Søkeresultat

London, Impensis Gul. & Joh. Innys, 1719 (colophon: Londini: Ex Officina Gulielmi Bowyer, 1718). 8vo. Contemp. full calf. Corners, fronthinge and spineends professionally repaired. Inner hinges reinforced. Gilt lineborders on back. Titlelabel in red leather with gilt lettering. Old owners name stamped on titlepage (small).Instead of htitle is bound "Catalogus Librorum prostantium apud Gul. & Joh. Innys" (1 leaf), the Cataloque is furthermore bound at end, but with a different typography. (2),XI,(1),415 pp. and 12 folded engraved plates. Very light brownning to a few margins. Printed on good paper, in general fine and clean internally. Scarce second Latin edition of Newton's "Optics: or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light. London 1704.", one of the great books in the history of science. "Newton's Optics did for Light what his Principia had done for Gravitation, namely, placed it on a scientific basis." (E.W. Brown). The translation was brought to light "At the request of Newton, Dr. Samuel Clarke prepared a Latin edition of his Optics which appeared 1706, and he was generously presented by Sir Isaac with GBP 500, or GBP 100 for each of his five children, as a token of the appreciation and gratitude of the author. DeMoivre is said to have secured and taken charge of this translation, and to have spared neither time nor trouble in the task. Newton met him every evening at a coffe-house, and when they have finished their work he took De Moivre home with him to spend the evening in philosophical conversation."(Brewster in his "Newton", 1855")."In the accumulation of optical phenomena from his first paper (the short memoir in Philosophical Transaction, 1672) until the above book (the Optics,..) 33 years later, Newton had gathered explanations to many problems. The rainbow is fully explained and also "Newton's rings", produced by pressing the flat side of a plano-convex glass against a double convex lens of long focal lenght, producing rings of alternating brightness and darkness; his explanation was not valid, as he did not know optical interference. He speculated on the double refraction of Icelandic spar...." (Dibner in Heralds of Science No 148) - G.J. Gray No 180.

Helmstedt, H. Muller, 1669 (De Hermetica) & Copenhagen, Matthias Godiche for Peder Haubold, 1668 (De Ortu). 4to. In contemporary vellum over wooden boards. Title in contemporary hand to spine. Extremities with soiling and some marks and dots. Vellum gapping at the outer edge of the front board, partly detaching and showing the underlying wooden board. Light occassional discolouration throughout, stain to upper outer margin, not affeting text. Last leaf detached. [De Ortu...:] (14), 150, (2) pp.; [De Hermetica...:] (24), 447, (51) pp. A highly interesting sammelband consisting of two rare works: the first edition of Danish scientist and physician Ole Borch’s “De Ortu, et Progressu Chemiæ” (1668), and the second edition of Hermann Conring’s “De hermetica medicina”, published as a reply and refutation of Borch’s work. Borch’s ”De Ortu, et Progressu Chemiæ” was published as a reply to Conring’s “De Hermetica Aegyptiorum” (1648). Conring in turn expanded his “De Hermetica Aegyptiorum” to function as a critical comment to Borch’s “De Ortu” and published it in 1669 under the different title “De hermetica medicina libri duo” The two works here presented in one binding are both interesting and important in their own right; together they constitute a fascinating glimpse into 17th century debates and science relating to hermetica. The Lutheran professor Hermann Conring (1606-1681) was one of the most important exponents of Galenic medicine and institutional Aristotelianism as practiced in the middle of the seventeenth century His perhaps most famous work, “De Hermetica Aegyptiorum vetere et Paracelsicorum nova medicina” (1648), provides a series of accounts of debates on the magical power of plants, which, according to Conring, a convinced anti-alchemist and anti-Paracelsian, belonged to the realm of poetry, not to nature. This claim quickly provoked a reply (here offered) by Ole Borch (1626-1690), Danish physician, chemist, and polyhistor, who was much more inclined to Paracelsism and Hermeticism. It gave rise to several controversies, all concerned with Hermes Trismegistus and the works attributed to him. Conring’s and Borch’s standpoints were wide apart. For Borch for instance, chemistry was an age old discipline going back to pre-diluvian Tubalcain, originating in Egypt and then passing on to Greece, whereas Conring followed the tradition according to which Moses had introduced this discipline in Egypt. Borch, for his part, believed Moses to have received his knowledge in Egypt from none other than Hermes Trismegistus. It is obvious that these standpoints also influenced Conring’s and Borch’s interpretations of Homer's and Hermes' herb theories and expositions. “In 1668 Borch initiated a controversy in his dissertation De ortu et progressu chemiae. In 1669 Conring reacted with a second edition of his Hermetica medicina, published under a slightly different title and complete with an apologeticus addressing Borch. Listing Orpheus, Pythagoras, Empedocles, and many others said to have excelled in “magical medicine” (magica medicina), Conring also mentions Homer and his famous moly. Homer’s familiarity with magical arts, Conring says, is brought out by the Odyssey. As Pliny said, magical arts were the origin of the poet’s works. Though Conring does not doubt the power of moly, he argues, this power does not work through magic, since healing wounds or alike through incantations is magical. This last point is doubted by Conring. A few lines later he also makes it clear that a “magical power” (magica vis) attributed to a plant by some magi or idolaters cannot be considered natural (naturalis vis). Since moly belongs to magic in Homer’s poetry, it must be interpreted as part of poetical fiction, Conring argues. It is a magical plant, regardless of how inaccurate this might seem from the point of view of natural sciences. Considering the presence of incantations in the Homeric passage, identifying moly with a real-world plant is more than questionable.” "Ole Borch did not agree. Since 1660 he was a professor extraordinarius lecturing in a very practice-oriented way not only on botany and chemistry, but also on poetics. Borch’s extensive output in the field of poetics was well received even beyond the university of Copenhagen. In his reply, he urges Conring to stop trying to impose views that had not been verified. According to Borch, physicians of the past have shown that plants may legitimately (legitime) defeat diseases induced by incantation. Physicians and astronomers, such as the Paracelsian Bartholomaeus Carrichter, had stated that black hellebore or hypericum seemed most efficient especially as regards diseases of the mind. There is no reason, says Borch, to attribute simple superstitio to Homer. Has the commentary tradition not shown that moly being “difficult to extract for mortals but not for gods” could also mean it being simply hard to find? Indeed, is it not hard to find most of these plants which are reported to be most effective against mental diseases? Galen himself had stated it on several occasions. The true nature of moly aside, while the practices and ceremonies described by the poet were, of course, superstitious, the thing (res), i.e. the plant, must have worked in a natural way (naturaliter)?” (Wallura, HERMES' HERB: Homer’s moly and Early Modern Iatrophilology) The feud between Borch and Conring testifies to the strong and prominent role that hermetic and Paracelsian ideas played in the scientific and philosophical debate in 17th century Europe. Duveen 89 ("celebrated treatise")Ferguson I, 119Waller 15422 Wellcome II, 206

