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Kopenhagen, Nicolaus Möller, 1774-78. 4to. Bound in two contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spines. Extremities with light wear. Spine on vol. 1 with wear with most of gilting worn off. Internally fine and clean. 2 engraved titlevignettes. Halftitles. XVI, (6), 505, (1); (16), 479 pp. 1 large folded map, "Tabula Iteneraria... Terrae Yemen... 1763." and 124 engraved maps and plates (complete). Scarce first edition of Niebuhr's great travel account of Arabia. Like his "Beschribung von Arabien", his "Reisebeschreibung von Arabien" "provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years.""Despite its tragic course, the expedition was a complete success with regard to its scientific and scholarly results. It was especially due to Niebuhr's efforts to preserve and continue his and his collegues' , that the Royal Danish Library was eventually equipped with a host of oriental manuscripts, maps, and drawings, as well as many botanical and zoological specimens... It was Niebuhr who edited and published Forskåll's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica (1775) and Descriptiones Animalium (1775), together with the drawings of Bauerfeind. In 1772 he had alredy published his systematic and geographically organized beschreibung von Arabien, which was followed between 1774 and 1778 by the first two volume of his three-volume chronologically arranged Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien. (the item offered, the third volume was published many years later, 1837). Both works, written in a clear and sober language and illustrated with numerous precise drawings, maps, and plans, provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years."(Josef Wiesehöfer).

Oxoniae (Oxford), E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1702. Folio. Contemporary full calf, raised bands, rectangular blindtooled frames and central panel "mirror" on covers, Cambridge-style binding. leather at joints cracked, but cords intact so that covers not loose. Corners a bit bumped. Light wear to spine ends. Spine a bit rubbed. Pastedowns and flyleaves with browning. Title-page with large engraved vignette (Sheldon Theater). (12),494,(2) pp. With numerous textdiagrams. Very light browning to titlepage and a few marginal brownspots to last leaf, a fine clean copy, printed on good paper with wide margins.On the verso of the title-page is pasted the book plate of Sir William Baird of Newbaith. He habitually pasted his armorial bookplate on the verso of the title-pages of the books in his large and fine library. First edition of the first text book of astronomy based on Newtonian principles. Apart from its importance in the remodeling of astronomy in conformity with physical theory, the work is of the utmost importance as a source book - it contains the FIRST PRINTING OF NEWTON'S PAPER ON LUNAR THEORY ("Lunae Theoria Newtoniana", pp. 332-336) as well as the FIRST EXPOSITION OF NEWTON'S CLASSICAL SCHOLIA, which Newton himself considered an important part of his philosophy.Gregory, a Scottish mathematician, who taught at Edinburgh and Oxford, was one of Newton's closest friends and associates. Newton thought highly of his work and communicated for insertion it in his Lunar Theory. He also permitted Gregory to use the material of that which is known as his "Classical Scholia", which are incorporated into Gregory's preface. "Newtonian scholars have long been aware of a set of draft Scholia to Propositions IV to IX of Book III of the "Principia". These were composed in the 1690's, as part of an unimplemented plan for a second edition of the work. Since they describe supposed anticipation of Newton's doctrines in the thought of Greco-Roman antiquity, they have been known as the 'classical' Scholia..... Newton's thoughts on these matters were not, however, kept completely concealed. HE PERMITTED DAVID GREGORY TO USE THE MATERIAL EXTENSIVELY in a long historical preface to his "Astronomiae Physicae & Geometricae Elementa" (1702), IF WITHOUT ATTRIBUTION. (It was also available to Maclaurin for his much later work)." (McGuire & Rattansi in "Newton and the Pipes of Pan", 1966)."It was the first textbook composed on gravitational principles, and remodeling astronomy in conformity with physical theory. Newton thought highly of it, and communicated for insertion in it (p. 332)) his 'lunar theory', long the guide of practical astronomers in determining the Moon's motions. The discussion in the preface, in which the doctrine of gravitation was brought into credit on the score of its antiquity, likewise emanated from Newton." (DNB)."His thick folio text on foundations of astronomy, Astronomiae...elementa (1702) is a well-documented but unimaginative attempt to graft the gravitational synthesis propounded in the first book and especially the third book of Newton's Principia onto the findings of traditional astronomy. While respected as a source book it is now chiefly remembered for the remarks by Newton on the prisca sapientia of the ancients and their "knowledge" of the inverse-square law of universal gravitation and for the Latin version of Newton's short paper on lunar theory which it reproduces." (DSB).Babson No. 71. - Houzeau & Lancaster 9240.

