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Amsterdam, Hendrik en de Weduwe van Dirk Boom, 1681, 1664 & 1665. 4to. In contemporary full calf with four raised bands and richly gilt spine. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. A bit of wear to extremities. Back-boards with a few worm-tracts. Internally with a few worm-tracts in last part, overall a nice and clean copy. (4), 37, (3), 188, (4), 188, (4), 195, (5), 187, (5), 186, (6), 185, (11) pp. + portrait and 21 plates (out of 25). Rare dutch translation of Dalle Valle’s famous travel-account to Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land, Syria, Iraq, Persia and India, being one of the earliest printed sources for the early history of the United Arab Emirates. Della Valle's writings and collections have made significant contributions to the understanding of the cultures and societies he encountered during his journeys and his account of his travels is today regarded as being of seminal importance not only for the history of the Middle East but of travel-literature in general.“His perceptive and detailed letters, enriched by the romance and poignancy of his devotion to his wife, together create one of the finest works of travel literature” (Howgego).The present copy being the second Dutch edition of part 1 (1681) and last 5 parts (1664 & 1665) all being first Dutch translations. Pietro della Valle embarked on his travels in 1614, departing from Venice, Italy. Over the course of his journey he visited numerous countries and regions, including the Middle East, India, and Persia. Della Valle's initial travels took him to the Middle East, where he visited places such as Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), Aleppo, Baghdad, and Jerusalem. He explored various cultural and historical sites documenting his experiences in letters and journals. After returning to Italy, Della Valle set out on a second journey in 1623, this time traveling to India. He visited cities such as Goa, Surat, and Agra, where he met with local rulers and learned about the culture and customs of the region. Della Valle also visited the court of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and witnessed the construction of the Taj Mahal. Following his time in India, Della Valle traveled to Persia (modern-day Iran). He visited cities such as Isfahan, Shiraz, and Persepolis, where he studied Persian language and culture. Della Valle's travels in Persia provided him with insights into the Safavid Empire and its society. Della Valle returned to Italy in 1628, bringing back with him a vast collection of artifacts, manuscripts, and cultural items. He spent the remaining years of his life in Italy, where he continued to write about his travels and share his experiences with scholars and intellectuals. Throughout his travels, Pietro della Valle documented his experiences through letters, journals, and other writings, which have provided valuable insights into the regions he visited during the 17th century. His accounts have since become important historical sources for scholars studying the cultures, societies, and geopolitics of the Middle East, India and Persia during that time period.

Rio de Janeiro, 1946. Uncut in the original printed wrappers. Wear to extremities. Upper part of spine with loss of paper and brownspotting to wrappers. Marginal brownspotting throughout. The rare first edition of Clarice Lispector's enigmatic second novel, her haunting O Lustre (“The Chandelier”), now recognized as a foundational work of modern Brazilian literature and a daring exploration of inner consciousness. In spite of now being considered one of the greatest modern authors, Clarice Lispector is a fairly recent discovery for most, and many of her most famous novels have only recently been translated into English for the first time. "Written in 1946, The Chandelier is a mesmerizing journey into the mind of a young woman struggling to make sense of her inner world. Clarice Lispector’s second novel, long overshadowed by her debut, is finally emerging as a key work in her development." (From the first English translation, 2018) Clarice (1920-1977), as she is usually called by her many fans worldwide, is one of the most intriguing and revolutionizing authors of the 20th century. After having been re-discovered in Europe, she is now compared to the likes of Joyce, Kafka, and Steinbeck. She was born in Ukraine, to Jewish parents, and moved to Brazil as an infant, amidst the disasters following WWI. She grew up in Recife and moved to Rio de Janeiro when she was in her teens. She was merely 23, when she published her first novel, "Near to the Wild Heart", which catapulted her into fame in her own country (Brazil). Following her marriage to a Brazilian diplomat, she left the country in 1944 and spent the next 15 years in Europe and the United States. She continued, however, to publish all of her writings in Brazil. Although immensely famous in Brazil, it was only after the Amrican writer Benjamin Moser published a biography of Clarice Lispector in 2009 that her works have become the object of an extensive project of retranslation, published by New Directions Publishing and Penguin Modern Classics, being the first Brazilian to enter the prestigious series. Moser characterizes Lispector as "the most important Jewish writer in the world since Kafka" and O Lustre—with its stream-of-consciousness narrative, recursive prose, and philosophical intensity—fully supports that claim. It is a novel that resists categorization, one that explores the flickering boundaries between self and world, light and shadow, thought and sensation. First published in Rio de Janeiro in 1946, O Lustre was initially met with bewilderment by critics, who found its nonlinear structure and experimental language difficult to digest. But today it is hailed as a milestone in Lispector’s literary evolution, a raw and luminous expression of her singular voice. "Her second novel is darker, denser, more abstract. But it is also the book in which her voice truly begins to break free, a shimmering, difficult, and uncompromising work." (From the English introduction, 2018) "The legendarily beautiful Clarice Lispector, tall and blonde, clad in the outspoken sunglasses and chunky jewelry of a grande dame of midcentury Rio de Janeiro, met our current definition of glamour. She spent years as a fashion journalist and knew how to look the part. But it is as much in the older sense of the word that Clarice Lispector is glamorous: as a caster of spells, literally enchanting, her nervous ghost haunting every branch of the Brazilian arts. Her spell has grown unceasingly since her death. Then, in 1977, it would have seemed exaggerated to say she was her country's preëminent modern writer. Today, when it no longer does, questions of artistic importance are, to a certain extent, irrelevant. What matters is the magnetic love she inspires in those susceptible to her. For them, reading Clarice Lispector is one of the great emotional experiences of their lives. But her glamour is dangerous. "Be careful with Clarice," a friend told a reader decades ago, using the single name by which she is universally known. "It's not literature. It's witchcraft." The connection between literature and witchcraft has long been an important part of the Clarice mythology. That mythology, with a powerful boost from the Internet, which magically transforms rumors into facts, has developed ramifications so baroque that it might today be called a minor branch of Brazilian literature. Circulating unstoppably online is an entire shadow oeuvre, generally trying, and failing, to sound profound, and breathing of passion. Online, too, Clarice has acquired a posthumous shadow body, as pictures of actresses portraying her are constantly reproduced in lieu of the original. If the technology has changed its forms, the mythologizing itself is nothing new. Clarice Lispector became famous when, at the end of 1943, she published "Near to the Wild Heart." She was a student, barely twenty-three, from a poor immigrant background. Her first novel had such a tremendous impact that, one journalist wrote, "we have no memory of a more sensational debut, which lifted to such prominence a name that, until shortly before, had been completely unknown." But only a few weeks after that name was becoming known she left Rio with her husband, a diplomat. They would live abroad for almost two decades. Though she made regular visits home, she would not return definitively until 1959. In that interval, legends flourished. Her odd foreign name became a subject of speculation-one critic suggested it might be a pseudonym-and others wondered whether she was, in fact, a man. Taken together, the legends reflect an uneasiness, a feeling that she was something other than she seemed. ... New subjects require new language. Part of Clarice's odd grammar can be traced to the powerful influence of the Jewish mysticism that her father introduced her to. But another part of its strangeness can be attributed to her need to invent a tradition. As anyone who reads her stories from beginning to end will see, they are shot through by a ceaseless linguistic searching, a grammatical instability, that prevents them from being read too quickly. ... "In painting as in music and literature," she wrote, "what is called abstract so often seems to me the figurative of a more delicate and difficult reality, less visible to the naked eye." As abstract painters sought to portray mental and emotional states without direct representation, and modern composers expanded traditional laws of harmony, Clarice undid reflexive patterns in grammar. She often had to remind readers that her "foreign" speech was not the result of her European birth or an ignorance of Portuguese. Nor, needless to say, of the proper ways women presented themselves. As a professional fashion writer, she reveled in her characters' appearances. And then she dishevelled their dresses, smudged their mascara, deranged their hair, enchanting well-composed faces with the creepier glamour Sir Walter Scott described. With overturned words, she conjured an entire unknown world-conjuring, too, the unforgettable Clarice Lispector: a female Chekhov on the beaches of Guanabara." (Benjamin Moser in The New Yorker). All of Clarice Lispector's works are scarce in the first editions - which were all printed in Rio de Janeiro - and hardly every appear on the market.

