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Paris, chez Gabriel Martin, 1735. 4to (262 x 210 mm). Uniformly bound in seven nice contemporary full calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spines. Light wear to extremities. Vol. 4 with lower compartment of spine missing part of the leather. Internally with light occassional marginal miscolouring. Vol. 5 with damp stain affecting lower outer corner of first 14 leaves. An overall fine complete set with all half titles and 433 plates (1-429, plus 105*, 177*, 329* and 2 additional plates numbered 341, but 197-8 on one sheet). Vol 1: VIII, (4), 215 pp + 67 folded plates. Vol 2: (4), V, (3), 192 pp + 73 folded plates (numbered 68 to 139)Vol 3: (4), V, (3), 205 pp. + 75 folded plates (numbered 140 to 214)Vol 4: (4), V, (3), 239 pp. + 81 folded plates (numbered 215 to 295). Vol 5: (4), V, (3), 173 pp. + 66 folded plates (numbered 296 to 360). Vol 6: (4), V, (3), 196, (35) pp. + 69 folded plates (numbered 361 to 429) First edition of this important and extensive work containing both descriptions and engravings of all the inventions approved from the beginning of the French “l'Academie Royale des Sciences” in 1666. “Thus, it documents the increasing interest in technology during this period in France. The devices are simply described in chronolopgical order. They cover all the areas then known in arts, sciences, engineering and manufacturing” (Erwin Tomash). It constitute one of the most important historical sources for the study of the manufactures of the late 17th and early 18th century. The inventors included Godin and Outhier - who were involved in the expedition to measure the arc of the meridian with their instruments -, Dortous de Mairan, Cassini, Clairaut le père, l'abbé Nollet, Huygens, Perrault, Gauger, Le Maire, De La Hire, Morland,and in particular the arithmetic machines of Pascal (vol.4, plates 262-263), Lépine (vol.4, plates 259-261), and Hillerin de Boistissandeau (vol.5, plates 341-343). Gallon (1706-75), a French engineer, was commissioned by the Academy to edit the descriptions made of the machinery that they approved. The Academy added another volume forty-two years later (1777), after Gallon's death. Brunet I, 27 Graesse Vol. 1, p. 10. Tomash & Williams G22

London, William Clowes and Sons, 1876. Small 8vo. Original full red cloth. Title and author stamped in gold on upper wrapper. A small paperlabel at top of spine. A small stamp on top of title-page. Faint discoloration to lower part of upper wrapper. Frontispiece. 59 pp., textillustrations. Faint scattered brownspots, mainly to the first leaves. With dedication from the author on front free endpaper "H.P./ General Baron von Bülow/ with the authors compliments." Bülow is probably the Danish Genreral-Major Otto Chr. Severin August von Bülow (1812-95) or it could be General-Lieutnant Carl Ernst Johan Bülow (1814-1890) who was a member of the Danish legation to the English Court from 1865 to 1880. A note on the front free endpaper states, that the book in 1885 was handed over to the School of Gymnastics by General Fog. On foot of the same leaf some discoloration left over from a paperlabel. First edition. - Extremely scarce. Penzer p.93: 'very rare'.

Kiøbenhavn, Godiche, 1763 - 81. 4to. Indbundet i 8 (tome V i 2) samtidige helldrbd. Rig rygforgyldning og forgyldte skindtitler. Rygge på de 4 første bind med lette brugsspor. Marmorerede snit. Stempel på titelblade. Slesvigbindet på skrivepapir. Med 295 kobberstukne prospekter, planer, grundtegninger, foldekort m.v. Nogle af foldekortene fint forstærkede på bagsiden. rent eksemplar, kun enkelte spredte brunpletter. Nogle eksemplarer er forsynet med Pontoppidans Danmarkskort. Dette er ikke her og det er heller ikke nævnt i oversigterne. Originaludgaven af Danmarks topografiske hovedværk.

London, Taylor and Francis, 1844. 8vo. In a nice later half morocco binding with five raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Blind stamped to upper outer corner of first leaf of table of contents. In "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History", volume 13. A very fine and clean copy. [Darwin's paper] pp. (1)-6 + 1 plate. [Entire volume:] viii, [1] - 528 + 14 plates (4 hand-coloured). First edition of Darwin's paper on marine arrow worms collected by him on his voyage on the Beagle. It is one of Darwin's early papers on invertebrates, which was originally intended for publication in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle. Described by Darwin as "one of the most anomalous animals in the world," the origin of these strange carnivorous animals, which Darwin found highly interesting, is still unresolved. These early works are rarely seen on the market. The plate, drawn by Darwin, is based on his drawings made during the Beagle Voyage.Darwin arrived back in England from his voyage around the world on the Beagle in October 1836. He immediately set about writing up the results of the expedition-first, his general account, the Journal of the Beagle, and then, publishing the scientific observations and collections he had made while on the Beagle. The majority of these were published in the Zoology-including parts on mammals, fish, birds, and reptiles but Darwin ran out of funds beforehe could bring out the volume on invertebrates:"Darwin undertook to provide a comprehensive programme for the publication of the zoological results of the Beagle voyage - he obtained a Treasury grant to pay for the necessary engravings, and, having enlisted the leading taxonomical specialists in the several fields, he superintended the publication of the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle from February 1838 to October 1843 - The work comprises five parts: Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen; Mammalia, by G. R. Waterhouse; Birds, by John Gould; Fish, by Leonard Jenyns; and Reptiles, by Thomas Bell-a total of nineteen quarto issues. Darwin contributed a substantial portion of the text, drawing uponhis field notes for geological and geographical data and for the descriptions of the habits and habitats of the species - Darwin had originally planned to include descriptions of invertebrates in the Zoology but the exhaustion ofthe government grant forced him to abandon the idea. Instead he decided to publish his own observations and descriptions of the specimens that he considered to be important new discoveries, and did so in articles on Sagitta finished during the autumn of 1843, and Planariae, described in 1844" (Burkhardt 1986 p. xv.).PROVENANCE: From the collection William Pickett Harris, Jr. (1897 - 1972) (pencil note on p. iii). American investment banker and biologist. Following a career in banking, Harris was appointed Associate Curator of the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan in 1928. "[Harris] played a highly important role in developing mammalogy and systematic collections of mammals at the University of Michigan" (Hooper p. 923).Freeman 1664.

Köln, Ioannis Gymnici, Antonius Boetzer, 1624 a. 1621-1640. Folio. (40 x 26 cm.). Bound in 8 (thick) uniform contemporary full pigskin bindings over wooden boards. Raised bands and richly blind-tooled boards. Title labels with gilt lettering. Clasps missing. Spines a bit rubbed. Wear to some spine-ends. Some upper compartments with nicks, one volume having a tear in leather at upper compartment. One volume with a small loss of leather to upper compartement. With engraved title-page, engraved portrait of Baronius, engraved portrait of pope Urban VII. More than 10.000 pp. Printed in double-columns. In general internally fine. Baronius's monumental work (with its continuation by Bzovius up to the year 1565) hailed by Roman Catholic writers as the greatest history of the church ever written and Baronius hailed as the "father of ecclestical history" (1-12 dealt with Anno 1-1198 and volume13 -20, Anno 1198-1565)."The Annales were first published between 1588 and 1607. This work functioned as an official response to the Lutheran Historia Ecclesiae Christi (History of the Church of Christ). In that work, the Magdeburg theologians surveyed the history of the Christian church in order to demonstrate how the Catholic Church represented the Antichrist and had deviated from the beliefs and practices of the early church. In turn, the Annales fully supported the claims of the papacy to lead the unique true church."Before Baronius was appointed Librarian of the Vatican in 1597, he had access to material and sources in its archives that were previously unpublished or unused. He used these in the development of his work. Accordingly, the documentation in Annales Ecclesiastici is considered by most as extremely useful and complete. Lord Acton called it "the greatest history of the Church ever written"."Graesse I, 296. - Brunet I, 662-631.