Warszawa, March (31st) 1956. 8vo. Original printed wrappers. With "Wylacznie do uzytku organizacji partyjnych" ("Exclusively for inner-party use") printed to top of front wrapper. A very nice, clean, and fresh copy. 95, (1) pp. Extremely scarce second impression, printed for private circulation only ("exclusively for inner-party use"), of one of the most important documents of the 20th century, namely Khrushchev's so-called "Secret Speech", also known as the "Khrushchev Report". This seminal speech was delivered at an unpublicized closed session of Communist Party delegates, with guests and members of the press excluded, and the present Polish version, which appeard in two different printings, of it was the only one that circulated during the Cold War, the official Russian text being unknown until its 1989 publication. The CIA counterfeit edition [falsely stating Moscow 1959] was in fact a translation into Russian from the present Polish text, which was smuggled out of Moscow and leaked, via Israel, to the USA. There are two impressions of the first edition of Khrushchev's speech, both bearing the date March 1956 and both ordered by the Polish communist party authorities in the span of March 27 - March 31. As opposed to the even scarcer first priting of the text, this second priting of 96 pages was edited to give only Khrushchev's speech (without the recorded interjections and ovations), but containing also a second part, "Unpublished materials" with Lenin's "Testament", Lenin's "On the National Question", and Stalin's notes.The present publication shook the Western world and changed our history for good. "Its consequences, by no means fully foreseen by Khrushchev, shook the Soviet Union to the core, but even more so its communist allies, notably in central Europe. Forces were unleashed that eventually changed the course of history. But at the time, the impact on the delegates was more immediate. Soviet sources now say some were so convulsed as they listened that they suffered heart attacks; others committed suicide afterwards." (John Rettie, in The Observer, Sunday 26 February 2006 ).On February 24, 1956 before assembled delegates at a secret session of the Communist Party's Twentieth Congress, Nikita Khrushchev delivered his so-called "Secret Speech", denouncing Stalin for his transgressions. The public session of the 20th Congress had come to a formal end on 24 February 1956 when word was spread to delegates to return to the Great Hall of the Kremlin for an additional "closed session," to which journalists, guests, and delegates from "fraternal parties" from outside the USSR were not invited. Special passes were issued to those eligible to participate, with an additional 100 former Party members, recently released from the Soviet prison camp network. The speech was thus secretly held in this closed session, without discussion, and it was neither published as part of the congress' proceedings nor reported in the Soviet press. The speech that sent shock waves through the congress participants denounced Stalin, describing him as satanic despot and terrorist who had committed the greatest of crimes. Quoting from correspondence, memoranda and his own observations, Khrushchev gave details of Stalin's horrible actions during the Terror of the late 1930'ies, the unpreparedness of the country at the time of the Nazi invasion in June 1941, numerous wartime blunders, the deportation of various nationalities in 1943 and 1944, and the banishing of Tito's Yugoslavia from the Soviet bloc after the war. Absolving the party itself of these grave actions, Khrushchev attributed them to the "cult of personality" that Stalin encouraged and his "violations of socialist legality". According to Khrushchev's speech, Stalin was a tyrant, a murderer and torturer of party members.Khrushchev gave his grim tale of the obscene crimes committed by his predecessor, Josef Stalin, only three years after the death of Stalin, who was then celebrated as a great leader and whose death was mourned by the great majority of Soviet citizens, who saw him as a divine father. It is no wonder that this lengthy speech from their new leader completely shocked Soviet communists, being told so soon after his death that far from far from being divine, their hero Stalin was actually outright satanic. The leaders who inherited the party from the old dictator had agreed - after months of furious argument - that Khrushchev should make the speech, but on the condition that it should never be published.Khrushchev read from a prepared report and no stenographic record of the closed session was kept. No questions or debate followed Khrushchev's presentation, and it is reported that delegates left the hall in a state of complete disorientation. It is even said that several delegates suffered heart attacks and that some even committed suicide upon listening to the horrifying speech. On the evening of the congress, delegates of foreign Communist parties were called to the Kremlin and given the opportunity to read the prepared text of the Khrushchev speech, which was treated as a top secret state document. Reports of the speech soon reached the West and as early as March the contents were reported in Western media. "The content of the speech reached the west through a circuitous route. A few copies of the speech were sent by order of the Soviet Politburo to leaders of the Eastern Bloc countries. Shortly after the speech had been disseminated, a Polish journalist, Viktor Grayevsky, visited his girlfriend, Lucia Baranowski, who worked as a junior secretary in the office of the first secretary of the Polish Communist Party, Edward Ochab. On her desk was a thick booklet with a red binding, with the words: "The 20th Party Congress, the speech of Comrade Khrushchev." Grayevsky had heard rumors of the speech and, as a journalist, was interested in reading it. Baranowski allowed him to take the document home to read.As it happened, Grayevsky, who was Jewish, and had made a recent trip to Israel to visit his sick father, decided to emigrate there. After he read the speech, he decided to take it to the Israeli Embassy and gave it to Yaakov Barmor who had helped Grayevsky make his trip to visit Grayevsky's sick father. Barmor was a Shin Bet representative; he photographed the document and sent the photographs to Israel. By the afternoon of April 13, 1956, the Shin Bet in Israel received the photographs. Israeli intelligence and United States intelligence had previously secretly agreed to cooperate on security matters. James Jesus Angleton was the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) head of counterintelligence and in charge of the clandestine liaison with Israeli intelligence. The photographs were delivered to him. On April 17, 1956, the photographs reached the CIA chief Allen Dulles, who quickly informed U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After determining that the speech was authentic, the CIA leaked the speech to The New York Times in early June.""In the West, the impact of the speech received a colossal boost from the publication of the full, albeit sanitised, text in The Observer and the New York Times. This was the first time the full text had been available for public scrutiny anywhere in the world. Even local party secretaries who read it to members had to return their texts within 36 hours. (Those texts were also sanitised, omitting two incidents in the speech that Orlov related to me.)According to William Taubman, in his masterly biography of Khrushchev, the full text leaked out through Poland where, like other central European communist allies, Moscow had sent an edited copy for distribution to the Polish party." (John Rettie, in The Observer, Sunday 26 February 2006).The speech sent shock waves throughout the Communist world and caused many Western Communists to abandon the movement. In central Europe, the impact of the speech was enormous. By autumn Poland was ready to explode and in Hungary an anti-communist revolution overthrew the Stalinist party and government, replacing them with the short-lived reformist Imre Nagy."Some may doubt that Stalin's Soviet Union could ever have been reformed, but Khrushchev was not among them - and neither, indeed, was Gorbachev. But after two decades of decay under Brezhnev, even he could not hold the country together. It can well be argued that the 'secret speech' was the century's most momentous, planting the seed that eventually caused the demise of the USSR." (John Rettie, in The Observer, Sunday 26 February 2006).It is the present version of the seminal text that leaked behind the Iron Curtain. Allegedly the CIA offered USD 1.000.000 for a copy, before they came into possession of the text through other channels. Khrushchev himself stated: "It was supposed to have been secret, but in fact it was far from being secret.. our document fell into the hands of some Polish comrades who were hostile towards the Soviet Union. They used my speech for their own purposes and made copies of it. I was told that it was being sold for very little."Like the first impression, almost all the copies of this extremely scarce publication - which were all numbered and strictly registered - were withdrawn and destroyed after 11 April 1956. We have been able to locate no copies of either impression outside of Poland and can find no copies registered in OCLC.

