-calculus. Post proposed that a definite method would be one written in the form of instructions to mind-less worker operating on an infinite line of 'boxes' (equivalent to the Turing machines 'tape'). The range of instructions proposed by Post corresponds exactly to those performed by a Turing machine, and Church, who edited the Journal of Symbolic Logic, felt it necessary to insert an editorial note referring to Turing's "shortly forthcoming" paper on computable numbers, and asserting that "the present article ... although bearing a later date, was written entirely independently of Turing's". (Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, 356).COMPUTABILITY AND LAMBDA-DEFINABILITY (+) THE Ø-FUNCTION IN LAMBDA-K-CONVERSION: The volume also contains Turing's influential "Computability and lambda-definability" in which he proved that computable functions "are identical with the lambda-definable functions of Church and the general recursive functions due to Herbrand and Gödel and developed by Kleene". (Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, 395).

Washington, U. S. Treasury, 1944. 8vo. Bound with the original wrappers in later half cloth. White library numbering to top left corner of front boards and front wrapper. "Withdrawn" stamp to front wrapper. Soiling to top right corner of front wrapper affecting first 20 leaves. Front wrapper creased. X, 88 pp. First announcement of the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) at Bretton Woods in July 1944 - the greatest, most powerful and successful international economic agreement ever made. 44 Allied nations led by The United States and Great Britain sought to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still going on. The Bretton Woods system obligated each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to the U.S. dollar and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of paymentsThe formation of the Bretton Woods system is by many considered the main factor in the economic prosperity experienced in Western Europe and the USA during the 50ies and 60ies thus shaping the world economy for decades. Regardless of the fact that some of the basic traits of the system (the gold standard) was abandoned in 1971 - usually referred to as the Nixon Shock - it is still the most influential economic event in the post war-years, if not the entire 20th century. "The United States and Great Britain took the lead in constructing the postwar international monetary institutions, with John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White drawing up rival designs for the new system. The Charter of the International Monetary Fund provided for a system based on pegged, but adjustable, exchange rates and an institution which would lend additional reserve assets to countries which were having temporary difficulties in maintaining convertibility. Resort to floating exchange rates, competitive devaluations, and trade restirctions to promote domestic employment were explicitly to be avoided, in the light of the problems of the 1930s".

(No place), L’Imprimerie De La Société Littéraire-Typographique, 1785-89. 8vo. Uniformly bound in 90 contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with five raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spines. Ex-libris (Karl Henrik Koch, Danish author and philosopher) pasted on to pasted down front end-papers. Bindings with wear, of which 35 have considerable wear, with loss of leather and boards party detached. Internally with light marginal browning, but generally nice and clean. With 2 portraits (in vol. 1 and 16) and 14 engraved plates (in vol. 39). Wanting vol. 57 and 87. This edition of the Voltaire's Complete Works notably includes the bulk of Voltaire’s previously unpublished correspondence. The Société littéraire typographique was a publishing house founded by Beaumarchais and Condorcet in order to publish a new complete edition of Voltaire's works. Based in Kehl in Baden to escape censorship it operated from 1780 to 1790 they aimed at creating a monumental posthumous edition, seven years after Voltaire’s death. To achieve this Beaumarchais purchased the printing types of the great English typographer John Baskerville from his widow and acquired paper mills and presses (including three paper mills in the Vosges). Graesse VII, 390.Brunet V, 1354.Bibliographie Voltairienne , p. 101.

