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Amsterdam, Joannes Oosterwyk, 1720. 4to. Contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Richly gilt spine. Title-label with gilt lettering. Neat repairs to upper and lower compartment and to small parts of the other compartments. One corner renewed. Engraved frontispiece. (34),330,(14 - incl. errata) pp., 6 folded engraved maps and 7 engraved plates. Internally clean, printed on good paper. First edition. "C.G. Zorgdrager's classic volume on the Greenland whale fishery is one of the most thorough and authoritative descriptions of the early eighteenth-century Dutch and Germanic fisheries". Allen 177: "Zorgdrager's work is by far the most important of the early authorities on the northern Whalefishery, and must always be one of the chief sources of information for the early history of the subject." The 6 engraved double-page maps are : 1. Neue Charte von den Nord-Pol. 2. Neue Charte von Alt und Neu Groenland mit Strasse Davis. 3. Neue Carte von island. 4. Neue Carte der Insul Spitsbergen. 5. Jan Mayen Eyland. 6. Neue Charte von Nova Zembla.Sabin, 106374 - Lauridsen XI,10.

Breslau, Gottl. Löwe, 1789, 8vo. Very beautiful contemporary red full calf binding with five raised bands and gilt green leather title-label to richly gilt spine. elaborate gilt borders to boards, inside which a "frame" made up of gilt dots, with giltcorner-ornamentations. Edges of boards gilt and inner gilt dentelles. All edges gilt. Minor light brownspotting. Marginal staining to the last leaves. Engraved frontispiece-portrait of Spinoza, engraved title-vignette (double-portrait, of Lessing and Mendelssohn), engraved end-vignette (portrait of Jacobi). Frontispiece, title-page, LI, (1, -errata), 440 pp. Magnificent copy. First edition thus, being the seminal second edition, the "neue vermehrte Auflage" (new and expanded edition), which has the hugely important 180 pp. of "Beylage" for the first time, which include the first translation into any language of any part of Giordano Bruno's "de Uno et Causa..." (pp. 261-306) as well as several other pieces of great importance to the "Pantheismusstreit" and to the interpretation of the philosophy of Spinoza and Leibniz, here for the first time in print. The present translation of Bruno seems to be the earliest translation of any of Bruno's works into German, and one of the earliest translations of Bruno at all - as far as we can establish, the second, only preceded by an 18th century translation into English of "Spaccio della bestia trionfante". It is with the present edition of Jacobi's work that the interest in Bruno is founded and with which Bruno is properly introduced to the modern world. Jacobi not only provides what is supposedly the second earliest translation of any of Bruno's works ever to appear, he also establishes the great influence that Bruno had on two of our greatest thinkers, Spinoza and Leibnitz. It is now generally accepted that Spinoza founds his ethical thought upon Bruno and that Lebnitz has taken his concept of the "Monads" from him. It is Jacobi who, with the second edition of his "Letters on Spinoza...", for the first time ever puts Bruno where he belongs and establishes his position as one of the key figures of modern philosophy and thought. Bruno's works, the first editions of which are all of the utmost scarcity, were not reprinted in their time, and new editions of them did not begin appearing until the 19th century. For three centuries his works had been hidden away in libraries, where only few people had access to them. Thus, as important as his teachings were, thinkers of the ages to come were largely reliant on more or less reliable renderings and reproductions of his thoughts. As Jacobi states in the preface to the second edition of his "Letters on Spinoza...", "There appears in this new edition, under the title of Appendices ("Beylage"), different essays, of which I will here first give an account. The first Appendix is an excerpt from the extremely rare book "De la causa, principio, et Uno", by Jordan Bruno. This strange man was born, one knows not in which year, in Nola, in the Kingdom of Naples; and died on February 17th 1600 in Rome on the stake. With great diligence Brucker has been gathering information on him, but in spite of that has only been able to deliver fragments [not in translation]. For a long time his works were, partly neglected due to their obscurity, partly not respected due to the prejudice against the new opinions and thoughts expressed in them, and partly loathed and suppressed due to the dangerous teachings they could contain. On these grounds, the current scarcity of his works is easily understood. Brucker could only get to see the work "De Minimo", La Croce only had the book "De Immenso et Innumerabilibus" in front of him, or at least he only provides excerpts from this [also not in translation], as Heumann does only from the "Physical Theorems" [also small fragments, not in translation]; also Bayle had, of Bruno's metaphysical works, himself also merely read this work, of which I here provide an excerpt." (Vorrede, pp. (VII)-VIII - own translation from the German). Jacobi continues by stating that although everyone complains about the obscurity of Bruno's teachings and thoughts, some of the greatest thinkers, such as Gassendi, Descartes, "and our own Leibnitz" (p. IX) have taken important parts of their theorems and teachings from him. "I will not discuss this further, and will merely state as to the great obscurity ("grossen Dunkelheit") of which people accuse Bruno, that I have found this in neither his book "de la Causa" nor in "De l'Infinito Universo et Mondi", of which I will speak implicitly on another occasion. As to the first book, my readers will be able to judge for themselves from the sample ("Probe") that I here present. My excerpt can have become a bit more comprehensible due to the fact that I have only presented the System of Bruno himself, the "Philosophia Nolana" which he himself calls it, in its continuity... My main purpose with this excerpt is, by uniting Bruno with Spinoza, at the same time to show and explain the "Summa of Philosophy" ("Summa der Philosophie") of "En kai Pan" [in Greek characters - meaning "One and All"]. ... It is very difficult to outline "Pantheism" in its broader sense more purely and more beautifully than Bruno has done." (Vorrede pp. IX-XI - own translation from the German). So not only does Jacobi here provide this groundbreaking piece of Bruno's philosophy in the first translation ever, and not only does he provide one of the most important interpretations of Spinoza's philosophy and establishes the importance of Bruno to much of modern thought, he also presents Bruno as the primary exponent of "pantheism", thereby using Bruno to change the trajectory of modern thought and influencing all philosophy of the decades to come. After the second edition of Jacobi's "Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza", no self-respecting thinker could neglect the teachings of Bruno; he could no longer be written off as having "obscure" and insignificant teachings, and one could no longer read Spinoza nor Leibnitz without thinking of Bruno. It is with this edition that the world rediscovers Bruno, never to forget him again.WITH THE FIRST EDITION OF "UEBER DIE LEHRE DES SPINOZA" (1785), JACOBI BEGINS THE FAMOUS "PATHEISMUSSTREIT", which focused attention on the apparent conflict between human freedom and any systematic, philosophical interpretation of reality. In 1780, Jacobi (1743-1819), famous for coining the term nihilism, advocating "belief" and "revelation" instead of speculative reason, thereby anticipating much of present-day literature, and for his critique of the Sturm-und-Drang-era, had a conversation with Lessing, in which Lessing stated that the only true philosophy was Spinozism. This led Jacobi to a protracted and serious study of Spinoza's works. After Lessing's death, in 1783 Jacobi began a lengthy letter-correspondende with Mendelssohn, a close friend of Lessing, on the philosophy of Spinoza. These letters, with commentaries by Jacobi, are what constitute the first edition of "Ueber die lehre des Spinoza", as well as the first part of the second edition. The second edition is of much greater importance, however, due to greatly influential Appendices. The work caused great furor and the enmity of the Enlightenment thinkers. Jacobi was ridiculed by his contemporaries for attempting to reintroduce into philosophy belief instead of reason, was seen as an enemy of reason and Enlightenment, as a pietist, and as a Jesuit. But the publication of the work not only caused great furor in wider philosophical circles, there was also a personal side to the scandal which has made it one of the most debated books of the period: "Mendelssohn enjoyed, as noted at the outset, a lifelong friendship with G. E. Lessing... Along with Mendelssohn, Lessing embraced the idea of a purely rational religion and would endorse Mendelssohn's declaration: "My religion recognizes no obligation to resolve doubt other than through rational means; and it commands no mere faith in eternal truths" (Gesammelte Schriften, Volume 3/2, p. 205). To pietists of the day, such declarations were scandalous subterfuges of an Enlightenment project of assimilating religion to natural reason... While Mendelssohn skillfully avoided that confrontation, he found himself reluctantly unable to remain silent when, after Lessing's death, F. H. Jacobi contended that Lessing embraced Spinoza's pantheism and thus exemplified the Enlightenment's supposedly inevitable descent into irreligion.Following private correspondence with Jacobi on the issue and an extended period when Jacobi (in personal straits at the time) did not respond to his objections, Mendelssohn attempted to set the record straight about Lessing's Spinozism in "Morning Hours". Learning of Mendelssohn's plans incensed Jacobi who expected to be consulted first and who accordingly responded by publishing, without Mendelssohn's consent, their correspondence - "On the Teaching of Spinoza in Letters to Mr. Moses Mendelssohn" - a month before the publication of "Morning Hours". Distressed on personal as well as intellectual levels by the controversy over his departed friend's pantheism, Mendelssohn countered with a hastily composed piece, "To the Friends of Lessing: an Appendix to Mr. Jacobi's Correspondence on the Teaching of Spinoza". According to legend, so anxious was Mendelssohn to get the manuscript to the publisher that, forgetting his overcoat on a bitterly cold New Year's eve, he delivered the manuscript on foot to the publisher. That night he came down with a cold from which he died four days later, prompting his friends to charge Jacobi with responsibility for Mendelssohn's death.The sensationalist character of the controversy should not obscure the substance and importance of Mendelssohn's debate with Jacobi. Jacobi had contended that Spinozism is the only consistent position for a metaphysics based upon reason alone and that the only solution to this metaphysics so detrimental to religion and morality is a leap of faith, that salto mortale that poor Lessing famously refused to make. Mendelssohn counters Jacobi's first contention by attempting to demonstrate the metaphysical inconsistency of Spinozism. He takes aim at Jacobi's second contention by demonstrating how the "purified Spinozism" or "refined pantheism" embraced by Lessing is, in the end, only nominally different from theism and thus a threat neither to religion nor to morality." (SEP).The Beylagen, which are not included in the 1785 first edition and only appear with the 1789 second edition, include: I. Auszug aus Jordan Bruno von Nola. Von der Ursache, dem Princip und dem Einen (p. 261-306) II. Diokles an Diotime über den Atheismus (p. 307-327) translation of Lettre ... sur l'Athéisme by F. Hemsterhuis.

