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Paris, Guillaumin, 1839. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. With author's presentation inscription to half title: "de la part d. l'auteur / á son ami M. Philip Taylor / H. S." (i.e. English: "From the author to his friend Mr. Philip Taylor, H. S. (i.e. Horace Say)). A few scratches to spine and internally with light occassional brownspotting, but overall a nice and clean copy. 333, (3) + 5 plates of which 2 are folded. Uncommon first edition – with author’s presentation inscription to English industrialist Philip Taylor - of Say’s seminal work in which he analyzes Brazil not just descriptively but analytically, treating it as a case study for how free trade, open markets and liberal institutions can foster economic development and growt. This embodies the classical liberal belief in progress through commerce - linking Enlightenment ideals to the economic realities of the 19th century. In the present work Say reflects and extends the liberal economic philosophy of his father famous Jean-Baptiste Say, celebrated for "Say’s Law" and his advocacy of free markets. While Jean-Baptiste laid the theoretical foundation for classical economics in France, his son Horace applied these ideas to real-world contexts - analyzing Brazil as a proving ground for liberal trade principles. The work bridges theory and practice showing how the younger Say carried forward and globalized his father’s economic legacy. Say identifies Brazil as a model for future French colonial economics - not in terms of conquest but through integration into global trade networks. This early liberal vision contrasts sharply with later exploitative imperial models and shows how economists like Say envisioned colonialism as an economic partnership shaped by industrial and technological exchange. He anticipates the country's economic take-off and presents it as a promising model for France’s emerging colonial ambitions, especially in the tropics. The book is deeply informed by the liberal economic thought of the time and offers a fine insight into the global economic thinking of 19th-century France. The present copy was given by Say to Philip Taylor (1786–1870), an English industrialist and engineer. He was a pivotal figure in Franco-British industrial exchange during the 19th century. A Protestant like Say, Taylor settled in Marseille, where he played a crucial role in advancing industrial technologies, especially in the sugar refining sector. His connection with the Say family was not only personal but also professional - he collaborated closely with Horace Say’s uncle, founder of the Say sugar refinery (later Béghin-Say), to introduce British-designed machinery into French industry. The friendship between Say and Taylor reflects a broader internatioanl network of liberal thinkers, industrialists and reformers who were shaping the global economy during the first half of the 19th century. This dedication documents a personal and ideological alliance at the heart of early industrial globalization linking two pivotal figures at the intersection of theory and industry. Kress III, C.4986 Not in Einaudi or Mattioli.

Stockholm, Pet. Momma, 1739. Small 8vo. Preserved in covers of older blindstamped golden paper. Title-page a bit soiled and with old owner's names (one of them crossed out, the other one being Roland Martin). A small restoration to lower blank margin of title-page. Woodcut initial at beginning and woodcut end-vignette. (18) pp. Exceedingly rare first edition, first issue (with an excellent provenance) of Linnaeus' seminal speech which has gone down in history as one of the most famous and influential summations on the economy of nature - demonstrated by "curiosities among insects". With poetical eloquence, Linnaeus shows us the wonder of the small creature that is the insect and beautifully ties together the nature of the world that we live in, providing to all living things a means and an end. Published merely four years after the groundbreaking first edition of the "Systema Natura" - and two decades before the definitive 10th edition of it - Linnaeus, in this epochal speech, points us to the fact that only with the "Systema Natura" had the true nature of the insect been discovered, revealing to us also the true wonder of nature. This groundbreaking speech was given at the inauguration of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm in 1739. Linnaeus himself was one of the founders of the academy; this foundational speech not only marks the beginning of the world-changing Academy of Sciences, being the first in a long series of presiding speeches that were given four times a year (when the Academy chose a new chairman), it also marks an epoch in the theory of natural history. The frequent reprinting of the speech bears witness to its epochal character and the importance it came to hold for Linnaeus himself. The extremely scarce first issue was printed by Momma in a poor antiqua setting, mixing three different styles, and the last three pages are in a smaller font. New issues appeared in Swedish in 1747 and 1752, the speech was reprinted in Latin numerous times in different issues of the "Amoenitates", and it was translated into English and German. When occupying oneself with the greatest modern zoologist, Carl von Linné, the founder of binominal nomenclature, one rarely comes across references to his philosophical theory of the world. Unlike many modern thinkers, 18th century scientists and philosophers did not find the notion of God as ruler of the Universe incompatible with hard scientific facts. On the contrary, the relationship between God and Nature was an issue of crucial importance to many natural scientists of the period. The present speech constitutes the most important declaration of Linnaeus' thoughts on the subject, presenting him as what we would call a "physicotheologist". By means of the "curiosities among insects", Linnaeus here presents Nature as a single, self-regulating global entity - an entity that is a wonder created by God. The present publication constitutes one of the most personal works that Linnaeus ever wrote and provides with a direct insight into his entire world view - the view of the world that enabled us to properly classify and systematize all living things. It is not least due to the present work that Linnaeus was so widely admired by the greatest of his contemporaries. In his own time he was not only admired for his great scientific accomplishments, he became famous for wider cultural reasons and for the moral qualities that understream his scientific work. That is the main reason why he was considered a hero by the likes of Rousseau and why the likes of Goethe made debating Linnaeus a pastime in fashionable Romantic circles. The work is of the greatest scarcity. OCLC lists merely six copies in libraries world-wide, two of which are in the US: Kansas State University and North Carolina State University. The remaining four copies are in: Sweden, France, UK, and The Netherlands. ROLAND MARTIN (1726-1788) was prominent physician, who was a student of Linnaeus. He studied at the University of Uppsala and here defended his dissertation in 1745 (under Linnaeus). He was nominated professor of medicine twice, but refused both times. He was considered an excellent teacher and a great physician, but he was a controversian man and caused dramatic debacle when he left the Collegium medicum and joined the Societas chirurgica (only to return in 1766, with a tarnished reputation). Hult, p. 31-32.BMC 3141Soulsby 1341