Torino, Fratelli Bocca, 1884. 8vo. Cont. full green cloth w. gilt title and ornamentation to spine. Minor occasional browning. A very nice and clean copy. XXXII, 333, (5, -index and errata) pp. The scarce first edition of Peano's first major publication, his first book, the work that brought him international fame, and one of the most important calculus texts since the time of Euler and Cauchy.The present book, which has a somewhat strange history, contributing to its scarcity, is considered a constitutional work of the science of infinitesimal calculus. In 1899 it was translated into German, and in 1903 into Russian.The famous Italian mathematician, logical philosopher, pioneer of symbolic logic, and a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, Giuseppe Peano (1858 -1932), studied mathematics at the University of Turin, where he was employed just after graduating (1880), and where he stayed almost all of his life, devoting his life to mathematics. After having graduated with honours, he was employed to assist first Enrico D'Ovidio, and then the renowned Angelo Genocchi, who possessed the chair of Infinitesimal calculus. At this time, Genocchi's health was declining, and the teaching of the infinitesimal calculus course was handed over to Peano already in 1882. In 1880 Peano had published his first paper, and the following year he published another three; in 1884 he published his first book, the foundational "Calculus and Principles of Integral Calculus", which constitutes one of "the most important works on the development of the general theory of functions since the work of the French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857)". (Encycl. Britt.)As is evident from the title-page, the work was based on Genocchi's lectures on calculus; however, the book turned out to be much more than, and in fact something completely different from, that. Peano stands as the editor of the work, but in fact most of the book is written by Peano himself. Apparently, Genocchi had given his approval to the publication of an edited version of his lectures, but when he saw the final result, he regretted the fact that it had appeared under his name. Genocchi stated in a letter that "... the volume contains important additions, some modifications, and various annotations, which are placed first. So that nothing will be attributed to me which is not mine, I must declare that I have had no part in the compilation of the aforementioned book and that everything is due to that outstanding young man Dr Giuseppe Peano ...".Peano assumed full responsibility for the work and also recognised it as his own. He later saw the importance that this book has had on the development of the science of infinitesimal calculus. "In 1915 he (Peano) printed a list of his writings, adding: "My works refer especially to infinitesimal calculus, and they have not been entirely useless, seeing that, in the judgment of competent persons, they contributed to the constitution of this science as we have it today." This "judgment of competent persons" refers in part to the "Encyclopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften", in which Alfred Pringsheim lists two of Peano's books among nineteen important calculus texts since the time of Euler and Cauchy. The first of these books was Peano's first major publication and is something of an oddity in the history of mathematics, since the title page gives the author as Angelo Genocchi, not Peano: "Angelo Genocchi, Calcolo differenziale e principia de calcolo integrale, publicato con aggiunte dal Dr. Guiseppe Peano." The origin of the book is that Bocca Brothers wished to publish a calculus text based on Genocchi's lectures. Genocchi did not wish to write such a text but gave Peano permission to do so. After its publication Genocchi, thinking Peano lacked regard for him, publicly disclaimed all credit for the book, for which Peano then assumed full responsibility." (D.S.B. X:441).Later the same year, after the publication of this his first major work, Peano became professor at the university of Turin. His first work now stands, not only as one of the founding texts of modern infinitesimal calculus, but also as a prime example of Peano's excellent style, which perfectly mixes simplicity and rigour. "Beginning with a strict definition of real number, essentially that of Dedekind, he develops the calculus systematically, formulating every theorem with the greatest possible accuracy and precision, and strictly avoiding in the proofs any illegitimate appeal to intuitive properties of curves. When the customary enunciations of theorems are too loose, or conditions that need to be satisfied are not as a rule clearly stated, Peano often constructs counter-examples to show that assertions made in standard textbooks are incomplete or erroneous...." (Kneebone, Mathematical Logic and Foundations of Mathematics, p. 142). Cellerino nr. 1. "Prima edizione del primo libro di Peano che venne tradotto nel 1899 in tedesco e nel 1903 in russo. Pubblicato sotto il nome di Genocchi di cui Peano era assistente, il volume è in realtà interamente opera sua tanto che Genocchi lo disconobbe publicamente dando origine ad una breve polemice. Questa è l'opera che diede a Peano notorietà internazionale." (Cellerino, Guiseppe Piano e la sua scuola. Catalogo monografico. Milano, 2004).

London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1944. 8vo. In the original printed stapled wrappers. Stapels with rust affecting surrounding paper. A small 1 cm long tear to lower left part of front wrapper, otherwise fine and clean. 70 pp. First European announcement of the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) at Bretton Woods in July 1944 - the greatest, most powerful and successful international economic agreement ever made. 44 Allied nations led by The United States and Great Britain sought to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still going on. The Bretton Woods system obligated each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to the U.S. dollar and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of paymentsThe formation of the Bretton Woods system is by many considered the main factor in the economic prosperity experienced in Western Europe and the USA during the 50ies and 60ies thus shaping the world economy for decades. Regardless of the fact that some of the basic traits of the system (the gold standard) was abandoned in 1971 - usually referred to as the Nixon Shock - it is still the most influential economic event in the post war-years, if not the entire 20th century. "The United States and Great Britain took the lead in constructing the postwar international monetary institutions, with John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White drawing up rival designs for the new system. The Charter of the International Monetary Fund provided for a system based on pegged, but adjustable, exchange rates and an institution which would lend additional reserve assets to countries which were having temporary difficulties in maintaining convertibility. Resort to floating exchange rates, competitive devaluations, and trade restirctions to promote domestic employment were explicitly to be avoided, in the light of the problems of the 1930s". The present publication was printed in August 1944, thus being first publication to introduce the Bretton Woods system to the British and European public and legislators.