Warszawa, March (27th and 31st) 1956. 8vo. Original printed wrappers. With "Wylacznie do uzytku organizacji partyjnych" ("Exclusively for inner-party use") printed to top of front wrapper. Stamped serial number to front wrapper: 12861. A few light creases to wrappers. A A very nice, clean, and fresh copy.Previous owner's name to title-page. 95, (1) pp. Extremely scarce second impression, printed for private circulation only ("exclusively for inner-party use"), of one of the most important documents of the 20th century, namely Khrushchev's so-called "Secret Speech", also known as the "Khrushchev Report". This seminal speech was delivered at an unpublicized closed session of Communist Party delegates, with guests and members of the press excluded, and the present Polish version, which appeard in two different printings, of it was the only one that circulated during the Cold War, the official Russian text being unknown until its 1989 publication. The CIA counterfeit edition [falsely stating Moscow 1959] was in fact a translation into Russian from the present Polish text, which was smuggled out of Moscow and leaked, via Israel, to the USA. There are two impressions of the first edition of Khrushchev's speech, both bearing the date March 1956 and both ordered by the Polish communist party authorities in the span of March 27 - March 31. As opposed to the even scarcer first priting of the text, this second priting of 96 pages was edited to give only Khrushchev's speech (without the recorded interjections and ovations), but containing also a second part, "Unpublished materials" with Lenin's "Testament", Lenin's "On the National Question", and Stalin's notes.The present publication shook the Western world and changed our history for good. "Its consequences, by no means fully foreseen by Khrushchev, shook the Soviet Union to the core, but even more so its communist allies, notably in central Europe. Forces were unleashed that eventually changed the course of history. But at the time, the impact on the delegates was more immediate. Soviet sources now say some were so convulsed as they listened that they suffered heart attacks; others committed suicide afterwards." (John Rettie, in The Observer, Sunday 26 February 2006 ).On February 24, 1956 before assembled delegates at a secret session of the Communist Party's Twentieth Congress, Nikita Khrushchev delivered his so-called "Secret Speech", denouncing Stalin for his transgressions. The public session of the 20th Congress had come to a formal end on 24 February 1956 when word was spread to delegates to return to the Great Hall of the Kremlin for an additional "closed session," to which journalists, guests, and delegates from "fraternal parties" from outside the USSR were not invited. Special passes were issued to those eligible to participate, with an additional 100 former Party members, recently released from the Soviet prison camp network. The speech was thus secretly held in this closed session, without discussion, and it was neither published as part of the congress' proceedings nor reported in the Soviet press. The speech that sent shock waves through the congress participants denounced Stalin, describing him as satanic despot and terrorist who had committed the greatest of crimes. Quoting from correspondence, memoranda and his own observations, Khrushchev gave details of Stalin's horrible actions during the Terror of the late 1930'ies, the unpreparedness of the country at the time of the Nazi invasion in June 1941, numerous wartime blunders, the deportation of various nationalities in 1943 and 1944, and the banishing of Tito's Yugoslavia from the Soviet bloc after the war. Absolving the party itself of these grave actions, Khrushchev attributed them to the "cult of personality" that Stalin encouraged and his "violations of socialist legality". According to Khrushchev's speech, Stalin was a tyrant, a murderer and torturer of party members.Khrushchev gave his grim tale of the obscene crimes committed by his predecessor, Josef Stalin, only three years after the death of Stalin, who was then celebrated as a great leader and whose death was mourned by the great majority of Soviet citizens, who saw him as a divine father. It is no wonder that this lengthy speech from their new leader completely shocked Soviet communists, being told so soon after his death that far from far from being divine, their hero Stalin was actually outright satanic. The leaders who inherited the party from the old dictator had agreed - after months of furious argument - that Khrushchev should make the speech, but on the condition that it should never be published.Khrushchev read from a prepared report and no stenographic record of the closed session was kept. No questions or debate followed Khrushchev's presentation, and it is reported that delegates left the hall in a state of complete disorientation. It is even said that several delegates suffered heart attacks and that some even committed suicide upon listening to the horrifying speech. On the evening of the congress, delegates of foreign Communist parties were called to the Kremlin and given the opportunity to read the prepared text of the Khrushchev speech, which was treated as a top secret state document. Reports of the speech soon reached the West and as early as March the contents were reported in Western media. "The content of the speech reached the west through a circuitous route. A few copies of the speech were sent by order of the Soviet Politburo to leaders of the Eastern Bloc countries. Shortly after the speech had been disseminated, a Polish journalist, Viktor Grayevsky, visited his girlfriend, Lucia Baranowski, who worked as a junior secretary in the office of the first secretary of the Polish Communist Party, Edward Ochab. On her desk was a thick booklet with a red binding, with the words: "The 20th Party Congress, the speech of Comrade Khrushchev." Grayevsky had heard rumors of the speech and, as a journalist, was interested in reading it. Baranowski allowed him to take the document home to read.As it happened, Grayevsky, who was Jewish, and had made a recent trip to Israel to visit his sick father, decided to emigrate there. After he read the speech, he decided to take it to the Israeli Embassy and gave it to Yaakov Barmor who had helped Grayevsky make his trip to visit Grayevsky's sick father. Barmor was a Shin Bet representative; he photographed the document and sent the photographs to Israel. By the afternoon of April 13, 1956, the Shin Bet in Israel received the photographs. Israeli intelligence and United States intelligence had previously secretly agreed to cooperate on security matters. James Jesus Angleton was the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) head of counterintelligence and in charge of the clandestine liaison with Israeli intelligence. The photographs were delivered to him. On April 17, 1956, the photographs reached the CIA chief Allen Dulles, who quickly informed U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After determining that the speech was authentic, the CIA leaked the speech to The New York Times in early June.""In the West, the impact of the speech received a colossal boost from the publication of the full, albeit sanitised, text in The Observer and the New York Times. This was the first time the full text had been available for public scrutiny anywhere in the world. Even local party secretaries who read it to members had to return their texts within 36 hours. (Those texts were also sanitised, omitting two incidents in the speech that Orlov related to me.)According to William Taubman, in his masterly biography of Khrushchev, the full text leaked out through Poland where, like other central European communist allies, Moscow had sent an edited copy for distribution to the Polish party." (John Rettie, in The Observer, Sunday 26 February 2006).The speech sent shock waves throughout the Communist world and caused many Western Communists to abandon the movement. In central Europe, the impact of the speech was enormous. By autumn Poland was ready to explode and in Hungary an anti-communist revolution overthrew the Stalinist party and government, replacing them with the short-lived reformist Imre Nagy."Some may doubt that Stalin's Soviet Union could ever have been reformed, but Khrushchev was not among them - and neither, indeed, was Gorbachev. But after two decades of decay under Brezhnev, even he could not hold the country together. It can well be argued that the 'secret speech' was the century's most momentous, planting the seed that eventually caused the demise of the USSR." (John Rettie, in The Observer, Sunday 26 February 2006).It is the present version of the seminal text that leaked behind the Iron Curtain. Allegedly the CIA offered USD 1.000.000 for a copy, before they came into possession of the text through other channels. Khrushchev himself stated: "It was supposed to have been secret, but in fact it was far from being secret.. our document fell into the hands of some Polish comrades who were hostile towards the Soviet Union. They used my speech for their own purposes and made copies of it. I was told that it was being sold for very little."Like the first impression, almost all the copies of this extremely scarce publication - which were all numbered and strictly registered - were withdrawn and destroyed after 11 April 1956. We have been able to locate no copies of either impression outside of Poland and can find no copies registered in OCLC.

Heilbronn, C. Drechsler'schen Buchhandlung, 1845. 8vo. Nice later hcalf bound to style (pastiche). Marbled covers. Richly gilt spine, titlelabel with gilt lettering. (2),112,(2) pp. Title-page with some brownspots, some scattered brownspots. Printed on good paper. Scarce first edition - Mayer's MAGNUM OPUS - of this his most original and comprehensive paper, privately printed, BEEING THE WORK THAT FOR THE FIRST TIME INCLUDED LIVING PHENOMENA IN THE REALM OF ENERGY CONSERVATION. In this work Mayer again set out the physical basis of his theory, - in 1842 he was the first to present a figure for the mechanical equivalent of heat, and also stated his belief in the conservation of energy - "this time extending the ideal of force conservation to magnetic, electrical, and chemical forces. In Die organische Bewegung he described the basic force conversions of the organic world. Plants convert the sun’s heat and light into latent chemical force; animals consume this chemical force as food; animals then convert that force to body heat and mechanical muscle force in their life processes."(DSB).Mayer submitted this paper to Liebig's Annalen but it was rejected by an assistant editor. The assistant's advice was to try Poggendorff's Annalen, but mayer did not care to foloow that publication route again. In the end, he published the paper privately, and hoped to gain recognition by distribiting it widely. But beyond a few brief journal listings, the paper, Mayer's magnum opus, went unnoticed."After 1860, Mayer was finally given the recognition he deserved. Many of his articles were translated into English, and such well-known scientists as Rydolph Clausius in Germany and John Tyndall in England began to champion Mayer as the founder of the law of the conservation of energy."(Alan Lightman "Great Ideas in Physics", p. 8).