Augsburg & Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731 - 1735. Folio (390 x 255 mm). Uniformly bound in four contemporary full calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spine. All edges gilt. Bindings defective, spines missing or partly detached and boards with scratches. Internally with various defects (see below) but internally overall nice and clean. With 706 engraved plates out of 762.Vol. 1: Spine missing, boards partly detached. Stamp with crown to half-title. 10-line note in contemporary hand to title-page (Stating it was given by Gottlieb Heinrich Kannegiesser to Carl Friedrich Cramer, professor i Kiel). Leaf A and A2 with tear. Internally with occassional light marginal miscoluring but generally nice and clean. Half-title, Title-page, (52), 276 pp. + Portrait, frontispiece and 164 (of 177) engraved plates.Vol. 2: Extremities with wear, boards with numerous scratches. Leather on lower compartment detached and partly missing. Head of spine chipped. Small crowned stamp to lower margin of title-page. First 5 ff. with tear to lower margin. Plate CCXL with tear. First leaves slightly soiled and occassional marginal brownspotting throughout, but generally internally nice and clean. (8), 277-672 pp. + 178 (of 189) engraved plates. Vol. 3: Spine partly missing, hinges loose. Most of title-page missing. Last 10 ff. missing upper half of leaves torn off. Light marginal miscolouring throughout, but otherwise internally nice and clean. (6 - not counting the partly missing title-page), 738 pp. + 200 (of 210) engraved plates. Vol. 4: Small stamp to lower margin of title-page. First 5 ff. chipped at lower outer margin, but a bit off loss to the portrait. A few leaves evenly browned and a few leaves with tears. Last leaves soiled. Occassional light marginal brownspotting but internally generally nice and clean. (8), 739-1426, (78) pp. + portrait and 164 (of 173) engraved plates. First appearance of Scheuchzer’s monumental of lavishly illustrated work attempting to marry the scriptures with the sciences, including paleontology, zoology, biology, astronomy and geology. Scheuchzer's is here attempting a scientific explanation of biblical history and discusses events such as the creation, flood and various miracles in terms of physics, medicine and natural history. Further more it also contains a taxonomy of all the plants and animals mentioned in the Bible. “In Scheuchzer’s gigantic work, Physica Sacra, the Baroque attains, philosophically as well as artistically, its high point and its conclusion. It is the last of those elegant works which do not really contain illustrations to a text but which are, in effect, composed of splendid plates with a text to accompany them. The best engravers of the time took part ... and made the whole splendor of Baroque chalcography appear once more” (Faber du Faur). Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672 – 1733), was a Swiss naturalist and geologist. Scheuchzer extensively studied and mapped the geological layers of Switzerland, collecting numerous fossils of shells, fish, and plants. As a diluvialist, he believed that the rock strata and fossils were remnants of Noah's Great Flood. Notably, Scheuchzer identified what he thought were human remains from the Flood, which he named “Homo diluvii testis” or the "human witness of the Flood". “Scheuchzer, however took a giant step beyond his contemporaries. If one can learn about God and the world by studying the Bible and by studying nature, why not combine the two and publish a Bible with a running commentary on natural history, so that each discipline can mutually shed light on the other. The outcome was Scheuchzer's massive Physica Sacra, a four-volume set of thick folios that is often referred to as the "Copper Bible” (Bibel kupfer), because of its abundant copper-plate engravings. The work starts with Genesis 1:1 and proceeds via 760 engravings to illuminate 760 Biblical verses with the most recent information gathered by natural philosophers and natural historians.The attraction of the Copper Bible format for Scheuchzer is that it gave him a framework within which to place a wealth of scientific knowledge that otherwise would be very difficult to structure. It was an encyclopedia of nature, organized by God and annotated by Scheuchzer. No wonder it was so popular, with editions in Latin, French, and German. It was, almost, the perfect book.” (Dr. William B. Ashworth, Linda Hall Library, Scientist of the Day – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer) A Latin edition was published simultaneously. Nissen ZBI 3659(Brunet V, 198 - The Latin edition).

[Both works:] (No place but possibly Basel, no printer), 1589. 8vo. In contemporary limp vellum. Extremities with wear and soiling, repair to upper part of spine and back board. Dampstain throughout, primarily affecting first and least leaves. A few worm-tracts throughout, occassionally touching text. (16), 201, (7); 331, (3) + portrait. A most interesting sammelband containing two works on political theory, offering contrasting views on rulers legitemacy and how to exercise power. The two works are: Third Latin edition translated by Sylvestre Tellio of Machiavelli's foundational work of modern political philosophy "The Prince", perhaps published in Basel by Pierre Perna like the two previous 1580-editions or in Montbeliard by Jakob Foillet as suggested by “Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts” (VD 16). Machiavelli’s work is here as usual accompanied with the anonymous influential Huguenot tract "Vindiciae contra tyrannos" first published in 1579 of which authorship is uncertain but is usually attributed to Theodore de Beze, Hubert Languet or Philippe de Mornay. It was published in the Wake of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre and seeks through questions to question a King’s legitimatcy: are bound to obey or are able to resist their king when he breaks the divine law? Can the people resist a king on the grounds that he is destroying the commonwealth? Can foreign princes legally support a popular rising against a king on the conditions set out in the first three questions? "The Prince" and "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos" offer contrasting perspectives on the nature of power, the role of rulers, and the relationship between the state and its subjects. Machiavelli's work is pragmatic and focused on the exercise of power, while "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos" is a principled defense of liberty and justice against tyranny. Machiavelli's work is often associated with a cynical view of human nature and politics. He argues that rulers should be pragmatic and willing to act immorally if it serves the interests of the state. "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos" takes a more principled stance on morality, emphasizing the importance of justice and the natural rights of individuals. It argues that rulers are subject to moral constraints and that tyranny is fundamentally unjust. Machiavelli's "The Prince" is notorious for its pragmatic approach to power. Machiavelli argues that a ruler should prioritize stability and order over moral considerations, and he famously states that "the ends justify the means." He advocates for the use of deception, manipulation, and force when necessary to maintain power. "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos," on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of justice and the rule of law. It argues that rulers derive their authority from the consent of the governed and that tyrannical rulers forfeit their legitimacy. The tract provides a theoretical framework for resistance to tyranny, advocating for the right of subjects to resist unjust rule. Adam M-49 Gerber, p. 71, 3. Kress, S. 79.

London, Thames and Hudson, 1963. Folio-oblong (340 x 400 mm). In the original clothbinding with black printed Picasso-drawings on front board. Housed in the original slipcase. Slipcase with some wear and stains, otherwise very nice and clean. (14) pp. + 45 linocuts by Picasso. The uncommon and exquisitely printed “Linocuts” by Picasso, which marked the beginning a new period for him as an artist. The prints were made by carving away part of the surface of a sheet of linoleum then inking and printing the remaining surface. Picasso began creating linoleum cuts to give color a more prominent role in his graphic work having previously considered it a secondary medium. His linoleum cuts emerged from a desire to adapt previous artistic concepts to a new medium and he quickly achieved original results that were not secondary to his pervious works. Inspired by memories of bullfighting from his youth in Arles and Nimes Picasso focused on this theme in his linoleum cuts produced in the fall of 1959. Despite not having seen bullfights in Spain for many years, he felt their influence after the town of Vallauris allowed bullfighting under revised rules in 1954. “Just how and when Picasso became attracted by the linoleum technique is not known. Perhaps it was like the instance of the year 1957, when he capriciously finished his “L’ Arlésienne* with pigeon feathers picked up from the floor of his home “La Californie.” It must be assumed, aware as we are of Picasso’s working methods, that his interest in linoleum technique was derived from some insignificant yet real incident, as well as from a response to a deep artistic need. The smooth and supple drawings in India ink and lithograph pencil for the “Tauromaquia”, which set the tone for the subsequent linoleum cuts, reveal a difference, something remarkably new and fresh. The ink drawings, particularly, point the way to heavy and unmodeled designs which are more crisp and more succinct (their similarity with a silhouette-like effect is certainly significant). When he began the series of linoleum cuts, the artist was already prepared with a wide range of procedures that would adjust his subjects to the flat, extended areas that are inherent in this medium. Although Picasso had made only a few woodcuts in the past, he immediately adopted a resolute and robust approach to the new technique and interpreted in the widest possible way the rules of carving such an easily yielding material. Formal principles that embody lines and surfaces, as well as pictorial and decorative elements, are freely applied to create prints that are sometimes produced from a combination of several individual color blocks or, more often, from a single linoleum block that was cut and recut. Others, browns, and blacks, reminiscent of Greek vase painting, became the dominating color scheme, permitting a limited range of color variations. As usual, Picasso intuitively developed techniques which exhausted the medium.” (From the introduction to the present work)