Cambridge, (1912). 8vo. Original printed wrappers. A bit of wear to extremities. A few nicks and creases. Inscribed to front free end-paper and with a few ownership-stamps (of the presentee- Dr. Richard Goldschmidt). (2) pp., pp. (51) - 79. Original off-print of Spearman and Hart's groundbreaking paper on general ability, which created a conceptual framework for factor analysis and played an enormous role in IQ-testing, with an original handwritten and signed presentation-inscription from Spearman to Richard Goldschmidt (fellow psychologist and director of the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Münster), expressing friendly remembrance of the Berlin congress 1912. "Spearman, with a collaborator, Hart, pioneered the use of the pattern of correlations between a set of measures to determine the number of abilities (Hart & Spearman, 1912). The tetrad difference criterion could test if a single common factor (g, or general ability, presumably) could account for individual differences on the measures. If the tetrad differences were zero, then a single common factor was supported, but if not, then it was unclear how many common factors were needed." (Susan E. Embretson: The Second Century of Ability Testing: Some Predictions and Speculations, 2001, p. 11) Charles Edward Spearman (1863 - 1945) was a famous English psychologist known both for his work in statistics, but primarily for his work on human intelligence. He was a pioneer of factor analysis, he gave name to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and did seminal work on models for human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single General intelligence factor, and he famously coined the term "g- factor". The g-factor, also known as General intelligence, refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures. Terms such as intelligence, IQ, general cognitive ability, and general mental ability are today used interchangeably to mean the same thing as general intelligence or g-factor. "Charles E. Spearman, in full Charles Edward Spearman, (born September 10, 1863, London, England-died September 17, 1945, London), British psychologist who theorized that a general factor of intelligence, g, is present in varying degrees in different human abilities.While serving as an officer in the British army (1883-97), Spearman came to believe that any significant advance in philosophy would come about mainly through psychology. Over the next 10 years he worked intermittently with Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology, at the University of Leipzig, and he took his Ph.D. there. He joined the faculty of University College, London (1907), and was professor there from 1911 to 1931.Spearman's attempt to establish general, fundamental laws of psychology was based on his statistical work in determining correlations among mental abilities, reflected in his classic paper, " 'General Intelligence,' Objectively Determined and Measured" (1904). He sought to interpret correlations among several variables on the basis of a specific factor for each variable and a factor common to all. Because measures of seemingly different mental abilities consistently indicate correlations, he concluded that the prevalence of positive correlations must result from the general factor, g. By 1912 he and a coworker had developed an order of correlation coefficients separating various performances into the general factor, g, and varying specific factors, s1, s2, and so on." (Encycl. Britt.). The present paper is of the utmost importance, as it is here that Spearman, in collaboration with Hart, develops a conceptual framework for factor analysis, pioneering the use of the pattern of correlations in order to determine the number of abilities, one of the fundamental principles for psychometric methods.

London, J. Wilkie, 1766. 4to. In the original printed wrappers. Lacking backstrip and with a small stain to back wrapper, otherwise a very fine and clean copy. 119 pp. First edition of Thomas Whately's "important and extremely rare" (Higgs) work on British trade and finance primarily in the New World. This is the first thorough and first full description and defense of the the first direct tax ever levied by Parliament upon the colonies. The implementation of this tax resulted in the Boston Massacre and the formation of the Boston Tea Party and, eventually, in the expulsion of the British in 1776. By publishing the present defense, Thomas Whately earned himself a prominent place in the events that led to the American Revolution."Thomas Whately, the most influential British official in colonial policy in his time, published a work on British trade and finances in 1766 [the present work] with this as his opening sentence: "That the wealth and power of Great-Britain depend upon its trade is a proposition, which it would be equally absurd in these times to dispute or prove". In the same year, Edmund Burke asserted that "liberty and commerce" were "the true basis of its [Britain's] power." (Draper, A Struggle for Power: The American Revolution].This policy eventually became fatal: In 1765 the Stamp Act was the first direct tax ever levied by Parliament upon the colonies. All newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets and official documents had to have the stamps. All 13 colonies protested heavily, as popular leaders like Henry in Virginia and Otis in Massachusetts rallied the people in opposition. Thomas Whately (1726-1772), an English politician and writer, was a Member of Parliament, who served as Commissioner on the Board of Trade, as Secretary to the Treasury under Lord Grenville, and as Under- secretary of State under Lord North. "Important and extremely rare. Reprinted in "Scarce Tracts", 1787, and there attributed to T. Whately." (Higgs)Higgs 3757Goldsmith 10157Sabin 103122 Hollander 1987Kress 2489 (erroneously ascribed to William Knox)

Indbundet i 53 samtidige ensartede hldrbd. med rygforgyldning. Ubrudt række af tidsskriftets første 53 bind, et væsentligt kildeskrift til studiet af udviklingen i dansk historisk medicin.