Paris, Baptiste Loyson, 1662 (+) Paris, Coube, 1657 (+) Cologne, Pierre Marteau, 1687. 8vo. In contemporary ful calf with four raised bands and gilt ornamentation to spine. Super ex-libris to boards. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Light wear to extremities, parts of gilting on spine worn off. Internally lightly browned and closely trimmed, occassionally touching letters. (10), 82, (12), 94, (4), 52 pp. Three early French plays, all first editions, from what is widely regarded as being the golden age of French playwriting. All are of the utmost scarcity and we have only been able to trace one auction-record, namely that of “Le Riche Mecontent” (Sold at “Early English Literature and Americana duplicates and selections from the Library of Henry E. Huntington”, 1920 - described as "Very scarce"). These plays are all examples of French comedy from the 17th century, a period marked by the flourishing of theater in France, particularly in Paris. This era witnessed the development of a distinct French theatrical tradition with an emphasis on comedic works. These plays incorporate satire, using humor, irony, or ridicule to criticize and mock societal norms, behaviors or specific social groups “Le Riche Mecontent” was written for Hôtel de Bourgogne, a theatre, built in 1548 for the first authorized theatre troupe in Paris, the Confrérie de la Passion. It was considered the most important French theatre until the 1630s, it continued to be used until 1783. Nicolas de Péchantré (1638 – 1708), author of 'Les Engagement' and 'Les Yvrongnes' obtained three times the laurel at the Academy of Floral Games, and acquired great popularity by his tragedy of Greta. Georges Vicaire, French bibliophile and bibliographer, attributed “Les Yvrongnes” to Péchantré. Brunet 1, 1800 (Le Riche Mecontent). Not in Graesse, Barbier or Tchemerzine.

Berlin, 1842. 4to. Entire volume of "Abhandlungen"... and "Mathamatische Abhandlungen"... 1840 present. Contemporary yellow boards with a vellum-like spine. Handwritten title to spine. A bit of wear and soiling to extremities, and corners bent. Internally fine and clean. Stamp to title-page (Dom-Gymnasium Magdeburg, also stamped out). Pp. (187)- 257 + 6 plates, two of which are folded. Text very nice, bright, and clean, plates with a bit of brownspotting. [Entire volume: (6), XVII, (5), 400 pp. + 10 plates, 4 of which are coloured + (4), 137 pp.]. First printing of this foundational work, which established the acceptance, by the modern world, of Aristotle as the founder of biological science. It is due to the present work that modern encyclopaedias will now conclude that "Aristotle is properly recognized as the originator of the scientific study of life." (SEP). Apart from its importance to the modern view of Aristotle, the present paper was also central to Müller's construction of a natural system of the fishes. For centuries, the authority of Aristotle in matters of science and biology was unrivalled, but with modern science, the advancement of exact knowledge, and modern man's ability to investigate the smallest of details, Aristotle's scientific and zoological works increasingly came to be viewed as not properly belonging to the exact sciences. Many biologists would claim that his observations were fanciful and incorrect, not constituting any real scientific value. This view completely changed with the publication of the present paper, by the renowned zoologist Müller.In his "Historia Animalium", Aristotle had described a phenomenon in a shark, which no modern zoologist believed to be true. Had it been true, our classification among sharks and fish would need to be different, as this fanciful observation would completely alter our view of the shark as such. Müller, in the present treatise, was the first to actually prove Aristotle's observation to be true, thereby altering the modern conception of Aristotle, earning him the respect that he truly deserved as the first scientific biologist and as the originator of the scientific study of life. "Müller placed the Cyclostomata among the fishes. He was thus led to study the sharks... A further product of this investigation was "Über den glatten Hai des Aristoteles" (1842). In "Historia animalium", Aristotle had reported that the embryos of the "so-called smooth shark" are attached to the uterus of the mother by a placenta, as is the case among mammals. Rondelet had described such a shark in 1555 and Steno had observed one in 1673 off the coast of Tuscany, but it had not been referred to in more recent times. Müller was the first who was able to corroborate the earlier testimony.In conjunction with the study of the shark, Müller constructed a natural system of the fishes based on work as painstaking as it was perceptive." (DSB).Johannes Peter Müller (1801-58) was one of the most important physiologists and zoologists of the 19th century. He made a vast number of important discoveries, and his unusual and empirical approach to his subjects made him one of the most influential scientists of the century. "Müller introduced a new era of biological research in Germany and pioneered the use of experimental methods in medicine. He overcame the inclination to natural-philosophical speculation widespread in German universities during his youth, and inculcated respect for careful observation and physiological experimentation. He required of empirical research that it be carried out "with seriousness of purpose and thoughtfulness, with incorruptible love of truth and perseverance." Anatomy and physiology, pathological anatomy and histology, embryology and zoology-in all these fields he made numerous fundamental discoveries. Almost all German scientists who achieved fame after the middle of the nineteenth century considered themselves his students or adopted his methods or views. Their remarks reveal his preeminent position in medical and biological research. Helmholtz, one of his most brilliant students, termed Müller a "man of the first rank" and stated that his acquaintance with him had "definitively altered his intellectual standards"." (DSB).