Altona, J.F. Hammerich, 1807. 8vo. Bound in the two orig. blue cardboardbindings. The backs have been professionally restored, preserving the orig. printed paper title-labels and cont. paper library-labels at lower backs. Occasional brownspotting due to the paper-quality, but all in all a very nice and attractive copy. XVI, (4), 368; VIII, 358, (1) pp. Some of the first leaves of the "Erstes Buch" in the first volume have been misbound, but are all present. Rare first German edition of this political and economic classic, which constitutes Malthus' first major publication and his main work, because of which he is considered the father of demography and one of the main sources of inspiration for Darwin and Wallace. It is the first translation of the "Principle on Population" into any language, and it influenced German politics tremendously.The first edition was printed anonymously in London in 1798, and in 1803 the second edition, which, also according to Malthus himself, can be said to constitute a new work, appeared; -the great quarto edition from 1803 is thoroughly revised and much enlarged, the title has been changed and Malthus' name appears on the title-page for the first time, it is on this edition that all the preceding editions are based, and in consequence also the early translations. All the later editions were minor revisions of the second one. In 1806 the third edition appeared, and as soon as 1807 the first German one, which is translated from the revised third edition ("Die gegenwärtige Uebersetzung ist nach der dritten Ausgabe, Oktav, London 1806. Die Quartausgabe ist minder vollständig", Vorwort, p. V). New revisions of the text kept appearing till the sixth edition in 1826. The book, then as now, is considered highly controversial, and it has influenced all demographers ever since, as well as being of immense importance to the study of economic theory and genetic inheritance. "The "Essay" was highly influential in the progress of thought in the early nineteenth-century Europe.... "Parson" Malthus, as Cobbett dubbed him, was for many, a monster and his views were often grossly misinterpreted.... But his influence on social policy, whether for good or evil, was considerable. The Malthusian theory of population came at the right time to harden the existing feeling against the Poor Laws and Malthus was a leading spirit behind the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834." (PMM 251).Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), called the "enfant terrible" of the economists, was an English demographer, statistician and political economist, who is best known for his groundbreaking views on population growth, presented in his "Essays on the Principle of Population", which is based on his own prediction that population would outrun food supply, causing poverty and starvation. Among other things this caused the legislation, which lowered the population of the poor in England. Malthus actually turned political, economic and social thought upside down with this work, which has caused him to be considered one of the 100 most influential persons in history (Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the most Influential Persons in History, 1978). Of course, he was condemned by Marx and Engels, and opposed by the socialists universally, but the work was of immense impact on not only politics, economics, social sciences etc, but also on natural sciences. "Later in the "Origin of Species" he [Darwin] wrote that the struggle for existence "is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this case there can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraint from marriage" [p. 63]. Alfred Russel Wallace, who arrived at a worked-out formulation of the theory of evolution at almost precisely the same time as Darwin, acknowledged that "perhaps the most important book I read was Malthus's "Principles of Population" (My Life, p. 232). Although there were four decennial censuses before Malthus' death, he did not himself analyze the data, although he did influence Lambert Quetelet and Pierre Verhulst, who made precise statistical studies on growth of populations in developed countries and showed how the early exponential growth changed to an S curve." (DSB, IX, p. 69). As Malthus realized that his theories were not satisfactorily presented or sufficiently demonstrated in the first edition from 1798, he travelled for three years through Europe gleaning statistics, and then published the second edition in 1803. Among other places he travelled through Northern Germany, and his detailed diaries of these journeys provided him with some of the evidence necessary for the development of his theory on population growth. The observational information that he gathered on his travels in Europe were crucial to the development of his theories, which also means that the work is of great interest for other European countries, and not only Britain. "In 1819 the Royal Society elected Malthus to a fellowship. He was also a member of the French Institute and the Berlin Academy, and a founding member of the Statistical Society (1834)." (DSB, IX, p. 67). Printing and the Mind of Man 251 (first edition).

(On colophon-leaf:) Haguenau, in aedibus Thomae Badensis, 1521). Small folio. Beautiful full calf binding over wooden boards. Recently rebacked. Beautiful blindstamped ornamental borders to boards and remains of clasps, ties missing. A few smaller wormhols to boards, and two drilled holes of ab. the same size to lower part of front board (for a chain?). Ornamented incunable-leaves with red and blue initials used as pasted-down end-papers. Front free end-paper soiled, with neat 19th century inscription (stating editions of the work), and with a beautiful large, engraved armorial book-plate (Collection of Bryan Hall). First leaf with a larger damp-spot to lower part (not affecting any text). Otherwise a very nice copy with only some minor light marginal soiling, a small dampstain to lower inner corner of last ab. 8 leaves, far from affecting text, and a bit of light spotting to a few leaves towards the end. Beautiful large woodcut printer's device to last leaf. (1) f., 776 columns (i.e. 388 pp/ 194 ff.), (1 - colophon) f. The rare 3rd edition of Hesychios' extremely important Greek dictionary, one of the most important works of philology and linguistics ever printed, this edition constituting the first Greek work to be printed in the famous Renaissance printing-city of Hagenau/Haguenau (in Alsace).The first edition of the work was printed by Aldus in Venice in 1514, and in 1520 a re-impression appeared. The present third edition, edited by Marcus Musurus and printed after the edition of 1514 of Aldus Manutius, constitutes the second re-impression of the work, but it is the first to be printed in Hagenau and the first by the notable printer Thomas Anshelm, who had settled in Haguenau in 1516, being the first to seriously rival Henry Gran here. Anshelm is regarded as one of the most important printers of what we now call the Humanist period of the Renaissance. All three editions are rare and important.Hesychios of Alexandria was a highly important grammarian and lexicographer, whose only surviving work is the present lexicon of unusual and obscure Greek words, the richest of its kind ever. It is assumed that the work was executed by Hesychios during the 5th century. The work is extraordinary in that it constitutes a huge and unique listing of peculiar Greek words and phrases, with explanations and often references to the originator or place of origin. As such, the work is of the greatest value to the both the student of Greek dialects as well as for the ongoing work of restoring the texts of classical authors, for which the present lexicon it still an indispensible tool. But Hesychios' work is not only of the utmost importance to Greek philology, it is also a main work in the study of lost languages and obscure non-Greek dialects (e.g. Thracian and ancient Macedonian). Furthermore, the work was instrumental in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European, one of the most, if not THE most, important philological tasks ever. Only in the late 18th century did Jones determine the connection between the Indo-European languages, thereby founding comparative philology. Only a very corrupt manuscript, from the 15th century, of the work survives, and it is this manuscript that Marcus Musurus used as the basis for the first printing of the work by Aldus in 1514. As stated, two re-impressions (with modest corrections) appeared of this Aldus-edition (ours being the second), and since then no complete comparative edition of the manuscript has been published, bestowing on these three scarce early editions a huge importance. A modern edition of the seminal work has, however, been in intermittent publication since 1953. The editor of the last wolume states the following about Hesychios' Lexicon: "Hesychius of Alexandria lived in the fifth century A.D. and compiled a dictionary of unusual or difficult Greek words with explanations in Greek. Approximately 51,000 entries make it the richest surviving Greek lexicon compiled until the invention of printing. It is of great importance to Ancient Greek studies because it contains countless words and expressions from poetry, administration, medicine, and so on, that are otherwise unknown or insufficiently explained. In particular, numerous words from the Greek dialects are important, not only for Greek but also for Indo-European philology.The Lexicon suffered substantial alterations, including abridgements and additions on its way from the author to the only surviving manuscript (fifteenth century). The production of an edition that gives all important information about the manuscript and the work of earlier scholars, as well as meeting modern requirements for the noting of parallels in other lexicographical works, is a slow and difficult task. Marcus Musurus published the first edition in 1514 (reprinted in 1520 and 1521 with modest revisions). There have since been many plans for an edition, but only four were started. Of the four editors, only one, M. Schmidt, lived long enough to finish the work himself. His edition (1858-68) is now completely out of date.A new edition was one of the most urgent requirements in Greek studies already when the German scholar KURT LATTE began preliminary work in the 1920s for the Danish Academy's Commission for Corpus Lexicographorum Graecorum. The project was severely hampered by the events of 1933-45. Volumes 1-2 were published in 1953 and (posthumously) 1966." (Peter Allan Hansen, Editor of the final part of the great ongoing project of the new printing of the Hesychius-Lexicon)"Hesychius , (flourished 5th century ad), author of the most important Greek lexicon known from antiquity, valued as a basic authority for the dialects and vocabularies of ancient inscriptions, poetic text, and the Greek Church Fathers." (British Encycl.).Though not of particular fame or importance today, the small city of Haguenau played a dominating role in the late 15th and the first half of the 16th century, then being one of the most important centres of printing. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries a remarkably large number of books were issued from presses in this small town, located close to Strasbourg. Thomas Anshelm (fl. 1488-1522) is considered perhaps the most eminent of the early Hagenau printers. He established himself as a printer in Basle in 1485 but subsequently worked as a printer in Strasbourg (1488), Pforzheim (1500-1511), Tübingen (1511-1516), and finally Hagenau (1516-1522), having by then developed his printing technique to perfection.Graesse III:266

Nürnberg, Paul Lochner, 1729. Folio. (40,5 x 26,5 cm.). Contemp. full calf. 6 raised bands. Titlelabel with gilt lettering. Gilt borders on covers. Minor scratches to covers. Small crack in leather on the joint at upper and lower compartments. Small stamp on title-page. Engraved frontispiece. Title-page in red and black. (28),66,96,114,136,144,104,(10) pp., 6 engraved vignettes, 1 full-page engraving with coat of arms (on F 4r), 62 engraved plates of which 9 are folded and double-page (E. Nunzer del., A. Nunzer sc.). Internally clean and fine. Enlarged and richly illustrated edition with the fine engravings by Nunzer, providing all the information a nobleman and stud-farm owner could possibly want. First published 1609, now with modified text and new copperplates.Lipperheide Tc 22. - Nissen 2542.