Paris, l'imprimerie Nationale, 1793. 12mo. Uncut and unbound with original stitching. Printed on blue paper. A fine, clean, and fresh copy. 39 pp. The rare first pocket-edition of the highly influential French 1793-Declaration 'Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen' often referred to as the Constitution of the Year I, or the The Montagnard Constitution. A folio-edition was printed the same year but this pocket-edition was probably the first meant for the public. The present publication constitutes the univocal break with l'Ancien Régime. The Constitution of 1793 was the second constitution written and approved during the French Revolution but legally created the First French Republic, which had been established on September 22, 1792. The Declaration and Constitution were ratified by popular vote in July 1793, following approval by 1,784,377 out of approximately 1,800,000 voters. Unknown to most, the Constitution of 1791 did not entail a complete break with l'Ancien Régime. In fact, the political order envisaged by the Assembly was a form of constitutional monarchy. This uneasy compromise was bound to be overtaken by the historical events and eventually this first true republican constitution was adopted by the National Convention on June 24, 1793. The Constitution was based on the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' of 1789, to which it added several rights, proclaiming the superiority of popular sovereignty over national sovereignty, and various economic and social rights, such as the right of association, right to work and public assistance, and the right to public education.This constitution also required the government to ensure a "right to subsistence," while simultaneously reiterating the inviolability of personal property. To many, especially the Jacobins, the Constitution of 1793 provided a model framework for an egalitarian, democratic republic.The text was mainly written by Hérault de Séchelles, a French judge and politician who took part in the French Revolution on the side of the Montagnards a political group during the French Revolution whose members sat on the highest benches in the Assembly. The term, which was first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly, came into general use in 1793. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Montagnards unleashed the Reign of Terror in 1794.The constitution was officially suspended on October 10 in favor of "revolutionary government [...] until the peace" and it was eventually replaced by the French Constitution of 1795.

Lyckstad, Andrees Kock og Kiøbenhaffn, Christen Jensen [Wering], 1648-54. Tvær 16mo. Indbundet i et smukt, nyere privat helskindsbind med guld- og blindtryk på ryg og permer (Anker Kyster). Indvendig guldbordure og kanter af permer forgyldte. Med et særdeles nydeligt sølvspænde. Indlagt i en kunstfærdig bogæske. Ryg falmet. Titelbladet til første del, samt fem yderligere blade (anden del: pp. 15-16, 47-48, 59-60, 129-30, 177) restaureret, i nogle tilfælde med tab af tekst. Gennemgående vanskjold i første del, ellers ren og pæn indvendig. (32), 190; (24), 182; (8), 166, (2) pp. 16mo. Bound in a beautiful later full calf binding (Anker Kyster). Spine and boards lavishly gilt and blindstamped. Gilt inner dentelles, edges of boards gilt. With an unusually beautiful silver clasp. In an artful clamshell box. Spine faded. Title page of the first part, as well as five other leaves restored (second part: pp. 15-16, 47-48, 59-60, 129-30, 177), in some cases with loss of text. First part water stained throughout, otherwise clean inside. (32), 190; (24), 182; (8), 166, (2) pp. Probably the only copy in private hands of the extremely rare collection of melodies for ‘Dend Hyrdinde Astrea’ (1645), based on Honoré d'Urfé's work L'Astrée and translated from French into Danish in 1645 (Thesaurus 694). D'Urfé's magnum opus, L'Astrée, was published in five parts from 1607 to 1627, totalling around 5,000 pages. Set on the banks of the Lignon River in 5th century Gaul, the novel depicts a world of pastoral innocence. The title refers to the protagonists Astrée and Céladon, who cannot marry because of their families' mutual enmity. The copy previously belonged to the two prominent book collectors Einar Christiansen and Erik Dal. According to a note at the back of the book, the copy was bound in black cloth when Einar Christiansen bought it at Wimmer's auction in 1913. _____________________________________________ Formodentlig det eneste eksemplar i privat eje af den uhyre sjældne melodisamling til 'Dend Hyrdinde Astrea' (1645), baseret på Honoré d'Urfés værk L'Astrée og oversat fra fransk til dansk i 1645 (Thesaurus 694). D’Urfés magnum opus, L'Astrée, blev udgivet i fem dele fra 1607 til 1627 og består samlet af omkring 5.000 sider. Romanen, der udspiller sig ved bredden af floden Lignon i det 5. århundredes Gallien, skildrer en verden af pastoral uskyld, hvor hyrder og hyrdinder lever for kærligheden. Titlen refererer til hovedpersonerne Astrée og Céladon, der ikke kan gifte sig på grund af deres familiers indbyrdes fjendskab. Eksemplaret har tidligere tilhørt de to prominente bogsamlere Einar Christiansen og Erik Dal. Ifølge en note bagerst i bogen var eksemplaret - da Einar Christiansen købte det på Wimmers auktion (1913) - indbundet i sort lærred. ______________________________________________________ Biblioteca Danica IV, 203. Thesaurus 693.