Hamburg, Wierings Erben, 1721 (Part 1); Leipzig, Weidmann, 1721 (part 2); Leyden, Peter Robinson, 1721 (part III & IV). 8vo. Four parts uniformly bound in two contemporary full calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Small paper-label to upper part of spines. Wear to extremities. Leather on spine cracked and scratches and soiling to bords. Front board on vol. 3/4 bended with outer margin partly broken off. Annotation in contemporary hand to front free end-paper in both volumes. Title-page and first leaves in vol. 1 soiled and with reapir. Folded plate closely trimmed with loss to lower margin, several tears, with some loss. Internally generally a good copy. [Vol. 1 & 2:] (14), 463, (1), (14), 448 pp. + frontispiece, 1 folded plate, 1 map and 5 plates (wanting 1).; [Vol. 3 & 4:] (6), 624 pp. + frontispiece and 2 plates. The very rare second edition of the first German translation of Dafoe’s Robinson Crusoe and the equally rare first German translation of Tyssot’s “La Vie, Les avantures, & le Voyage de Groenland”. From a first glimpse the two works seemingly are unrelated whereas in reality they are a fine testament to the Robinson Crusoe-craze that swept through especially Germany in the first half of the 18th century, being one of the earliest, the first or second, example of the literary genre of Robinsonade - a genre that features stories with plots similar to that of Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe". These stories typically revolve around a character who is stranded in a remote or isolated location, often an uninhabited island, and must rely on their own ingenuity and resourcefulness to survive. Both works are rare in themselves. We have not been able to trace a single similar set at auction. ”Tyssot’s second novel (“La Vie, Les avantures…“ here offered) enjoyed a great success in its day. There was only one French edition and whatever attention it attracted probably resulted from the sudden and widespread demand for desert island literature occasioned by the enormous popularity of Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe which was first published in 1719 and immediately translated into French and Dutch and, in the following year, into German. Tyssot’s novel was published in 1720 and was translated into German in 1721. According to Briiggeman, the title of the German edition was originally intended to be Reise um den Nordpol… but this was hastily changed to Des Robinson Crusoe Dritter und Vierter Theil… Perhaps this catch-penny title caused some demand for the novel in Germany although copies are now hard to find.”(Rosenberg, The Voyage De Groenland). “The popularity of Robinson Crusoe in Germany is evidenced not only by the amazing number of editions of the work itself, some of which found in the collection have previously been commented upon but by the large number of imitations which almost immediately made their appearance. If, in attempting to define the term "Robinsonade," one emphasizes particularly solitary isolation from man's companionship with its "charm that has bewitched the world," as Charles Lamb describes the universal romantic appeal of the central theme of Robinson Crusoe then this genre is not large. Include, however, more than one person, and the growing colony of Crusoe easily becomes a Utopia. Transfer the realistic oceans, ships, islands, and cannibals of Defoe to the realm of the unreal, the simple scenery of Robinson Crusoe becoming the romance of the old wonder-filled travel and adventure stories (…).” (Some Imitations of Robinson Crusoe - Called Robinsonades, The Yale University Library Gazette, Vol. 11, No. 2, October 1936) “The first German edition of Defoe’s anti-novel novel appeared in 1720 in Hamburg, published by T. von Wiering’s heirs. The translation was probably done by Ludwig Friedrich Vischer; “Vischer” signed the translator’s preface and dated it March 26, 1720—only eleven months after the book had first been published by W. Taylor in London. The year 1720 also saw translations of Crusoe into French and Dutch. "While the exact order in which these editions appeared remains unclear, scholars commonly assume, correctly I believe, that the Amsterdam French edition predated the first German edition in Hamburg, which in turn preceded the Dutch. The Hamburg edition by Wiering’s heirs was immediately pirated in another German edition, perhaps by Jonathan Adam Felßecker, although the title page listed only the information “Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1720.” The second German edition stole even Vischer’s preface, reprinting it in its entirety and signing it simply “des hochgeneigten Lesers Geflissenster der Ubersetzer” (the gentle reader’s most devoted translator). While Vischer purported to rely solely on the English edition for his Hamburg translation, Felßecker’s pirated edition clearly also copied from the French edition published in Amsterdam. While the Hamburg edition featured an engraved frontispiece copied after the original English published by W. Taylor, the frontispiece of the pirated edition copied that in the French translation published by L’Honoré & Chatelain in Amsterdam (fig. 15). Like that edition, the pirated edition was also outfitted with six engravings, which it advertised prominently on its title page. All six were copied after those in the edition that L’Honoré & Chatelain had richly illustrated. Whether French or English, a novelty, after all, needed fashion plates. By September of 1720, yet another edition appeared. This one advertised itself, in the publisher’s informative preface, as the “fifth” German edition. Within six months then, five different German editions of the English anti-novel novel had appeared. This latest edition gave only the year 1720 and “Frankfurt & Leipzig” on its title page (fig. 16). In all likelihood, it had been undertaken by Moritz Georg Weidmann, whose circumspection here contrasts sharply with the engraved portrait done five years later announcing the publisher’s prominence." (Wiggin: Novel Translations: The European Novel and the German Book, 1680 – 1730).

Kiøbenhavn, Godiche,1763-81. 4to. Bind 1-6 indbundet i 6 samtidige, ensartede hellæderbind i flammet kalv. Ophøjede bind på rygge. Rig rygforgyldning. Forgyldte tome- og titelfelter. Bind VII afvigende i samtidigt hldrbd. med rig rygforgyldning. Ryg lidt slidt og forreste fals itu. Med alle 296 kobberstukne plancher, kort, prospekter, grundtegninger m.v. (heraf 17 foldekort, incl. det Generelle Danmarkskort 1763). Enkelte kort og plancher med nogle rifter og forstærkninger på bagsiden. Eksemplaret har tilhørt litteraturhistorikeren Carl S. Petersen og bærer hans navn på alle friblade. Udmærket komplet eksemplar på trykpapir. Originaltrykket af Danmarks topografiske hovedværk. De første tre bind nåede at udkomme inden Pontoppidans død, resten blev redigeret til trykken af Hans de Hoffman.Danske Atlas er den første store omfattende historisk-topografiske beskrivelse af Danmark, der med Hertugdømmet Slesvig dengang strakte sig helt til Eideren. det er et bredt anlagt værk med omfattende billedstof i form af kobberstukne prospekter, byplaner og store udfoldelige specialkort. I de fleste tilfælde er bybillederne ikke alene det ældste kendte af den pågældende lokalitet, men odte også det tidligst kendte.

Kjøbenhavn, Carl Lunds Bogtrykkeri, 1883. Folio. 39x27 cm. Contemp. hcalf. Richly gilt back and gilt borders on covers. Light wear to corners and a few scratches to binding. Titlepage. 5,(1) pp. (Index , Corrections and Addenda). With 171(of 175 ) Flora Danica-plates of Scandinavian trees and bushes. All plates engraved and in fine handcolouring, plates in near mint condition. Scarce re-issue of Flora Danica in exquisite handcolouring, restricted to its trees and bushes. In this work, the last editor of Flora Danica, Joh. Lange selected all the original copper-plates which depicted trees and bushes from the whole work - in fact 9 of the earliest plates were damaged by fire, and as such not useable for a print to be taken - and made this re-issue, done with the original copper-plates as a separate issue of Flora Danica. Under his auspices all the prints were carefully hand-coloured with greatest care and often surpassing the original colouring. The paper used for the re-issue is of the same quality used for the last volumes of the original issue of Flora Danica of which the last volume, vol. 17, came out the same year as this extract, 1883. - Carl Christensen II, p.257 (No 119) - Nissen BBI: 1133 - Not in BMC (NH).