Aarhus, (Autoris Tryckeri), 1647. Lille 4to på tværs. Velbevaret samtidigt helpergamentsbind. Bindet med lidt brunpletter. (16),240 pp. Alle sider med teksten inden for en røskenramme. Originaltrykket af notorisk sjældenhed, her i et ualmindeligt frisk og velbevaret eksemplar. Kun enkelte komplette eksemplarer bevaret på private hænder. Bogen er et kildeskrift af væsentlig betydning for forståelsen af de økonomiske værdiforhold i omsætningen af værdi - og produktionsgenstande, mål, vægt, afgifter etc. etc. i 1600-tallets Danmark. Skonning havde sit eget trykkeri i Århus, og her er bogen trykt.Thesaurus II,646. - Bibl. Danica II,798.

Rome, ( Viottis parmensem vin aedibus S. Birgittae), 1554. Folio. Bound in 17th century full calf, later rebacked preserving old titlelabel with gilt lettering. Corners a bit bumped. Woodcut on title-page. 2 full-page woodcuts (printer devise Olaus Magnus-Viottii)(58),787,(1 - Errata),(2 - Colophon) pp. and 238 woodcuts in the text and one full-page woodcut map (a smaller copy of Olaus Magnus Carta marina, published 1555). A few minor marginal brownspots at end. printed on good paper. Internally clean and fine. First edition, first issue. "This famous history was written in Venice in 1540, where the author was then living as a catholic refugee - he had left Sweden in 1526. In it, the Gothic romantic conception of Sweden as the "vagina gentium", the idea of Jordanes, 6th century chronicler of the Goths, is developed in a history of Swedish kings both at home and abroad leading the migrating peoples. The conception had alredy been adopted by mediaeval Swedish historians and was the leading ideology of Swedish patriotism in the 17th century when the text was translated into Swedish (1620). The book was posthumously published by the author's brother Olaus Magnus, who dedicated it to Pope Julius III as well as to the Swedish Crown Prince Erik." (Swedish Books 1280-1967, No. 17).Adams, M 136. - Collijn II,210-214.

Milano, P. Hugues, 1822. Folio. 48x32,5 cm. Bound in one cont. hcalf, richly gilt back and title-label with gilt lettering. (Title-label a little torn). Lightly rubbed along edges and spine ends, but good. Engraved ornamental title-page (printed in brown). 6 engraved leaves with text and 4 plates with descendt-line, skeletons etc., 17 printed leaves of text, 25 engraved leaves with text (Indices and text). And in all 89 fine stipple-engraved plates (4 separately numb. + I-LXX + I-XV). Plates with engraved frame and at bottom engraved text in Italian.A large uncut copy with broad margins. Scattered marginal brownspots, a few tears to margins, images clean and bright. Scarce title-issue of this important, and perhaps the largest, monograph on primates, apes and monkeys from the 19th century by the French painter Nicholas Henri Jacob. The original issue was published in 2 parts 1812-14. This title-issue has a reset title-page, a new dedication and the text beneath the image is in Italian. The illustrations in these splendid stipple-engravings are the same.The plates depict apes, monkeys and lemurs from the Old World and The New World in 5 Classes: 1. Genere; Orang; Pithecus. 2. Genere. Babbuino. 3. genere. Guenone; Cercopithecus. 4. Genere. Sapajù; Cebus. 5. genere. Sapajù-Sagoino; Callithrix.- Part II: Famiglia. I Maki; Lemures.Wood p. 402. - BMC (NH) II:916 (but with the year 1823 "This is the same as the original from 1812, except in the setting of the title-page, of the dedication, and of the translations of the introduction." - Nissen. 2080.

Stockholm, Grefing, 1757. Small 8vo. In the original blank wrappers. Dampstain to upper part of spine and upper part of back wrapper, affecting last blank leaf. Old owner's name to title-page. First blank leaf with comments in recent hand in pencil. From the library of Swedish crime author Henning Mankell. Text printed in two columns. Title-page with lovely engraved vignette, depicting a putti with a spyglass (symbolising the Enlightenment) and lovely woodcut vignettes. Untouched and unrestored in completely original condition. A magnificent copy. (16), 256 pp. Exceedingly scarce first edition of the first Scandinavian translation of Machiavelli's "Il Principe", namely the first Swedish translation. Through its Scandinavian translation, the work came to have an immense impact on Scandinavian politics and philosophy and was considered a breakthrough work of political thought, albeit highly controversial and not at all acceptable at the time. Even though antedating some other European versions by more than two centuries, the first translation into a Nordic language came to signify substantial changes in the political climate of the Nordic countries and sparked a debate that was to last another century, until Machavelli was finally accepted in the North. ""The Prince" was not to be translated in Scandinavia until more than two centuries later, partly because in the meantime it could be read in Latin - in the versions of Tegli, Conring and Langenhert - and later in French, but also because at that time a work which established, among other things, the superiority of the Reason of State to moral values was unacceptable, at least formally. The first translation of "The Prince" into a Nordic language is by Carl von Klingenberg, together with the translation of "The Anti-Machiavel" by Frederick II of Prussia ("Machiavels Prins, med Undersökningen deraf. Öfversatt ifrån Hufvudspråken", Grefing 1757).Klingenberg's work, however, remained an isolated fact for more than a century. Actually "The Prince" as a separate work, was translated only in 1867 by Rudolf August Helfrid Afzelius…; by that time the debate over Machiavelli had been settled, and the value of "The Prince" finally Acknowledged... The first Danish translation of the whole work dates back to only 1876...Therefore the first Scandinavian translation of "The Prince" was completed in Sweden around the middle of the eighteenth century, during the "frihetstid" (The "Age of Liberty", 1721-72), a period full of political, social and cultural turmoil: These are the years of the making of a political conscience and of the spread of new political theories, of the development of rhetoric, of the foundation of reviews and literary associations, as well as of scientific and cultural academies; these years marked a new openness to foreign cultures and the diffusion of Enlightenment ideas. The "Age of Liberty" is also a period full of political and cultural conflicts and uncertainty." (Roberto de Pol, pp. 248-250). "The Prince" constitutes the beginning of modern political philosophy and one of the most influential works in the history of modern thought. It founded the science of modern politics on the study of mankind, and even today no political thinker can disregard the importance of this masterpiece of political theory. For more information about the first Scandinavian translation and about the translator, see: Roberto de Pol: The First Translations of Machiavelli's "Prince", pp. (247-278). The work is of the utmost scarcity and we have been able to locate no more than three copies of it world-wide: 1: National Library of Sweden; 2: National Library of Denmark; 3: Brown University (the Machiavelli Collection). This makes it one if the very scarcest Machiavelli-translations in the world.