Hannover, 1599. Small 8vo. Contemporary full vellum. Binding with some wear, especially to extremities. Lower spine restored. Evenly browned throughout. 210 pp. Extremely scarce first edition of Genitili's highly important "Two Disputations", including the first printing of his seminal treatise "On Lying", which is of fundamental importance to Gentili's legal system that was based on practice and experience and became extremely influential. "In his disputation on lying, published in 1599, he defended the use of the "officious lie" in cases of "great necessity", and insisted that the law should be considered in the light of its ultimate aim, citing the maxim, "Salus populi suprema lex esto" (Let the safety of the people be the supreme law)." (Note: Gentili, Disputationum Duae… 1599). (Kingsbury & Straumann, The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations. Alberico Gentili and the Justice of Empire, p. 142). Alberico Gentili, the "Father of international law" (1552 -1608), was an Italian jurist, tutor of Queen Elizabeth I, and a standing advocate to the Spanish Embassy in London, who served as the Regius professor of civil law at the University of Oxford for 21 years. He was the earliest writer on public international law, and in 1587, he became the first non-English person to be a Regius Professor. Gentili's books are recognized to be among the most essential for international legal doctrines. "A prominent early modern Italian legal theorist and practicing lawyer, Alberico Gentili is regarded, along with Francisco de Vitoria and Hugo Grotius, as one of the founders of the science of the modern law of nations (ius gentium) and a major figure in the development of international relations. He designed a solid and autonomous framework for the law of nations based on three pillars: the Greco-Roman idea of natural law, the Justinian compilation of Roman law, and the-then novel Bodinian notion of sovereignty as supreme, perpetual, and indivisible power. Gentili freed the law of nations from excessive scholastic influences and theological importations, avoiding metaphysical developments and overly subtle dialectics. He tried to build a system based on practice and experience. His legal construction is more inductive from events, episodes, customs, and facts, than deductive from unchanged premises. Providing some new arguments, he removed religion as a valid reason for conflict and war, he advocated for the legitimacy of non-Christian regimes, especially the Ottomans, and he tried to fix the tenuous lines of separation between jurisprudence and theology and between the internal forum and external forum of canon law. Neither the pope nor the Roman Catholic Church has a place in Gentili's systematic account. His world-famous saying - silete theologi in munere alieno! - commands the theologian not to be involved in other people's business and was claimed centuries later by the jurisprudence of European public law to argue in favor of the secularization of the law, beyond the limits Gentili himself intended." (Domingo & Minucci, Alberigo Gentili and the Secularization of the Law of Nations, p. 1). Alberico Gentili was a transitional, erudite, legal thinker and practicing lawyer fully involved in the events of his lifetime and attentive to continuous and profound political and social changes. Educated in the Bartolist method, he gradually evolved to a more integrated jurisprudence, in accordance with the humanist approach. He elaborated a new framework for the law of nations as a part of the law of nature to be applied between and among sovereign states and governed by Justinian Roman law. He also offered a systematic account of two of the most relevant institutions of international relations: diplomacy and war. Gentili's severe critique of religious intolerance; his drawing of a demarcation between the spiritual and the temporal, the internal and the external forum of conscience; his separation of functions between theologians and jurists; his continuous interpretative effort to find principles of natural law-all of these ideas and attitudes, among others, contributed to the establishment of the theoretical basis of the European modern state and to the building up of an international society of sovereign nations. (Domingo & Minucci, Alberigo Gentili and the Secularization of the Law of Nations, p. 17). First editions by Gentili are exceedingly rare on the market.

Paris, Steph.Ganeau, 1714. Folio. Bound in one beautiful cont.full mottled calf w. six raised bands, gilt compartments. Hinges, capitals and corners professionally restored. Internally very nice and clean, apart from heavy browning to the smaller woodcut of the second title-page. Engraved title-page, title-page w. woodcut vignette, XXVI, (19), 140 pp., second engraved title-page, and 334 sheets of plates, containing 1327 fine engravings on 334 sheets (being 331 sheets with four engravings on each and three sheets with one large engraving on each; all of these are numbered (the engravings on the first 331 sheets are numbered 1-1324); number 406 has to extras, being 406+ and 406*, number 673 has one extra being 673+, number 674 has one extra, being 674+, numbers 826, 827 and 828 are collected on one engraving, and numbers 1076 and 1256 (would have been within the plates that consist of four engravings each) are omitted), complete. All of the first 331 sheets consist of four illustration, and most of them are made as four separate engravings, but some of them are made frofrom just two engravings, but still depicting four illustrations of axactly the same measure as the rest. First edition of Barrelier's chief botanical work, his famous "Hortus Mundi", for which he was supported financially by Gaston von Orléans but which he never finished due to illness. The text was destroyed in a fire after his death, but the numerous drawings survived and in 1714, ab. 40 years after Barrelier's death, Antoine de Jussieu published the work with the original plates under the title "Plantae per Galliam...".Jacques Barrelier (1606 - 1673) was a French Dominican, botanist and physician. He undertook extensive travels throughout France, Spain and Italy and spent 25 years in Rome, where he founded the botanical garden of the Saint-Xyste convent. During his time in Rome he worked on his magnum opus, which was later to become his "Plantae per Galliam...", for which he had an enormous amount of engravings made after his numerous drawings of plants. When he returned to Paris in 1672, he had stopped working on his great work, and in 1973 he died of an asthma-attack. The text for the work is destroyed in a fire, but the engravings are saved, which makes it possible for Antoine de Jussieu about 40 years later to publish the work the Barrelier never came to finish himself. Antoine de Jussieu (1686-1758) was out of a prominent French family distinguished for ist excellent botanists. He was a physician who also practiced medicine and devoted much of his time to treating the very poor. He studied at the University of Montpellier, and like Barrelier, he travelled through Spain and Portugal. In 1708 he went to Paris, where he succeeded J.P. de Tournefort at the Jardin des Plantes. His main works are his publication of Barrelier's "Plantae per Galliam..." and an edition of Tournefort's "Institutiones rei herbariae", printed in 1719 in three volumes.Barrelier has given name to the flower genus "Barleria", which covers roughly 300 species.Pritzel 423. Nissen I:7-8. (Nissen mentions "334 Kupf. mit 1324 Fig.; this, however seems not to omit the last three full-page engravings that are numbered 1325-27). Hunt II,I:432.