(Paris), 1959. 4to. No wrappers. Fine and clean. The paper: Pp. 1721-22. Entire issue offered pp.: (1597)-1732. First printing of the seminal paper that first described the cause of Down's Syndrome, trisomy-21, or the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. "Currently, Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common birth defects, affecting about one in every 750 live births. John Langdon Down first described this condition in the medical literature in 1866, documenting the various symptoms associated with the syndrome but failing to determine their cause. In fact, the cause of DS remained unknown for nearly 100 years following Down's work. Then, in the 1950s [i.e. in the present paper], researchers finally determined the source of DS: the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, a condition often referred to as trisomy 21.Since the discovery of trisomy 21, scientists have made great strides in Down syndrome research." (Clare O'Connor, in: Nature Education)."As previously mentioned, almost 100 years elapsed between Down's medical description of DS and the discovery of the cause of this condition. But why was this the case? It was certainly not for lack of trying. Many theories for the cause of DS were put forth in the century after Down's publication. Some physicians even made the key observation that older mothers had a higherfrequency of DS babies, and they postulated that the condition was caused by what they termed "uterine exhaustion." Gradually, researchers narrowed in on the real cause of DS: achromosomal abnormality. In fact, researchers now realize that older mothers have more babies with DS because the frequency of meiotic nondisjunction increases in women with age.The reason that cytologists in the early twentieth century failed to correctly diagnose DS is almost certainly due to technical limitations. Chromosome 21 is the smallest human chromosome, and procedures for examining human chromosomes were still being developed during the first part of the century. Many early cytologists had, in fact, studied chromosomes from DS patients, but none had been able to detect a supernumerary copy of chromosome 21. A breakthrough finally occurred in 1956, when Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan described a set of experimental conditions that allowed them to correctly identify the number of human chromosomes as 46. Within three years of the publication of this groundbreaking work, Jerome Lejeune in France and Patricia Jacobs in the United States were able to identify a supernumerary copy of chromosome 21 in karyotypes prepared from DS patients. Trisomy 21 is now accepted to be the major cause of DS, accounting for about 95% of cases." (Clare O'Connor, in: Nature Education).Garrison & Morton: 4962.5

1) Inringning. Dikter. (Sthlm., 1958). Ubesk. i orig. omsl. Rent og friskt eksemplar af T.s debut. Omsl. af Håkan Engström.2) Två vindar. Dikter. (Sthlm., 1960). Ubeskåret og uopskåret i orig. omsl. Helt frisk. Omsl. af Lennart Iverus.3) Karantän. Roman. (Sthlm., 1961). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Omsl. m. en anelse brugsspor, men ellers et rent eksemplar af T.s første roman. Omsl. af Lars Wellton.4) Nymålat. Dikter. (Sthlm., 1962). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Foromsl. m. små rifter for oven. Omsl. af Lena Cronquist.5) Maskrosbollen. Roman. (Sthlm., 1962). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Ren og pæn. Omsl. af Stig Claesson.6) Familjeliv. En berättelse från Tobobac. (Sthlm., 1964). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. m. det orig. sorte smudsomsl. m. kighullerne til omsl. Kighullet på forsiden af smudsomsl. m. små rifter, ellers rent og friskt, delvist uopskåret ekspl.7) Om förtröstan. Dikter. (Sthlm., 1965). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Helt frisk. Omsl. af Lena Cronquist.8) De andra de till hälften synliga. Dikter. (Sthlm., 1966). Ubeskåret og uopskåret i orig. omsl. Aldeles frisk. Omsl. af Lena Cronquist.9) Hallonfallet (kanske en deckare). Sthlm., (1967). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Omsl. m. en smule brugsspor. Roman skrevet under T.s pseudonym Paul Badura Mörk. Omsl. af Bernt Johansson.10) Samtal med marken. Sthlm., (1969). Ubeskåret og uopskåret i orig. omsl. Helt frisk. "Förhandsexemplar". Omsl. af Lena Cronquist.11) De heliga geograferna. Roman. (Lund, 1973). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Omsl. m. lidt brugsspor, ellers ren og pæn. Omsl. af Tage Åsén.12) Stormunnans bön. Teckningar av Lena Cronqvist. (Uddevalla, 1974). Orig. omsl. Lille stempel på foromsl: "För benägan anmälan". Omsl. af Lena Cronqvist.13) Svartsjukans sånger. Dikter. (Sthlm., 1975). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Foromsl. m. lidt brugsspor i højre margin, ellers ren og pæn. "Recensionsexemplar från Albert Bonniers Förlag". Omslagsvignet af Lena Cronqvist.14) Guddottrarna. (Sthlm., 1975). Ubeskåret og uopskåret i orig. omsl. Helt friskt ekspl. Omsl. af Tge Åsén.15) Sandro Botticellis Dikter.(Sthlm., 1976) Ubeskåret og uopskåret i orig. omsl. Frisk. Omslagsvignet et Lena Cronqvist.16) Prästungen. Berättelse. (Sthlm., 1976). Orig. brunt helshirtbd., orig. smudsomsl. En anelse stødt v. kapitæler og hjørner, ellers ren og frisk. Illustrationer af Lena Cronqvist. Omslagsfoto af Nisse Peterson.17) Dikter till Lena. I urval av författeren. Förord av Lars Grahn. Sthlm., (1978). Orig. rødt papbd. En smule brugsspor v. kapitæler, ellers pæn og ren.18) Ökenbrevet. (Sthlm., 1978). Orig. lysebrunt helshirtbd., orig. smudsomsl. Omsl. m. en smule brugsspor v. hjørner og kanter, ellers ren og pæn. Omsl. malet af Lena Cronqvist. M. egenhændig DEDIKATION fra "Göran" Tunstrøm til "Margareta", dat "febr 79". Indlagt ORIG. BLYANTSTEGNING forestillende Tunström, udført af Margareta?19) Sorgesånger. Dikter. (Sthlm., 1980). Ubeskåret i orig. omsl. Foromsl. m. en anelse brugsspor, ellers ren og pæn. Omslagsvignet af Lena Cronqvist.20) Juloratoriet. Roman. (Ungern, 1983). Orig. rødt helshirtbd., orig. smudsomsl. Aldeles friskt og rent ekspl. af romanen, for hvilken T. fik Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris 1 1984. Omslagsmaleri af Lena Cronqvist, omsl. af Jan Biberg.21) Indien - en vinterresa. Teckningar Lena Cronqvist. (Uddevalla, 1984). Orig. hvidt helshirtbd., orig. smudsomsl. Omsl. m. lidt rifter for oven, ellers pæn og ren.22) Tjuven. Roman. (WSOY, Finland, 1986). Orig. mørkerødt helshirtbd., orig. smudsomsl. Særdeles friskt ekspl. Omsl. Jan Biberg.23) Chang Eng ett skådespel. (Sthlm., 1987). Orig. gult helshirtbd., orig. gult smudsomsl. Foromsl. m. revne i højre hjørne, ellers ren og frisk. Omsl. Jan Biberg.24) Det sanna livet. (Wettergrens Bokhandel AB Göteborg har utgivit Göran Tunströms Det sanna livet som julhälsning 1987). Orig. blankt omsl., orig. smudsomsl. Ren og pæn. Omsl Lena Cronqvist. Udkom ikke i boghandelen.25) Under tiden. (WSOY, Finland, 1993). Orig. grå-grønligt helshirtbd., orig. smudsomsl. Helt frisk. Signeret af Göran Tunström på smudstitelbladet. Omsl. Jan Biberg. "Tjugoförsta-tjugosjunde tusendet".26) Skimmer. Roman. (Smedjebacken, 1996). Orig. rødt helshirtbd., orig. smudsomsl. Helt frisk. Omslagsmaleri af Linus Tunström.27) Berömda män som varit i Sunne. Roman. (Falun, 1998). Orig. rødt papbd, orig. smudsomsl. Aldeles friskt ekspl. af det sidste værk, der udkom i T.s levetid. Omsl. af Johan Petterson. For første gang til salg et komplet sæt af Tunströms bogværker i originaludgaver. Tunström er en af Sveriges mest læste og elskede forfattere. Han døde i 2000 og har uden tvivl sat sig dybe spor i litteraturen. Hans værker er oversat til flere sprog, og han har modtaget adskillige priser for sin fremragende litteratur, bl.a. Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris i 1984.