(Colophon: Venice, Venturino Rossenelli, 1543). Folio. (30,5x22 cm.). Contemporary full Italian limp vellum. Remains of ties. Old handwritten title on spine. Upper part of frontcover slightly creased. A few small nicks to hinges at cords. Vellum with brownspots. 242 leaves (2-241 numb. II-CCXXXIX). Misnumbering of leaves in sign. A (10 lvs.), due to the insertion of corrections on f A5. (Collation corresponds to that given by Thomas-Stanford No. 34). Large margins profusely illustrated with diagrams. Upper right corner of title gone with loss of of 3 letters "NSE" in MEGARENSE, f A2-A6 with upper right corners and a wormtract-hole in lower margin repaired. A wormtract in lower margin on the next 11 lvs. A1-A6 mounted skillfully on thin opaque parchment-paper. A rather faint dampstain in upper right corner throughout. Last 5 leaves with a small nick in right margin, no loss. Otherwise remarkable clean and printed on good strong paper. On the title a large woodcut device with arms with G.T. (Gabriele Tadino, to whom the work is dedicated). Colophon with large woodcut device with the letters .P.Z.F. and this repeated on verso of last leaf. Scarce first edition of the first translation of Euclid in any modern language by the famous Niccolo Tartaglia. The translation and Tartaglia's commentaries, strongly accelerated the development of physics and mechanics in the 16th century, as it showed how mathematics could be applied to dynamics and mechanics as well as to architecture, construction and perspective. More than 20 years should elapse before the next language should receive the privilege of displaying Euclid among their goods, this was the French translation published by Pierre Forcadel, Paris 1564. "When Tartaglia submits that his redaction was made "secondo le due tradittioni", there is no question that Campanus - who appears to be heavely favored - and Zamberti are meant. When Campanus has added propositions or premises, Tartaglia has approriately translated them and noted their absence "nelle seconda tradittione", while things omitted by Campanus but included by Zamberti receive the reverse treatment" (John Murdoch in DSB).Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia of Brescia has a great name in the history of mathematics. A cut in the face from a French soldier caused him to stammer and as a consequence of this he was called 'Tartaglia' (the stammerer). He is famous for his solution of third-degree equations which occasioned a long polemic with Cardano about priority. He is also known for "Tartaglia's Triangle", later known as "Pascal's Triangle", and he is well-known for his Archimedes-edition of 1543 and 1551 with his commentaries."The most famous source of Greek geometry is the monumental work of Euclid of Alexandria, called the "Elements" (around 300 B.C.). No other book of science had a comparable influence on the intellectual development of mankind. It was a treatise of geometry in thirteen books which included all the fundamental results of scientific geometry up to his time. Euclid did not claim for himself any particular discovery, he was merely a compiler. Yet, in view of the systematic arrangement of the subject matter and the exact logical procedure followed, we cannot doubt that he himself provided a large body of specific formulations and specific auxiliary theorems in his deductions. It is no longer possible to pass judgement on the authorship of much of this material; his book was meant as a textbook of geometry which paid attention to the material, while questions of priority did not enter the discussion." (Cornelius Lanzos in "Space through the Ages").Max Steck III:40 - Thomas-Stanford: 34 - Riccardi Euclideana 1543, 1 - Adams E:992. - Brunet II:1090. (Premiere edition de ce travail estimé). - Graesse II:513.

Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel and Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, 1727-1739. Folio. (372x239mm). Two parts in one volume. Contemporary vellum, two cuts in spine, modern slip case. Provenance: Book plates of Arnaud de Vitry and Andras Gedeon. Stamps to half-title and title-page, from Stadtbibliothek Augsburg - sold as duplicate. First part: (14], 200, (4) pp. and 45 plates, numbered I-XLIII (plate III with volvelle). Second part: (12), 100, (94) pp. and 40 plates on 36 sheets, numbered I-XL. All plates intact. An exceptionally fine copy. The scarce first edition of the of the eighth and tenth volumes (each volume being a complete work in itself) of Leupold's magnificent ten-volume "Theatrum Machinarum" - one of the first encyclopedias of technology, being the most complete and the most extensively illustrated work on mechanical engineering published hitherto. Complete sets of Leupold's Theatrum are virtually never found and Ferguson stated in his bibliography of technology that he had never seen a complete set. Each volume is complete in itself. The eighth volume is of particular interest in the history of computers, as it deals mainly with calculating machines. This volume contains detailed descriptions of the calculating machines of Schott (1668), Grillet (1673), Leibniz (1674), Poleni (1709), and Leupold himself. The tenth volume is a supplement to the series published after Leupold's death by Ernst Scheffler. It deals with odometers, gyrometers, step counters and other devices for the measurement of distances. This volume is furthermore of importance, because it contains the 90 page general index to the entire series. Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, no. 6 (volume 8 only).Honeyman Sale, lot 1997 (volume 7 and 8).Macclesfield Sale, lot 1242 (volume 8 only).Ferguson: Bibliography of the History of Technology, pp.45-46.Wolf: A History of Science, Technology, & Philosophy in the 18th Century, pp.657-8.

Stockholm, 1849-52. Bound with the original blue back wrapper (for the second part?) in a very nice recent greenish moiré-like half cloth with marbled paper over boads. Gilt lettering to spine. First and last leaf of the first part evenly browned. A vague, marginal damp stain to the second part. Overall very nice and clean. Possibly washed when bound. (6), VIII, (2), 194 pp. + (4), II, (IV), 215, (1), (, -errata) pp. Exceedingly scarce first edition of this pioneering classic in alcohol-literature, the first work systematically classifying the physical and mental damages attributed to alcohol, thus for the first time treating alcoholism scientifically, and the work in which the word "alcoholism" is coined. “Magnus Huss… was a pioneer in alcohol research, and his most famous work “Alcoholismus Chronicus” in two parts is an international classic.” (Ars Medica Svecana – own translation from Swedish). As leading physician at the “Serafimerlasarettet”, Huss had ample opportunity of studying the physical, mental, moral, and social effects of alcohol abuse. These are the consequences that he scientifically both describe, analyze, and classify in the present treatise. “Alcoholismus Cronicus” provides the first scientific classification of the damage done by alcohol and constitutes a pioneering breakthrough that turned the field of alcohol research into a scientific one. Magnus Huss (1807-1890) occupies the same pioneering status within alcohol-research as Pasteur in bacteriology. Huss was professor of medicine at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm (Sweden) and physician to the Swedish king. In 1853, he received the Monthya Price from the French Academy for his research in alcoholism. Andral, who was one of the people who had awarded Huss with this prestigious prize, said on the occasion: "Magnus Huss has collected a great deal of material relating to chronic alcoholism, a condition rarely seen in France", a quotation well describing the lack of scientific research of the field before Huss' work. With his thorough research, Huss succeeded in placing the treatment of alcohol addiction within the medical field and completely altered the way we view and treat the illness. The second part of the work begins with a bibliography of more than 100 works related to alcoholism , the first being from 1531. This clearly shows that Huss is not the first to describe physical and mental symptoms connected to alcohol abuse; but these earlier treatises are not systematic, and none of them provide the actual causes for the symptoms. Huss’ “Alcoholismus Chronicus”, however, for the first time systematically classifies the various kinds of damage done by alcohol, coins the term “alcoholism, and is the single most important treatise in the history of alcohol research. Waller 5011. - Ars Medica Svecana pp. 156-57

Modena, Nicola Zanichelli e. Soci, 1864. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Reinforced in inner margins and plate with waterstains to lower margin. An unusually fine and well preserved copy, internally as well as externally. XV, 403 pp + 1 plate. Rare first edition of the first Italian translation of Darwin's seminal "Origin of Species", quite unusually, authorized by Darwin himself. The work was very well received and - compared to France and Spain - Darwinism was quickly adopted by Italian biologist and zoologist and meet only little catholic opposition. "The impact of Darwinism on Italian naturalists was powerful; the logic and rigorous treatment of the problem of the origin of species as Darwin had presented it, forced zoologists and anthropologists to reconsider those passages of Lamarckisms that they had agreed to with excessive enthusiasm". (Capanna, Darwinism and the Italian academies). The reception of Darwin's work in France (1862) and Spain (1877) were characterized by a strong chatolic opposition, which also had a strong suppressing effect on the spread of his ideas to academic institutions.Despite of Italy being a catholic stronghold the reception of Darwinism was very favourable and meet very limited criticism from the church:"In contrast to the power Catholicism was able to exert against Darwinism in Spain, it was practically impotent in Italy. Neither could the Italian Catholic intellectual establishment draw upon a repertory of anti-Darwinism arguments from the Italian scientific establishment, as was done in France. As in France under the Third Republic and as was the case sporadically in Spain, the advent of Darwinism in Italy provided a source of ideology for the anticlerical movement. Although Darwinism enjoyed a number of close connections with the English source, the peculiarities of the Italian situation set Darwinism in Italy apart from other situations. Italy was in the forefront in recognizing Darwin, electing him to various academies and societies and awarding him the famous Bressa Prize in 1875. In Italy the translation of the Origin "1864" was given an impeccable scientific presentation by Giocanni Canestrini and Leonardo Salimbeni, which avoided the type of situation that arose from the presentation of Darwinism in France by Clémence Royer as a new scientific basis for a secularistic Weltanschauung. As a general explanation, of course, it is reasonable to accept Cermenati's arguments that the favorable receptivity of the scientific community and the general indifference to ecclesiastical objections to Darwinism are the chief factors explaining the quick spread of Darwinism in Italy". (Glick, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism).Emma Darwin, Darwin's wife, wrote publisher John Murry on the 17th of December: "Mr Darwin desires me to say that as you have never hesitated to authorize a foreign translation he has taken upon himself to authorise a translation into Italian without consulting you." When Darwin was informed that his work was being translated into Italian he wrote to his close friend J. D. Hooker: "There is an Italian Edit. of Origin preparing!!! This makes fifth foreign Edit, ie in five foreign countries. Owen will not be right in telling Longmans that Book wd be utterly forgotten in ten years. Hurrah!".Freeman no. 706