Kiøbenhaffn, Lorentz Benedict, 1564. 4to. Senere helldrbd. 188,156,114 blade. Titelblad og fortale samt sidste blad i smuk lystryk faksimile ( 3 blade ialt). de sidste 10 blade kantrepareret. Lettere brugsspor. 3 træskårne titelblade, tæt beskåret foroven. Talrige større træsnitillustrationer i teksten. Første danske udgave af Luthers Postil og af største sjældenhed i komplet stand. Kun ganske få bevarede på private hænder. De fleste eksemplarer i de offentlige biblioteker er ukomplette (Lauritz Nielsen anfører kun 7 komplette eksemplarer). En af de mest betydningsfulde bøger fra Benedichts trykpresse, og det største i omfang.Extremely scarce first Dansih edition of Luther's "Hauspostille" with only af few copies still on private hands.Thesaurus I, 104. - Birkelund, 24. - Lauritz Nielsen, 1084. - Paulli, 20.

Madrid, Administracion de la Revista de medicina y cirugia practicas, 1885. 8vo. In contemporary red half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Light wear to extremities, cloth-boards with repairs. Inner hinges split. Bookbinder-stamp to front free end-paper. Internally very fine and clean. VIII, 725 pp. A landmark in the history of Darwinism in the Spanish-speaking world, this 1885 Madrid edition is the first full Spanish translation of “The Descent of Man”, and without question the most important Spanish edition of Darwin’s major work on human evolution. “Segunda edición revisada y aumentada” stated on the title-page strictly refers to the fact that this phrase is translated directly from the title-page of the second edition of Darwin’s “The Descent of Man (Second Edition, Revised and Augmented)”. A earlier partial translation (Barcelona, 1876) was made, however, only the seven chapters of Part I was translated, none of Darwin's footnotes are translated or mentioned and none of the illustrations are reproduced here. The translator states in his "Preface" that he is indeed summarizing much, and that his intention is to give a most complete extract of Darwin's main works in one single volume. And since it's necessary to be familiar with "The Origin of Species" he believes that a good way of explaining the basics is to translate a few pages from Ernst Haeckel, which occupies pp. ix to xi of said preface. He doesn't specify the source, but it seems to be a translation of Haeckel's The History of Creation, chapter VII, paragraphs 153-161. This present edition edition is unabridged, translating the full content of both volumes, including Darwin’s detailed exposition on sexual selection, racial theory, and moral evolution, accurately annotated, preserving Darwin’s own footnotes and incorporating his illustrations, unlike any prior Spanish attempt and being scientifically rigorous, following the English second edition directly, without filtering through French intermediaries or secondary paraphrases, and without reference to earlier Spanish partial versions. This 1885 edition of "La descendencia del hombre" represents a key moment in the Spanish reception of Darwin’s ideas. As the first complete and direct translation of "The Descent of Man", it provided Spanish readers with full access to Darwin’s arguments on human evolution, including material previously unavailable in earlier partial versions. Its continued use well into the 20th and even 21st century underscores its bibliographic importance and lasting influence - a major Spanish publisher reused this 1885 translation as late as 2019. In Darwinian thought in the Spanish-speaking world it remains a significant and foundational edition. Freeman 1122c Blanco & Llorca 124

Cambridge, 1910. Royal 8vo. In a recent half calf with four raised bands and green leather title-label with gilt lettering to spine. Repair to half title, not affecting text. Title-page with repair to outer margin, not affecting text. Previous-owner's name on whilte paper label pasted on to verso of title-page, not affecting text. Errata-leaf with repairs to lower margin. Otherwise, fine and clean. XIII, (3), 666 pp. The seminal first edition of the first volume of the landmark work that founded modern mathematical logic and came to define research in the foundations of mathematics throughout the 20th century. "Principia Mathematica" proved to be remarkably influential in at least three ways. First, it popularized modern mathematical logic to an extent undreamt of by its authors. By using a notation superior to that used by Frege, Whitehead and Russell managed to convey the remarkable expressive power of modern predicate logic in a way that previous writers had been unable to achieve. Second, by exhibiting so clearly the deductive power of the new logic, Whitehead and Russell were able to show how powerful the idea of a modern formal system could be, thus opening up new work in what soon was to be called metalogic. Third, Principia Mathematica re-affirmed clear and interesting connections between logicism and two of the main branches of traditional philosophy, namely metaphysics and epistemology, thereby initiating new and interesting work in both of these areas.As a result, not only did Principia introduce a wide range of philosophically rich notions (including propositional function, logical construction, and type theory), it also set the stage for the discovery of crucial metatheoretic results (including those of Kurt Gödel, Alonzo Church, Alan Turing and others). Just as importantly, it initiated a tradition of common technical work in fields as diverse as philosophy, mathematics, linguistics, economics and computer science." (SEP)""Principia Mathematica", the landmark work in formal logic written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, was first published in three volumes in 1910, 1912 and 1913. A second edition appeared in 1925 (Volume 1) and 1927 (Volumes 2 and 3). In 1962 an abbreviated issue (containing only the first 56 chapters) appeared in paperback. In 2011 a digest of the book's main definitions and theorems, originally transcribed by Russell for Rudolf Carnap, was reprinted in The Evolution of Principia Mathematica, edited by Bernard Linsky.Written as a defense of logicism (the thesis that mathematics is in some significant sense reducible to logic), the book was instrumental in developing and popularizing modern mathematical logic. It also served as a major impetus for research in the foundations of mathematics throughout the twentieth century. Along with Aristotle's Organon and Gottlob Frege's Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, it remains one of the most influential books on logic ever written." (SEP).