Berlin, 1913. Royal 8vo. Uncut and partly unopened in original printed wrappers. A bit of spotting to original printed spine, but overall in magnificent condition. Completely original and as fresh as can be wished for. (8), 446, (2). The very rare first edition of Rosa Luxemburg's magnum opus - "without doubt, one of the most original contributions to Marxist economic doctrine since "Capital". In its wealth of knowledge, brilliance of style, trenchancy of analysis and intellectual independence, this book, as Mehring, Marx's biographer, stated, was the nearest to "Capital" of any Marxist work. The central problem it studies is of tremendous theoretical and political importance: namely, what effects the extension of capitalism into new, backward territories has on the internal contradictions rending capitalism and on the stability of the system." (Tony Cliff). Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) was one of the most influential Marxists of the late 19th century. In her youth, she joined the socialist movement and went to Switzerland in exile in 1889. Here she studied law and economics and developed close connections to the leading members of the Russian socialist party. As opposed to Lenin, she was in complete favour of internationalism and therefore in opposition to the established Russian and Polish socialist parties that supported Polish independence. In 1893, she co-founded what was to be the forerunner of the Polish Communist Party, namely the Socialdemocratic Labour Party of Poland.In 1899, Rosa Luxemburg settled in Berlin and joined the German Socildemocratic Party, SPD and represented the revolutionary wing. She believed strongly in revolutionary mass action, but as opposed to Lenin, she was not completely bound to the revolutionary party and spoke out against movements like the reform union in Germany. "Rosa Luxemburg was born in the small Polish town of Zamosc on 5 March 1871. From early youth she was active in the socialist movement. She joined a revolutionary party called Proletariat, founded in 1882, some 21 years before the Russian Social Democratic Party (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) came into being. From the beginning Proletariat was, in principles and programme, many steps ahead of the revolutionary movement in Russia. While the Russian revolutionary movement was still restricted to acts of individual terrorism carried out by a few heroic intellectuals, Proletariat was organising and leading thousands of workers on strike. In 1886, however, Proletariat was practically decapitated by the execution of four of its leaders, the imprisonment of 23 others for long terms of hard labour, and the banishment of about 200 more. Only small circles were saved from the wreck, and it was one of these that Rosa Luxemburg joined at the age of 16. By 1889 the police had caught up with her, and she had to leave Poland, her comrades thinking she could do more useful work abroad than in prison. She went to Switzerland, to Zurich, which was the most important centre of Polish and Russian emigration. There she entered the university where she studied natural sciences, mathematics and economics. She took an active part in the local labour movement and in the intense intellectual life of the revolutionary emigrants.Hardly more than a couple of years later Rosa Luxemburg was already recognised as the theoretical leader of the revolutionary socialist party of Poland. She became the main contributor to the party paper, Sprawa Rabotnicza, published in Paris. In 1894 the name of the party, Proletariat, was changed to become the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland; shortly afterwards Lithuania was added to the title. Rosa continued to be the theoretical leader of the party (the SDKPL) till the end of her life.In August 1893 she represented the party at the Congress of the Socialist International. There, a young woman of 22, she had to contend with well-known veterans of another Polish party, the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), whose main plank was the independence of Poland and which claimed the recognition of all the experienced elders of international socialism. Support for the national movement in Poland had the weight of long tradition behind it: Marx and Engels, too, had made it an important plank in their policies. Undaunted by all this, Rosa Luxemburg struck out at the PPS, accusing it of clear nationalistic tendencies and a proneness to diverting the workers from the path of class struggle; and she dared to take a different position to the old masters and oppose the slogan of independence for Poland. (For elaboration on this, see Rosa Luxemburg and the national question below.) Her adversaries heaped abuse on her, some of them, like the veteran disciple and friend of Marx and Engels, Wilhelm Liebknecht, going so far as to accuse her of being an agent of the Tsarist secret police. But she stuck to her point.Intellectually she grew by leaps and bounds. She was drawn irresistibly to the centre of the international labour movement, Germany, where she made her way in 1898." (Tony Cliff, Rosa Luxemburg Biography).In 1919, she was captured and murdered by reactionary freetroop officers, but her theoretical works remained highly influential throughout almost a century. As late as the 1960'ies and 70'ies, she was still seen as somewhat of a revolutionary hero and champion of communism. "When the First World War broke out, practically all the leaders of the Socialist Party [SPD] were swept into the patriotic tide. On 3 August 1914 the parliamentary group of German Social Democracy decided to vote in favour of war credits for the Kaiser’s government. Of the 111 deputies only 15 showed any desire to vote against. However, after their request for permission to do so had been rejected, they submitted to party discipline, and on 4 August the whole Social Democratic group unanimously voted in favour of the credits. A few months later, on 2 December, Karl Liebknecht flouted party discipline to vote with his conscience. His was the sole vote against war credits.This decision of the party leadership was a cruel blow to Rosa Luxemburg. However, she did not give way to despair. On the same day, 4 August, on which the Social Democratic deputies rallied to the Kaiser’s banner, a small group of socialists met in her apartment and decided to take up the struggle against the war. This group, led by Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Franz Mehring and Clara Zetkin, ultimately became the Spartakus League. For four years, mainly from prison, Rosa continued to lead, inspire and organise the revolutionaries, keeping high the banner of international socialism...The revolution in Russia of February 1917 was a realisation of Rosa Luxemburg’s policy of revolutionary opposition to the war and struggle for the overthrow of imperialist governments. Feverishly she followed the events from prison, studying them closely in order to draw lessons for the future. Unhesitatingly she stated that the February victory was not the end of the struggle but only its beginning, that only workers’ power could assure peace. From prison she issued call after call to the German workers and soldiers to emulate their Russian brethren, overthrow the Junkers and capitalists and thus, while serving the Russian Revolution, at the same time prevent themselves from bleeding to death under the ruins of capitalist barbarism.When the October Revolution broke out, Rosa Luxemburg welcomed it enthusiastically, praising it in the highest terms. At the same time she did not believe that uncritical acceptance of everything the Bolsheviks did would be of service to the labour movement. She clearly foresaw that if the Russian Revolution remained in isolation a number of distortions would cripple its development; and quite early in the development of Soviet Russia she pointed out such distortions, particularly on the question of democracy.On 8 November 1918 the German Revolution freed Rosa Luxemburg from prison. With all her energy and enthusiasm she threw herself into the revolution. Unfortunately the forces of reaction were strong. Right-wing Social Democratic leaders and generals of the old Kaiser’s army joined forces to suppress the revolutionary working class. Thousands of workers were murdered; on 15 January 1919 Karl Liebknecht was killed; on the same day a soldier’s rifle butt smashed into Rosa Luxemburg’s skull.With her death the international workers’ movement lost one of its noblest souls. "The finest brain amongst the scientific successors of Marx and Engels", as Mehring said, was no more. In her life, as in her death, she gave everything for the liberation of humanity." (Tony Cliff, Biography of Rosa Luxemburg).Sraffa 3560Social Liberation 4066