London, Taylor & Francis, 1913. 8vo. Bound together in one very nice recent marbled paper binding with gilt leather title-label to spine. Published in "The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science", Vol. 26: July 1913, No. 151 (pp. 1-232 + 6 plates) - September 1913, No 153 (pp. 381-548) - November 1913, No 155 (pp. 802-936 + 6 plates). (The 3 whole numbers of the journal offered). The Bohr papers: pp. 1-25; pp. 476-502; pp.857-875. First edition of Bohr's seminal main work, which constitutes the departure from classical theories; by incorporating Planck's quantum postulate it became possible to calculate the wavelength of the hydrogen emission and thus to explain the regularity of the Balmer-lines.In his previous paper ("On the Theory of Decrease of Velocity of Moving Electrified Particles on passing through Matter") Bohr had adopted Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, and had become convinced that it was the peripherical electrons that determined the chemical properties of an element, whereas the nucleus determine the radioactive properties. However, Rutherford's model had an apparent explanatory problem: Why were the negatively charged electrons held away from the positive nucleus? In his doctorial dissertation on the electron theory of metals, Bohr had clarified the limitations of this theory, in particular its ability to explain magnetic properties, and he had shown how this arose from the classical nature of some of its foundations. Bohr strongly expected that the key to solving this problem was to be found in some way of introducing Planck's law of quantum action.In the beginning of 1913 Bohr heard about Rydberg's remarkable discovery in spectroscopy. Rydberg's formula could represent the frequencies of the lines of the hydrogen spectrum in the simplest form in terms of two integers. As soon as Bohr saw this formula, he immediately recognized that it gave him the missing clue to the correct way to introduce Planck's law of quantum of action into the description of the atomic systems. The rest of the academic year was spent reconstructing the whole theory upon the new foundation and expounding it in a large treatise, which was immediately published as these three papers in the 'Philosophical Magazine'. It was in these papers that Bohr first gave his postulates of the orbital structure of the electrons and their quantized radiation.Bohr's atomic theory inaugurated two of the most adventurous decades in the history of science. In 1922 Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them".Bohr introduced the following postulates: 1. An electron can revolve about its nucleus only in certain special circular orbits. 2. The ordinary electron revolves about its nucleus in an invariable orbit, without radiating or absorbing energy. 3. Radiation takes place when and only when the electron falls from an orbit with greater energy to one of less energy.Rosenfeld, Bohr Bibliography No. 6. Rosenfeld, Dictionary of Scientific Biography II, pp. 240-41. Printing and the Mind of Man: 411.

(Lyon, Huyon), 1523. Small 8vo. Bound in contemp. full vellum manuscript (text on verso of vellum). remains of ties. Contemp. handwritten title on spine. Title printed in red within broad woodcut border. FF 195, (1) pp. (i.e. 179, as ff 81-96 omitted, but complete),(30) pp. + FF 22, (1) pp. (Frontinus). With ca. 150 textillustrations in woodcut, mostly half-page, but also full-page. A few leaves with contemporary annotations. 3 leaves strenghtened in outer margins, no loss of text. Light toning and faint dampstain on the first ca. 40 leaves. Scarce Lyon counterfeit edition, with illustrations copied from the 1513 and 1522 Florentine Giunta editions and the 1521 first edition in Italian.Adams V,905. - Brunet V, 1327.

Basel, Eusebius Episcopius, 1586 & 1587. Folio (360 x 225 mm). 29 part uniformly bound in 5 contemporary full calf bindings with 6 raised bands. All bindings with wear and numerous wormholes to boards. All spine-ends chipped and with a bit of loss of leather. Boards with scratches and occassional loss of leather. Internally with light occassional marginal dampstains. Numerous wormtract throughout in all volumes. (40), 1180 pp.; (1181)-2196 pp.; (2199)-3246 pp.; (3247)-4226 pp. (4225)-4230, (1), 4230-4373, (1), (458) pp. Third edition of Zwinger’s early and extensive encyclopedic collection attempting to categorize and summarize human knowledge and experience: "perhaps the most comprehensive collection of knowledge to be compiled by a single individual in the early modern period." (Helmut Zedelmaier, "Navigieren im Text-Universum: Theodor Zwingers Theatrum Vitae Humanae). Complete early sets, as here, from the 16th century are rarely found in the trade. The present edition is the third overall edition, the second enlarged edition: “Zwinger’s Theater of Human Life had been issued in one volume in 1565, in enlarged editions of 1571 and 1586 [The present], then by his son in 1604. The arrangement was topical by subject. In 1631 a further enlargement in alphabetical order by Laurens Beyerlinck was published at Cologne in eight doule columned folio volumes.” (Thorndike VIII, p. 271). The work is a fine excample of the Renaissance humanist tradition, emphasizing the collection and organization of knowledge from various fields such as philosophy, medicine, ethics, and natural sciences. Zwinger's work draws upon both classical sources as well as more contemporary knowledge. The 29 parts are divided as follows: Binding 1: 1, Volumen primum Ea quae animi bona atque mala dicuntur. 2, Volumen secundum Ea quae vulgo corporis bona mala´que dicuntur. 3, Volumen tertium Ea quae vulgo fortuita bona mala´que dicuntur. 4, Volumen quartum De habitibus organicis sive facultatibus logicis vulgo` dictis h.e. de philosophiae instrumentis. Binding 2: 5, Volumen quintum De philosophicis habitibus theoricis, veri cognitionem potissimu`m spectantibus. 6, Volumen sextum De philosophicis habitibus practicis ad boni cognitionem simul & possessionem primario` conferentibus. 7, Volumen septimum Quo habitus intelligentiae practici, prudentia scilicet, cum suis extremis, calliditate & stultitia. 8, Volumen octavum De fortitudinis, & contrariorum vitiorum, audaciae scilicet & timiditatis, speciebus. Binding 3: 9, Volumen nonum De temperantia & intemperantia circa voluptates corporis. 10 ,Volumen decimum De moderatione & immoderatione circa pecunias & opes quaslibetcunque. 11, Volumen undecimum De moderatione & immoderatione circa gloriam & honores. 12, Volumen duodecimum De moderatione & immoderatione circa iram & vindictam. 13, Volumen decimumtertium De veritatis practicae studio, de simulatione & dissimulatione. 14, Volumen decimumquartum De humanitate & contrariis vitiis, blanditia & morositate. 15, Volumen decimumquintum De urbanitate & contrariis vitiis, scurilitate & rusticitate. 16, Volumen decimumsextum De iustitia religiosa. 17, Volumen decimumseptimum De iniustitia religiosa. Binding 4: 18, Volumen decimumoctavum De iustitia profana. 19. Volumen decimumnonum Iniustitiam profanam distributivam atque correctivam. 20, Volumen vigesimum De mechanicis habitibus. 21, Volumen vigesimumprimum De instrumentis actionum & passionum humanarum. 22, Volumen vigesimumsecundum De beatitudine & miseria humana. 23, Volumen vigesimumtertium De locis humanarum actionum & passionum. 24, Volumen vigesimumquartum De tempore humanas actiones & passiones mensurante. 25, Volumen vigesimumquintum De vita hominis solitaria. 26, Volumen vigesimumsextum Vitam hominis academicam persequens. 27, Volumen vigesimumseptimum Vitam hominis religiosam exponens. Binding 5: 28, Volumen vigesimumoctavum De vita hominis politica. 29, Volumen vigesimumnonum Oeconomicam vitam hominis. [30] Quatuor locupletis indices. Adams Z 215.