Tokyo, Tokyo Kaiseikan, Meiji 38 [1905]. 8vo. In the original full bloth cloth with gilt letteing (in both Japanese and Latin characters). Light occassional brownspotting, otherwise a fine copy. 4, 894, 28, 12 pp. + frontispiece and folded plate with genealogical tree. Rare second translation, and arguably the most important, of the Japanese translation of Darwin's "Origin of Species" (the first being from 1896 and only published once). This is the first translation to be made by a professional biologist. The previous translation ("Seibutsu Shigen") was made by a law student which presumably was a contributing factor to the fact that the work primarily was embraced by social thinkers, philosophers and politicians to advocate the superiority of Japanese culture and society (and military) and not by biologist and zoologist. With the present translation Darwin's ideas and theories were finally properly introduced to the people they were intended for: biologist and zoologist. The popularity of Darwin's works and theories became immensly popular in Japan: "Curiously, there are more versions of "The Origin" in Japanese than in any other language. The earliest were literary, with subsequent translations becoming more scientific as the Japanese developed a technical language for biology." (Glick, The Comparatice Reception of Darwinism, P. XXII)."It was as if Darwin's famous oceanic journey and the meticulous research into the animal and plant kingdoms that he spent his life undertaking had all been staged as an elaborate excuse for composing a theory whose true object was Victorian society and the fate of the world's modern nations." (Golley, Darwinism in Japan: The Birth of Ecology).Darwin's work had in Japan - as in the rest of the world - profound influence on the academic disciplines of zoology and biology, however, in Japan the most immediate influence was not on these subjects but on social thinkers: "[...] it exerted great influence on Japanese social thinkers and social activists. After learning of Darwin's theory, Hiroyuki Kato, the first president of Tokyo Imperial University, published his New Theory of Human Rights and advocated social evolution theory (social Darwinism), emphasizing the inevitable struggle for existence in human society. He criticized the burgeoning Freedom and People's right movement. Conversely Siusui Kautoku, a socialist and Japanese translator of the Communist Manifesto, wrote articles on Darwinism, such as "Darwin and Marx" (1904). In this and other articles, he criticized kato's theory on Social Darwinism, insisting that Darwinism does not contradict socialism. The well known anarchist, Sakae Osugi published the third translation of On the Origin of Species in 1914, and later his translation of peter Kropotokin's Mutial Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Osugi spread the idea of mutual aid as the philosophical base of Anarcho-syndicalism." (Tsuyoshi, The Japanese Lysenkoism and its Historical Backgrounds, p. 9) "Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was introduced to Japan in 1877 (Morse 1936/1877) during Japan's push to gain military modernity through study of western sciences and technologies and the culture from which they had arisen. In the ensuing decades the theory of evolution was applied as a kind of social scientific tool, i.e. social Spencerism (or social Darwinism) (Sakura 1998:341; Unoura 1999). Sakura (1998) suggests that the theory of evolution did not have much biological application in Japan. Instead, Japanese applied the idea of 'the survival of the fittest' (which was a misreading of Darwin's natural selection theory) to society and to individuals in the struggle for existence in Japan's new international circumstances (see also Gluck 1985: 13, 265).However, at least by the second decade of the 1900s, and by the time that Imanishi Kinji entered the Kyoto Imperial University, the curricula in the natural and earth sciences were largely based on German language sources and later on English language texts. These exposed students to something very different from a social Darwinist approach in these sciences. New sources that allow us to follow" (ASQUITH, Sources for Imanishi Kinji's views of sociality and evolutionary outcomes, p. 1)."After 1895, the year of China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, Spencer's slogan "the survival of the fittest" entered Chinese and Japanese writings as "the superior win, the inferior lose." Concerned with evolutionary theory in terms of the survival of China, rather than the origin of species, Chinese intellectuals saw the issue as a complex problem involving the evolution of institutions, ideas, and attitudes. Indeed, they concluded that the secret source of Western power and the rise of Japan was their mutual belief in modern science and the theory of evolutionary progress. According to Japanese scholars, traditional Japanese culture was not congenial to Weastern science because the Japanese view of the relationship between the human world and the divine world was totally different from that of Western philosophers. Japanese philosophers envisioned a harmonious relationship between heaven and earth, rather than conflict. Traditionally, nature was something to be seen through the eyes of a poet, rather than as the passive object of scientific investigations. The traditional Japanese vision of harmony in nature might have been uncongenial to a theory based on natural selection, but Darwinism was eagerly adopted by Japanese thinkers, who saw it as a scientific retionalization for Japan's intense efforts to become a modernized military and industial power. Whereas European and American scientists and theologians became embroiled in disputes about the evolutionary relationship between humans and other animals, Japanese debates about the meaning of Darwinism primarily dealt with the national and international implications of natural selection and the struggle for survival. Late nineteenth-century Japanese commentators were likely to refer to Darwinism as an "eternal and unchangeable natural law" that justified militaristic nationalism directed by supposedly superior elites". (Magner, A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded, p. 349)"Between 1877 and 1888, only four works on the subject of biological evolution were published in Japan. During these same eleven years, by contrast, at least twenty Japanese translations of Herbert Spencer's loosely "Darwinian" social theories made their appearance. The social sciences dominated the subject, and when Darwin's original The Origin of Species (Seibutsu shigen) finally appeared in translation in 1896, it was published by a press specializing in economics. It is not surprising then that by the early 20th century, when Darwin's work began to make an impact as a biological rather than a "social" theory, the terms "evolution" (shinka), "the struggle for existence" (seizon kyôsô), and "survival of the fittest" (tekisha seizon) had been indelibly marked as social and political principles. It was as if Darwin's famous oceanic journey and the meticulous research into the animal and plant kingdoms that he spent his life undertaking had all been staged as an elaborate excuse for composing a theory whose true object was Victorian society and the fate of the world's modern nations." (Golley, Darwinism in Japan: The Birth of Ecology).Freeman 719

(Berlin, Haude & Spener, 1770). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in "Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres", tome XXIV, pp. 327-354 and 1 engraved plates. First edition. Lambert's work on non-Euclidean geometry is among the most important in the field. Carl Boyer writes "No one else came so close to the truth without actually discovering non-Euclidean geomtry." (History of Mathematics, pp. 504). Lambert wrote his famous book 'Theorie der Parallellinien' in 1766, but it was not published until 1786 (nearly a decade after his death). Lambert originally set out to prove Euclid's parallel postulate in a similar way to that which Saccheri had used in his 'Euclides Vindicatus', but in contrast he did not interpret the consequences of non-Euclidean geometry as absurd. The offered paper ('Observations Trigonometriques') is the only work by Lambert on non-Euclidean geometry which was published during his life-time. Here he made the important discovery of the duality between spherical and hyperbolic geometry, i.e., that hyperbolic trigonometries can be deduced from spherical trigonometries by using imaginary angles (and consequently he introduced the hyperbolic functions, for the first time). By illustrating this duality Lambert gave strong evidence of the consistency of non-Euclidean geometries. (See Kline's Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, pp. 404 & 868).