Stockholm, Tryckt Hos Carl Deleen, 1819. Clean and well-preserved copy bound in contemporary half calf with gilt and blind tooled decorations on spine. Old name on title-page. An exceptionally fine copy. (4), 84 pp. + 38 handcoloured plates. A wonderful copy of the second illustrated (fourth overall) edition of what is considered the most beautiful Swedish book of the 18th century, which is exceedingly difficult to find in as excellent state as here, the first and second editions being equally fine. "The book consists of notes by Admiral Count Ehrensvärd, critic and antiquarian, on his visit to Italy, with plates engraved after his own drawings. Ehrensvärd's route ran from Stralsund via Paris, Milan, Terracina and Rome to Sicily, and from Sicily via Montecassino, Bologna, Milan, Venice and Vienna to Stralsund. Ehrensvärd declares at the outset that his descriptions would be too short - had not others' been too long. But, though he pointedly avoids eulogizing famous sites, he takes a less unconventional stance in continually idealising southern over northern peoples, on the grounds of their resemblance to the supposed physical and cultural character of the ancients. He concludes with an account of some monuments at Rome and Naples - approving the ancient Romans for their good taste.Most plates show landscapes or local people, and are related to passages in the text where the author declares their dress, hairstyles and general bearing to recall those of the ancient world. They are simple outline etchings, possibly intended to be coloured subsequently (all have been coloured by hand in the Royal Academy's copy).The engraver, Elias Martin, had been drawing-master to Count Ehrensvärd. Between 1768 and 1780 and again between 1788 and 1791 he lived in Britain, a friend of William Chambers, who had been born in Sweden, was a Swedish speaker and throughout his life maintained links with Swedish artists and patrons. Martin became a student at the Royal Academy in 1769, and an Associate in 1771. Influenced by Richard Wilson and Paul Sandby, he became a well-known landscape-painter both in Britain and in Sweden." (RA) The plates carry no engraved signatures. But in the Royal Academy's copy the first plate (facing p.3) has been inscribed in ink, 'Count Ehrenswärd invt.' bottom left and 'E. Martin. the Associate, sculpt.' bottom right; and the remainder, 'A.E.' bottom left and 'E.M.' bottom right (with page and line references to the text). "The question of who made the etchings is open to different opinions. The brothers Elias and Johan Fredrik Martin, both important artists, have been mentioned as Mårten Rudolf Heland." (Lindberg). Most of the original drawings are preserved in the Royal Academy of Arts, Stockholm, and in the Swedish National Museum. Lindberg, Swedish Books, 52 (first edition, 1786). Kleberg, Italien i svensk litteratur 2226. Hofberg, Sv. biogr. handlex. I, 279. NBG XV, 750.