[No place], Editura Partidului Comunist Roman, 1947. Royal8vo. In publisher's half cloth Binding with waterstain, affecting both front and back board. Hindges weak Internally with a few marginal annotations, othwise interanlly fine and clean. 780, (1) pp + frontispiece. First Romanian translation of 'Das Kapital', Marx' landmark work, constituting what is arguably the greatest revolutionary work of the nineteenth century. It is the first translation of the many translation from the post-war decades in countries with communist government. It even predates the translation into any of the USSR-languages. As World War II ended, Romania, a former Axis member, was occupied by the Soviet Union, the sole representative of the Allies. On 6 March 1945, after mass demonstrations by communist sympathizers and political pressure from the Soviet representative of the Allied Control Commission, a new pro-Soviet government that included members of the previously outlawed Romanian Workers' Party was installed. Gradually, more members of the Communist Party and communist-aligned parties gained control of the administration and pre-war political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. In December 1947, King Michael was coerced to abdicate and the People's Republic of Romania was declared. The present translation was paid for by the Romanian Communist Party.

Göteborg (S. Norberg) 1804. 8vo. In contemporary grey blank wrappers. Stamp to front wrapper, verso of front wrapper, title-page and p. 17. Otherwise fine. (12), (1)-51, (1) pp. The exceedlingly rare second part of the Swedish Bodell-translation of Adam Smith's 'Wealth of Nations' book IV. . Bodell published translations of excerpts of Smith's landmark work in 1800 and 1804. A more lengthy translation was made in 1909 - 1911 but to this day a full Swedish translation has not been made.Despite the comparatively late translation into Swedish, it still had a profound influence, not on economists since they were well aware of the original work in English, but upon politics and public opinion in general: "There are few things more striking to the modem student of the history of ideas in Sweden than the negative phenomenon that Sweden was almost entirely uninfluenced by this fact and thus remained almost unaffected by English economic thought during a period when its superiority was most evident. As far as I am acquainted with the Swedish economic discussion and our popular economic literature of the 1860's and 1870's, there is almost no trace of any influence from English writers. [...]Of Adam Smith we have still only one abbreviated translation of his famous work and that was published as late as during this century; and, as far as I know, nothing of Ricardo's or Malthus' exists in Swedish, nor do any of the major economic works of J.S. Mill." (Heckscher, A survey of economic thought in Sweden, 1875-1950).Cheng-chung Lai, A17, 2. Vanderblue p. 33.

Prentet udi Aarhus, i Autoris Tryckeri 1650. Velholdt eksemplar indbundet i samtidigt helpergament med kalligraferet titel på ryggen. Samtlige sider indrammet af bred røskenbort. Med dedikation fra bogens tidligere ejer fra 1650 og fremefter. 322 pp. Hans Hansen Skonning (1579–1651) var forfatter, bogtrykker og klokker ved Domkirken i Aarhus. Efter at være blevet afsat som klokker af biskop Morten Madsen i 1641 hævnede han sig med denne satire, der retter sig mod forholdene i Aarhus. Skonning oprettede sit eget bogtrykkeri i byen omkring 1630 og fik i 1635 bevilling til at drive en papirmølle. Foruden sit virke som trykker var han en flittig forfatter. Hans mest omtalte værk i samtiden var 'Kattens Rettergang med Hundene', en dyreallegori i stil med Reineke Fuchs. Værket er en bredt satirisk fremstilling i knittelvers, hvor Skonning indædt hævder, at sandhed og retfærdighed er hjemløse i en verden, hvor lasten triumferer. Thesaurus 644. Bibl. Danica IV, 246. Houghton no. 15: "A contemporary of Arrebo, Skonning is today an obscure figure. In his lifetime, however, he was well known as a poet and a printer. This first edition, an allegorical verse epic with prose commentary, is a relatively rare seventeenth-century Aarhus imprint, published at the author's own printing house. Each page of text is printed within a border of type ornaments."

Venetiis (Venice), Paulum Manutium (Aldus), 1555. Folio (342 x 230 mm). In later half calf with five raised bands with gilt lettering to spine. Head of spine with repair, hindges bit weak and some scratches to boards. Ex-libris (H. P. Rohde, librarian at the Royal Danish Library) pasted on to verso of front board. Annotated by Rohde in pencil on front free end-paper. Title-page with a few dots and marks and light miscolouring to margins. First five leaves with small nick to upper margin, far from affrcting text. Damage to upper part of foreedge causing small hole to Pp. 30-130 in upper outer margin, far from affecting text. Very few sporadic dots throughout, overall internally very fine and clean. (4), 478 ff. (Wanting the 98 ff. of part II). First edition of this monumental and landmark Livy-edition edited by Carlo Signonio, introducing critical methods for reconstructing the past which revolutionized the study of ancient Roman history and the Italian Middle Ages. This edition was the first systematically to apply critical method to the rendition of the text and to the chronology of Roman history, marking the beginning of a new approach in the study of Roman history. This edition ‘made Sigonio’s European reputation ... In the Aldine folio of 1555 the miscellaneous fragments of the various annotators were swept away, and readers were offered a revised text of Livy, majestically printed, and the imposing Scholia of Sigonio alone, scholia which in sheer mass, acumen, and acerbity, far outstripped the combined efforts of all his predecessors’ (W. McCuaig). ”This is one of the many editions which were published with the annotations of Sigonhjs—"quae quidem," says Harles, "nonnullorum bilem moverunt." Renouard says it is an elegantly printed book, but is rarely to be found in good condition. At Mr. Bridges's sale a superb copy of this edition, on laege paper, was sold for the extraordinary sum of 3bl. 10s. M. Renouard has also a copy on large paper, containing many notes in the hand-writing of De Thou.” (Dibdin) "Belle édition bien imprimée, sur bon papier, et peut-être de toutes celles de cet historien, la plus amie de l'oeil et la plus facile à lire" (Renouard, 166.15). Ahmanson-Murphy 477 Renouard 166:15 Brunet III:1106 Adams L1342; Dibdin II 166