Leipzig, (Vögelin), 1560. Folio (323 x 220 mm). In contemporary blindstamped pigskin over wooden boards with four raised bands. With two catches and one of two clasps. Wear and discolouration to extremities. Wormholes to boards. A few wormtracts throughout, primarily affecting first and last 30 leaves. Short annotation in contemporary hand to title-page. A few marginal annotations throughout. Last blanks heavily annotated in contemporary hand. (20), 982 pp. First edition of Melanchthon's last work (published just three months before his death), in which he consolidated a lifetime of learning into the remarkable Body of Christian Doctrine (often referred to as Corpus Doctrinae Philippicum). Melanchthon had conceived the notion of assembling his most important theological writings, along with the ecumenical creeds, into one single book. The writings served as the authoritative declaration and instruction within that particular Christian group or denomination. In the mid-16th century Lutheranism crafted these compilations for the diverse duchies and principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. These anthologies laid the groundwork for the Book of Concord, recognized historically by Lutherans as their ultimate Body of Doctrine." The 16th Century Reformation and the contemporary face of Christianity owe much to Philipp Melanchthon. Endowed with profound knowledge of the Greek language, Melanchthon played a crucial role in assisting Martin Luther in translating the Bible. Adams M1105BLSTC German p.610

Frankfurt: Wilhelm Serlin, 1668. 12mo (140 x 85 mm). In contemporary full calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Small paper label pasted on to top of spine indicating the inventory number in a estate library. A few worm holes to boards. Closely trimmed, a few leaves with slight loss of text to upper margin. Leaf pp. 389/390 with repair in margin, with loss of text, otherwise a nice copy. (20), 31, (3), 430, (14); (12), 514 pp. + frontispiece and 45 plates (as called for by Sabin). Rare first German edition, here with the often lacking second part (“the second, which is generally lacking” – Sabin) of this early and important work on the Antilles Islands describing the customs and manner of the inhabitants - "The work is an important and valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Antilles... " (Sabin 72321). Rochefort's book was written for the principal purpose of convincing other Huguenots to emigrate to the Caribbean. It described the islands and the natives in glowing terms, to make the Antilles seem a desirable destination for Protestants living in a France that didn't want them and barely tolerated them. The first part of the text, beautifully illustrated with copperplates, showcases the flora of the New World, including pineapple, indigo, ginger, cocoa, coconut, palm trees, and tobacco. Additionally, depictions of various fish, birds, animals, and traditional costumes are also included. Notably, it includes a chapter on the Apalachee Indians of the southwestern United States and a Carib language glossary by Raymond Breton. “Charles de Rochefort, a French Huguenot minister and missionary, was born in 1605 and died in 1683. He spent at least a decade in the Caribbean, from 1636 to the mid- 1640s, on Tobago and what we now call St. Kitts, before returning to take up a post as minister at a Huguenot Church in Rotterdam, a position that he held the rest of his life. In 1658, a book was published in Rotterdam, called Histoire naturelle et morale des iles Antilles de l'Amerique. The only name mentioned in the preface was “M. de Rochefort”. For a long time, this was suspected to be either Cesar de Rochefort or the comte de Rochefort. But in 1992, a scholar convincingly demonstrated that the author was Charles de Rochefort, the Huguenot minister of Rotterdam. The missionary purpose notwithstanding, Rochefort was very good at describing the flora and fauna of the Antilles, especially the plants. And he provided attractive engravings of many of the tropical plants he described. We show several of those illustrations here. You will notice that Rochefort, unlike Piso, liked to depict natives interacting with the plants, which makes his engravings even more attractive, from an ethnological point of view.” (Linda Hall) This German translation is based on the second edition of the original French edition. Sabin 72321

Nürnberg, Johann Joseph Fleischmann, (1740) - 61. 4to. 4 contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Tome-and titlelabels with gilt lettering. Small tears to upper compartments on 2 volumes. A crack to leather at fronthinge on one volume (covers not loose). Richly gilt spines. Bindings a bit rubbed. 4 engraved frontispieces, of which 3 are handcoloured, the portrait plain. Name cut from title-pages and crudely repaired, no loss. A small hole in title-page on volume 3 after an inkspot with loss of a few letters. A bit of dampstaining (to some leaves in volume 2) and scattered browning. With 286 finely handcoloured engraved plates (some large folded). One plate in volume 2 with 2 tears (no loss). First edition of this highly praised entomology with the scientifically correct plates drawn by Roesel himself and the fine colouring supervised by him. Cuvier called him "L'un de plus ingénieux observateurs et de plus habiles dessinateurs d'histoire naturelles."W. Junk "Rara", Vol. II, p. 159. - Nissen ZBI: 3466.Nissen ZBI: 3466.

London, 1885. 8vo. Bound in a recent grey paper binding with printed paper label to front board. Old library stamp on the title-page (Royal Medical Society Edinburgh). A faint vertical crease down the middle of the block. A nice and sound copy. (2), 33 pp. Illustrated. Extremely scarce privately printed offprint, done by the authors themselves, of this landmark work, which led to the advent of modern neurosurgery, namely the original report on the first primary brain-tumor operation. ""The 25th of November 1884 is to be remembered as an historical date in the annals of surgery for it was upon this day that a brain tumor was first removed by surgery...." These were the words of Edwin Bramwell... References have often been made to this important surgical achievement by Dr. Rickman Godlee but of truly historical impact was the successful diagnosis and localization of the tumor based on neurological findings alone by the physician in charge of the case, Alexander Hughes Bennett. Together, Bennett and Godlee presented their report on A Case of Cerebral Tumor before the Royal Society of Medicine on May 12, 1885." (From "Classics in Oncology" in: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 24, Issue 3). Before this landmark operation that came to shape the future of neurosurgery, all previously recorded intracranial surgery depended on external evidence of injury. This, however, was to change with the publication of the present paper."Some prominent surgical personalities of the nineteenth century led to some major advances in surgical technology, particularly in neurosurgery. Until the end of the nineteenth century, neurosurgery was not a subspeciality; general surgeons, typically with a large top hat, bewhiskered, and always pontifical, performed brain surgery!Sir Rickman Godlee (1859-1925) removed one of the most celebrated brain tumors, the first to be successfully diagnosed by cerebral localization, in 1884. The patient, a man, by the name of Henderson, had suffered for 3 years from focal motor seizures...A neurologist, Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848-1901), basing his conclusions on the findings of a neurological examination, localized a brain tumor and recommended removal to the surgeon. Godlee made an incision over the rolandic area and removed the tumor through a small cortical incision. The patient survived the surgery with some mild weakness and did well, only to die a month later from infection. Bennett, the physician who made the diagnosis and localization, along with J. Hughlings Jackson and David Ferrier, two prominent British neurologists, observed this landmark operation. All of these physicians were extremely interested in whether the cerebral localization studies would provide necessary results in the operating theater. The results were good; this operation remains a landmark in the progress of neurosurgery." (Richard G. Ellenbogen, Saleem I. Abdulrauf, Laligam N Sekhar: Principles of Neurological Surgery, p. 3). "On November 25, 1884, Mr. Rickman J. Godlee performed the first recognized resection of a primary brain tumor. This operation was carried out at the suggestion of Dr. A. Hughes Bennett, a neurologist at The Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, Regents Park, London, England. Other operations for intracranial tumor had been performed but were for extracerebral meningeal or osseous tumors. The "first" operation for a primary cerebral tumor by Godlee was meticulously described and well documented in the medical and popular press of the day and stimulated both professional and lay discussions of the topic that directly and indirectly led to further surgery on the cerebrum itself and the advent of modern neurosurgery. The original patient of Mr. Godlee died on the 28th postoperative day of apparent meningitis and secondary complications, but postmortem examination revealed no remnant of the excised glioma...Godlee was the first to remove an intracranial brain tumor of cancerous origin and deserves historical recognition in his own right." (Kirkpatrick, 1984).A short, unillustrated, preliminary report was published in the Lancet.G&M: 4858.