Hamburg: Otto Meissner, 1885. 8vo. Very nice contemporary black half calf with gilt spine. A bit of wear to extremitoes. Inner front hinge a little weak. Title-page a littel dusty, but otherwise very nice and clean. Book-plate (Arnold Heertje) to inside of front board. XXVII, (1), 526 pp. + 1 f. With pp. 515-16 in the first state ("Consumtionsfonds" with a C) and with the imprint-leaf at the end. Scarce first edition of the second volume of "The Capital", edited from Marx's manuscripts by Friedrich Engels and with a 20 pages long preface by Engels. The second volume constitutes a work in its own right and is also known under the subtitle "The Process of Circulation of Capital ". Although this work has often been to as referred to as "the forgotten book" of Capital or "the unknown volume", it was in fact also extremely influential and highly important - it is here that Marx introduces his "Schemes of Reproduction", here that he founds his particular macroeconomics, and here that he so famously distinguishes two "departments" of production: those producing means of production and those producing means of consumption - "This very division, as well as the analysis of the relations between these departments, is one of the enduring achievements of Marx's work." (Christopher J. Arthur and Geert Reuten : The Circulation of Capital. Essays on Volume Two of Marx's Capital. P. 7).The work is divided into three parts: The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits, The Turnover of Capital, The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital, and it is here that we find the main ideas behind the marketplace - how value and surplus-value are realized. Here, as opposed to volume 1 of "The Capital", the focus is on the money-owner and -lender, the wholesale-merchant, the trader and the entrepreneur, i.e. the "functioning capitalist", rather than worker and the industrialist. "[i]t was here, in the final part of this book [i.e. vol. II of Das Kapital], that Marx introduced his "Schemes of Reproduction", which influenced both Marxian and orthodox economics in the first decades of the twentieth century." (Arthur & Reuten p. 1).The first volume of "Das Kapital" was the only one to appear within Marx' life-time. It appeared 1867, followed by this second volume 18 years later, which Engels prepared from notes left by Karl Marx.

Paris, The Olympia Press, (1955). 2 volumes. Original green printed wrappers with slight wear along the edges. Hinges and capitals with slight paper loss. Apart from the edgewear and monir loss of paper, both volumes are fresh, tight, square, and clean, also internally. First edition, first issue (with "Francs : 900" to back wrappers) of this magnum opus of 20th century literature, which, with its innovative style and highly controversial subject matter caused an upright scandal when it appeared. The work had been turned down by six publishing houses, before it was finally printed, anticipating how it would be received by the public. In 1955, Nabokov finally signed a contract with Olympia Press in Paris. By the Sunday Express editor it was called "the filthiest book I have ever read" and "sheer unrestrained pornography"; the Home Office in Great Britain instructed British Customs to seize all copies entering the country, and in 1956 the book was banned in France. The various translations of the work into other languages caused a number of other scandals, but in spite of American officials being anxious about the appearance of the first American edition, this was issued without problems (in 1958) and became an instant bestseller. In fact, it sold more than 100.000 copies within the first three weeks (being the first book after "Gone With the Wind" to do so).Today, the book is considered a classic of modern literature and one of the finest novels of the 20th century.

Göttingen, Dieterich, 1828. Small 4to. Extracted from: 'Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis', Volume 6, pp.99-146. 4to. Modern half morocco with gilt spine lettering. Fine and clean throughout. First edition of the work which inspired one of the greatest breakthroughs in geometry since Euclid.Euler established the theory of surfaces in his 'Recherches sur la courbure des surfaces', 1767. But Euler's treatment of surfaces is not invariant under a natural notion of isometry; with his notion of curvature, for example, the plane and cylinder have different curvatures, although one surface can be bent into the other without stretching or contracting. Such two surfaces are locally alike and one would naturally demand that geometry on these two isometric surfaces are the same. Another way of viewing this is to say that geometry on the surface depends on the geometry of the particular space, in which the surface is embedded.In this work Gauss took a fundamentally different approach to the study of surfaces; in contrast to Euler he represented the points of a surface in terms of two external parameters. Gauss then derived his own notions of the fundamental quantities of surfaces, e.g. arc length, angle between curves, and curvature. The Gauss curvature is related to the Euler curvature, but possesses a fundamentally different property, namely that it is intrinsic, e.g. isometric surfaces have the same curvature at all points. Or, in other words: Geometry (in Gauss' notion) on the surface is independent of the particular geometry of the ambient space. This remarkable result is known as Gauss' "theorema egregium". With this work Gauss established a whole new (and more proper) theory of surfaces. In the paper Gauss derived several important theorems about the length, area, and angles of figures on surfaces. But the "theorema egregium" has deep roots in the foundation of geometry and was to initiate one of the greatest breakthroughs in geometry since Euclid. To Bernhard Riemann (a student of Gauss) this result suggested that a surface could be regarded as a space in itself with its own geometry, having its own notion of distance, angles, etc. independent of the geometry of some other space containing the surface. This idea became the corner stone of Riemann's famous 'Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen', 1867.Norman 880.