(Paris), Au Dépôt Gén.al de la Guerre, 1844. Large folio. The 14 engraved maps are engraved by Pelet and each measuring ca. 75 x 100 cm. Engraved (folded) title-page + Table des Cartes et Plans... de 1805,1806 et 7, 1809. (Listing 17 maps). One of the extra inserted is a large engraved map of Northern Germany (Allemagne Septentrionale), with part of Denmark, Holland etc., measuring 67 x 130 cm. The measures are paper sizes. Comprising Nos. 3. Théâtre des opérations de l'Empereur Napoléon sur le haut Danube, en Octobre. - 4. Bataille d'Ulm ou du Michelsberg, 14 et 15 Octobre 1805. - 6. Bataille d'Austerlitz, 2 Décembre 1805. - 7. Bataille d'Iéna, 14 Octobre 1806. - 8. Places de la Vistule et de la Narew, en 1807. - 9. Théatre des opérations de l'Empereur Napoléon entre la Passarge et la Prégel, 1807. - 10. Bataille de Preuss-Eylau, 8 Février 1807. - 11. Bataille de Friedland, 14 Juin 1807. - 12. Théàtre des opérations de l'Empereur Napoléon sur les bords de la Laaber, Avril 1809. - 13. Bataille d'Eckmühl, 22 Avril 1809. - 14. Combat d'Ebersberg, 3 Mai 1809. - 15. Bataille d'Essling et travaux de l'Ille de Lobau, Mai, Juin et Juillet 1809. - 16. Bataille de Wagram, 5 et 6 Juillet 1809. - 17. Bataille de Znaïm, 11 Jullet 1809. Faint scattered brownspots. First edition. "Jean-Jacques Germain Pelet-Clozeau (15 July 1777 - 20 December 1858) became a French general in the Napoleonic Wars and later was a politician and historian. He joined the French army in 1800 and became a topographic engineer. He joined the staff of Marshal André Masséna and was wounded at Caldiero in 1805. He served in southern Italy in 1806 and Poland in 1807. He was wounded at Ebelsberg and fought at Aspern-Essling and Wagram in 1809." (Wikipedia).

(Amsterdam, 1584-1605). 34x51,5 cm. Kobberstukket søkort over Nordsøen og Kattegat (vandene omkring Skagen) med Nordjylland i midten, fra Skagen til Ålborg og Rinkkøbing. Med Læsø. Stor kompasrose, skibe i søen. Kortet er orienteret med syd øverst. Brede marginer, fin stand. Yderst sjældent søkort over danske farvande af "den første store søkorttegner af internationalt format" Det pragtfulde kort her er fra en fransk udgave (fransk tekst på bagsiden) af Waghenaer's berømte søkortatlas i lille folio "Spieghel der Zeewart" som udkom 1583-85.Kortet er gengivet hos Bramsen p. 61. - Nørlund: 32.