St. Petersburg, 1895. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with (vague) title to spine. Extremities with wear. Small stamp to top of right corner of title-page, otherwise internally fine. (4), 287, (1) pp. The exceeding rare first edition of Plekhanov's (published under the pseudonym of Beltov) landmark work which was seminal in the spreading of Marxism in Russia. Today, it is considered one of most important theoretical works of Russian Marxism from that period. Lenin would later comment that Plekhanov's book "helped educate a whole generation of Russian Marxists", and Engels, shortly after the publication, wrote directly to Plekhanov congratulating him on the "great success". Plekhanov is regarded as being the founder of Russian Marxism and its main theoretician. Due to his effort and present publication, Russian revolutionaries turned from the Narodniki (populists) movement fashionable in the 1860ies and 70ies to Marxism. The book was sold out immediately after publication and during the Soviet years it was translated into 12 languages and Russian author Mikhail Ivanovich Bulgakov referred to it as the 'The gospel of Russian Social-Democracy'. With the present publication, Plekhanov provided the first creative application of Marxism to the analysis of economic conditions in Russia after the Reform and showed the immediate needs of the Russian revolutionary movement and the political tasks of the Russian working class. He laid bare the reactionary essence of the so-called socialist views of the Narodniks, which had nothing in common with scientific socialism."Marx tells us, he declared, that when a society "has got upon the right track of the natural laws of its movement" it can "neither skip the natural phases of its development nor remove them by legal enactment"; Russia, however, Plekhanov insisted, had not yet entered upon this disastrous track. Western Europe was forced to develop along capitalist lines because the village commune there had disintegrated in the struggle with feudalism; in Russia, though, the village commune had been preserved relatively intact." Later he attacked the course for a socialist revolution, steered by Lenin. He held that the revolution in February 1917, being a bourgeois revolution, was to be the beginning of a long period of capitalist development in Russia. That was why he had a negative attitude towards the Great October Socialist Revolution, seeing it as a "violation of all the laws of history". " (Walicki, A History of Russian Though).Engels commented in January 30, 1895 in a letter to Vera Zasulich that it had been published at a most opportune time. Tsar Nicholas II had just released a statement on January 29 that announced that it was fruitless for the locally elected district councils (Zemstvos), to agitate for any more democratic reforms in the Russian government. Nicholas II had decided to return Russia to the absolute Tsarist autocracy of his father, Alexander III. Under Nicholas II's re-initiation of absolute autocracy, the Zemstvos would become superfluous and basically be abolished. Engels expected this announcement would cause an upsurge in popular protest in Russian and Engels thought the timely publication of Plekhanov's book would augment that popular protest.By the time of its publication, the author was in exile, banned from returning to Russia for 15 years. He wrote the book while staying in London, where he went after being deported from France in 1894 and it appeared legally in Russia under the pseudonym Beltov. Because of the censorship, Plekhanov gave the book, as he put it, the "purposely clumsy" name "monist" without indicating which conception of history-the materialist or the idealist- was meant. Plekhanov's works served the dissemination of proletarian internationalism and the establishment of close ties between the revolutionary movement in Russia and in Western Europe, which is why Lenin pointed to the necessity of studying Plekhanov's philosophical works and insisted on them being republished and included in the "series of compulsory manuals of communism.

London, Printed for William Mount and Thomas Page on Tower Hall, no date (c. 1715). Folio. 53X35 cm. Cont. hcalf with marbled boards. Rebacked and recornered in old style with raised bands. Engraved typographical titlepage with a large engraved vignette showing the English King's Coat of Arms. With all 15 double-page engraved sea-charts (numbered (1)-(15) in lower right corners). Neat repairs to inner margins of free endpapers and titlepage. Some browning to charts. Chart 5 (45x75,5 cm) having the right margin shaved reaching the printed frame. Second edition of this scarce "Atlas Maritime". According to Shirley it was first published by Richard Mount and Thomas Page in 1701 and re-issued with undated title (as this) in ab. 1715, but with the charts unchanged and a new engraved titlepage. A third issue came out in 1737 with a dated title. The fine charts are copied from Pieter Mortier's famous "Neptune Francois" (1693-1702) and reduzed in size."The charts in this early Mount & Page atlas "The Sea-Coasts of France" are re-engravings, reduzed in size, from the charts in the French Neptune of 1693. The charts may also be found in the 1702 edition of Mount and Page's Atlas Maritimus Novus..." (Rodney Shirley). - Not in Phillips. - Shirley Vol. II: M.M&P - 12 b.

London, Lockyer Davis, 1772, 1775, 1776 & 1783. 4to. In recent marbled paper wrappers. Extracted from "Philosophical Transactions". Including title-page of volume. Most leaves reinforced in margin. Light offsetting from folded plates as usual. Plate depicting the full telescope with professional repair to lower right corner. Pp. (4), 147-264, 383-394, 225-248, 397-434. First edition of Priestley's landmark paper on pneumatic chemistry. In this present work, which marked an new epoch in the history of chemistry, he announced the discovery of hydrochloric acid and nitric oxide, as well as the discovery that plants restored air that had been vitiated by combustion, putrefaction, and respiration. Priestley's 'contribution to the knowledge of gases were crucial. He improved the technique for studying them by collecting them over mercury instead of water, so that many more gases could be observed.His many chemical discoveries contributed to the "chemical revolution"' (PMM)"The paper here, for which the Royal Society awarded Priestley the Copley medal announced the discovery of hydrochloric acid and nitric oxide and the use of the latter in measuring the purity of air, which led through the work of Cavendish, Fontana and others to exact eudiometry. Priestley also observed that plants consume carbon dioxide and gave out oxygen, thereby purifying air which has been vitiated by combustion, respiration and putrefaction, and that this action takes place only under daylight." (Printing and the Mind of Man No. 217)."In this paper he also announced two new gases that he had obtained - nitrous oxide and carbonic oxide; these won him the Royal Society's Copley medal. Two years later his experiments in heating red oxide of mercury produced "dephlogisticated air" which was announced in 1775 and identified by Lavoisier as oxygen." (Dibner Heralds of Science No. 40).The work contains a proposal to saturate water with carbonic acid under either atmospheric or increased pressure, which led to the creation of the mineral-water industry.The Centenary of the discovery of oxygen was celebrated at Priestley's American home at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, and was followed in 1876 by the foundation of the American Chemical Society. (PMM). PMM 217. Honeyman No. 2535 - Barchas 1718. Dibner 40 Norman 1749