Kiøbh., Godiche, 1763 - 81. 4to. Indb. i 7 samt. helldrbd. m. oph. bd. på rygge m. skindtitelfelter i lysere skind og rig rygforgyldn. Biblioteksmærkater i skind m. guldtryk for oven og neden på rygge. Bd. 1, 2 og 7 en anelse mindre end de øvrige og m. lidt varierende rygforgyldn. Rygforgyldn. på bd. 1 og nedre kapitæl på bd. 4 slidt. Øvre bageste false på bd. 5 og 6 lidt revnede. Bd. m. brugsspor. M. 294 af de 295 kobberst. prospekter, plancher, grundtegninger og kort; mgl. det Generale Kort over Slesvig i bd. 7. Indimellem brunplettet. Nogle pl. m. lidt rifter og reparationer. Biblioteksstempler på titelbl. Uden det store Generalkort over Danmark, som ikke hører til alle eksemplarer. 2 kort og et prospekt ligger løse i bindene. Alt i alt et udmærket sæt af originaludgaven af Danmarks topografiske hovedværk.

Hauniæ (Copenhagen), Mölleri, 1775. 4to. Contemp. marbled boards. Small nicks to coverpaper at edges. (1-7)8-32,CXXVI,(2),219,(1) pp., 1 engraved map (Tabula Arabiæ Felicis). A few faint brownspots. Clean and fine, printed on good paper. First edition of Forskål's fundamental description of the plants of Yemen and lower Egypt found on the Danish expedition to Arabia. As Forskål died in Jerim it was Carsten Niebuhr, the leader of the expedition and only survivor, who published Forskål's manuscripts. Many botanical species are here described for the first time. Forsskål was one of the most gifted disciples of Linnaeus.Staffleu & Cowan, 1819. - Pritzel, 2969.

Kjøbenhavn, Bianco Luno, 1848-49 + 1849. 4to. Two volumes, both in the original blue boards with paper title-label to spine. Wear to extremities, hinges and edges of boards with loss of the blue paper, primarily affecting vol. 2. Inner hinge on vol. 2 split. Occassional brownspotting throughout. 3906, LXVI columns. (= 1986 pp.). Scarce first printing of all the minutes of The Danish Constitutional Assembly 1848-49. The Danish Constitutional Assembly of 1848-1849 was a pivotal event in Denmark’s political history, marking the transition from absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, Denmark's first democratic constitution. This assembly was organized in the wake of revolutionary movements sweeping across Europe in 1848 which sparked widespread demands for political reforms – also in Denmark. The assembly’s main achievement was the drafting and adoption of Denmark’s first democratic constitution, known as the Grundlov (The Constitution), on June 5, 1849, thus ushered a new era of constitutional rule and laying the groundwork for the modern Danish state. The constitution applying equally in the Realm of Denmark: Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. ”At the beginning of the 1800s demands for political reform grew around Europe. Inspired by, for example, Norway’s constitution of 1814 and the July Revolution in Paris of 1830, a national liberal movement emerged in Denmark rooted in the middle classes of Copenhagen. The national liberals made demands for representative government guaranteed by a free constitution. The peasantry organised themselves into the Society of the Friends of Peasants, which supported the liberal demands, for instance, through the weekly publication “the Friend of the Peasantry. Originating in Paris, a new wave of revolutions swept across Europe in 1848. Social and democratic reforms were demanded. In many places the calls for democracy became linked to national questions.” (National Museum of Denmark). “In 1848, Denmark was on the periphery of revolutionary Europe. In March, the outbreak of revolution in several European cities inspired Danish liberals and radicals to convene mass meetings that demanded a free constitution and universal suffrage. King Frederik VII and his advisors were equally affected by the European developments and abolished absolutism before the threat of violent conflict could be realised in the capital. The developments of March 1848 initiated a constitutional struggle that ended on 5 June 1849 when Frederik VII signed the country’s first free constitution, which came to be known as the June Constitution. In contrast to the experience in many European states, counter-revolution was absent in the Danish kingdom, and the June Constitution remained in function beyond the revolutionary years. The exception to this picture of a non-violent, almost gentle revolution are of course the developments in the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, where violence erupted in March 1848. Thus, the constitutional struggle in the capital was played out alongside the First Schleswig War (1848–1851) in Jutland and the duchies.” (Nørgaard, A Battle for Democracy The Concept of Democracy in the Constitutional Struggle, Denmark 1848–1849).

Vinegia (Venice), Apresso i Giunti, 1565. - Colophon: In Veneta, Nella Stamperia di Domenico Nicolini;...de gli heredi di Luc'antonio Giunt, 1565. Folio. (30 x 21 cm.). Bound later (around 1800) in hcalf. Spine divided in 6 compartments, all richly blindtooled and in the middle of each a small gilt rosette. A crack to joint (2 cm.) at upper compartment. Light wear along edges. Marbled endpapers. Red edges. (22),286 leaves. With engraved map (a reproduction in smaller size of "Carta Marina") - the map in FACSIMILE, and more than 450 fine woodcut illustrations in the text, the the greatest part measuring 59 x 93 mm, a few half-page and some 1/3-page. Woodcut device on title-page and on colophon-leaf. Title-page mounted and with small closed tears. Title-page slightly soiled. A faint dampstain to upper corners on Index-leaves ("Tavola"), which appears again in more weakened form towards end. A faint dampspot in upper inner margin throughout. The last few leaves with a bit of browning, 2 small holes in last leaf with loss of a few letters. First Italian edition (and in full), being the second folio-edition as well as the second edition in the vernacular, of Magnus' great work "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus", 1555, which constitutes one of the most important sources on the Northern customs and daily life of the time. The present first Italian edition published 10 years after the first edition, which is in Latin, Rome 1555. A French translation appeared, in 8vo, in 1560-61). In reality, this famous work is a large commentary and notes to Olaus Magnus' own map, the famous "Carta Marina", which he published in Venice in 1539, of which only two copies are known. The Carta Marina ("Map of the Sea" or "Sea Map"), is the earliest map of the Nordic countries that gives details and place names. Only two earlier maps of Scandinavia are known, those of Jacob Ziegler and Claudius Clavus. The "Carta Marina" is reproduced here in smaller size, but in facsimile.The woodcut illustrations and views - here printed with the same woodblocks as the Rome edition of 1555 - are of the greatest importance to the cultural history of the Nordic countries, as they illustrate the religions, folklore, occupations, as well as the geographies, fauna etc. of the Scandinavian people. They have since been reproduced a number of times. The artist is not known, but they are probably carved after sketches by Olaus Magnus himself. Swedish Books 1280-1967, No. 18. - Collijn "Sveriges Bibliografi intill År 1600", II: p. 221.