Königsberg und Leipzig, Kanter (Berlin, Stettin, Leipzig, Rüdigern), 1762-75. 4to. Bound in 13 uniform contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Richly gilt spines. Titlelabels with gilt lettering. On all boards the gilt monogram on red background of King Christian VII. A stamp on title-pages. Around 6000 pp., 4 folded tables and 366 folded engraved plates (1 plate in xerox-copy). Occassionally a few minor brownspots, but fine and clean. First German edition of this importent collection of books on crafts which is a translation of "Descriptions des Arts et Métiers..", published in French between 1761 and 1788. The full French series comprises 113 parts (cahiers) in 27 folio volumes along with three supplements, and "provide detailed accounts of a wide range of handcraft and manufacturing processes carried out in France at that time. The volumes are well-illustrated, with precise engravings by Jean Elie Bertrand (1737-1779) a noted typographer from Neuchâtel, where the printing was done. Many of them provide the background for shorter articles in Diderot's Encyclopedia, which was appearing at much the same time. The project had its origin in request from Colbert in 1675 to the Academy Royal des Sciences for detailed accounts of various mechanic arts to be prepared and for new machines to be reported upon. This led to the formation of the Bignon Commission under Abbé Bignon. René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683-1757) became editor soon after he joined the Academy. He inherited number of drawings (the earliest prepared in 1693) and an illustrated manuscript on printing, type and book binding, which had been prepared in 1704. It was left to Réaumur's successor Duhamel du Monceau to bring about the publication of the series, probably as the result of the competition from the Encyclopedia." (Wikipedia).Brunet II,618 ff. (only French editions) - Graesse II, 367 (only the French editions). - Fromm, 7040.

(London, Harrison and Sons, 1878). 4to. In the original wrappers. Offprint from "Philosophical Transactions" 1877 - Vol. 167. Author and title written in light pencil to front wrapper. Wrappers with a bit of soiling and part of spine is missing. Corners bended. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 313-349. First edition, in the extremely rare offprint, of Adams and Day's landmark paper, in which they demonstrated that electricity could be produced from light without moving parts, eventually leading to the modern solar cell. It is here that Adams shows for the first time that the discovery of Willoughby Smith - that the conductivity of selenium is due only to the effect of light - is correct and furthermore that light has an effect on the resistance of selenium and that light generates electrical currents in selenium. Two years later Adams expanded the work and published 'Solar Heat'. Here he described his "Power Tower Concept", which to this day remains the basis of solar plants.William Grylls Adams (1836 - 1915), professor of Natural Philosophy at King's College, London, and brother of the famous astronomer John Couch Adams (1819-1892), was President of the Physical Society of London from 1878 to 1880. In 1872 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1875 delivered their Bakerian Lecture. He was president of the Institute of Electrical Engineers and of the mathematical and physical section of the British Association.His greatest achievement lies in demonstrating the seminal discovery that electricity could be produced from light without moving parts. The road to this discovery was begun in 1839 when Becquerel discovered that illumination of one of two metal plates in a dilute acid changed the electromotive force. Another French scientist, Auguste Mouchout, followed up on Becquerel's discovery, but it was not until 1876, when Adams and Richard Evans Day discovered that illuminating a junction between selenium and platinum has a photovoltaic effect, that the foundation for the documented use of solar thermal power was laid [with the publication of the present paper]. "From a historical viewpoint, it is of interest to note that the first experiments on the generation of solar thermal power in India were conducted by an Englishman, William Adams, about one hundred years ago. Adams stayed in Coloba, Mumbai and performed his experiments in the compound of his bungalow. He used a sphecical reflector 12 m in diameter, made from sheets of glass mirror. The sun's rays were focussed on a boiler having a capacity of about 60 litres and the steam generated was used to drive a 2.5 HP steam pump. Adams's work is described in a book written by him entitled "Solar Heat - A Substitute for Fuel in Tropical Countries for Heating Steam Boilers and Other Purposes" (Education Society's Press, Byculla, Bombay, 1878)." (Sukhatme & Neyak, "Solar Energy. Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage", p. 48)"William Grylls Adams was and English scientist who taught as a professor in the department of Natural Philosophy at King's College. He is notable for his contribution to the discovery of the photoelectric effect, on which all solar energy applications are based. He was inspired by Auguste Mouchout's invention of the solar steam engine. With the intent of making improvements to Mouchot's design, Adams began to experiment with different materials and designs. In 1876, working in conjunction with his student, Richard Day, he discovered that selenium produced electricity when exposed to sunlight. Using the selenium, he then added mirrors to the design to concentrate sunlight on the engine. This design came to be known as the power tower concept and is still in use today." (Smith & Taylor, "Renewable and Alternative Energy resources: A Reference Handbook", 2008, pp. 1556-56).Wheeler Gift, No. 3856. Shiers "Early Televison", no. 73.

Brescia, Bartolomeo Fontana, 1620. 4to (225 x 170 mm). In contemporary full vellum with yapp edges. Title in contemporary hand to spine. Extremities with light soiling and a few dots and marks. Ex-libris (Richard Luckett) pasted on to pasted-down front end-paper. Small stamp to lower margin of front free end-paper. With light occassional brownspotting throughout. With numerous marginal annotations throughout by Bernardino Faini (or Faino - see below). Leaf inserted between p. 298 and p. 299, next to the entry of Cardinal Duranti, Bishop of Brescia, with a 12-line note (signed "Bernadinus Fainus"), in which he descibes the Duranda-family from Pare in the commune of Bergamo. Engraved title-page and two blanks. (28), 519 pp. Provenance: Dr Richard Luckett (1945-2020), Research Fellow of St Catharine's, Cambridge.Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes (1858–1950) or Monsignor Rodolfo Maiocchi (1862-1924). (see "Vincenzo Foppa of Brescia: Founder of the Lombard School, His Life and Work", p. 79).Bernardino Faino (1600-1673). A most interesting copy with a fascinating provenance of the rare first edition of Rossi’s famous account of notable people and families from Brescia which, still today, is considered one of the most important late Renaissance and early Baroque sources to Brescia and the surrounding area. The present copy has belonged to Bernadino Faino, himself a notable Brescian. Faino has made numerous marginal corrections and annotations, many of which are of scholarly interest. For instance, the marginal annotations in the present copy possibly contain the only dating (1472) we have of the altarpiece by Vincenzo Foppa in Church of S. Maria Maddalena at Brescia (See Ffoulkes & Maiocchi, “Vincenzo Foppa of Brescia”, p. 79). Bernadino Faino (1600-1673) was an Italian priest and historian whose life was characterized by both adventurous exploits and scholarly pursuits. Instead of continuing in the family trade as a blacksmith, Faino chose a military career, joining Captain Tiberio Tengatini's company in the Venetian Republic's army. His loyalty to Tengatini led to a dramatic episode where he avenged his captain's murder by killing the perpetrator. This act resulted in a trial and his imprisonment, but he was eventually acquitted in 1626. In an unexpected turn, Faino was ordained as a priest in 1627, despite the serious charges he had faced. He served as chaplain and confessor at the Benedictine monastery of S. Spirito and was the General Superior of the Company of S. Orsola. His dedication to his ecclesiastical duties extended to his role as a caretaker of the Cathedral and director of the school of Christian Doctrine. Late in life, Faino turned to the study of hagiography and local ecclesiastical history - the period during which he most likely made the annotations in the present work. His works were the product of diligent document collection and scholarly effort. He authored various texts on archaeology, heraldry, and the history of Brescia, though his claims, especially regarding local saints, were often fantastical and primarly a product of his imagination.