Berlin, Stettin und Leipzig, Johann Heinrich Rüdigern, 1762-75. 4to. Bound in 13 fine uniform full calf, raised bands, gilt backs. Remains of paperlabels on backs. Top of spine on one volume frayed. Small rubber stamp on titles. A few brownspots. A good copy. Having in all 374 (of 585) fine engraved plates (1 plate supplied in xerox-copy). Plates measure around 37x24cm. First German edition of one of the main works of the 18th century in the fields of crafts and technology as it is a translation of the famous series "Description des Arts et Metiers" issued by Academie Royale des Sciences 1760-75. The French edition was published in folio. Band 1: Kohlenbrennen, Lichtziehen, Ankerschmieden, Nadler, Papiermacher. 31 plates and 1 table;Band 2: Eisenhämmer. Teil 1-2, Wachsziehen, Pergamentmachen, Leder-Vergoldung, Schieferbrüche. 22 plates; Band 3: Eisenhämmer. Teil 3-4, Spielkartenherstellung, Seidenfärberei, Pappenmacher. 29 plates (1 plate supplied in xerox-copy); Band 4: Böttcherkunst, Weißgerber, Ziegelstreichen, Zuckersieden, Silber affinieren. 30 plates; Band 5: Messingherstellung, Tuchmacherkunst, Lohgerberei. 33 plates. Band 6: Tuchfrisierkunst, Saffianleder-Herstellung, Leder auf ungarische Art, Weißgerber, Hutmacher, Dachdecker. 19 plates; Band Band 7: Tapetenweberei, Kalkbrennerkunst, Ziegelstreichen in Holland, Ziegelhütten, Ball- und Raquettenmacher. 30 plates and 1 table; Band 8: Perückenmacherkunst, Müller, Nudelmacher und Bäcker. 15 plates; Band 9: Schuster, Schlösserkunst. 48 plates; Band 10: Steinkohlenbergbau, Indigobereiter. 22 plates; Band 11: Eisenbergwerke und Hüttenwerke in der Steiermark, Leimsiederei, Fischerei, Teil 1. 25 plates and 1 table; Band 12: Fischerei, Teil 2. 50 plates; Band 13: Fischerei, Teil 3, Porzellanherstellung. 23 plates and 1 engr. frontisp.; Band 14: Glasmalerei und Glasarbeiten. Mit 13 (von 14) Tafeln; Band 15: Wollenzeugfabrikant. 17 plates; Band 16: Seifensider, Leinwandhandel, Schneiderhandwerk, Leinenmanufaktur, Tabaksmanufaktur. 27 plates; Band 17: Bleiarbeiter, mathematische und astronomische Instrumente, Baumwoll-Samtfabrikation. 38 plates; Band 18: Stickerkunst, Siebmacher, Riemer und Sattler (mit Kutschenbau), Drahtzieherei, Stahlblattmacher. 51 plates Band 19: Schiffbaukunst. 18 plates and 1 engr. frontisp.;Band 20: Zinngießerkunst. 32 plates; Band 21: der Strumpfwirkerstuhl und sein Gebrauch. 14 plates.

Paris, B. Rembolt, 1511. Large folio. (40x30 cm.). Contemp. full brown calf over wood, richly blindtooled covers. Later rebacking. 5 raised bands. Brass clasps and catches. Leather on clasps renewed. Brass edges on covers. Fol. 459,(27),46,(1). Lacking Folios in Index (Fol. 41-43). Title-page printed in red/black within woodcut border and with printers woodcut device. Text throughout printed in red/black. Large woodcut on Fol. 1 verso (biblical figures, church fathers and Gratian in the middle). Numerous figurative woodcut initials throughout. Internally very fine and clean, a few leaves with a faint dampstain to margins. On fine thick paper. On the renewed spine is with letters in gold printed 1507 (it should be 1511). Scarce early edition of the famous collection of Canon Law. The Decretum Gratiani, also known as the Concordia discordantium canonum or Concordantia discordantium canonum, is a collection of Canon law compiled and written in the 12th century as a legal textbook by the jurist known as Gratian. It forms the first part of the collection of six legal texts, which together became known as the Corpus Juris Canonici. It was used by canonists of the Roman Catholic Church until Pentecost (May 19) 1918, when a revised Code of Canon Law (Codex Iuris Canonici) promulgated by Pope Benedict XV on 27 May 1917 obtained legal force. (Wikipedia).Adams

Nürnberg, Johann Andreae Endtners Seel. Söhne, 1692. Folio. (46 x 30 cm.). Contemp. full calf. Wear to top of spine. 2 compartments with old repairs. A closed tear to foot of spine. Remains of old gilting and title on spine. Spine rubbed. With 3 (of 4) clasps and catches in brass. Engraved titel and printed title in red/black. (38),(22),(66),686,950,(18) pp. A few brownspots on the first leaves. A dampstain in lower margin of the last 5 leaves. A few leaves in beginning and at end a bit frayed in right margins. A few leaves with loss of blank in margin. Internally in general clean and fine. With in all 42 engraved plates (incl. general title and portrait of Luther) and 1 engraved coat of arms (portraits, apostles, plates, parttitles, plans, map etc.). A few plates with dampstains to margins. This so-called "Weimerer-Bibel" or "Ernestinische Bibel" was first printed in 1641 and ran through 13 editions up to 1792.

Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1923. 4to. Bound in 2 contemp. full cloth. Spines gilt and with gilt lettering. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 177. With htitle a. titlepage. 1513 pp. (Entire volume offered). De Broglie's papers: pp. 507-510, pp. 548-551 a. pp. 630-32. Clean and fine. A stamp to verso of titlepage. First edition of these papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Théorie des Quanta."De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation, I suddenly had the idea, during the year 1923, that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" (Preface to his PhD thesis 1924)."He made the leap in his September 10, 1923, paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons, to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper, he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."(Pais "Subtle is the Lord", pp. 425-436).In the third paper (October 8) he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat (rays), and Pierre Louis Maupertuis (particles) as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could, using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves, obtain Planck’s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter, for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory, de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."(DSB)."This idea [i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves] was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927... Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established, and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions, each applicable under certain circumstances, but incompatible with one another." (Printing and the Mind of Man, 417).