Kjøbenhavn, Bianco Luno, 1839. 8vo. Nice comtemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Minor wear to capitals and corners bumped. Light brownspotting to first and last leaves. A very fine and clean copy. (8), 470 pp. Rare first Danish edition of the monumental main work by one of the absolutely most influential classical economists, David Ricardo, the systematizer of economics. The Danish translation is translated from the third edition, which appeared in 1821.David Ricardo (1772-1823) was born in London as the son of a Dutch Jew. Initially Ricardo was primarily interested in science and mathematics, but after having read Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" in 1799, he devoted himself entirely to political economy, and in 1817 he could publish his seminal work "The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (see PMM 277). Two years later, in 1819, Ricardo was elected to the Parliament, and became the House's acknowledged expert on economic affairs, -also as such he considerably influenced the opinion towards free trade.There are three classical economists, who must be said to have fundamentally changed political economy, and they are Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus, and David Ricardo, -the three main founders of "modern economic analysis". On the basis of "The Wealth of Nations", classical political economy could be founded by Malthus and Ricardo, -in his "Principles". Ricardo was in doubt as to whether he should publish his later so exceedingly famous work, but was persuaded to do so by his friend James Mill, chief Apostle of the Utalitarians, and so he did in 1817, when the work presented the population of Great Britain with some very unexpected conclusions. Enlarging on the Physiocrats, Ricardo places the interest of the landlord and that of the community in the most violent opposition, -he states: "the interest of the landlord is necessarily opposed to the interest of every other class in the community." On the grounds of this theory, he gathered quite a number of opponents, who considered this the embodiment of injustice and strongly opposed of his theories. "Ricardo, in his paradox to arrest attention, outlined the case for class war. It is one of the issues which John Stuart Mill will be forced to confront, and upon which Marx built his theory and makes his observations." (Catlin, A History of the Political Philosophers, Ldn., 1950, p. 374). In opposition to Smith, Ricardo was not interested in the value as the principle for the equal exchange between differentiated individuals, but in it as the means of building up theories of the relation between wages, profits and rents and their distribution to landlords, capitalists and labourers, -thus developing the famous theory of "labour as measure". Against Malthus he opposes the interest of the agriculturalist as against that of the free-trading manufacturer, -one of his distinctive contributions to economics lies in expounding the monopoly theory of rent. "Ricardo was, in a sense, the first "scientific" economist. Lacking Smith's warmth and sympathy for humanity and for the labourer in particular, Ricardo saw the study of economics as a pure science whose abstractions were capable of quasi-mathematical proof. Although his theorems remain hypothetical, his deductive methods have proved a great use in the elementary analysis of economic problems, currency and banking, it has proved a lasting value." (Printing and the Mind of Man 277).The work is groundbreaking in numerous respects, one of them being that Ricardo here also sets out to establish paper-money, -he actualized this as well as the theory that the banks should convert its stock of gold into standardized gold bars, -this is the reason why the very first gold bars, as we know them, were called "Ricardos"; the first was issued in 1820.The work has been immensely influential throughout Europe, and has had a strong effect on Danish liberal thought and politics.

London, The Macmillan Company, 1899. 8vo. In the original full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Traces after removel of label on lower part of spine. Library labels pasted on to pasted down front free end-paper. Embossed library stamp to titbel page (not affecting text). Otherwise a fine copy. XXVIII, (2), 445, (3) pp. The scarce first edition of Clark's seminal work - a cornerstone of neoclassical micro-economics -, which is considered "by any reasonable test, a landmark treatise in the development of economics". (New Palgrave). Clark "is regarded in some quarters as the one great American economist of the calibre of Smith and Mill". (Cohen, American Thought: A Critical Sketch, p. 117).Clark here presented his famous theorem: Given competition and homogeneous factors of production labor and capital, the repartition of the social product will be according to the productivity of the last physical input of units of labor and capital. This theorem is one of the pillars of neoclassical micro-economics and was popularly formulated by Clark himself: "[W]hat a social class gets is, under natural law, what it contributes to the general output of industry.""Very early in his career Clark began to work on the problem of factor shares (possibly because of his interest in Henry Georg) and concluded that the treatment of land rent as a surplus whose size is not determined by marginal productivity was gross error. The most complete statement of his views on distribution is in [The present work]. [...] Despite its flaws (which include the universal measure of value) 'the Distribution' is a remarkable book and, by any reasonable test, a landmark treatise in the development of economics.The 'Distribution represents an advance on the prior art in two important respects. It offers a discussion of the relation of statics to dynamics - the terms was introduced into economics by Clark - superior to that of previous treatments. And it offers, for the first time, a complete and lucid exposition of the neo-classical theory of distribution." (The New Palgrave)"One of the classics on the subject. "Aims "to show that the distribution of the income of society is controlled by a natural law, and that this law if it worked without friction, would give to every agent of production the amount of wealth which the agent creates." (A Select Bibliography of Modern Economic Theory, 1870-1929, P. 69). John Bates Clark (1847 - 1938), American neoclassical economist, was one of the pioneers of the marginalist revolution and opponent to the Institutionalist school of economics, and spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University.Mattioli 687Einaudi 1114Katalog der Karl Menger-Bibliothek 431

Lyon, Jean Thioly, 1669. 12mo. In contemporary full calf with five raised bandes and richly gilt spine. Small paper label pasted on to upper part of spine indicating the inventory number in an estate library. Lower part of front hindge split. Small worm-tract affecting first two leaves, but otherwise a nice copy. (8), 198, (2) pp. The uncommon first edition of this famous account of the expedition undertaken by François d'Aubusson, duc de la Feuillade to assist the Venetian rulers of Heraklion, Crete (Candia), against the siege undertaken by Ottomans in the final year of the Cretan Wars (1645-1669) De la Feuillade, who had previously engaged Ottoman forces at the Battle of St. Gothard in 1664, willingly volunteered for this mission. With support from Pope Clement IX, he personally funded and organized a contingent of 500 men. The journal, composed as a letter by a volunteer on the expedition, not only provides a detailed account of the Cretan war but also offers valuable insights into the Greek Orthodox Church. Interestingly, the manuscript fell into the possession of a certain Thioly, who, despite having the text, disavowed any knowledge of the author. Subsequently two more editions were published in Grenoble in the same year, followed by another in 1670. Additionally, an English translation was published in 1670.Blackmer 859