(1842) 1 leaf 8vo. With a later note in tiny neat handwriting to lower blank margin stating that Andersen's original handwritten poem was printed in "Hertha" 1842, p. 5. This excellent originally handwritten poem by the great fairy tale-author has the underlined headline "I Øehlenschlægers Album", but is also known under the title "Paa Nordens Himmel i Stjernernes Flok" (i.e. On the Sky of the North in the flock of the stars), which is also the first line of the poem. It was later printed, in the Swedish-Danish publication "Hertha", in January 1842, appeared again in "Digte, gamle og nye" in 1846, yet again in Andersen's collected works, vol XII, 252, 1879, as nr. 1 of the album leaves, and recently in a new modern Danish version by Johan de Mylius. This beautiful and treasured Andersen poem in full reads thus: Paa Nordens Himmel i Stjernernes Flok,Tycho Brahe har skrevet sit Minde,Og Thorvaldsen hug udi Fjeldets BlokSit Navn, det vil aldrig forsvinde;Du sang af dit Hjerte og Norden/ har hørtVed Dig sine største Bedrifter,Dybt Hjertets Gange har Hjerterne/ rørt,Din Storhed ei Tiden henvistner!Staaer Een i Stjernerne, Een i/ Steen,I Hjerterne veed jeg staaer ogsaa/ Een. We know that Andersen himself also treasured the poem and later also sent it to Zeise, who he hoped would translate it into German and have it published. BFN 413.

[Circa 1870-1880]. An extensive series of 132 stunning photographs of Italy and Italian artwork, most measuring 25 x 17 cm, some slightly smaller, some slightly larger, all mounted on leaves measuring 30x42 cm. and bound in three exquisite near contemporary (ab. 1900) oblong black half morocco bindings with four raised bands, gilt spines, boards with elaborately gilt corners, gilt border and to the middle of front boards a gilt vignette, gilt title ("Italian" i.e. either Norwegian or Danish for Italy). and gilt volume-number. Housed in three equally elegant half morocco boxes with with gilt spines, marbled edges, and with middle of boards corresponding to those of the bindings. The boxes are also from ab. 1900. The boxes have a few traces of wear, but all in all, the set is in splendid condition.Many of the photographs have numberings and several of them also mention the motiv.Volume I contains 46 photographs, 8 by (Giacomo or his son Carlo) Brogi, 1 by Pompeo Pozzi, 4 by Maug and 33 unsigned. Most of the pictures are of ancient Roman buildings and renaissance art works. A few of the photos are from Milan.Volume II contains 49 photographs, 2 by Volpato and 2 by Brogi, the remaining 45 are unsigned. The first half depicts ancient Roman statues renaissance painting. The last part consists of photos portraying vast landscapes around the bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius and cityscapes Volume III consists of 37 unsigned photographs of artworks mainly from Museo di Napoli. An extensive and stunning collection of photographs from Italy, a splendid example of a Victorian Grand Tour photo album from Milan in the north down to Rome and ending in Napoli, photos prepared while the traveler shopped and visited the Italian sites.Photography studios in different Italian cities developed different specialties and were especially oriented towards the three genres of portraiture, views and art reproductions, of which the present collection is a fine example. "Among the activities of the most renowned firms (Brogi and Pozzi), there was ample space for the reproduction of works of art and monuments most representative of the art historical tradition and natural beauty of Italy. Nature was not only seen as such, but as an integral part of the landscape, and essential element of a whole in which nature and history, culture and nature harmoniously balanced and completed each other". (Hannavy, Encyclopedia of Nineteenth Century Photography)Most of the photographs by Brogi are presumably from his first Pompeii campaign from 1879-1880 which we exhibited in Milan the year after.

Paris, nrf, Librairie Gallimard, 1943. 8vo. Orig. printed wrappers, uncut and first quire unopened. Light traces of use, but overall remarkably fresh. Spine very slightly darkened and wrappers with very light scattered brownspotting. A small, vague couloured thump bark to lower corner of front wrapper (and first leaves). An unusually good copy, as the fragile wrappers are often much more worn. Also internally unusually fresh. Wrappers printed in red and blue. With half-title. 722, (2) pp, 2ff. (one with colophon). The very rare first edition, first impression from "Bibliothèque des idées" printed on 25th of June 1943 ("Le vingt-cinq juin mil neuf cent quarante-trois" (colophon) ), rare review-copy (with "S.P. - Service des Presses) to back wrapper. With the printed dedication "au CASTOR" (i.e. for Simone de Beauvoir"). This, the first edition of Sartre's first and main philosophical work, which is one of the absolutely most important philosophical works of the 20th century, passed virtually unnoticed, as it appeared in the summer of 1943, which is why it is now extremely scarce. It didn't reach recognition till 1945, thus very few copies of the first edition have been preserved. "Achevé au debut de 1943, le livre parut en été et, étant donné les circonstances, passa à peu près inapercu. Il fallut attendre 1945, année aù la vogue soudaine de Sartre attira sur son oeuvre maîtresse une attention qu'aucun ouvrage philosophique n'avait connue précédemment, pour que les commenteurs s'en ampareut;" (Contat & Rybalka p. 86). Even though the work was hardly noticed when it first appeared, a few scholars acknowledged it as a great work of seminal character, importance and novelty; in 1964 Michel Tourier writes: "Un jour de l'automme 1943, un livre tomba sur nos tables: "L'Être et le Néant". Il y eut eu moment de stupeur, puis une longue rumination. L'oeuvre était massive, hirsute, débortante, encyclopédique, superbement technique..." (Les Nouvelles littéraires, 29 octobre 1964).Sartre is first and foremost known for his philosophical works, and as "L'être et le néant" ("Being and Nothingness") is generally accepted as his greatest and main work, this marks the beginning of 20th century existentialism, and furthermore "has also come to be regarded as a text-book of existentialism itself..." (Mary Warnock's Introduction to Hazel E. Barnes' translation). This, his seminal work of existentialism, marks one of the most influential philosophical movements of our age.Contat & Rybalka, Les Écrits de Sartre, 1970.

(København), 1709. Folio. In contemporary full calf Cambridge-style mirror binding with blindstamped borders. Light wear to extremities. Seven leaves with minor repairs to margins, one leaf with a 15 cm long closed tear, and one leaf with an 30 cm long closed tear, all professionally executed and with no loss of imprint. Margins slightly soiled. 19 leaves, -text and frames engraved. The broad frames that all differ from each other ornamentally depict animals and plants as well as the different trades of the country. A nice copy printed on thick, heavy paper. Housed in a cardboard box.Provenance: From the collection of Danish book collector Viggo Lohse. The present copy was exhibited at 'Dansk Bibliofil-Klubs 50 års Jubilæumsudstilling' in 1992 (The 50 year anniversary exhibition for the Danish Society of Bibliophiles), no. 94. First edition of this landmark work of Danish book production and the constitution of the Danish absolute monarchy. The Royal Law established the absolute right of the Monarch to rule, and it defined the line of royal succession. It was more rigorous than the other monarchal laws of Europe at the time.The text which is written by Peder Griffenfeld is engraved in copper throughout, in order to prevent the possibility of re-printing, pirated editions and text-counterfeiting. Frederik Rostgaard, the King's state archivist who was famous for his excellent taste in books, was in charge of the editing and issuing of the work. In front of the actual law text a leaf is inserted with the portrait of King Frederik III on his horse, and everything, except for the head of the king which was engraved after his death-mask, is executed in the beloved flourishing- or scroll- manner of the time. The titles and the text are engraved throughout by Michael Røg.