Kjøbenhavn, C. A. Reitzel, 1866. 8vo. Bound with the original front wrapper in a recent burgundy full cloth binding. Gilt spine and gilt title to front board. With a handwritten inscription from Andersen to front wrapper: "Ildfluens Forfatterinde / en hjertelig Hilsen fra / Forfatteren." A few scattered brownspots, otherwise internally clean. (4),144;(4),191,(1) pp. A lovely presentation-copy of the third printing of Andersen's famous novel. The copy is inscribed by Andersen to the Danish author and feminist Axelline Lund (1836-1918). Lund was a close friend of Andersen and is frequently mentioned in his diaries. From 1898 through 1904, Lund taught Italian at the Royal Academy of Arts in Copenhagen. According to Andersen's diary (24 August 1874), Lund was supposed to translate the work into Italian, and the present copy was sent to her for this purpose: "Da jeg ikke fandt 'Improvisatoren' bestemt for Fru Lund, som vil oversætte den naar hun kommer til Italian, skrev jeg til Reitzel om et Exemplar." ('Since I couldn't find a copy of 'Improvisatoren' for Mrs Lund, who wishes to translate it when she goes to Italy, I asked Reitzel [the editor] for a copy.')

Frankfurt & Leipzig, Christoff Riegels, 1688. 12mo. In contemporary full vellum with yapp edges. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Light soiling to extremities. A few annotations and previous owner's name (Peter Otto Rosenørn - owner of Hersomgård) in contemporary hand to front free end-paper, a few plates with tears, otherwise internally nice and clean. (4), 1038, (6); 120, (2) pp. + 72 plates. Exceedingly rare first (and only?) edition of this extensive and richly illustrated travel-guide to Hungary and the Danube. Riegel had published a similar work two years earlier (1686) on the German speaking areas in Europe and the Rhine, the present work by far being the rarest. We have only been able to trace one copy at auction (incomplete).OCLC list two copies, both in The British Library.

Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1923. 4to. Bound in one contemp. full buckram. Spines gilt and with gilt lettering. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 177. Bound with orig. printed front-wrapper to No. 1, half-title and title-page to vol. 177. 1513 pp. (Entire volume offered). De Broglie's papers: pp. 507-510, pp. 548-551 a. pp. 630-32. Clean and fine. A punched stamp on foot of title-page. First edition of these papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Théorie des Quanta."De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation, I suddenly had the idea, during the year 1923, that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" (Preface to his PhD thesis 1924)."He made the leap in his September 10, 1923, paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons, to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper, he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."(Pais "Subtle is the Lord", pp. 425-436).In the third paper (October 8) he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat (rays), and Pierre Louis Maupertuis (particles) as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could, using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves, obtain Planck’s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter, for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory, de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."(DSB)."This idea [i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves] was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927... Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established, and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions, each applicable under certain circumstances, but incompatible with one another." (Printing and the Mind of Man, 417).

Jena, A.Schmidt, 1838-40. 4to. Bound in 2 later hcalf. 10, 128, 158 pp. and 277 very nice handcoloured engr.plates (of 285,8 plts.lacking in vol.II). Textpages with some brownspottings, esp.in vol.II. Plates fine. Nissen 487. Not in BMC.

Leipzig, C.G. Naumann, 1889. 8vo. Bound in a contemporary red half cloth binding with red marbled paper over boards and single gilt lines. Gilt lettering and a single gilt ornamentation to spine. Lovely patterned irdiscent end-papers in blue with white flowers. Boards slightly faded at top. Front hinge a bit soiled. Spine a bit discoloured and a bit worn at capitals. A few leaves with light, scattered brownspotting, but overall very clean and fresh. A few minor pencil marks on several pages and some faint brown spots on the final page. (8), 144 pp. First edition, published in 1889 from Nietzsche's private press, of the epitome of Nietzsche's final project -a re-valuation of all values ("Eine Umwerthung aller Werthe"), -his hugely interesting "declaration of war" (preface p. (4): "Diese Schrift ist eine grosse Kriegserklärung"), which was written during his last productive year, just before his big breakdown in Turin. "Götzen-Dämmerung" ("The Twilight of the Idols") arguably constitutes the culmination of the production of this giant of philosophy, who turned mad after having finished it.Early in 1889, Nietzsche began to exhibit signs of serious mental illness; in Turin, he finally broke down and was brought back to Basel by his friends. "The Twilight of the Idols" was released merely a few weeks after this collapse, and Nietzsche never wrote again.Nietzsche had 1.000 copies of the work privately printed. The work is considered one of his most popular, and it is here that we find some of the most frequently quoted passages from the works of Nietzsche, e.g. "What does not kill me, only makes me stronger" (p.2.: "Was mich nicht umbringt, macht mich stärker").The Twilight was meant as an introduction to, or summary of, Nietzshe's philosophy, and as such it is one of his most interesting works. It is written almost as in a rage of fever - it took him no more than a week to write it -, and he regarded it a world-changing magnum opus. As he states at the end of the preface: "Turin, am 30. September 1888, am Tage, da das erste Buch der Umwerthung aller Werthe zu ende kam." (i.e. "Turin, on September 30. 1888, on the day that the first book on the re-valuation of all value came to an end."). This highly polemical work makes clear reference to Wagner's opera "Götterdämmerung", and it presents us with a sharp critique of the most influential philosophers in history, e.g. Kant and Plato, and of Christianity in general, but also the likes of Rousseau, Hugo, Renan, Mill, Darwin, Dante etc. are attacked as the causes of cultural decadence in Europe. Giants like Caesar, Napoleon, Dostojevski, Goethe, and Thukydides are considered representatives of the opposite.The mental collapse of the author may not come as a surprise to anyone reading the work.Of the 1.000 copies, 659 still remained unsold by October 1893.Twilight of the Idols: Schaberg: 56a