Upsala, Joh. Henr. Werner, 1718. Indbundet UBESKÅRET i et smukt senere halvbind i pergament med forgyldt rygtitel i skind. Permer med overtræk af gammelt papir af klistermarmor. Titelbladet trykt i rød og sort. (2),70 pp. Lille hul nederst på sidste blads margin, en svaghed i papiret. Rent frisk eksemplar med brede marginer (ubeskåret !).Bound uncut in a very nice later half vellum binding w. gilt leather title-label. Old marbled paper over boards. Title-page printed in red and black. A small hole to the margin of final leaf, due to a weakness in the paper. A nice, clean copy with wide margins (uncut!). (2), 70 pp. Originaludgaven. Der findes mindst 5 varianter, som adskiller sig ved de anvendte citater , dels på titelbladet, dels på dennes bagside (se Gustav Rudbecks afhandling i Nordisk Tidsskrift för Bok-og Biblioteksväsen), hvor Rudbeck opstiller 5 varianter. Her antages de eksemplarer, som har citat af Ruffus Ephesius på titelbladet, at være blandt de første tryk. Vores eksemplar har følgende karakteristika: 1. Rufus-citatet på titelbladet - 2. Titelbladets verso har kun et stort trykkermærke (uden citater). Trykkermærket med stiliserede blade og fugl Phønix svævende over et bål belyst af solens stråler, og med et bånd hvorpå "Qui aluit Spero reseminabit". 3. Uden det senere trykte tillægsblad til siderne 15-16, men med det oprindelige "Tale" som fangord. 4. Bogen afsluttes med en i rødt trykt fugl Phønix. - At Rufus-trykket hører til de første varianter støttes endvidere af det faktum at ordet "Vederbörandes" er sat så højt på titelbladet at der ingen afstand er mellem dette og linjen ovenover. Sætningen af dette ord synes rettet i de senere tryk.Scarce first edition of the first handbook of Swedish anatomy. The importance of the work also lies in its introduction of several anatomical terms to Swedish.Roberg was the teacher of Carl Linné, and he taught medicine at Uppsala University from 1697 until 1740. He also founded the Nosocomium academicum, the later Uppsala Academy Hospital. There are at least five variant-printings of the first edition. Our copy seems to be the first, which is very scarce. The variants are difficult to determine, but the pointers are to be found in the quotations in the recto and verso of the title-page. According to Gustav Rudbeck's essay in "Nordisk Tidsskrift för Bok-og Biblioteksväsen", the copies with quotation of Ruffus Ephesius on the title-page are among the first issues. Our copy has the following pointers: 1. Rufus-quotation on the title-page, 2. The verso of the title-page only has the large printer's device (stylized leaves, and the bird Phoenix hovering above a fire, lit up by the rays of the sun, with a band with the words "Qui aluit Spero reseminabit") and no quotations. 3. Without the later printed addition to the pages 15-16, but with the original "Tale" as catch.word. 4. The last leaf ends with a Phoenix bird printed in red.That the Rufus-printings belong among the first, is further backed by the fact that the word "Vederbörandes" is placed so high on the title-page that there is no distance between that and the line above it. The placing of this word seems to be corrected in later issues.

Amsterdam, Jakob van Meurs, 1672. Folio. Contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Richly gilt spine. Covers gilt with central stamps within double frames. Rebacked, preserving almost all of original spine. Frontispiece lacks.Title-page printed in red/black. 379,(3) pp. + (2),184,43,(5) pp. 3 double-page engraved maps, 26 (of 28) engraved plates, some double-page and 33 fine half-page engravings in the text. Internally clean and fine, printed on good paper. The scarce first edition of Dapper's monumental Asia-description. His richly illustrated description of the empire of the Great Mogul and of India and Persia begins with accounts of natural history and topography. Later sections discuss costume, religion, customs and politics. While Dapper never journeyed to Asia himself, his history is one of the most reliable of the 17th Century, using over 200 contemporary eye-witness sources. - Blackmer 451.

Berlin, Joachim Pauli, 1784-93. Bound in 9 uniform cont. hcalf. with gilt backs. 2 tops of spines slightly frayed. Around 5.000 pp. and 60 folded engraved plates (all). Poggendorff I:1003.

Gotha, Julius Perthes, 1855-1874. 4to. Bound in 18 contemp. hcalf, some wear to the first 10 vols., some a bit rubbed. Some scattered brownspots to the first volumes. Gilt spines. Wear to top of spines. With a huge amount of original maps, plates, profiles etc., lithographed and engraved, large and folded and mainly in colour. This set does not include the "Ergänzungsbände". The first 19 (lacking vol. 14) volumes of this importent periodical from its "Golden Period". "Petermann's Mittheilungen" became the leading geographic publication of the world and remained so until World War I. All the new geographical discoveries, all the reports from the latest exploratory expeditions were published, and flowed into Petermann's Geographische Anstalt, and he took care to see that it was translated into cartographic form as quickly as possible. The maps soon came to have a reputation for containing the latest and the most accurate information available. Not only German, but international readers as well, came to see the 'Mitteilungen' as an indispensable organ for the world of geographical research.