Coloniae Agrippinae (Köln), Sumptibus Anton. Hierati et Ioan. Gymnici, 1612. Folio. Bound in two contemporary, uniform full vellum bindings with remains of silk-ties on boards. Some traces of use to extremities. Some pages evenly browned, some brownspotted. First two volumes richly illustrated with woodcut diagrams, musical notes, earth- and heaven-maps etc. in the text, numerous woodcut initials throughout, engraved title-page. (10) pp, columns 1-168 (84 pp.), pp. 169 - 322, columns 323 - 452 (65 pp.) + (1) f., 238 pp. + (2) ff., columns 1 - 500 (250 pp.) + (2) ff., columns 1 - 916 (458 pp.) + (1) f., columns 1 - 816 (408 pp) + (1) f., columns 1 - 852 (426 pp.) + (2) ff., columns 1 - 485 (243 pp.) + (2) ff., columns 1 - 968 (484 pp.), 55 ff. (Index). Very rare, early, and apparently first complete edition of the seminal works by the "Father of English History", the venrable Bede. Bede’s most famous work, his "An Ecclesiastical History of the English People" (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum)? begins with the invasion of the British Isles by Roman forces and is considered one of the most important historical records documenting Roman rule, Anglo-Saxon settlement and the evolution of the Church on the island. With its focus on Anglo-Saxon history, the work is considered a key foundational text in the forming of a national English identity. The "Ecclesiastical History" contains stories that serve as the only source documenting the conversion to Christianity of the Anglo-Saxon tribes. It tells the story of Britons from Julius Caesar’s invasion, to the time of Bede himself . He tells the story of battles, conversions and miracles performed by monks and bishops, and details Britain’s early history from the Roman invasion. He furthermore describes the organization and establishment of Christianity in the English church and covers the personal history of ?Holy Ethelwald and miracles of growth within the English church, such as the development of the bishopric. "Bede’s works fall into three groups: grammatical and “scientific,” scriptural commentary, and historical and biographical. His earliest works included treatises on spelling, hymns, figures of speech, verse, and epigrams. His first treatise on chronology, De temporibus (“On Times”), with a brief chronicle attached, was written in 703. In 725 he completed a greatly amplified version, De temporum ratione (“On the Reckoning of Time”), with a much longer chronicle. Both these books were mainly concerned with the reckoning of Easter. His earliest biblical commentary was probably that on the Revelation to John (703?–709); in this and many similar works, his aim was to transmit and explain relevant passages from the Fathers of the Church. Although his interpretations were mainly allegorical, treating much of the biblical text as symbolic of deeper meanings, he used some critical judgment and attempted to rationalize discrepancies. Among his most notable are his verse (705–716) and prose (before 721) lives of St. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne. These works are uncritical and abound with accounts of miracles; a more exclusively historical work is Historia abbatum (c. 725; “Lives of the Abbots”). In 731/732 Bede completed his Historia ecclesiastica. Divided into five books, it recorded events in Britain from the raids by Julius Caesar (55–54 BCE) to the arrival in Kent (597 CE) of St. Augustine of Canterbury. For his sources, he claimed the authority of ancient letters, the “traditions of our forefathers,” and his own knowledge of contemporary events. Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica leaves gaps tantalizing to secular historians. Although overloaded with the miraculous, it is the work of a scholar anxious to assess the accuracy of his sources and to record only what he regarded as trustworthy evidence. It remains an indispensable source for some of the facts and much of the feel of early Anglo-Saxon history." (Encycl. Britt). Only three editions of Bede's Opera Omnia are known before Dr. Giles' edition from 1843 - 44. The first was printed in 1563 and the third in 1688. The 1688-edition constitutes the second edition of the present 1612-edition which is "According to Dr. Henry, the only complete edition" (Lowndes I:143). These three editions are also the only ones known to have been printed in folio (though Lowndes mentions the 1688-edition as 4to). The 1612-edition is the rarest. Some of the works contained in this edition are said not to be Bede's own, as some of the many scientific, richly illustrated works on geography, the heavens, the universe, music etc. bear small resemblance to his other works. Lowndes I:143, Brunet 1:731.

Stockholm, Albert Bonnuers förlag, (1850). In contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Spine neatly polished and corner restored. Lower corner of front board repaired. Previous owner's name ["Emilia Lundin"] to pasted down front end paper. Small vague newpaperstamp to lower part of the following pages: p. 26, 58, 94, 120, 146, 186, 210., otherwise fine and clean. The exceedingly rare first Swedish translation of Charlotte Bronté's landmark work. Translated only three years after the original English edition, it constitutes one of the very earliest translations, predating the first full French translation by 4 years.The translation was published as part of the "Europeiska följetongen", Swedish magazine for foreign literature, which Albert Bonnier published after his numerous travels around Europe. OCLC only locates one copy: National Library of Sweden.

N.d. Between 1882 (watermark-date in the paper) and 1886 (year of printing). This is an essay concerning parliamentary matters: "Big as the passing days are with hopes of events/ to come, hard as times are now, and/ troublous as the outlook is, there has seldom passed/ a month in which there is so little/ to say about the proceedings of that "representative"/ body called Parliament which according to the views/ of some worthy persons is the only instrument/ by means of which the construction of Society/ can be carried out..." It is especially related to Chamberlin: "There/ is Mr. Chamberlin's circular to the Boards of Guardians,/ which is as complete an exemplification of/ the helplessness of our present ggovernmental system/ as could be..." and to Ireland: "For after all the question England really is/ Shall Ireland separate with civil war or without it/ And for Ireland: "Shall we be allowed to deal with the Land as we think good?" Due to many handwritten corrections, there are many variations from the printed version. Printed in April 1886 in "The Organ of the Social Democracy." Volume 2, Number 15.

London, 1733. 8vo. Bound in a lovely, contemporary English Cambridge-style full calf binding with a plain spine with five raised bands. Spine a bit cracked vertically and with minor loss to capitals. Corners a bit bumped and adges of boards a bit worn. Binding overall nice and tight. Small damp stain at the lower blank corner of the first few leaves, otherwise a very good, clean copy on thick, crisp paper. (16, -including preface, contents, advertisements), 253, (1), (18, -Index) pp. The important actual first edition of this highly celebrated key work of the Enlightenment, in which the anecdote of how Newton discovered gravity (the story about Newton and the falling apple) appeared for the first time, together with the description of the difference between the physical world view of the English and the French (the "plenum" and the "vacuum"). This seminal work, in which Voltaire famously depicts British philosophy, science, society and culture, in comparison to French, can be viewed as the Enlightenment equivalent to Tocqueville's "Democracy in America". This series of essays, which is based on Voltaire's experiences when living in England, was actually written by Voltaire mostly in English, which he mastered to perfection. It has often been presumed that the first edition of the work was that published in French in 1734, but actually, the present English edition constitutes the actual first appearance of the work as well as the version that is closest to Voltaire's intention, as the French language version is the re-written one, and the English version the original. Curiously, almost all modern English versions are translations into English of the French edition, instead of the original English version, making this edition of the utmost importance.After the original English edition of 1733, two French editions soon followed (the first in 1734). Unlike the British, the French resented the book, and already in 1734, the French Parliament issued an order for the author's arrest and condemned the work, causing the impact of it in France to be delayed. The book was burned for being "dangerous to religion and civil order". At the same time, the work became a bestseller in Britain, and as much as 14 editions of the work were published in the eighteenth century. "Inspired by Voltaire's two-year stay in England (1726-8), this is one of the key works of the Enlightenment. Exactly contemporary with Gulliver's Travels and The Beggar's Opera, Voltaire's controversial pronouncements on politics, philosophy, religion, and literature have placed the Letters among the great Augustan satires. Voltaire wrote most of the book in English, in which he was fluent and witty, and it fast became a bestseller in Britain. He re-wrote it in French as the Lettres philosophiques, and current editions in English translate his French." (Nicholas Cronk, Introduction to the Oxford's Classics edition from 1999).The great French philosopher Voltaire was greatly impressed by the philosophical and scientific achievements of the English, especially those of Newton, Locke, and Bacon. As a disseminator of scientific knowledge, Voltaire came to play a great rôle in the popularization of Newtonian science and its discoveries, the present work being a prime example. Although the work was condemned by the French authorities, it still came to play a great rôle in the spreading of Newtonian ideas in France. The present work generally came to play a dominant rôle in Enlightenment accounts of the history of science and philosophy. The work focuses on British science and thought and uses the accounts of these to emphasize what is lacking in French society and French thought. The work is generally very critical towards the French "ancient régime", and when Voltaire here discusses the emergence of empiricism, it is viewed as an English tradition that stands in opposition to the French rationalist tradition (with Descartes as the prime example). This view is taken over by the following Enlightenment historians of science and philosophy, e.g. d'Alembert (see for instance his "Preliminary Discourse" of 1751). Some of the most influential passages of the work are probably those on Bacon (who Voltaire sees as the founder of modern experimental science), Newton, and Descartes. Letters XIV, on Descartes and Newton, XV, on attraction, and XVI, on Newton's Optics (from 1704), are among the most influential essays of the work. In XVI Voltaire reflects upon Newton's "Optics" and the way that he rejected Descartes' theory and set out his own account of the properties of light. In XV he presents the first account of Newton and the falling apple: "As he was walking one Day in his Garden, and saw some Fruits fall from a Tree, he fell into profound Meditation on that Gravity, the Cause of which had so long been sought, but in vain, by all the Philosophers, whilst the Vulgar think there is nothing mysterious in it. He said to himself, that from what height soever, in our Hemisphere, those Bodies might descend, their Fall wou'd certainly be in the Progression discover'd by Galileo; and the Spaces they run thro' would be as the Square of the Times. Why may not this Power which causes heavy Bodies to descend, and is the fame without any sensible Diminution at the remotest Distance from the Center of the Earth, or on the Summits of the highest Mountains; Why, said Sir Isaac, may not this Power extend as high as the Moon?..." (pp. 127-28).But perhaps the most famous passage in the volume is the opening of Letter XIV: "A Frenchman who arrives in London, will find Philosophy, like every Thing else, very much chang'd there. He had left the World a "plenum", and he now finds it a "vacuum". At Paris the Universe is seen, compos'd of Vortices of subtile Matter; but nothing like it is seen in London. In France, 'tis the Pressure of the Moon that causes the Tides; but in England 'tis the Sea that gravitates towards the Moon; so that when you think that the Moon should make it Flood with us, those Gentlemen fancy it should be Ebb, which, very unluckily, cannot be prov'd..." (pp. 109-10).