London, Printed for J. Baker and T. Warner, 1716. 8vo. In a contemporary Cambridge-style mirror binding with five raised bands. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Light wear and miscolouring to extremities, corner bumped. A few corrections and cross-outs in text. Small worm-tract to lower outer corner of last 20 ff. (16), 206 pp. (Pp. 50-63 misnumbered). The rare first edition of this anonymously published political and religious treatise that addresses the dangers posed by the ongoing rebellion against the British monarchy during a period of political and religious turmoil following the Jacobite rising of 1715. “The following Discourse was occafion'd by a Sermon preach'd Nov. 15. 1715. It was some time before I refolved upon the Publication of it, and then thought fit to add in proper Places, the Substance of several other Sermons which related to the same Subject; which with other Thoughts occurring, swell'd the Book to a much larger Bulk than I at first intended. The main Design is, partly to demonstrate the Unreasonableness, Impiety, and Wickedness of those who rife up in Rebellion against our only Rightful Sovereign King George, endeavour to dethrone him, and set up a Popish Pretender to his Crown” (From the preface to the present work). The Jacobite rising of 1715 was the attempt by James Edward Stuart (or the Old Pretender) to regain the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland for the exiled Stuarts. The English Jacobites allied with Scottish Jacobites under the command of William Gordon they marched into England, where they encountered Government forces at the Battle of Preston on November 12–14. Initially, the Jacobites gained the upper hand, however, the arrival of Government reinforcements the following day turned the luck which lead to the eventual surrender of the Jacobite forces.This main sermon/discourse of this present work was written on November 15th, that is immediately after the fall of the Jacobites. Probably due to the instability and relatively insecure future the author has wished to remain anonymous. The document is structured to provide an analysis of the causes and consequences of the rebellion, underlining the author's position that the monarchy and the Church of England must be upheld to maintain social order and stability. The book criticizes the growing influence of dissenting religious groups particularly those associated with Calvinistic beliefs, arguing that their rebellion against the established order was both treasonous and destabilizing. Terry: A BIBLIOGRAPHY of Jacobite History 1689-1788, P. 288.

Wittemberg, Nickel Schirlentz, 1539. 4to. In a later paper binding. Blank white paper label pasted on to spine. Woodcut title-page depicting Herod's guest with Salome and the decapitated John the Baptist. Woodcut-initials in text. Two stamps to verso of title-page. Small paper mark pasted on to lower outer margin on title-page. Title-page with light soiling and last 30 ff. with dampstain to upper and lower outer corner. 120 ff. + 1 blank (H4) (Complete). Exceedingly rare second printing of Luther’s exegetical commentary on the 110th psalm (The first being from 1537). This psalm is a cornerstone in Christian theology, as it is cited as proof of the plurality of the Godhead and Jesus' supremacy as king, priest, and Messiah. For this reason, Psalm 110 is "the most frequently quoted or referenced psalm in the New Testament".[3] Classical Jewish sources, in contrast, state that the subject of the psalm is either Abraham, David, or the Jewish Messiah. The printer Schirlentz had previously had printers license revoked because he had published the epigrams of Lemnius. Luther wanted to help Schirlentz and asked the elector personally for permission to print his psalm. Benzing 3322

(No place), L’Imprimerie De La Société Littéraire-Typographique, 1785-89. 8vo. Uniformly bound in 90 contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with five raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spines. Ex-libris (Karl Henrik Koch, Danish author and philosopher) pasted on to pasted down front end-papers. Bindings with wear, of which 35 have considerable wear, with loss of leather and boards party detached. Internally with light marginal browning, but generally nice and clean. With 2 portraits (in vol. 1 and 16) and 14 engraved plates (in vol. 39). Wanting vol. 57 and 87. This edition of the Voltaire's Complete Works notably includes the bulk of Voltaire’s previously unpublished correspondence. The Société littéraire typographique was a publishing house founded by Beaumarchais and Condorcet in order to publish a new complete edition of Voltaire's works. Based in Kehl in Baden to escape censorship it operated from 1780 to 1790 they aimed at creating a monumental posthumous edition, seven years after Voltaire’s death. To achieve this Beaumarchais purchased the printing types of the great English typographer John Baskerville from his widow and acquired paper mills and presses (including three paper mills in the Vosges). Graesse VII, 390.Brunet V, 1354.Bibliographie Voltairienne , p. 101.

Washington, U. S. Treasury, 1944. 8vo. Bound with the original wrappers in later half cloth. White library numbering to top left corner of front boards and front wrapper. "Withdrawn" stamp to front wrapper. Soiling to top right corner of front wrapper affecting first 20 leaves. Front wrapper creased. X, 88 pp. First announcement of the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) at Bretton Woods in July 1944 - the greatest, most powerful and successful international economic agreement ever made. 44 Allied nations led by The United States and Great Britain sought to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still going on. The Bretton Woods system obligated each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to the U.S. dollar and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of paymentsThe formation of the Bretton Woods system is by many considered the main factor in the economic prosperity experienced in Western Europe and the USA during the 50ies and 60ies thus shaping the world economy for decades. Regardless of the fact that some of the basic traits of the system (the gold standard) was abandoned in 1971 - usually referred to as the Nixon Shock - it is still the most influential economic event in the post war-years, if not the entire 20th century. "The United States and Great Britain took the lead in constructing the postwar international monetary institutions, with John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White drawing up rival designs for the new system. The Charter of the International Monetary Fund provided for a system based on pegged, but adjustable, exchange rates and an institution which would lend additional reserve assets to countries which were having temporary difficulties in maintaining convertibility. Resort to floating exchange rates, competitive devaluations, and trade restirctions to promote domestic employment were explicitly to be avoided, in the light of the problems of the 1930s".

London, J. Peele, 1727. 8vo. Without wrappers. A fine and clean copy. 72 pp. Scarce first edition of Gould's influential treatise in which he declared that the interest on government securities should be kept near "the natural interest of money," as defined by Locke. Gould's essay is the very first work commenting on England's massive debt burden in the 18th century and it anticipates the major economic debate on the role of national debt and The Sinking Fund by 50 years. Gould documented that since 1716 the national debt had been greatly reduced and he argued that in time, by the application of the principle of compound interest, the sinking fund would pay off all of the national debt. To support this argument he showed that one million pounds, accumulating at four percent compound interest, would amount in 105 years to 1575 millions. "The English public was in fact so nervous [by the massive national debt] that the Pitt government in 1786 resumed, on a larger scale and more seriously, the policy of paying an annual sum into a Sinking Fund. The plan adopted is usually attributed to the suggestion of Richard Price, [1772]. Sir Nathaniel Gould had published similar views before [in the present publication]. (Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis, 327)."Gould appears, in fact, to have been the first person to have employed those arguments on behalf of the policy of simultaneously borrowing and repaying which subsequently became an accepted element in financial theory. [...] Gould had complete confidence in the permanence of and the efficacy of the sinking fund". (Wormell, National Debt in Britain. P. 41)Kress 3695Goldsmith 6548Hanson 3737Hollander 932Houkes: p. 405(Not in Einaudi, but lists it. See Einaudi Vol. p. 400)

London, J. Wilkie, 1766. 4to. In the original printed wrappers. Lacking backstrip and with a small stain to back wrapper, otherwise a very fine and clean copy. 119 pp. First edition of Thomas Whately's "important and extremely rare" (Higgs) work on British trade and finance primarily in the New World. This is the first thorough and first full description and defense of the the first direct tax ever levied by Parliament upon the colonies. The implementation of this tax resulted in the Boston Massacre and the formation of the Boston Tea Party and, eventually, in the expulsion of the British in 1776. By publishing the present defense, Thomas Whately earned himself a prominent place in the events that led to the American Revolution."Thomas Whately, the most influential British official in colonial policy in his time, published a work on British trade and finances in 1766 [the present work] with this as his opening sentence: "That the wealth and power of Great-Britain depend upon its trade is a proposition, which it would be equally absurd in these times to dispute or prove". In the same year, Edmund Burke asserted that "liberty and commerce" were "the true basis of its [Britain's] power." (Draper, A Struggle for Power: The American Revolution].This policy eventually became fatal: In 1765 the Stamp Act was the first direct tax ever levied by Parliament upon the colonies. All newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets and official documents had to have the stamps. All 13 colonies protested heavily, as popular leaders like Henry in Virginia and Otis in Massachusetts rallied the people in opposition. Thomas Whately (1726-1772), an English politician and writer, was a Member of Parliament, who served as Commissioner on the Board of Trade, as Secretary to the Treasury under Lord Grenville, and as Under- secretary of State under Lord North. "Important and extremely rare. Reprinted in "Scarce Tracts", 1787, and there attributed to T. Whately." (Higgs)Higgs 3757Goldsmith 10157Sabin 103122 Hollander 1987Kress 2489 (erroneously ascribed to William Knox)