Paris, Michel Lévy Frères, 1872. Lex 8vo (24,8 x 16 cm). Bound uncut and with the original front wrapper in a nice early/mid 19th century green half morocco binding with five raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Very light wear to edges and to raised bands. Front wrapper a little dusty and partly mounted on a piece of paper. Two small nicks to outer blank margin and with handwritten pencil-annotation to blank top as well as pencil-inderlining of the author, title, and year and with the publisher information lightly crossed out, also in pencil (all indicating layout-corrections, perhaps for following issues). A nice and clean copy. (4), 177 pp. 4-line Handwritten presentation-inscription to half-title, "à Regnière", dated 12 Febryary 1873 and signed "A Dumas." Scarce first printing – presentation-copy and one of 31 large paper copies, being no. 20 of 25 numbered copies on Hollande (out of a total of 31 numbered copies - 1 on vélin, 5 on Chine, and 25 on Hollande) - of the seminal work that coined the word "feminist", to refer to liberated women. Written as a response to an article by Henry d’Ideville, where he poses the question “should the adulterous woman be killed?”, Dumas’ l’Homme-Femme (“The Man-Woman”), which advocates the right of a man to kill his adulterous wife (something legal under the Napoleon Civil Code of 1804) stirred intense controversy across Europe and became an instant bestseller, with 50,000 copies sold in 3 weeks, 49 reprints, and several subsequent translations. “The feminists (excuse this neologism) say .... all the evil rises from the fact that we will not allow that woman is the equal of man”, Dumas writes in the present work, coining the word “feminist” and at the same time indicating a lack of sympathy with the emerging women’s rights battle. Generally, he saw life "as a battle between the woman and the man", although his views on the subject were nor black and white. In spite of his reactionary views, he did respect what women might become, and even helped a few gifted young women to achieve their intellectual potential. "The words feminism and feminist are used today throughout the Western world to connote the ideas that advocate the emancipation of women, the movements that have attempted to realize it, and the individuals who support these goals. Few people in the English-speaking world realize, however, that the origin of these terms can be traced to nineteenth-century French political discourse. The earliest origins of the French word “féminisme” and its derivatives are still obscure. Their roots should be traceable to the political agitation of the 1830s, during which time the related words socialisme and individualisme made their appearance in the political vocabulary of French-speaking peoples. … The term “féministe” has a less problematic history. The Robert dictionary gives the date as 1872 and attributes first usage to the French playwright and essayist, Alexandre Dumas fils. This usage can be verified; indeed, the word does appear in Dumas's L'Homme-femme (1872).” (Karen Offe, On the French Origin of the Words Feminism and Feminist, pp. 45-47). “In his work, Dumas probably coined the term “feminists” for the first time to refer to people who claimed 'that women are equal to men, and should be given the same education and rights as men.” (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München). The few numbered copies of this seminal work are extremely rare. We have not been able to trace a single copy apart from the present, neither at auction nor in libraries. The normal issue is in 12mo and significantly smaller than the 31 copies on large paper. The first issue of that is not common either.

Rostock, Johann Hallervord, 1639. 4to. In contemporary full vellum. Title in contentemporary hand to spine. Gilt ornamentation to spine and gilt frames to boards. All edges gilt. Extremities with light soiling and a few dots and marks. Two previous owner's names in near contemporary hand to title-page. Three small worm-tracts affecting first few leaves, otherwise internally very nice and clean. (16), 80, 184, 19, (17), (32), (16) pp. Exceedingly rare first edition of Paulli’s first substantial botanical work - and the first botanical university textbook in Denmark - which laid the foundation for his magnum opus, the greatest illustrated work in Danish book-production, and the largest Flora ever produced, namely that of Flora Danica. The present work deals with the medicinal properties of various substances and is considered one of Paulli's most important contributions to the field of medicine. In the preface to Flora Danica, Simon Paulli writes that the plant descriptions are drawn from Dodoens but organized into four groups based on the flowering time. One might think that this was meant as a simple and understandable system for laypeople, but the system was not specifically created for this work. In Flora Danica, Paulli employed a classification that he had already developed and presented in the present work, the same year he arrived in Copenhagen. Since Simon Paulli originally wrote Flora Danica in Latin and had it translated with the help of a Danish student, it is reasonable to assume that he drew much of the material directly from this book. (See Bjerke, “De Lærdeste Lægers Urtegaarde”). Simon Paulli (1603–1680) was a Danish physician and naturalist and made significant contributions to the fields of medicine and botany during the 17th century. Paulli was born in Rostock, Germany, and later moved to Denmark. He served as a professor of medicine at the University of Copenhagen and became the personal physician to King Christian IV of Denmark. In the botanical realm, Paulli is particularly known for his work "Flora Danica,". Published in the mid-17th century, "Flora Danica" was one of the earliest works of its kind and contributed to the scientific understanding of plant life in Denmark. Apart from his botanical contributions, Simon Paulli made important strides in the field of medicine, and he is recognized for his studies on human anatomy. Simon Paulli's impact on botany and medicine, particularly in Scandinavia, has left a lasting legacy in the history of science.