Leipzig, Johann Christian Martini, 1726. Folio. Later (ca. 1820) hvellum. Gilt spine and gilt lettering. Gilding weakened. Stamp on htitle. Double-page folded engraved frontispiece. Title-page in red/black. (8),20,808,(40) pp. Engraved portrait of the author and 61 double-page folded engraved plates, 9 engraved vignettes. Some quires with light toning and browning. A few scattered brownspots. First edition. - "Eine umfangreiche methodische Encyklopädie, die als eines der kennzeichnenden Hauptwerke dieser Zeit hervorzuheben ist" (Jähns, 1455). The beautiful illustrations depicts Recruitment, Tambour and Pfeifer, execution and court martial, field surgery, general staff in the country cards room, fencing and Vaulting, tournament, cannons, battlefield, etc.etc.

Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1689. 4to. Contemporary full vellum. Faint hand-written title to spine. A small stamp on title-page. In: "Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCLXXXIX". (8), 653, (7) pp. and 15 engraved plates. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. The entire volume offered. Leibniz's papers: pp. 36-38 a. 1 engraved plate; pp. 38-46; pp. 82-89 a. 1 engraved plate; pp. 195-198. First printing of these extremely important papers, in which Leibniz claimed that he independently of Newton had discovered the principal propositions of his "Principia" and which present us with Leibniz's fundamental physico-mathematical theory, his dynamics, his concepts of force, space and time. The "Tentamen..." constitutes Leibniz's response to Newton's theories about the motion of the celestial bodies. Leibniz can be said to have anticipated the modern mathematical principle of relativity, as it is his idea of individual co-ordinate systems and his practical rejection of the Galilean co-ordinate system that Newton adopted. Leibniz opposes Newton's ideas of attractions (gravitational forces) and calls them "occult qualities". The task of the "Tentamen..." was to attain a theory mathematically equivalent to Newton's in accounting for planetary motion and especially for the inverse-square law of Kepler's laws, but physically sound and capable of explaining the causes of phenomena.Newton attacked Leibniz's claim of priority in his anonymously published paper "Commercium epistolicum" (Phil. Transactions 1714), and states that "in those tracts the principal propositions of that book are composed in a new manner, and claimed by Mr. Leibniz as if he had found them himself before the publishing of the said book. But Mr. Leibniz cannot be a witness in his own cause. It lies upon him either to prove that he had found them before mr. Newton, or to quit his claim." The features of Leibniz's mathematical representation of motion as put forward in "Tentamen..." are, (see D.B. Meli: Equivalence and Priority. Newton versus Leibniz. pp. 90-91):- Empty space does not exist. The world is filled with a variety of fluids which are responsible for physical actions, including gravity.- Living force and its conservation are the fundamental notion and principle respectively, in the investigation of nature, however, they do not figure prominently in the study of planetary motion.- Finite and infinitesimal variables are regularly employed in the study of motion and of other physical phenomena. Living force and velocity are finite; solicitation and conatus are infinitesimal.- Accelerated motion, whether rectilinear or curvilinear, is represented as a series of infinitesimal uniform rectilinear motions interrupted by impulses. I call this 'polygonal representation'. Usually the polygon is chosen in such a way that each side is traversed in an equal element of time dt. In polygonal representations accelerations are reduced to a macroscopic phenomenon.- Propositions are often used to safeguard dimensional homogeneity. Constant factors - such as numerical factors, mass, and the element of time - are usually ignored in the calculations.Denys Papin's papers:1. Descriptio Torcularis, cujus in Actis Anni 1688 pag. 646 mentio facta a suit... and 1 plate. Pp. 96-101.2. De Gravitatis Causa et proprietatibus Observationes. Pp. 183-188.3. Examen Machinæ Dn. Perrault. Pp. 189-195 a. 1 plate.4. Rotatilis Suctor et Pressor Hasciacus, in Serenissima Aula Cassellana demonstratus & detectus. Pp. 317-322 a. 1 plate.5. In J.B. Appendicem Illam Ad Perpetuum Mobile, Actis Novemb.A. 1688 p. 592...Pp. 322-324 a. 1 plate.6. Excerpta et Litteris Dn. Dion Papini ad --- de Instrumentis ad flammam sub aqua conservandam. Pp. 485-489 a. 1 plate.With the paper describing and depicting Papin's famous invention of the CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. ( Rotatilis Suctor et Pressor Hasciacus, in Serenissima Aula Cassellana demonstratus & detectus. - The paper offered (no.4).Jakob Bernoulli's papers:1. De Invenienda Cujusque Plani Declinatione, ex unica observatione projectæ a flylo umbræ. Pp. 311-316 a. 1 plate.2. Vera Constructio geometrica Problematum Solidorum & Hypersolidorum, per rectas lineas & circulos. Pp. 586-588 a. 1 plate.3. Novum Theorema Pro Doctrina Sectionum Conicarum. Pp. 586-588 a. 1 engraved plate.

London, Taylor & Francis, 1913. 8vo. Bound in one nice contemporary half calf binding with gilt leather title-label to spine. Published in "The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science", Vol. 26. No. 151-156 offered. Small repair to spine and blind stamped to lower part of title page. Front hindge a bit loose. A fine copy. The Bohr papers: pp. 1-25; pp. 476-502; pp. 857-875. [Moseley:] Pp. 1024-1034. [Entire volume: VIII, 1064 pp.+ 24 plates]. First edition of Bohr's seminal main work, which constitutes the departure from classical theories to the birth of modern atomic physics; by incorporating Planck's quantum postulate it became possible to calculate the wavelength of the hydrogen emission and thus to explain the regularity of the Balmer-lines. In 1922 Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"."Bohr's three-part paper postulated the existence of stationary states of an atomic system whose behavior could be described using classical mechanics, while the transition of the system from one stationary state to another would represent a non-classical process accompanied by emission or absorption of one quantum of homogeneous radiation, the frequency of which was related to its energy by Planck's equation" (Norman).In his previous paper ("On the Theory of Decrease of Velocity of Moving Electrified Particles on passing through Matter") Bohr had adopted Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, and had become convinced that it was the peripherical electrons that determined the chemical properties of an element, whereas the nucleus determine the radioactive properties. However, Rutherford's model had an apparent explanatory problem: Why were the negatively charged electrons held away from the positive nucleus? In his doctorial dissertation on the electron theory of metals, Bohr had clarified the limitations of this theory, in particular its ability to explain magnetic properties, and he had shown how this arose from the classical nature of some of its foundations. Bohr strongly expected that the key to solving this problem was to be found in some way of introducing Planck's law of quantum action.In the beginning of 1913 Bohr heard about Rydberg's remarkable discovery in spectroscopy. Rydberg's formula could represent the frequencies of the lines of the hydrogen spectrum in the simplest form in terms of two integers. As soon as Bohr saw this formula, he immediately recognized that it gave him the missing clue to the correct way to introduce Planck's law of quantum of action into the description of the atomic systems. The rest of the academic year was spent reconstructing the whole theory upon the new foundation and expounding it in a large treatise, which was immediately published as these three papers in the 'Philosophical Magazine'. It was in these papers that Bohr first gave his postulates of the orbital structure of the electrons and their quantized radiation.Bohr's atomic theory inaugurated two of the most adventurous decades in the history of science. Bohr introduced the following postulates: 1. An electron can revolve about its nucleus only in certain special circular orbits. 2. The ordinary electron revolves about its nucleus in an invariable orbit, without radiating or absorbing energy. 3. Radiation takes place when and only when the electron falls from an orbit with greater energy to one of less energy."In his great papers of 1913, Bohr presented his theory as being founded upon two postulates, whose formulation he refined in later papers. The first postulate enunciates the existence of stationary states of an atomic system, the behavior of which may be described in terms of classical mechanics; the second postulate states that the transition of the system from one stationary state to another is a nonclassical process, accompanied by the emission or absorption of one quantum of homogeneous radiation, whose frequency is connected with its energy by Planck's equation. As for the principle by which the possible stationary states are selected, Bohr was still very far from a general formulation; indeed, he was keenly aware of the necessity of extending the investigation to configurations other than the simple ones to which he had restricted himself. The search for sufficiently general quantum conditions defining the stationary states of atomic systems was going to be a major problem in the following period of development of the theory." (DSB).Also contained in the volume is Henry Moseley's famous paper "The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements" in which he "used the method of X-ray spectroscopy devised by Braggs to calculate variations in the wave length of the rays emitted by each element. These he was able to arrange in a series according to the nuclear charge of each element. [...] It was now possible to base the periodic table on a firm foundation, and to state with confidence that the number of elements up to uranium is limited to 92." (PMM 407).PMM 411Rosenfeld, Bohr Bibliography No. 6.