Paris, Saillant & Nyon, 1771. 4to. Near contemp. hcalf. Gilt spine with gilt lettering. Very light wear along edges. Stamps on title-page. (8, incl. htitle),417,(1) pp., 20 engraved maps and charts (numb. 1-19 + 16 bis) of which 18 are folded, including the large world map. 2 engraved plates (numb. 1-2). Internally clean and fine, a few leaves with marginal brownspots. First edition of this famous circumnavigation, being the first voyage around the world with professional naturalists and geographers onboard. Bougainville was the first Frenchman to sail around the world. In 1771, Bougainville published his travel log from the expedition under the title "Le voyage autour du monde, par la frégate La Boudeuse, et la flûte L'Étoile". The book describes the geography, biology and anthropology of Argentina (then a Spanish colony), Patagonia, Tahiti and Indonesia (then a Dutch colony). The book was a sensation, especially the description of Tahitian society. Bougainville described it as an earthly paradise where men and women lived in blissful innocence, far from the corruption of civilisation.Bougainville's descriptions powerfully expressed the concept of the noble savage, influencing the utopian thoughts of philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau before the advent of the French Revolution. Denis Diderot's book Supplément au voyage de Bougainville retells the story of Bougainville's landing on Tahiti, narrated by an anonymous reader to one of his friends. Diderot used his fictional approach, including a description of the Tahitians as noble savages, to criticise Western ways of living and thinking.Sabin, 6864.

Berlin, Königlich Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1925-1929. 1. Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1925, pp.414-419. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 147 / Boni 155).2. Neue Möglichkeit für eine einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1928, pp.235-245. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 162/ Boni 175).3. Zur einheitlichen Feldtheorie. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1929, pp.2-7. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 165/ Boni 183).4. Einheitliche Feldtheorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1929, pp.156-159. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 166/ Boni 184).5. Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Feldtheorie. In: Festschrift Dr. A. Stodola, Zürich, Füssli, 1929, pp.126-132. Publishers full cloth. Spine slightly faded. Otherwise mint. (Weil 168 / Boni 178).All in all a very fine set. Offprint of all four papers and first edition of the final essay, constituting Einstein's attempt toward creating a unified field theory: "a new theory of space with a view to unification of all forms of activity that fall within the sphere of physics, giving them a common explanation" (PMM416). The task of unifying nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravitational force is nowadays by many considered the holy grail of theoretical physics.Maxwell was the first to develop such a theory when he described the forces of electricity and magnetism as the single force electromagnetism. After Einstein had completed his general theory of relativity (a field theory for gravitation), he turned his attention towards generalizing his theory even further to include Maxwell's theory. Even though Einstein never succeeded in completing this task, in the way that he finished his earlier theories, he pioneered and explored many areas of this subject. "It had been repeatedly observed that Einstein's general theory of relativity necessitated a pluralistic explanation of the universe. In 1925 he announced that he had resolved this difficulty but the announcement was premature. In 1928 he attacked the problem once more, only to find that Riemann's conception of space, on which the general theory was based, would not permit of a common explanation of electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena. In a series of papers [the present] devoted to the development of 'A Uniform Theory of Gravitation and Electricity' he outlined a new theory of space with a view to unification of all forms of activity that fall within the sphere of physics, giving them a common explanation. All that would then remain to complete a scientific unison is the correlation of the organic and inorganic".PMM 416Barchas 586

Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1923. 4to. Bound in 2 contemp. full cloth. Spines gilt and with gilt lettering. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 177. With htitle a. titlepage. 1513 pp. (Entire volume offered). De Broglie's papers: pp. 507-510, pp. 548-551 a. pp. 630-32. Clean and fine. A stamp to verso of titlepage. First edition of these papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Théorie des Quanta."De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation, I suddenly had the idea, during the year 1923, that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" (Preface to his PhD thesis 1924)."He made the leap in his September 10, 1923, paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons, to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper, he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."(Pais "Subtle is the Lord", pp. 425-436).In the third paper (October 8) he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat (rays), and Pierre Louis Maupertuis (particles) as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could, using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves, obtain Planck’s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter, for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory, de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."(DSB)."This idea [i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves] was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927... Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established, and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions, each applicable under certain circumstances, but incompatible with one another." (Printing and the Mind of Man, 417).

Nürnberg, Johann Andreae Endtners Seel. Söhne, 1692. Folio. (46 x 30 cm.). Contemp. full calf. Wear to top of spine. 2 compartments with old repairs. A closed tear to foot of spine. Remains of old gilting and title on spine. Spine rubbed. With 3 (of 4) clasps and catches in brass. Engraved titel and printed title in red/black. (38),(22),(66),686,950,(18) pp. A few brownspots on the first leaves. A dampstain in lower margin of the last 5 leaves. A few leaves in beginning and at end a bit frayed in right margins. A few leaves with loss of blank in margin. Internally in general clean and fine. With in all 42 engraved plates (incl. general title and portrait of Luther) and 1 engraved coat of arms (portraits, apostles, plates, parttitles, plans, map etc.). A few plates with dampstains to margins. This so-called "Weimerer-Bibel" or "Ernestinische Bibel" was first printed in 1641 and ran through 13 editions up to 1792.