Leipzig, 1721. 4to. Both entire volumes (Acta Eruditorum 1721 + Supplementa VII, 1721) present, in uniform contemporary full vellum bindings with handwriting to spines. A small later label to top of spines. Old handwritten ex libris-inscription to top of both title-pages as well as a small stamp. The supplement-volume with an additional stamp to title-page, and both volumes with library label (Archiv des k.k. militär.-geograf Institutes) to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual some brownspotting. A nice set. pp. 500-514 (Supplement-vol.) + pp. 94-95. [Entire volumes: (2), 537, (39) pp. + three plates (Suppl.-vol.) + (4), 547, (42) pp. + five plates]. The highly important first Latin translation of Leibnitz' seminal "The Monadology" - his main philosophical work and the work that stands as the epitomization of anti-materialism - which was not published in the original French until 1814, and which only appeared in a German translation (exceedingly scarce) in 1720 and in a Latin translation, by Christian Wolff, in 1721, as it is here. Up until then, Leibnitz' key philosophical text had only circulated in manuscript form (written in 1714). - Here sold together with Wolff's anonymously written review of (the German version of the) "Monadology", which had great impact upon the reception of the seminal philosophical text that is the "Monadology"."Until the XXth century, criticism about Leibniz's "Principles of Nature and Grace" and "Monadology" has been characterised by a number of mistakes and misunderstandings, which have roots in the circumstances surrounding the genesis of these manuscripts. As a consequence, erroneous information about these texts was included in an anonymous review, published in 1721 in the "Acta eruditorum" of Leipzig. Research on primary sources proves that the author of this review (who was in fact the author of the latin translation of the Monadology, published immediately afterwards) was Christian Wolff, who was in possession of a copy of Leibniz's manuscript as early as 1717. Wolff's initiative of translating the Monadology can be seen as part of a cultural strategy aiming to prevent any idealistic interpretation of Leibniz's monadological thought. From this point of view, to consider the theory of pre-established harmony as based on a system of strictly dualistic metaphysics was an essential element of Wolff's philosophical strategy."(Antonio Lamarra: Contexte génétique et première reception de la "Monadologie". Leibniz, Wolff et la doctrine de l'harmonie préétablie"). During his last stay in Vienna from 1712 to September 1714, Leibniz wrote two short texts, which were meant as concise expositions of his philosophy, namely the "Principes de la Nature et de la Grace fondés en raison" (written as a letter to Prince Eugene of Savoy) and the work we now know as the "Monadology" (which he had been asked to write by Nicolas Redmond, Duke of Orleons) - the latter being the work that established Leibnitz' fame as a philosopher and which has gone down in history as, not only as one of the most important philosophical texts of the 18th century, but also, arguably the most important work of immaterialism. After his death "Principes de la Nature et de la Grace fondés en raison" appeared in French in the Netherlands. Without having seen this publication, Christian Wolff and collaborators had assumed that it contained the French original of the "Monadology" as well, although this in fact remained unpublished until 1840. Thus it happened that Leibnitz' key philosophical text, which came to be known as "The Monadology", was printed in German and Latin ab. 120 years before it appeared in the original French. The German translation appeared in 1720 as "Lehrsätze über die Monadologie" and the following year the Latin translation appeared, in Acta Eruditorum, as "Principia philosophiae". Three manuscript versions of the text exist: the first written by Leibniz and overcharged with corrections and two further emended copies with some corrections appearing in one but not the other. "Leibniz was one of the last "universal men" of the type which the Italian Renaissance had ideally postulated: philosopher, historian, mathematician, scientist, lawyer, librarian, and diplomat. In all these fields either all his actual achievements or his seminal suggestions have become part and parcel of European thought. Although trained for the law, mathematics was his favourite subject. Independently of Newton he worked out the infinitesimal calculus, introduced a number of mathematical symbols now in general use, and constructed an early calculating machine, the ancestor of our computers. Mathematical conceptions also determine his philosophy. In it, Leibniz tried to combine physics and metaphysics and to reconcile philosophy and theology. The "essay on a Theodicy" is the only larger philosophical work published by himself; but his fame as a philosopher rests on his "Theory of Monads". The original French text of this was published for the first time in 1840; but it had circulated in manuscript in its initial form of a letter addressed to Prince Eugene of Savoy (1714) and it was printed in German (1720) and Latin (1721) translations. Leibniz proclaimed a "pre-established harmony" of the universe which he explained as composed of hierarchically ordered "monads", i.e. the ultimate substances of mind as well as matter. This concept clearly reflects the ideal of the properly organized absolutist state of the baroque period and derives partly from the "idées simples" of Descartes whom Leibniz greatly admired. A generation later, Voltaire ridiculed the "pre-established harmony" in "Candide"; but modern nuclear science has vindicated Leibniz's basic ideas, albeit from different presuppositions." (Printing and the Mind of Man, pp. 105-6). The "Monadology" is an extremely condense work that consists of 90 (in this Latin version, 93) numbered sections/paragraphs, which outline a metaphysics of a single substance. The Monadology ends the dualistic mind-body-problem of Descartes and offers a new solution to the question of the interaction between mind and matter, by explaining the pre-established harmony and the synchronous (not causal) relationship between the realm of final causes and that of efficient causes. Leibniz' groundbreaking work came to profoundly influence not only 18th century thought, but also much later philosophy and logic. For this we have to thank Christian Wolff, the translator of the "Monadology" into Latin and the first reviewer of the work. It is through Wolff and his elaboration of the development of Leibniz' speculative and metaphysical views that Leibniz becomes a recognized figure of importance, particularly in Germany from the 1720'ies onwards, where Wolff's writings were standardly studied. "Notably, Wolff's Leibnizianism made a deep impact on Kant, in whose "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781) Leibniz himself came to figure as one of the main targets of Kant's anti-metaphysical programme. In particular, Kant saw Leibniz as pretending to "a priori" knowledge of the world as it is in itself and presented his own claim that the only knowledge we can have is of the world as it appears in our experience as sharply opposed to the Leibnizian vision. [...] today shows that his thought has survived even the extreme empiricism of the Vienna Circle in the 1930s, which would have viewed its principal doctrines as unverifiable and hence utterly meaningless. Although not in evidence in the "Monadology" itself, one of Leibniz' preoccupations was with the philosophy of logic and language, and the twentieth-century's concern for those topics has discovered in what he had to say about them a treasure house of good sense and wisdom which can be detached from the less appealing of his metaphysical speculations. Then, more recent writers who have been interested in the metaphysics of possibility and necessity have found inspiration in the Leibnizian image of possible worlds, and that too has helped keep his name alive for us." (Savile, "Leibniz and the Monadology", pp. 6-7). "The long span of Leibniz' intellectual life and his early involvement with philosophy made for engagement with a wide variety of philosophical traditions and issues. Early studies at home exposed him to the thought of the Scholastics; during his university years he was something of a materialist, influenced by the atomism of Bacon and Gassendi. In his mid-20s and early 30s, becoming disenchanted with the intellectual prospects for materialist thought, he turned towards the sort of immaterialism that came to shape his mature thinking after the decade between 1675 and 1685 when he was more narrowly concerned with mathematics than philosophy. It is this anti-materialism that is epitomized in the "Monadology" itself...Although Leibniz produced a prodigious quantity of philosophical writing very little of it was published in his lifetime; indeed, very little was intended for publication. For the most part..., his philosophical thoughts were prepared for individual scholars he had met, or with whom he corresponded, and were never presented as a worked-out system... it was not until the last period of his life that he found the time and the impetus to set down the whole, which he did in two condensed papers written in French during a visit to Vienna.The more popular and less taxing of these was the "Principles of Nature and Grace Founded on Reason", which he prepared for Prince Eugène of Savoy, and the second, which he had been asked to write by the councellor of the Duke of Orleans, Nicolas Remond, but never sent off, was the "Principles of Philosophy" or, as he called it "Elucidation Concerning Monads" ... The title by which that work is known today, "Monadology", was not one that Leibniz ever gave it, but was invented by the work's first editor, Henrich Kohler, who published it in a German translation under that title in 1720." (Savile, "Leibniz and the Monadology", pp. 3-4). "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was one of the great thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and is known as the last "universal genius". He made deep and important contributions to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of religion, as well as mathematics, physics, geology, jurisprudence, and history. Even the eighteenth-century French atheist and materialist Denis Diderot, whose views were very often at odds with those of Leibniz, could not help being awed by his achievement, writing in his entry on Leibniz in the Encyclopedia, "Perhaps never has a man read as much, studied as much, meditated more, and written more than Leibniz... What he has composed on the world, God, nature, and the soul is of the most sublime eloquence. If his ideas had been expressed with the flair of Plato, the philosopher of Leipzig would cede nothing to the philosopher of Athens." ("Oeuvres complètes", vol. 7, p. 709) Indeed, Diderot was almost moved to despair in this piece: "When one compares the talents one has with those of a Leibniz, one is tempted to throw away one's books and go die quietly in the dark of some forgotten corner." ("Oeuvres complètes", vol. 7, p. 678) More than a century later, Gottlob Frege, who fortunately did not cast his books away in despair, expressed similar admiration, declaring that "in his writings, Leibniz threw out such a profusion of seeds of ideas that in this respect he is virtually in a class of his own." ("Boole's logical Calculus and the Concept-script" in "Posthumous Writings", p. 9)." (SEP).Ravier: 357(PMM 177b - being the Latin translation)

Varna, 1900. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with four raised bands to spine. Extremities with wear. Frontboard missing parts of cloth. Two bands on spine missing some of the leather. Verso of front free end paper with notes in contemporary hand and previous owner's name to title-page of all three works. A few occassional marginal lignings in pencil, otherwise internally good and clean. [Predpostavkit na sotsializma i zadachitu...:] XII, 257, (1), XIV pp. [Marksovata Istoricheska Teoria:] 86, (2) pp. [Kapitalutu:] IV, (5)-284 pp. The exceedingly scarce first Bulgarian edition of the most important abridged version of Marx's Capital ever to have appeared, published five years before the first partial translation and whole 9 years before the first full Bulgarian translation. Translator Christian Rakovsky later became head of Soviet Ukraine and leader of the left opposition in the Soviet Union after 1928 was one of Trotsky's few intimate friends."The epitome, here translated, was published in Paris, in 1883, by Gabriel Deville, possibly the most brilliant writer among the French Marxians. It is the most successful attempt yet made to popularize Marx's scientific economics. It is by no means free from difficulties, for the subject is essentially a complex and difficult subject, but there are no difficulties that reasonable attention and patience will not enable the average reader to overcome. There is no attempt at originality. The very words in most cases are Marx's own words, and Capital is followed so closely that the first twenty-five chapters correspond in subject and treatment with the first twenty-five chapters of Capital. Chapter XXVI corresponds in the main with Chapter XXVI of Capital, but also contains portions of chapter XXX. The last three chapters-XXVII, XXVIII, and XXIX-correspond to the last three chapters-XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII-of Capital." (ROBERT RIVES LA MONTE, Intruductory Note to the 1899 English translation).Translator Christian Rakovsky dominated the socialist movement in the Balkans during the two decades before the first world war and was probably the most influential character in spread of socialism in Europe. Trotsky wrote of him: " Ch.G. Rakovsky is, internationally, one of the best known figures in the European Socialist movement" and G.D.H. Cole wrote in The Second International "No other Socialist spans the Balkans in the same way as Rakovsky, nor is there any of comparable importance."In 1913 Rakovsky was an organizer and leader of the Rumanian Socialist Party, which later joined the Communist International. The party was showing considerable growth. Rakovsky edited a daily paper, which he financed as well."He received his initial education at Kotel. At the age of fourteen in a period when (as he says in his Autobiography in this volume) "even the youngest students were passionately interested in politics", he was excluded from all Bulgarian schools after organizing a school riot which it took a company of soldiers to suppress. After a year in his father's house, "reading indiscriminately everything that came to hand", he was readmitted to school, only to be expelled again after a year, this time for good. The occasion this time was his collaboration with his friend and mentor, E. Dabev, one of the veterans of the Bulgarian revolutionary movement. Dabev (1864-1946) edited the first marxist weekly in Bulgaria in 1886. He published in it Marx's Wage Labour and Capital. In 1890, already a marxist, Rakovsky aided Dabev in preparing the publication of Engels's Development of Scientific Socialism, in particular in adapting Vera Zasulich's introduction to Bulgarian conditions. In this final year in school Rakovsky also produced with a friend a clandestine newspaper called Zerkalo ("Mirror"), which his Autobiography describes as having "something of everything: Rousseau's educational ideas, the struggle between rich and poor, the misdeeds of teachers, etc. ..." He was now seventeen years old. That same year he left Bulgaria to study medicine in Geneva."In Geneva in 1892 Rakovsky began to edit and publish the Bulgarian journal Social Democrat which, not only in its title but also in its contents, resembled the Russian journal. Jointly with his companion Savva Balabanov, and with the active collaboration of Plekhanov, Rakovsky continued the journal for two years. Social Democrat grouped around itself in Bulgaria the supporters of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Union. This group opposed itself to the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party founded in 1891 by Dimitar Blagoev who led the left wing of the movement and later, in 1919, the Bulgarian Communist Party and made the full translation of Das Kapital in 1909. (Fagan, Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky).OCLC list no copies.