London, 1837 + London, 1840. Five volumes 8vo. Bound in five contemporary, uniform brown half calf bindings (The Philosophy...-volumes slightly darker brown) with raised bands and gilt spines. Marbled edges. A bit of light edge-wear, but overall very fine and fresh. Some marginal pencil markings to first part of vol. 1 of "The Philosophy...", otherwise also internally very nice and clean. All five volumes with the same engraved amorial bookplate to inside of front boards. A very nice, uniform set of the five volumes that make up the two works. XXXVI, 437, (3); XI, (1), VI pp., pp. (7)-534, (2); XII, 624 pp. + CXX, 523, (1); IV, 586 pp. + folded plate. Uncommon first editions of both these splendid works (the "Philosophy" is particularly scarce), Whewell's two main works, both seminal in the history of science and philosophy of science. The first of the two works, the "History" is considered "one of the important surveys of science from the Greeks to the nineteenth century" (DSB), and it is in the second of them, "The Philosophy..." - "one of the masterpieces of Victorian philosophy of science" (DSB) - that he coins the word "scientist", to describe a cultivator of science in general. “William Whewell (1794–1866) was one of the most important and influential figures in nineteenth-century Britain. Whewell, a polymath, wrote extensively on numerous subjects, including mechanics, mineralogy, geology, astronomy, political economy, theology, educational reform, international law, and architecture, as well as the works that remain the most well-known today in philosophy of science, history of science, and moral philosophy. He was one of the founding members and a president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the Royal Society, president of the Geological Society, and longtime Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In his own time his influence was acknowledged by the major scientists of the day, such as John Herschel, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell and Michael Faraday, who frequently turned to Whewell for philosophical and scientific advice, and, interestingly, for terminological assistance. Whewell invented the terms “anode,” “cathode,” and “ion” for Faraday. In response to a challenge by the poet S.T. Coleridge in 1833, Whewell invented the English word “scientist;” before this time the only terms in use in that language were “natural philosopher” and “man of science”.” (SEP). "First published in 1840, this two-volume treatise by Cambridge polymath William Whewell (1794-1886) remains significant in the philosophy of science. The work was intended as the 'moral' to his three-volume History of the Inductive Sciences (1837)... Building on philosophical foundations laid by Immanuel Kant and Francis Bacon, Whewell opens with the aphorism 'Man is the Interpreter of Nature, Science the right interpretation'. Volume 1 contains the majority of Whewell's section on 'ideas', in which he investigates the philosophy underlying a range of different disciplines, including pure, classificatory and mechanical sciences. Whewell's work upholds throughout his belief that the mind was active and not merely a passive receiver of knowledge from the world. A key text in Victorian epistemological debates, notably challenged by John Stuart Mill and his System of Logic, Whewell's treatise merits continued study and discussion in the present day." (Cambridge University Press). "From the late 1830's until his death, Whewell worked mainly in the history and philosophy of science. His three-volume "History of the Inductive Sciences" appeared in 1837; in 1838 he was appointed professor of moral philosophy; and the first edition of his two-volume "The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History" was published in 1840. Both the "History" and the "Philosophy" were ambitious works, and together they constitute Whewell's major scholarly achievement. The "History" had no rivals in its day and remains, despite unevenness, one of the important surveys of science from the Greeks to the nineteenth century. Whewell appreciated the importance of Greek science, especially astronomy, but showed typical disregard for the contributions of medieval scientists. His assessment of the importance of contributions of such major figures as Galileo and Descartes suffers from a heavy intrusion of religious and philosophical biases. But his treatment of Newton and other modern mathematical scientists is fair and sometime brilliant, and is based throughout upon detailed considerations of texts. Wheweel's "Philosophy" stimulated major philosophical exchanges between its author and Sir John Herschel, Augustus De Morgan, Henry L. Mansel, and John Stuart Mill. Alongside Mill's "System of Logic" and Herschel's "Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy", the work ranks as one of the masterpieces of Victorian philosophy of science. Whewell's effort in these works was unique in his attempt to derive a philosophy of science from the general features of the historical development of empirical science. The importance of this attempt has not been fully appreciated. Whewell thought that the history of science displayed a progressive movement from less to more general theories, from imperfectly understood facts to basic sciences built upon a priori foundations that he called "Fundamental Ideas." All science was theoretical in that no body of data comes to us selforganized; even collection of data involves the imposition of a guiding interpretive idea. Major advances in science occur in what Whewell called an "Inductive Epoch," a period in which the basic ideas of a science are well understood by one or more scientists, and in which the generality and explanatory power of a science are seen to be much more illuminating than those of rival theories. Each such "Epoch" had a "Prelude," a period in which older theories experienced difficulties and new ideas were seen to be required, and a "Sequel," a period in which the new theory was applied and refined. Largely ignoring the British tradition of empiricist philosophy and methodology, Whewell erected a philosophy of science upon his understanding of history that derived partly from Kant and Plato, and partly from an anachronistic theological position. Like his British predecessors, he thought that induction was the basic method of science. He understood induction not as a form of inference from particulars to generalizations, but as a conceptual act of coming to see that a group of data can best be understood and organized (his term was "colligated") under a certain idea. Furthermore, induction was demonstrative in that it yields necessary truths, propositions the logical opposites of which cannot be clearly conceived. The zenith of the inductive process was reached when a "consilience of inductions" took place-when sets of data previously considered disjoint came to be seen as derivable from the same, much richer theory. Although Whewell thought that the paradigm form of a scientific theory was deductive, he departed from the orthodox hypothetico-deductivist view of science by claiming that tests of the acceptability of given theories are extraevidential, based on considerations of simplicity and consilience. He made some attempt to justify the necessity of the conclusions that induction yields by arguing for the identity of facts and theories, and for the theological view that we know the world the way it is because that is the way God made it. In physical astronomy Whewell's work on the tides ranks second only to that of Newton. Also of great importance was his lifelong effort to modernize and improve science education at Cambridge. The achievement in history and philosophy of science probably is less significant, although recent revival of interest in Whewell has centered mainly upon his insights in philosophy of science and methodology. Interest is growing in the interrelations of history and philosophy of science; and so long as this interest continues to be fruitful, it will be well worthwhile considering what Whewell had to say on the nature of scientific discovery, inductive methodology, and the characteristics of scientific progress." (DSB, XIV, pp 293-94)

Venezia (Venice), Giambatista Albrizzi, 1739. Folio. Beautiful cont. Cambridge-style full-calf bdg. w. six raised bands on back, back richly gilt, boards blindtooled and w. gilt line-borders, all edges blind-tooled. Corners slightly bumped and edges w. a bit of wear, but very well-preserved and tight bdg. Internally very nice and clean w. a small repaired tear to t-p. and f. 3, minor brownspotting to t-p. and upper margin of a few other leaves. Engr. frontispiece by Zucchi after Bertoli, t-p. in red and black w. engr. title-vignette, engr. text-vignettes and 665 text-illustrations, most of them engr., some full-page. Frontisp., (14), 444, 36 (Indexes) pp. First edition of this excellent and richly illustrated work on Italian antiques, inscriptions etc. from the city of Aquileja in Northern Italy. Originally by the author intended to be volume one of three, but the other two volumes never appeared.The city of Aquileja was founded as a Roman colony in 181 BC. Because of it being located where the trade routes from Italy, the East, and the countries beneath the Alps met, Aquileja became of great military and commercial importance. In the 4th century it was usually the seat of the reigning emperors. Bertoli (1676 - 1759), also called l'abbé Jean-Dominique, was an Italian literary and antiques-collector. This is his only work. Graesse 1:351.

Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1926. Bound recently in 3 fine hcalf of black morocco.. Spine with gilt lettering. In: "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck.", Vierte Folge, Bde. 79-81. VI,760;VIII,828;VIII,1172 pp. Textillustr. and plates. The Schrödinger papers: Pp. 361-376,489-527,734-756 (Bd. 79) - pp. 438-490 (Bd. 60) - pp. 109-131 (Bd. 81). Internally clean and fine. First printing and first appearence of these 5 papers which introduces Schrödinger's wave-equations and explains the stationary states of electrons in Bohr's theory of the atom by way of applying de Broglie's concept of electron waves. These papers are among the most important in modern physics."The intensity of Schrödingers work on the problem (he found the earlier Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum theory unsatisfactory) increased as he saw that he was on the track of "a new atomic theory", and it reached a peak during his winter vacation in Arosa. On 27 December 1925 he wrote to Wilhelm Wien, editor of the "Annalen der Physik" inMunich that he was very optimistic: "I believe that I can give a vibrating system...thatyields the hydrogen frequency levels as it eigenfrequencies." The frequences of the emitted light rays are then obtained, as Schrödinger observed, by establishing the differences of the two eigenfrequencies respectively. "Consequently the way is opened toward a real understanding of Bohr's frequency calculation - it is really a vibration (or, as the case may be, interference) process, which occurs with the same frequency as the one we observe in the spectroscope. I hope, that I will soon be able to report on this subject in a little more detail and in a more comprehensive fashion" (Schrödinger's letter to Wien)...The so-called Klein-Gordon equations which Schrödinger used gives an incorrect description of the relativistic structures Schrödinger tried to describe. As this equation he tried to use, describes particles without spin, whereas a a description of electrons requires the Dirac equation..."After a brief interruption Schrödinger took up his method again, but this time he treated the electron nonrelativistically. It soon became apparent that he had arrived at a theory that correctly represented a the behavior of the electron to a very good approximation. THE RESULT WAS THE EMERGENCE OF WAVE MECHANICS IN JANUARY 1926. Schrödinger published the results of his research in a series of four papers in the "Annalen der Physik" bearing the overall title "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem." The first installment, sent on 26 January and received by Wien the next day, contains the first apperarance in the literature of his famous wave equation, written out for the hydrogen atom..."(DSB). In the fifth paper offered here, Schrödinger himself shows that there is an essential equivalence of his theory and that of Heisenberg, Born and Jordan's.Brandt, Harvest of a Century, no. 39.

Wien, Carl Gerold, 1828-30. 8vo. Bound in 4 contemp. hcalf. Gilt spines with gilt lettering. Very light wear to top of spine on vol. 2. A stamp on title-pages and a previous owners name. A printed paperlabel on all 4 frontcovers. A few corners a bit bumped. VIII,439;IV,424;VIII,439;VI,520 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. Internally clean and fine. First German edition (a translation from the Latin "Institutiones Calculi Integralis", 1768-70) of this landmark work on the integral calculus, being the most complete and accurate work on the subject at the time. It "contained not only a full summary of everything then known on this subject, but also the Beta and Gamma functions and other original investigations" (Cajori). The work exhibits Euler's numerous discoveries in the theory of both ordinary and partial differential equations, which were especially useful in mechanics."(Euler) presents methods of definite and indefinite integration, having invented many of the methods himself, such as the use of an "Euler substitution" for rationalizing particular irrational differentials. His treatment is near exhaustive for integrals expressive as elementary functions. He also develops the theory of ordinart and partial differential equations and presents many properties of the beta and gamma function Eulerian integrals introduced by Euler earlier."(Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1768 M).Enestroem E 342, E 385, E 385 (The Latin edition). - Poggendorff I, 690.

Paris, Beaurin, Poirion, Jombert, 1755-56. Folio. (40,5 x 29,5 cm.). Bound in 3 fine contemp. full mottled calf. 6 raised bands. Richly gilt compartments. Tome- and titlelabels with gilt lettering. Inside gilt dentelles. Very light wear at spine-ends. A bit of cracking in leather at fronthinge on volume 1. Small stamp on foot of title-page. (8),IV,410 pp., 5 large engraved vignettes, 5 engraved endpieces. Atlas-volumes with 2 engraved title-pages and 149 (incl. 3 plates with bis-numbering) double-page engraved topographical plans and maps, nearly all with handcoloured positions, symbols and routes. Some maps in triple-folio and folded. Printed on thick paper. A few leaves with a small brownspot in upper margin. A clean fine copy. A scarce complete set of the first edition of Jean de Beaurain's main work on the military history of Flanders. Beaurain (1696-1771) was a French geo- and cartographer, who studied under the famous Pierre Moulart-Sanson in Paris. Brunet I,722. - Sloos. Warfare and the Age of Printing, 12227.

Christiania, 1871. In the original paper binding with printed paper boards. Renewed blank spine-strip. Inner hinges re-enforced. Large book-plate of Gereda Philipp to inside of front board. Presentation-inscription to front free end-paper. Last leaf evenly browned to verso, but otherwise internally very clean and fresh. Binding with minor wear to extremities, and paper over boards a bit bevelled. A splendid copy in the original printed boards. Housed in an exquisite orange half morocco box with marbled boards and gilt lettering to spine (Henning Jensen). The uncommon first edition of the “New Collection” of Asbjørnsen’s “Norwegian Folk-Tales” - being the continuation that contains the 45 Folk Tales numbered 61-105 -, signed and dated presentation-copy from the author, inscribed the same year that the book appeared, for “Hr. Dr. Brenner/ med Höiagtelse og Ærbødighed/ fra / P. Chr. Asbjørnsen/ Christiania Novbr. 1871”. The first collection of the seminal Folk-Tales had appeared ca. 30 years previously and was finished with the second expanded edition from 1852, which increased the number of fairy tales to 60. Here, we have the seminal continuation that completes the collection with the 45 additional tales (nrs. 61-105). As Asbjørnsen states in the preface, “There has been big appeal for the continuation of the material gathered back then, but for several years, other pursuits and chores have required so much time that there was none left to contemplate a more complete collection. My former co-publisher, Jørgen Moe, finally gave up and has given to me free disposition of his collections, which contained many valuable contributions… Only now I could begin thinking about fulfilling the work, t now presented in the present collection of Fairy Tales, on my own. Most of these Fairy Tales have… been printed in almanachs etc., but here they appear in a mostly completely rewritten and purified form. – A few of them have not previously been printed.” (Preface pp. III-IV – own translation from Norwegian). It was a great event in Norwegian intellectual life when Peter Chiristen Asbjørnsen (1812-1885) together with Jørgen Moe (1813-1882) began collecting and later publishing the Norwegian fairy tales in the beginning of the 1840’ies. The genre of fairy tales was centuries old and had survived through oral tradition. But the fairy tales had never been of any serious interest in intellectual circles nor been of any particular influence in literature, until the dawn of national romanticism. Asbjørnsen’s pioneering efforts to collect, register, and publish the Norwegian legends and fairy tales that had otherwise only survived in oral form, constituted a revolution in Norwegian literature and language. These seminal publications are a fundamental part of Norwegian heritage and a great national treasure. The publications of the fairy tales constituted an outright revolution in not only Norwegian, but also international literature, just as those of the Brothers Grimm in Germany had done. International recognition was overwhelming, and suddenly, Norwegian fair tales were considered among the best in the world. “Tell them like the people tell them” was the principle for the retelling of the stories. Moe was excellent at that, whereas Asbjørnsen had a superb epic talent. Asbjørnsen’s publications count as great literature in themselves and were extremely influential. The publication of the fairy tales and stories were extremely influential, not only upon literature in itself, but also more specifically upon the Norwegian language, also that of contemporary literature, directly influencing eg. Ibsen and Bjørnson. Asbjørnsen and Moe are responsible for the Norwegiazasion of the written language (which was hitherto Danish), utilizing specifically Norwegian expressions and words never before used in writing, to replace the Danish. These seminal fairy tales fundamentally effected the development of written Norwegian and founded the Norwegian softening of the Danish language. Presentation-inscriptions from Asbjørnsen are of the utmost scarcity and almost never appear on the market. Østberg: 51