Amsterdam, Ludwich Elzeviern, 1648. Folio. Cont. full vellum, richly blindtooled covers in Dutch style. remains of ties. Upper part of spine and block a bit compressed due to shrinking of spine-vellum. The engraved title depicting the author showing a geometrical drawing to William Prince of Orange. Engraved title. (6),475 pp. and 70 double-page engraved plates. Margin of title with old owners name. A small rubberstamp on title. A few leaves and a few plates with rather faint dampstaining, a few plates with small marginal tears (no loss of image) and 2 plates a bit soiled. 4 plates loose. First German edition. This was the largest work hitherto published on fortification, and it is specially interesting for containing 29 plans of European fortresses. It was originally published in Latin the year before and a French translation appeared the same year as this German edition."Magnifique publication, orné de 29 figures de fortifications et de 41 plans de villes, en tout 70 grandes planches hors texte. L Elzevier a tiré parti de ces planches en publiant dès l'année suivante des traductions de l'ouvrage en francais et en allemand." (Willems, Les Elzevier No 1064). - Sotheran Second Suppl. No 20981 (French edition) - Brunet II:788. - Klaus Jordan No 911. - Sloos, Warfare and the Age of Printing, 8029.

Paris, Bachelier, 1839. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome VIII (No.1)+ IX, (No. 8) Entire issues offered with htitles and titlepages to both volumes. Pp. 1-36 + Pp. 249-282 and 1 lithographed plate. The papers: pp. 4-7 and pp. 250-267. A faint stamp to top of titlepages. A few brownspots to titlepages. First Edition of the official and complete report of the invention of the "daguerreotype", the photographic process invented by Louis Daguerre. Together with the preliminary report of the invention (OF JANUARY 7). The presentation by Arago preceeded Daguerre's own publication "Historique de description des procédés du daguerreotype et du diorama", (1839). "When the attempt to exploit the process of daguerreotype was unsuccessfull, Daguerre and Nièpce decided to offer their method to the government. Daguerre approached Francois Jean Arago, to whom he imparted, under the seal of secrecy his processes and those of Nicéphore Niépce. It was fortunate that Arago possessed such a great insight into the invention, which he received enthusiastically. He reported the invention of the daguerretype to the Academy of Sciences on January 7, 1839. The secrecy, however, was not observed very carefully, for the "Gazette de France" published a note abouit it on January 6, 1839, although without printing any details."(Eder "History of Photography").

Berlin, Duncker und Humblot, 1826. 4to. Contemp. hcalf. Part of spine lacks, some of spine loose. IV,387,(1) pp. and 5 folded engraved plates. Wide margins, on good paper, light marginal browning, a few scattered brownspots. The whole volume of "Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. Herausgegeben von A.L. Crelle" Erster Band. In 4 Heften. Mit 5 Kupfern. Abel's papers: pp. 11-15, pp. 65-84, pp. 159-60, pp. 185-221, pp. 311-339, pp. 153-160, pp. 117-136. First edition of all 7 papers, among these 3 of Abel's masterpieces: his attempt to demonstrate the impossibility of solving the quintic equation algebraically (Beweis der Unmöglichkeit...), one of the most celebrated theorems in mathematics and here offered as no. 2, the first direct use and solution of an integral equation (Auflösung einer mechanischen Aufgabe), here offered as no 6, and his investigations into the domaine of convergence of the binominal series (Untersuchungen über die Reihe...), here offered as no. 5."Crelle's Journal was the leading German mathematical periodical during the nineteenth century. The first volume alone contains seven papers by Abel and the following volumes contains many more, most of them of preeminent importence in the history of mathematics. Among the first is the expanded version of the proof of the impossibility of the solution of the general quintic equation by radicals. Here Abel developed the necessay algebraic backgriund, including a discussion of the algebraic field of extensions." (DSB)."All of Abel's works carry the imprint of an ingenuity and force of thought which is unusual and sometimes amazing, even if the youth of the author is not taken into consideration. One may say that he was able to penetrate all obstacles down to the very foundations of the problems, with a force which appeared irresistible; he attacked the problems with an extraordinary energy...all the difficulties seemed to vanish under the victorious onslaught of his genius..." (A.L. Crelle).Also contained in this volume is : "Über Gauss Methode, die Werthe der Integrale nährungsweise zu finden.", pp. 301-307.

Paris, Lyon, Reinwald & Georg, 1885-87. Folio. All 5 parts uncut in orig. printed wrappers, unopened. XXXVI,93;226;134;284 pp., 2 color maps, 2 portraits and 144 plates (mostly tintet lithography, collotype and line-drawing). Many textillustrations in woodcut. Upper right corners of some of the last plates in vol. 4 water-stained. Otherwise absolutely clean and fine. (Plates numb. 1-6; 1-67 + 11 bis; 1-28 + 1 bis, 1-31).