(Cape Town, 1967). 4to. The entire issue, in the original green/white and illustrated wrappers, bound in very nice full burgundy cloth with gilt lettering to front board. A bit of brownspotting to a couple of leaves, due to the paper quality, but overall an excellent, clean and bright copy of this richly illustreted issue, which is devoted entirely to the groundbreaking medical performance that was Barnard's human heart transplant. LX pp. + pp. 1257-1278 (the pagination includes the wrappers). First printing in this scarce issue, in which Barnard's milestone paper of modern medicine appeared, describing for the first time one of the most important medical performances in the course of history - "the most publicised event in world medical history", namely the first human heart transplant. This medical breakthrough introduced to the world a way to prolong life that would become of seminal importance to modern man.The entire issue of the "South African Medical Journal" is devoted to Barnard's astonishing performance (done only three weeks prior to the publication) and is very interesting in itself, constituting a magnificent historical document. Apart from the first appearance of Barnard's paper, it also contains tributes to Barnard and his team by other leading physicians, ethical discussions about tranplantations, a description of the honourary degree bestowed upon Barnard due to the operation, discussions about donors for heart transplantations, papers on legal requirements, pre-operative assessment, tissue typing tests anestesia, and, of course, the great operation itself. To that also comes the highly interesting "Provisional Report on the Autopsy of L.W. (the patient, Louis Washkansky) as well as numerous advertisements and several heartfelt congratulations to Barnard (and his team) upon the operation (e.g. a half-page "add" saying "UPJOHN and their S. African Subsidiary/ TUCO (PTY LTD./ heartily congratulate/ all concerned/ in the historic/ HEART TRANSPLANTATION/ carried out at Groote Schuur Hospital" and many others like it), reflecting the astonishing effect that this historic event immidiately had upon contemporary society. "Christiaan (Chris) Barnard was born in 1922 and qualified in medicine at the University of Cape Town in 1946. Following surgical training in South Africa and the USA, Barnard established a successful open-heart surgery programme at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town in 1958. In 1967, he led the team that performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant. The article describing this remarkable achievement was published in the South African Medical Journal just three weeks after the event and is one of the most cited articles in the cardiovascular field. In the lay media as well, this first transplant remains the most publicised event in world medical history. Although the first heart transplant patient survived only 18 days, four of Groote Schuur Hospital's first 10 patients survived for more than one year, two living for 13 and 23 years, respectively. This relative success amid many failures worldwide did much to generate guarded optimism that heart transplantation would eventually become a viable therapeutic option. This first heart transplant and subsequent ongoing research in cardiac transplantation at the University of Cape Town and in a few other dedicated centres over the subsequent 15 years laid the foundation for heart transplantation to become a well-established form of therapy for end-stage cardiac disease. During this period from 1968 to 1983, Chris Barnard and his team continued to make major contributions to organ transplantation, notably the development of the heterotopic ( 'piggy-back') heart transplants; advancing the concept of brain death, organ donation and other related ethical issues; better preservation and protection of the donor heart (including hypothermic perfusion storage of the heart; studies on the haemodynamic and metabolic effects of brain death; and even early attempts at xenotransplantation." (Cardiovasc J Afr. 2009 Jan-Feb; 20(1):31-5.)Garrison&Morton: 3047.12 ("First cardiac homotransplant in man.").

Cambridge, (1912). 8vo. Original printed wrappers. A bit of wear to extremities. A few nicks and creases. Inscribed to front free end-paper and with a few ownership-stamps (of the presentee- Dr. Richard Goldschmidt). (2) pp., pp. (51) - 79. Original off-print of Spearman and Hart's groundbreaking paper on general ability, which created a conceptual framework for factor analysis and played an enormous role in IQ-testing, with an original handwritten and signed presentation-inscription from Spearman to Richard Goldschmidt (fellow psychologist and director of the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Münster), expressing friendly remembrance of the Berlin congress 1912. "Spearman, with a collaborator, Hart, pioneered the use of the pattern of correlations between a set of measures to determine the number of abilities (Hart & Spearman, 1912). The tetrad difference criterion could test if a single common factor (g, or general ability, presumably) could account for individual differences on the measures. If the tetrad differences were zero, then a single common factor was supported, but if not, then it was unclear how many common factors were needed." (Susan E. Embretson: The Second Century of Ability Testing: Some Predictions and Speculations, 2001, p. 11) Charles Edward Spearman (1863 - 1945) was a famous English psychologist known both for his work in statistics, but primarily for his work on human intelligence. He was a pioneer of factor analysis, he gave name to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and did seminal work on models for human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single General intelligence factor, and he famously coined the term "g- factor". The g-factor, also known as General intelligence, refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures. Terms such as intelligence, IQ, general cognitive ability, and general mental ability are today used interchangeably to mean the same thing as general intelligence or g-factor. "Charles E. Spearman, in full Charles Edward Spearman, (born September 10, 1863, London, England-died September 17, 1945, London), British psychologist who theorized that a general factor of intelligence, g, is present in varying degrees in different human abilities.While serving as an officer in the British army (1883-97), Spearman came to believe that any significant advance in philosophy would come about mainly through psychology. Over the next 10 years he worked intermittently with Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology, at the University of Leipzig, and he took his Ph.D. there. He joined the faculty of University College, London (1907), and was professor there from 1911 to 1931.Spearman's attempt to establish general, fundamental laws of psychology was based on his statistical work in determining correlations among mental abilities, reflected in his classic paper, " 'General Intelligence,' Objectively Determined and Measured" (1904). He sought to interpret correlations among several variables on the basis of a specific factor for each variable and a factor common to all. Because measures of seemingly different mental abilities consistently indicate correlations, he concluded that the prevalence of positive correlations must result from the general factor, g. By 1912 he and a coworker had developed an order of correlation coefficients separating various performances into the general factor, g, and varying specific factors, s1, s2, and so on." (Encycl. Britt.). The present paper is of the utmost importance, as it is here that Spearman, in collaboration with Hart, develops a conceptual framework for factor analysis, pioneering the use of the pattern of correlations in order to determine the number of abilities, one of the fundamental principles for psychometric methods.