Altona, J.F. Hammerich, 1807. 8vo. Bound in the two nice cont. uniform cardboardbindings w. marbled paper. Gilt lines and gilt title-labels to spines. Some wear w. minor loss of paper to capitals, hinges and corners. Small hole to paper as well as to leather title-label of spine of volume two. Some brownspotting, but overall a nice and atrractive copy. Lacking the half-tilte for the first book (merely stating "Erstes Buch"). XVI, 368; VIII, 358, (1) pp. Rare first German edition of this political and economic classic, which constitutes Malthus' first major publication and his main work, because of which he is considered the father of demography and one of the main sources of inspiration for Darwin and Wallace. It is the first translation of the "Principle on Population" into any language, and it influenced German politics tremendously.The first edition was printed anonymously in London in 1798, and in 1803 the second edition, which, also according to Malthus himself, can be said to constitute a new work, appeared; -the great quarto edition from 1803 is thoroughly revised and much enlarged, the title has been changed and Malthus' name appears on the title-page for the first time, it is on this edition that all the preceding editions are based, and in consequence also the early translations. All the later editions were minor revisions of the second one. In 1806 the third edition appeared, and as soon as 1807 the first German one, which is translated from the revised third edition ("Die gegenwärtige Uebersetzung ist nach der dritten Ausgabe, Oktav, London 1806. Die Quartausgabe ist minder vollständig", Vorwort, p. V). New revisions of the text kept appearing till the sixth edition in 1826. The book, then as now, is considered highly controversial, and it has influenced all demographers ever since, as well as being of immense importance to the study of economic theory and genetic inheritance. "The "Essay" was highly influential in the progress of thought in the early nineteenth-century Europe.... "Parson" Malthus, as Cobbett dubbed him, was for many, a monster and his views were often grossly misinterpreted.... But his influence on social policy, whether for good or evil, was considerable. The Malthusian theory of population came at the right time to harden the existing feeling against the Poor Laws and Malthus was a leading spirit behind the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834." (PMM 251).Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), called the "enfant terrible" of the economists, was an English demographer, statistician and political economist, who is best known for his groundbreaking views on population growth, presented in his "Essays on the Principle of Population", which is based on his own prediction that population would outrun food supply, causing poverty and starvation. Among other things this caused the legislation, which lowered the population of the poor in England. Malthus actually turned political, economic and social thought upside down with this work, which has caused him to be considered one of the 100 most influential persons in history (Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the most Influential Persons in History, 1978). Of course, he was condemned by Marx and Engels, and opposed by the socialists universally, but the work was of immense impact on not only politics, economics, social sciences etc, but also on natural sciences. "Later in the "Origin of Species" he [Darwin] wrote that the struggle for existence "is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this case there can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraint from marriage" [p. 63]. Alfred Russel Wallace, who arrived at a worked-out formulation of the theory of evolution at almost precisely the same time as Darwin, acknowledged that "perhaps the most important book I read was Malthus's "Principles of Population" (My Life, p. 232). Although there were four decennial censuses before Malthus' death, he did not himself analyze the data, although he did influence Lambert Quetelet and Pierre Verhulst, who made precise statistical studies on growth of populations in developed countries and showed how the early exponential growth changed to an S curve." (DSB, IX, p. 69). As Malthus realized that his theories were not satisfactorily presented or sufficiently demonstrated in the first edition from 1798, he travelled for three years through Europe gleaning statistics, and then published the second edition in 1803. Among other places he travelled through Northern Germany, and his detailed diaries of these journeys provided him with some of the evidence necessary for the development of his theory on population growth. The observational information that he gathered on his travels in Europe were crucial to the development of his theories, which also means that the work is of great interest for other European countries, and not only Britain. "In 1819 the Royal Society elected Malthus to a fellowship. He was also a member of the French Institute and the Berlin Academy, and a founding member of the Statistical Society (1834)." (DSB, IX, p. 67). Printing and the Mind of Man 251 (first edition).

London, Impensis Gul. & Joh. Innys, 1719 (colophon: Londini: Ex Officina Gulielmi Bowyer, 1718). 8vo. Contemp. full calf. Corners, fronthinge and spineends professionally repaired. Inner hinges reinforced. Gilt lineborders on back. Titlelabel in red leather with gilt lettering. Old owners name stamped on titlepage (small).Instead of htitle is bound "Catalogus Librorum prostantium apud Gul. & Joh. Innys" (1 leaf), the Cataloque is furthermore bound at end, but with a different typography. (2),XI,(1),415 pp. and 12 folded engraved plates. Very light brownning to a few margins. Printed on good paper, in general fine and clean internally. Scarce second Latin edition of Newton's "Optics: or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light. London 1704.", one of the great books in the history of science. "Newton's Optics did for Light what his Principia had done for Gravitation, namely, placed it on a scientific basis." (E.W. Brown). The translation was brought to light "At the request of Newton, Dr. Samuel Clarke prepared a Latin edition of his Optics which appeared 1706, and he was generously presented by Sir Isaac with GBP 500, or GBP 100 for each of his five children, as a token of the appreciation and gratitude of the author. DeMoivre is said to have secured and taken charge of this translation, and to have spared neither time nor trouble in the task. Newton met him every evening at a coffe-house, and when they have finished their work he took De Moivre home with him to spend the evening in philosophical conversation."(Brewster in his "Newton", 1855")."In the accumulation of optical phenomena from his first paper (the short memoir in Philosophical Transaction, 1672) until the above book (the Optics,..) 33 years later, Newton had gathered explanations to many problems. The rainbow is fully explained and also "Newton's rings", produced by pressing the flat side of a plano-convex glass against a double convex lens of long focal lenght, producing rings of alternating brightness and darkness; his explanation was not valid, as he did not know optical interference. He speculated on the double refraction of Icelandic spar...." (Dibner in Heralds of Science No 148) - G.J. Gray No 180.

Paris, Guillaumin et Cie, Victor Masson et Fils, 1862. 8vo. Bound partly uncut with the original wrappers in a very nice later full calf pastiche binding with four raised band and richly gilt spine. Gilt boarders to boards. Small repair to upper right corner of title-page, not affecting text. An exceptionally fine and clean copy. LXIV (incl. half-title), I-XXIII + (24-) 712. pp. and 1 folded plate (between pp.160 a. 161). The scarce first edition of the controversial first French translation - bound partly uncut and with the original wrappers - of Darwin's masterpiece, one of the most important books ever printed. This famed translation - done by self-taught female scholar - ended up causing quite a stir and adding to the theory of evolution some for Darwin quite unforeseen interpretations. Because of this, the translator, Clémence Royer, gained notoriety as one of the leading eugenicists of the time. Darwin was very eager to have his work published in French. It is not known exactly how he happened on Royer as the translator, but as she was familiar with the works of Lamarck and Malthus, immediately realized the importance of Darwin's work and also had close connections to the French publisher Guillaumin, she must have seemed perfect for the job. She had a naturalist help her with the biologically technical parts and made an excellent job of the translation. There was one big problem, however - she went well beyond her role as a translator and added a 60-page preface and numerous explanatory footnotes that Darwin had not seen before publication. In the preface, she challenged the belief in religious revelation, she discussed the application of natural selection to the human race, and she presented a pure eugenic theory, explaining the negative consequences of protecting the weak and the infirm. She also promoted her concept of progressive evolution, which had more in common with the ideas of Lamarck than with those of Darwin. Right after having seen the translation, Darwin wrote in a letter to the American botanist, Asa Gray: "I received 2 or 3 days ago a French translation of the Origin by a Madelle. Royer, who must be one of the cleverest & oddest women in Europe: is ardent deist & hates Christianity, & declares that natural selection & the struggle for life will explain all morality, nature of man, politicks &c &c!!!. She makes some very curious & good hits, & says she shall publish a book on these subjects, & a strange production it will be."After some reflection, however, Darwin began having more serious doubts, and about a month later he wrote to the French zoologist Armand de Quatrefages: "I wish the translator had known more of Natural History; she must be a clever, but singular lady; but I never heard of her, till she proposed to translate my book." He had now also read the footnotes and wrote to Joseph Hooker: "Almost everywhere in Origin, when I express great doubt, she appends a note explaining the difficulty or saying that there is none whatever!! It is really curious to know what conceited people there are in the world."Freeman No 655 (Freeman does not mention the plate, which is present here).

[Circa 1870-1880]. An extensive series of 132 stunning photographs of Italy and Italian artwork, most measuring 25 x 17 cm, some slightly smaller, some slightly larger, all mounted on leaves measuring 30x42 cm. and bound in three exquisite near contemporary (ab. 1900) oblong black half morocco bindings with four raised bands, gilt spines, boards with elaborately gilt corners, gilt border and to the middle of front boards a gilt vignette, gilt title ("Italian" i.e. either Norwegian or Danish for Italy). and gilt volume-number. Housed in three equally elegant half morocco boxes with with gilt spines, marbled edges, and with middle of boards corresponding to those of the bindings. The boxes are also from ab. 1900. The boxes have a few traces of wear, but all in all, the set is in splendid condition.Many of the photographs have numberings and several of them also mention the motiv.Volume I contains 46 photographs, 8 by (Giacomo or his son Carlo) Brogi, 1 by Pompeo Pozzi, 4 by Maug and 33 unsigned. Most of the pictures are of ancient Roman buildings and renaissance art works. A few of the photos are from Milan.Volume II contains 49 photographs, 2 by Volpato and 2 by Brogi, the remaining 45 are unsigned. The first half depicts ancient Roman statues renaissance painting. The last part consists of photos portraying vast landscapes around the bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius and cityscapes Volume III consists of 37 unsigned photographs of artworks mainly from Museo di Napoli. An extensive and stunning collection of photographs from Italy, a splendid example of a Victorian Grand Tour photo album from Milan in the north down to Rome and ending in Napoli, photos prepared while the traveler shopped and visited the Italian sites.Photography studios in different Italian cities developed different specialties and were especially oriented towards the three genres of portraiture, views and art reproductions, of which the present collection is a fine example. "Among the activities of the most renowned firms (Brogi and Pozzi), there was ample space for the reproduction of works of art and monuments most representative of the art historical tradition and natural beauty of Italy. Nature was not only seen as such, but as an integral part of the landscape, and essential element of a whole in which nature and history, culture and nature harmoniously balanced and completed each other". (Hannavy, Encyclopedia of Nineteenth Century Photography)Most of the photographs by Brogi are presumably from his first Pompeii campaign from 1879-1880 which we exhibited in Milan the year after.