Kjøbenhavn, Bianco Luno, 1848-49 + 1849. Stor 4to. Indbundet i ét samtidigt brunt halvlæderbind med nydelig ny ryg, under anvendelse af den samtidige nydeligt forgyldte ryg. Permerne er nydeligt forstærket med brun shirt under anvendelse af de samtidige marmorerede permed. Første titlblad brunplettet, men ellers et nydeligt, rent og silidt eksemplar. 3906, LXVI spalter (= 1986 pp.). Den sjældne originaludgave af samtlige trykte forhandlinger på Rigsdagen op til Grundlovens vedtagelse. Idet Grundloven blev vedtaget af Rigsforsamlingen d. 25. maj 1849, blev Enevælden afskaffet i Danmark, og den blev stadfæstet af Frederik Den Syvende d. 5. juni 1849. Scarce first printing of all the minutes of The Danish Constitutional Assembly 1848-49. The Constitution was confirmed by the King June 5, 1849, and the absolute monarchy was hereby abolished.

Heidelberg, (Druck und Papier von Brede in Offenbach), 1817. 8vo. Nice cont. cardboardbdg. w. title-label to back. Corners and capitals professionally restored. Hinges w. a bit of paper-loss. Occational brownspotting. Front free end-paper w. vast cont. annotations by former owner Fr. Selasinski. The rare first edition of Hegel's immensely important work, the "Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences", by himself and his contemporaries considered his main work, and likewise an absolute main work of philosophy in general. Hegel is considered one of the four greatest philosophers of all times, and his contributions to philosophy are incomparable to other than perhaps those of Aristotle, Plato and Kant. In 1816 Hegel chose the professorship of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, and here he taught his courses with great enthusiasm. He lectured no less than 16 hours a week, mostly over his own system, which is the object of this (chronologically speaking) third main work, generally just called the "Encyclopaedia".Hegel himself considered his "Encyclopedia" to be the most important of his works, and his contemporaries likewise judged it his actual main work. Hegel was considered the epitome of the great systematic thinker of the 19th century, and his "Encyclopaedia" forms the epitome of his work, at the same time as it, to his own mind, constitutes his greatest achievement. Hegel's main aim was to systematically comprise all spiritual and natural knowledge, and thus his philosophy peaks with his all-comprising Encyclopaedia, which remained of the greatest importance to himself throughout his life-time. He kept working on the book, and no less than three different altered editions appeared within his lifetime, the last in 1830, the year before he died, confirming his lasting devotion to this work.The book has belonged to one Friedrich Selasinski (perhaps a midshipman from the aristocracy), who has annotated the entire front free end-paper (ab. 1830).

(København), 1709. Folio. 53x35 cm. Contemporary full mottled calf. Boards with a bit of wear and a few scratches. Corners and capitals repaired. 19 leaves, all with engraved text and ornamental frames. The broad frames that all differ from each other ornamentally depict animals and plants as well as the different trades of the country. A few leaves with minor weak dampstaining to upper margin. Upper margin slightly soiled. Otherwise a nice and clean copy on thick heavy paper. First edition of this main work of Danish book production and the constitution of the Danish absolute monarchy. The Royal Law established the absolute right of the Monarch to rule, and it defined the line of royal succession. It was more rigorous than the other monarchal laws of Europe at the time.The text which is written by Peder Griffenfeld is engraved in copper throughout, in order to prevent the possibility of re-printing, pirated editions and text-counterfeiting. Frederik Rostgaard, the King's state archivist who was famous for his excellent taste in books, was in charge of the editing and issuing of the work. In front of the actual law text a leaf is inserted with the portrait of King Frederik III on his horse, and everything, except for the head of the king which was engraved after his death-mask, is executed in the beloved flourishing- or scroll- manner of the time. The titles and the text are engraved throughout by Michael Røg.

Paris, de l'Imprimerie de Franc. Amb. Didot l'Ainé. Chez Alexandre Jombert, jeune, 1783. 4to. Nice contemp. red hmorocco with 5 raised bands and richly gilt compartments. Corners restored. Light scratching to boards.Stamps on htitle. A small stamp on titlepage.. (14), 116, 60 pp. + 11 leaves of plate-description, on which the plates are mounted at top, 2 pp. of approbation and privilege. On thick, good paper. A very nice, crisp and complete copy w. clear colours. Apart from the stamps on the htitle, a fine, large and clean copy. The dedication-leaf (A monsieur Le Duc du Chatelet) with his large engraved coat of arms handcoloured. First edition of the main work of the French military engineer Fossé (1734 - 1812). This military work, divided into two sections, one dealing with military strategies concerning defending and attacking, the other dealing with military plans and how to construct maps, is especially renowned for the extraordinary coloured plates by LOUIS MARION BONNET.The plates, depicting plans and maps, show for one of the first times the perfection of the illustrating-process called the CRAYON MANNER adapted to colour-printing, and the work is probably the first book printed using this technique. The technique of printing with colour only began about 20 years before this work was issued; during the first many years, though, many attempts failed, and it wasn't till Bonnet came up with the coloured crayon manner that it was really a success. Bonnet increased the number of plates in order to make it possible to print with several colours. The crayon manner became a great success in Europe and is a fore-runner of the lithography-process. All the plates are signed by Bonnet and are in at least four colours.This work is also renowned for its splendid typography that later on became known as the Didot-style. Graesse II:620. Brunet II:1354.

(Oldenburg, Warner Berendts Erben), 1599 - Strassburg, (Bernhard Jobins Erben), 1599. Folio. One contemp. full limp vellum with ties. Blindtooled borders on covers. On front cover in black printing: "C V D A I G G 1600" Ms titles on spine. (86),494,(18) incl. (2) blank and engraved ornamental title. Profusely textillustrated with engravings and woodcuts among them the full-page portrait of the author, a full-page view of Oldenburg, 3 folded genealogical tables and the double-page engraved elevated plan of Oldenburg. Some scattered brownspots, a few quires browned, sometimes slight offsetting from engravings. Printed on thick paper.(Spangenberg:) Title printed in red a.black with large wood-engr. coat of arms. (8),287,(18) pp. Last leaf with printers wood-cut device. Some rather heavy browning to the last quires. Some scattered brownspots. Both works in first edition. Hamelmann's Chronicon is the first book to be printed in Oldenburg (Brunet) and it is the historical source work for the "House of Oldenburg" whose descendents became kings of Denmark and emperors of Russia. - Adams H 30.

Leipzig, C.G. Naumann, 1889. 8vo. Bound with the original printed wrappers in a nice near contemporary brown half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Lovely marbled end-papers. A bit of light soiling and brownspotting to wrappers, which are otherwise very well preserved. A few leaves with some very light brownspotting and a couple of leaves with small closed tears to blank inner margin, far from affecting text. Overall very nice. With the engraved book plate of Adolf Fischer to inside of front board. (8), 144 pp. First edition - with the scarce original wrappers - of the epitome of Nietzsche's final project -a re-valuation of all values ("Eine Umwerthung aller Werthe"), -his hugely interesting "declaration of war" (preface p. (4): "Diese Schrift ist eine grosse Kriegserklärung"), which was written during his last productive year, just before his big breakdown in Turin. "Götzen-Dämmerung" ("The Twilight of the Idols") arguably constitutes the culmination of the production of this giant of philosophy, who turned mad after having finished it.Early in 1889, Nietzsche began to exhibit signs of serious mental illness; in Turin, he finally broke down and was brought back to Basel by his friends. "The Twilight of the Idols" was released merely a few weeks after this collapse, and Nietzsche never wrote again.Nietzsche had 1.000 copies of the work privately printed. The work is considered one of his most popular, and it is here that we find some of the most frequently quoted passages from the works of Nietzsche, e.g. "What does not kill me, only makes me stronger" (p.2.: "Was mich nicht umbringt, macht mich stärker").The Twilight was meant as an introduction to, or summary of, Nietzshe's philosophy, and as such it is one of his most interesting works. It is written almost as in a rage of fever - it took him no more than a week to write it -, and he regarded it a world-changing magnum opus. As he states at the end of the preface: "Turin, am 30. September 1888, am Tage, da das erste Buch der Umwerthung aller Werthe zu ende kam." (i.e. "Turin, on September 30. 1888, on the day that the first book on the re-valuation of all value came to an end."). This highly polemical work makes clear reference to Wagner's opera "Götterdämmerung", and it presents us with a sharp critique of the most influential philosophers in history, e.g. Kant and Plato, and of Christianity in general, but also the likes of Rousseau, Hugo, Renan, Mill, Darwin, Dante etc. are attacked as the causes of cultural decadence in Europe. Giants like Caesar, Napoleon, Dostojevski, Goethe, and Thukydides are considered representatives of the opposite.The mental collapse of the author may not come as a surprise to anyone reading the work.Of the 1.000 copies, 659 still remained unsold by October 1893.Twilight of the Idols: Schaberg: 56a