Paris, Masson et Cie, 1903. 8vo. Nice contemporary half calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Light miscolouring to spine. A nice and clean copy. (8), 399 pp. First edition of the groundbreaking work, in which Metchikoff coins "gerontology" and establishes the field, which today is considered more important than ever, namely the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging.Earlier on, Metchnikoff had made pioneering studies in immunology, and these led him on to the problems of biological ageing. His first work on the subject is the present, in which he coins the term "gerontology" and advances the idea that senile changes result from the toxins produced by bacteria in the intestine. In order to prevent these "unhealthy fermentations", Metchnikoff advocates the inclusion of sour milk on one's diet. As his ideas of "right living" were so closely connected with the consummation of large amounts of fermented milk or yoghurt made with a Bulgarian bacillus, his name actually came to be associated with a popular commercial preparation of yogurt (although he received no royalties). His studies into the potential life-lengthening properties of lactic acid bacteria, inspired Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota to begin investigating the causal relationship between bacteria and good intestinal health, which eventually led to the worldwide marketing of Kefir and other fermented milk drinks or probiotics, still extremely popular today.Apart from the consummation of yoghurt, Metchnikoff warned of eating uncooked foods, claiming that the bacteria present on them could cause cancer. Metchnikoff claimed he even plunged bananas into boiling water after unpeeling them and passed his silverware through flames before using it."In his "Nature of Man" Metchnikoff argued that when diseases have been suppressed and life has been hygienically regulated, death would come only with extreme old age. Death would then be natural, accepted gratefully, and robbed of its terrors." (D.S.B. IX: 334-35).He continued writing on ageing and death until 1910. In 1908 he shared the Nobel Prize for medicine with Ehrlich for his work on immunity.

Montreal, Acta Inc., 1950. Royal8vo. In the original full red cloth. Hindges a bit weak and light wear to extremities. With dedication (not from the author) to front free end paper. XX, 822, (2), 203 pp. First edition of Selye's landmark work on stress in which he presented his General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), a 3-stage set of physiological processes which prepare the body for danger so that we ready to stand a better chance of surviving it compared to if we remained passively relaxed when faced with a threat. Hans Selye was the first scientist to single out these side effects and to identify them collectively as being the result of 'stress', today he is is widely acknowledged as "the father of the stress field".Selye himself acknowledged that stress impacts each individual differently (Selye, 1950). What one person considers to be a severely stressful situation, another person may experience as only mildly distressing. Physiologists define stress as how the body reacts to a stressor, real or imagined, a stimulus that causes stress. Acute stressors affect an organism in the short term; chronic stressors over the longer term. The general adaptation syndrome (GAS), developed by Hans Selye, is a profile of how organisms respond to stress; GAS is characterized by three phases: a nonspecific mobilization phase, which promotes sympathetic nervous system activity; a resistance phase, during which the organism makes.Selye considered "Stress in heath and disease is medically, sociologically, and philosophically the most meaningful subject for humanity that I can think of".

New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890. Lex 8vo. Original blue full clothWith title in blue to front board and blue and gilt lettering to spine. Spine and parts of boards lightly brownspotted. A bit of wear to capitaks and corners. But overall a very nice copy of this fairly fragile and delicate cloth binding (there is an original variant binding with cloth spine and illustrated boards, but no precidency between the bindings has been established). Internally very nice and clean. XV, (1), 304 pp. Wih numerous illustrations, most of them photographic. First edition of this landmark work on the miserable living conditions of the poor immigrants in New York, constituting one of the very earliest - and certainly the most popular and influential - attempts at making "the other half", i.e. the middle and upper classes, aware of how the poor in New York actually lived. Riis's work created attention to the neglected and overseen community that was the underprivileged in New York. In the long run, the great success of the work created attention to the status, living conditions and general health of the poor, and it initiated social reform movements in all major North American cities. Furthermore, the work is regarded the very first example of "muckraking" journalism and was the first to extensively use halftone photographic reproductions in a book.Riis used a convincing combination of facts from Dr. Roger S. Tracy, Registrar of Vital Statistics, and his own talents as a photo journalist to make a hitherto unseen powerful description of the correlation between the high crime rate, drunkenness and reckless behavior of the poor and their lack of proper homes. The statistical facts made it a relevant and sober work and lent it enough authority to the book's claims for it to be taken serious by city official. His groundbreaking photographs confirmed the dry numbers and "spoke directly to people's hearts". (Pascal, "Jacob Riis: Reporter and Reformer", p. 87). Unlike all previously works on the living conditions of the poor, "How the Other Half Lives" offered concrete solutions on how to improve living condition, how to make the tenants improve their buildings, and finally how the politicians and city officials could make the appropriate and necessary juridical changes.The effect of the work was immediately seen and included: the tearing down of New York's worst tenements, sweatshops, and the reformation of the city's schools. The book led to a decade of improvements in Lower East Side conditions, with garbage collection, sewers, and indoor plumbing all following soon after. Because of the present work, Riis quickly rose to fame and in 1895 he became close friends with Theodore Roosevelt, then a New York City official, who wrote of Riis: "Jacob Riis, whom I am tempted to call the best American I ever knew, although he was already a young man when he came hither from Denmark". After Roosevelt became President, he wrote a tribute to Riis that started: "Recently a man, well qualified to pass judgment, alluded to Mr. Jacob A. Riis as "the most useful citizen of New York". Those fellow citizens of Mr. Riis who best know his work will be most apt to agree with this statement. The countless evils which lurk in the dark corners of our civic institutions, which stalk abroad in the slums, and have their permanent abode in the crowded tenement houses, have met in Mr. Riis the most formidable opponent ever encountered by them in New York City."The title refers to the French writer François Rabelais, who famously wrote in Pantagruel: "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives". As a work of journalism and of social criticism, Riis's book still stands as a truly seminal testimony to how the lower classes lived at the turn of the century. Due to this work, attention was eventually paid to them and their conditions bettered.

Geneve, Barde & Compagnie, 1787. 8vo. In a fine contemporary half calf binding with five raised bands, red leather title label with gilt lettering and gilt ornamentations to spine. Boards recently repaired An extraordinarily fine copy. VI, 294 pp. The rare first printing of abbé Legros's fierce critique of physiocratic doctrines. The physiocratic school and the dawning liberalism dictated that the economic order should espouse as closely as possible the concatenation of causes which make up the order of Nature and that everything is interconnected in the human world as it is in nature. In his own early critique of this physiocratic political economy, the traditionalist Legros developed attacks which can equally well apply to Quesnay, Spinoza, Diderot or d'Holbach: "if this grand order, this concatenation [cet enchaînement], this general law of movement are eternal [...] if they are necessary, then they exist by themselves, by the necessity of their nature; they therefore replace the Divinity, they take its place; if the grand order is one and the only one, then there no longer is any moral order, any metaphysical order, any supernatural order." (From the present work: Pp 142-3).Legros (1739-1790) studied theology and functioned as a priest in St.-Aebeul. He always published under the name "d'un Solitaire".Einaudi 3300; INED 2773; Masui P. 406.