Paris, Crochard, 1816-25. Bound in 2 fine recent hmorocco. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Redigées par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago", Tome I, IV, IX, X, XI, XV, XVII, XX, XXI, XXIII, XXVIII and XXIX. Some memoirs with scattered brownspots. All but volume 15 with the orig. titlepages to the volumes. Vol. XV having instead of the titlepage, a sample of the orig. printed wrappers, December issue 1820. Bound at end of volume 2. The memoir, no. 25a below is inserted at the end of volume 2. Some of the memoirs having textillustrations. Some versos of titlepages with stamps. First appearances of this groundbreaking series of papers and memoirs in which Fresnel established the scientific basis for the wave theory of light and gave the theoretical framework for explaining, in the context of his theory of the transversal nature of lightwaves, the phenomena of double refraction, refraction, dispersion, polarization, interference, diffraction patterns, diffraction fringes as light spreads around objects, etc. He developed mathematically the hypothesis of the wave nature of light and he demonstrates its conformity with experience. His study of light was a dynamic interplay between theory and observation, between mathematics and experiment. - The offered series also comprises the contributions from Arago and the rapports from The French Academy's committees by Ampère, Biot and Fourier - see below nos. 6,11,14,15,a.nd 18."From the point of view of method, his investigations extended from the manual operations of the laboratory to the most abstract mathematical analyses. Few physicists since Newton had been so versatile."(Silliman in "Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences", vol. 4, p. 155.)."The wave-thory at this time was still encumbered with difficulties. Diffraction was not satisfactorily explained; for polarization no explanation of any kind was forthcoming; the Huygenian construction appeared to require two different luminiferous media within double refracting bodies; and the universality of that construction had been impugned by Brewster's discovery of biaxial crystals. The upholders of the emission theory, emboldened by the success of Laplace's theory of double refraction, thought the time ripe for their final triunph; and as a step to this, in March 1817 they proposed Diffration as the subject of the Academy's prize for 1818. Their expectation was disappointed; and the successful memoir afforded the first of a series of reverses of which, in the short space of seven years, the corpuscular theory was completely owerthrown. The author was Augustin Fresnel..."(Whittaker "A History of the Theories of Aether & Electricity", vol. 1, p.107 ff.)."This concept of transverse waves met with the greatest hostility from the scientists of the day, who could not imagine an extremely fluid and rarified ether which at the same time possessed the mechanical properties of a rigid body. Even Arago admitted that he could not follow the exuberant engineer in his ideas. ButFresnel was convinced that at last he had the key to many mysteries, and with his model of waves he gave a full clarification of the phenomena of polarization. With insuperable precision he explained a long series of extremely complicated experiments, such as those of chromatic polarization that Arago himself had discovered by chance in 1811, and which the followers of Newton could not explain in spite of all their efforts. Following this line Fresnel reached the synthesis which is his masterpiece....we must recall the final interpretation that he gave of the famous phenomenon of partial reflection by transparent surfaces, that simple phenomenon which until then had puzzled Grimaldi, Newton, and Huygens, and which in Malus's experiments had unexpectedly acquired a special importencee as it had been compared to the great mystery of double refraction."(Ronchi "The Nature of Light", p. 255 ff.).Comprising:1. Mémoire sur la Diffraction de la lumière, où l'on examine particululièrement le phénomène des franges colorées que présentent les ombres des corps éclairés par un point lumineux. "Ann.Chim.P." Tome 1. 1816. With titlepage to vol. 1. Pp. 239-281 and 1 folded engraved plate.2. Extrait d'une Lettre de M. Fresnel à M. Arago, sur l'influence de la chaleur dans les couleurs développées par la polarisation.Tome 4. 1817. With titlepage to vol. 4. Pp. 298-300.3. Lettre de M. Fresnel à M. Arago, sur l'influence du mouvement terrestres dans quelques phénomènes terrestres dans quelques phénoménes d'optique. Tome 9. 1818. With titlepage to vol. 18. Pp. 57-70.4. Note additionelle à la Lettre de M. Fresnel à M. Arago, insérée dans le dernier Cahier des Annales. Tome 9. 1818. Pp. 286-287.5. FRESNEL & ARAGO. Sur l'Action que le rayons de lumiére polarisés exercent les uns sur les autres. Tome 10. 1819. With titlepage to vol. 10. Pp. 288-305. - Also with "Extrait d'un ouvrage du P. Grimaldi intitulé: Traité physico-mathérmatique de la lumiere des couleurs et de l'iris". Pp. 306-312.6. ARAGO. Rapport par M. Arago à l'Academie des Sciences, au nom de la Commission qui avait été chargée d'examiner les Mémoires envoyés au concours pour le prix de la diffraction. Tome 11. 1819. With titlepage to vol. 11. Pp. 5-30.7. Mémoire sur la Diffraction de la Lumiere. (Extrait). (This importent Price-Memoir was only printed in full in 1826). Tome 11. 1819. Pp. 246-296.8. Suite Du Mémoire sur la Diffraction de la Lumière. Tome 11. 1819. Pp. 337-378. + Note sur des Essais ayant pour but de décomposer l'eau avec un aimant. Pp. 219-222.9. Note sur des Essais ayant pour but de décomposer l'eau avec un aimant. Tome 15. 1820. Pp. 219-222. No titlepage to vol. 15.10. Résume d'un Mémoire sur la Reflexion de la lumière. Tome 15. 1820. Pp. 379-386. Tome 15 is here represented with the last issue of the year (Decembre 1820, pp. 337-448) and instead of the titlepage having the orig. printed wrappers (bound at end of the second volume).11. ARAGO & AMPÈRE. Rapport fait à l'Academie des Sciences, le lundi 4 juin 1821, sur un Mémoire de M. Fresnel relatif aux couleurs des lames cristallisées douées de la double réfraction. Tome 17. 1821. Titlepage to vol. 17. Pp. 80-102.12. Note sur le Calcul des teintes que la polarisation développe dans les lames cristallisées. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 102-111.13. IIe Note sur la Coloration des lames cristallisées. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. (167-)196.14. BIOT. Remarques de M. Biot sur un Rapport lu, le 4 juin 1821, à l'Academie des Sciences, par MM. Arago et Ampere. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 225-258.15. ARAGO. Examen des Remarques de M. Biot. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 258-273. 16. Addition à la IIe Note insérée dans le Cahier précédent, par M. Fresnel. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 312-315.17. Note sur les remarques de M. Biot, publiées dans le Cahier précédent. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 393-403.18. FOURIER, AMPÈRE ET ARAGO. Rapport fait à l'Academie sur un Mémoire de M. Fresnel, relatif à la double réfraction. Commission: Fourier, Ampère et Arago. Tome 20, 1822. With titlepage to vol. 20. Pp. 337-344.19. Note sur la double réfraction du verre comprimé. Tome 20. 1822. Pp. 376-383.20. Explication de la Réfraction dans le système des ondes. Tome 21, 1822. Titlepage to vol. 21. Pp. 225-241. + LAGRANGE. Sur la Théorie de la lumière d'Huygens. Pp. 241-246.21. Sur l'Ascension des nuages dans l'atmosphère. Tome 21, 1822. Pp. 260-263.22. Réponse de M. Fresnel à la Lettre de M. Poisson insérée dans le tome XXII des Annales, p. 270. Tome 23, 1823. Titlepage to vol. 23. Pp. 32-49.23. Note sur le Phénomène des anneaux colorés. Tome 23, 1823. Pp. 129-134.24. Suite de la Réponse de M.A. Fresnel à la Lettre de M. Poisson. Tome 23, 1823. Pp. 113-122.25. Extrait d'un Mémoire sur la double Réfraction particulière que présente le cristal de roche dans la irection de son axe. Tome 28, 1825. Titlepage to vol. 28. Pp. 147-161. + (25 a) Extrait d'un Mémoire sur la double Réfraction. Tome 28, 1825. Pp. 263-279. (According to Buchwald "The Rise of the Wave Theory opf Light" , p. 462, these 2 extracts composes the entire memoire.26. Note sur la Répulsion que des corps échauffés exercent les uns sur les autres à des distances sensibles. (Lue à l'Institut le 13 juin 1825). Tome 29, 1825. Titlepage to vol. 29. Pp. 57-62.27. Extrait d'un Mémoire sur la Loi des modifications imprimées à la lumière polarisée par sa réflexion totale dans l'intérieur des corps transparens. Tome 29, 1825. Pp. 175-187. (This paper was never printed in full).