Par-Tout (i.e. Paris or Liège), Chez le vrai Sage, 1755. Small 8vo. Lovely contemporary full mottled calf with five raised bands to richly gilt spine. And excellent nice, clean, and fresh copy, printed on good paper. Old owner's name to title-page and a bookplate to inside of front board (M. Ph. de Planterose). Title-page printed in red and black and with an engraved vignette. 236, (4) pp. First edition of this canonical work of revolutionary utopianism, Morelly's main work, which greatly influenced later socialist and communist thought and which constitutes a forerunner of the works of Marx and Engels. The work was published anonymously and the author Étienne-Gabriel Morelly (1717 - 1778) remains a bit of a mystery about whom very little is known. At first, "The Code of Nature" was attributed to Denis Diderot, but other great authors of the day have also been proposed. "The Code of Nature" constitutes an early example of utopian socialist thought, providing a detailed plan for the establishment of a perfect state. It severely criticized the society of the time and proposed a constitution intended to lead to an egalitarian society without property, marriage, church or police. Based upon the principle that man is by nature good and the view that all social and moral ills were consequences of private property, it argues for an egalitarian society in which almost all private property - and thereby all of its pernicious consequences - is eliminated. Due to these radical views, Morelly is considered a significant forerunner of later socialist and communist thinkers, including Marx, Engels, Fourier, Proudhon, Babeuf, etc."The Code of Nature" had in immense impact on contemporary and later thought because it not only constitutes a theoretical utopia, but rather a sound analytical treatise with utopian elements. It reflects a realistic approach to society and includes a legislative program to return the State to a government in accordance with the natural solidarity and affection of humanity in which Morelly believed so strongly. "The Code of Nature" not only influenced later socialist and communist thinkers, it was also avidly discussed by contemporary Enlightenment thinkers such as Lessing, Wieland, Baumgarten, etc., and the work appeared in numerous editions throughout the 18th century. Einaudi: 4031; Kress: 5457.

Paris, 1851. Contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Internally brownspotted (due to the paper quality). A page has been inserted on to the half-title, on which is explained, in a neat late 19th century hand, that the present copy is that of George Sand and that it comes from the sale of her belongings. The rest of the page contains bibliographical information on the work. Nice copy. The extremely scarce first edition, one of merely 84 copies that were not destroyed, of the first work by the Goncourt brothers - the work that laid the basis for their unique joint authorship. The famous brothers Edmond (1822-96) and Jules (1830-70) Goncourt played a unique role in 19th century French intellectual life. Together they developed a distinctive impressionistic style, called "écriture artiste"; their works are furthermore of great importance to the understanding of literary and social life of the period. They seminally influenced the naturalism and realism of 19th century literature - in the words of Émile Zola, they "provided a new sense of nature". The remarkable symbiosis in their collaboration, continuing to write as one until the death of Jules, has gone down in history as one of the most remarkable literary collaborations ever. They are considered aesthetes of the highest rank and were known as great collectors of art. They were also known to be highly neurotic and utterly misogynist. During the Second Empire they frequented the salon of Princess Mathilde and took part in the famous 'dîners Magny', the fortnightly gatherings that brought together leading men (and George Sand!) of letters and science at a Paris restaurant in the 1860'ies. In his will, Edmond left the entire Goncourt fortune to found the "Académie Goncourt", which began in 1903, when the prestigious Prix Goncourt was also founded. Their first work, "En 18..", was printed in 1000 copies, but it was confiscated by the censors and was burnt by the authors. Consequently, a mere 84 copies survived and the work is thus of the utmost scarcity. "Cet ouvrage, qui a été tire à 1000 exemplaires, a été brûlé par les auteurs; il n'existerait dans le commerce que 84 exemplaires donnés ou vendus." (Carteret)."Premiers ouvrage des Goncourt, très rare, dont le manuscrit a subi des suppressions avant l'impression de l'edition de Bruxelles." [the Brussels edition being the second edition, printed in 1884]. (Carteret). George Sand and the Goncourt brothers moved in the same intellectual and literary circles, were invited to the same places, the same salons, and had many friends in common. All three were seminal in determining the course of naturalistic writing of the 19th century. Interestingly, also George Sand began her literary career in as a collaboration, in a liaison with the writer Jules Sandeau. They published a few stories in collaboration, signing them "Jules Sand", before she began writing on her own. Carteret I:349. (listing a copy of the first edition sold in 1918 at 160 fr.).

(Paris), 1919. Folio. With a nice, later paper backstrip. Entire issue 27, 1919 of La Presse Médicale present (pp. 353- 360). Passot's article: 7 columns on pp. 258-261. With one illustration, depicting the ways to reduce wrinkles on a face. Well preserved. The very rare first printing of this pioneering work of plastic surgery - one of the very first - most likely THE first - publication on face lifting, consisting mainly in the elevating and redraping of the facial skin. The first facelift was reportedly done in either 1901 or 1907, but "[n]ot all writers of rhytidectomy spread their innovations through publication; some were teachers instead of writers. Sooner or later, however, those they taught began to write. Giving credit to his masters, Pozzi and Morestin, as well as Mlle. Pertat, Raymond Passot in 1919 described the following technique for eliminating cheek wrinkles and the buccolabial sulcus: First, he began the operation by "withdrawing miniscule amounts of tegument in the preauricular region, using as a limit the lower part of the male's sideburns and the region onto which the mass of the female feair falls...." (Gonzales-Ulloa, The Creation of Aesthetic Surgery, p. 43). The paper is extremely famous, not only due to its great influence, but also because it has come to be regarded as a milestone publication in the history of face lifting, being perhaps the very first publication to describe this now so popular method of rejuvenation. "There is still doubt as to who performed the first facelift, but most sources date it to the first decade of the 20th century.... Hollander... in 1932 stated that his original procedure had been preformed in 1901 for a Polish aristocrat. Lexer, however, reported in 1931 that he had preformed a facelift for and acr´tress in 1906 and that he was unaware of any such operation before that date. Joseph reported in 1921 that he had preformed an operation in 1912 for cerrection of aging cheek tissues in a 48-year-old woman. By the time Hollander, lexer, and Joseph reported their first procedures, a number of other prominent surgeons in Europe, such as Noel, Passot, Morseting... were busy performing cosmetic surgical procedures.... Passot in 1919 published an illustrated article showing sites of elliptic skin excision of the hairline, the forehead, and the temporal and preauricular areas to tighten the skin and an elliptic excision of skin and fat to reduce submental fat deposits." (Neligan, Plastic Surgery, vol. 6, p. 184). "In France, Passot was the first surgeon to describe the submental excision to correct a double chin and multiple facial direct excisions in 1919 in his article "La chirurgie esthétiques des rides du visage". (Panfilov, Aesthetic Surgery of the Facial Mosic, p. 5).