Torino, Unione Tipografico-Editrice, 1886. Royal8vo. Bound in a contemporary half vellum binding with red and green title label to spine with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine, forming six compartments. In "Biblioteca dell'Economista", Third Series, volume 9. wear to extremities and light brownspotting throughout, especially to first and least leaves. e copy. Il Capitale: 685 pp. [Entire volume: (4), 903, (1) pp.]. First full Italian translation of Marx' landmark work, constituting what is arguably the greatest revolutionary work of the nineteenth century. The work proved immensely influential in both communist and fascist circles. Antonio Gramsci, founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI), based much of his theoretical and practical work on the present translation of Marx' work and Ezra Pound read this Italian translation (which is among the most heavily marked annotated volumes in his personal library) and was horrified by the accounts of the exploitation of labor given by Marx which eventually grew into his sympathy for fascism and Mussolini's socialist roots. (Rainey, Textual Studies in the Cantos).The translation was done in nine installments beginning in 1882 but was not published until 1886. The translation, however, remained relatively unknown: "It was difficult in Italy during that period [late 19th century] to obtain Marx's works. With the exception of Cafiero's hard to find summary and some other summarizing pamphlets published by another Southern scholar, Pasquale Martiguetti of Benevent, those Italians who sought to consult Marx were forced (unless they could read the original German) to have recourse to the French translation of the first volume of 'Capital', published in 1875. True, in 1886 Boccardo had published in Biblioteca dell'Economista, an Italian translation of 'Capital', but this was inaccessible to those of modest means." (Piccone, Italian Marxism).The first edition of the work originally appeared in German in 1867, and only the first part of the work appeared in Marx' lifetime.Bert Andréas 154Einaudi (not numbered, between no. 3769 and 3770)Mattioli 2287 (a reprint from 1916).

Milano, Treves, 1932. 4to. Original printed wrappers. Uncut and unopened. With a brindstamped publisher's mark to title-page. A very nice copy, with slight marginal wear. (8), 133, (3) pp. The scarce first edition in book form, fourth thousand (i.e. with mention of "quinto migliaio" on title-page), of the key political document of fascist philosophical thought - the publication in which the ideological cornerstones of The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) are officially established. "The Doctrine of Fascism", the first part of which was actually written by Giovanni Gentile, who is not mentioned as the author, was originally published in the Italian Encyclopedia Vol. 14, 1932, as the first section of a lengthy entry on "Fascismo" (Fascism). Gioacchino Volpe's "History on the Fascist Movement" was also published in that volume, as an appendix to Mussolini's entry, and immediately after the Encyclopaedia-publication, the two pieces were published together, in the first book form of the work, under the title "La Dottrina del Fascismo. Con una Storia del Movimento Fascista di Giocchino Volpe", by the "Biblioteca della Enciclopedia Italiana", which undertook the separate publishing of the most important entries of the Encyclopaedia. Mussolini added a series of notes that appered for the first time in the first publication in book-form. The present copy bears the imprint "Quinto migliaio" at the foot of the title-page. We have been unable to determine whether this actually means that the issues of the first edition were in fact divided into thousands and this thus the fourth thousand, or whether, as would have been common practice with eg. propagandist literature, the "fourth thousand" was a way to boost the public perception of the immediate reception of the work. No matter whther the "Quinto migliaio" was a boosting gimmick or not, the work ended up being published in enormous numbers after its initial publication in 1932. Not only did it appear in several newspapers already in 1932, it was also published again in book form already in 1933 and kept appearing in different versions, with other additions on the subject, throughout the following decades. It was also translated into numerous other languages and came to have a tremendous impact on the spreading of fascist thought. This magnum opus of Italian fascism came to have the greatest impact upon Italian politics and the entire political climate of Europe. A key concept of the work is summed up in Mussolini's own words: "Granted that the 19th century was the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy, this does not mean that the 20th century must also be the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy. Political doctrines pass; nations remain. We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right', a Fascist century. If the 19th century was the century of the individual (liberalism implies individualism) we are free to believe that this is the 'collective' century, and therefore the century of the State."

Stockholm, Tryckt Hos Carl Deleen, 1819. Clean and well-preserved copy bound in contemporary half calf with gilt and blind tooled decorations on spine. Old name on title-page. An exceptionally fine copy. (4), 84 pp. + 38 handcoloured plates. A wonderful copy of the second illustrated (fourth overall) edition of what is considered the most beautiful Swedish book of the 18th century, which is exceedingly difficult to find in as excellent state as here, the first and second editions being equally fine. "The book consists of notes by Admiral Count Ehrensvärd, critic and antiquarian, on his visit to Italy, with plates engraved after his own drawings. Ehrensvärd's route ran from Stralsund via Paris, Milan, Terracina and Rome to Sicily, and from Sicily via Montecassino, Bologna, Milan, Venice and Vienna to Stralsund. Ehrensvärd declares at the outset that his descriptions would be too short - had not others' been too long. But, though he pointedly avoids eulogizing famous sites, he takes a less unconventional stance in continually idealising southern over northern peoples, on the grounds of their resemblance to the supposed physical and cultural character of the ancients. He concludes with an account of some monuments at Rome and Naples - approving the ancient Romans for their good taste.Most plates show landscapes or local people, and are related to passages in the text where the author declares their dress, hairstyles and general bearing to recall those of the ancient world. They are simple outline etchings, possibly intended to be coloured subsequently (all have been coloured by hand in the Royal Academy's copy).The engraver, Elias Martin, had been drawing-master to Count Ehrensvärd. Between 1768 and 1780 and again between 1788 and 1791 he lived in Britain, a friend of William Chambers, who had been born in Sweden, was a Swedish speaker and throughout his life maintained links with Swedish artists and patrons. Martin became a student at the Royal Academy in 1769, and an Associate in 1771. Influenced by Richard Wilson and Paul Sandby, he became a well-known landscape-painter both in Britain and in Sweden." (RA) The plates carry no engraved signatures. But in the Royal Academy's copy the first plate (facing p.3) has been inscribed in ink, 'Count Ehrenswärd invt.' bottom left and 'E. Martin. the Associate, sculpt.' bottom right; and the remainder, 'A.E.' bottom left and 'E.M.' bottom right (with page and line references to the text). "The question of who made the etchings is open to different opinions. The brothers Elias and Johan Fredrik Martin, both important artists, have been mentioned as Mårten Rudolf Heland." (Lindberg). Most of the original drawings are preserved in the Royal Academy of Arts, Stockholm, and in the Swedish National Museum. Lindberg, Swedish Books, 52 (first edition, 1786). Kleberg, Italien i svensk litteratur 2226. Hofberg, Sv. biogr. handlex. I, 279. NBG XV, 750.