Hafniae (Copenhagen), Petrus Haubold, 1674. 4to. Contemporary full mottled calf with five raised bands to richly gilt spine. Upper and lower part of spine worn and restored. Some overall wear and a bit of worming. Internally evenly browned. Contemporary notes in neat hand to front free end-paper and additional information about contents in same hand to title-page. Title-page printed in red/black. (8), 200 pp. + engraved plate depicting snow crystals. Exceedingly scarce first edition of this collection of 13 academic treatises on the wonders of nature. This magnificent work, by one of the greatest Danish polymaths of all time, epitomizes the the range of topics on which Bartholin wrote. Among the essays and lectures collected here, we have "The study of the Danish language" (1657); "The shape of snow" (1660); "The pores of bodies" (1663); "On Cartesian physics" (1664); "On nature" (1666); "On judgement and memory" (1667); "On experiment" (1668); "On physical hypotheses" (1669); "On the shape of bodies" (1671); "Secrets of the sciences" (1673).Rasmus Bartholin (also known in the latinized form Erasmus Bartholinus) (1625 - 1698) was a famous Danish scientist, physician and grammarian, famous primarily for his discovery ) of the double refraction of a light ray by Iceland spar (calcite), for writing the first grammar of the Danish language, and for his work on Descartes' analytic geometry."Erasmus Bartholin's father was Caspar Berthelsen Bartholin... There were six sons in the family, and Erasmus had a brother, Thomas Bartholin, who was nine years older than himself. These two brothers went on to become equally famous. Erasmus received his first education from private tutors, then he attended a Latin school. He entered the University of Copenhagen in 1642, receiving his B.A. in 1644 and an M.A. in 1647. From 1645 he studied mathematics at the University of Leiden, travelling to France in 1651 but then going to Italy where he studied at a number of places including Padua from where he received a medical degree in 1654. From 1656 he was professor of geometry at the University of Copenhagen but transferred to become an extraordinary professor of medicine in the following year. In 1671 he was appointed to an ordinary chair of medicine at Copenhagen, a post to held until his death. In 1667 he was appointed Royal Mathematician.He served the University of Copenhagen as dean of the faculty of medicine, librarian, and rector, and was appointed royal physician and privy councillor.Despite being professor of medicine for a long period, he wrote relatively little on that topic. In terms of the number of publications, mathematics was the largest part of his work, but his work in this area is not of great importance. In fact he is best known for work in yet another area, for he was the discoverer of the double refraction of light. Bartholin edited Introduction to the geometry of Descartes by van Schooten and also translated Optics of Larissa into Latin. Every year between 1664 and 1674 he produced a book Dissertatio de problematibus geometricis. This consisted of theses which he had proposed for his students to defend. In the sixth such book, published in 1672, he gave a proof of what is known as the second problem of Debeaune, formulated in a letter to Mersenne written in 1638. The problem is the first example of an inverse tangent problem which in modern notation results in requiring the solution to the differential equation dy/dx = (x - y)/a, y(0) = 0.This has solution y = x + a(e-x/a - 1). Descartes solved Debeaune's problem in 1639. Bartholin considered the problem in geometric form. Pedersen suggests that Bartholin's proof may actually be Debeaune's original proof which we know he sent to Descartes. Bartholin could well have come across the proof in papers which Debeaune sent him for safe keeping shortly before his death in 1652. To see the range of topics on which Bartholin wrote, consider his book De naturae mirabilibus quaestiones academicae which he published in 1674. This consists of essays and lectures written over a number of years such as: The study of the Danish language (1657); The shape of snow (1660); The pores of bodies (1663); On Cartesian physics (1664); On nature (1666); On judgement and memory (1667); On experiment (1668); On physical hypotheses (1669); On the shape of bodies (1671); and Secrets of the sciences (1673). Bartholin wrote a large number of mathematical works but he is best remembered for his discovery of the double refraction of light through a crystal of Iceland spar which had been gathered in an expedition to Iceland in 1668. He wrote his text Experimenta crystalli Islandici disdiaclastici quibus mira & insolita refractio detegitur on the geometry of crystals in 1669. The two rays he called solita and insolita and he showed that both were produced by refraction. During his experiments, Bartholin also observed that when the crystals of Iceland spar are rotated about their axis, one of the two images moves in a circle around the other. This is strong evidence that the crystals are somehow splitting the light into two different beams. Bartholin's explanation was based on Descartes' theory of light along with his idea that there were two sets of "pores" in the crystal. However, the true explanation is that the crystal splits the light into two plane-polarized beams. He observed the comets of 1664 and 1665, and made other astronomical observations, publishing his descriptions of these events in De cometis anni 1664 et 1665 opusculum (1665). Bartholin also prepared for publication the observations of Tycho Brahe. In both these pieces of work in astronomy he was assisted by Ole Romer. Bartholin is also famed for his medical work, in particular his introduction of quinine in the fight against malaria. Some of his medical contributions were made in conjunction with his brother Thomas Bartholin who was a professor of anatomy at the University of Copenhagen from 1646 to 1661. Thomas Bartholin founded the journal Acta medica et philosophica Hafniensia to which Erasmus Bartholin contributed papers." (J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, St. Andrews). Thesaurus: 348.

Augspurg, Eberhard Kletts Wittib., 1761. Contemporary white-dyed sheepskin. Spine with a bit of surface wear, old hand-written paper-label to spine. XXVIII, 317 pp. A stamp inside front free end-paper. Light browning, scattered marginal brownspots, but in general a fine copy. A few leaves in "Vorrede" misbound. The scarce first edition of Lambert's sensational "Cosmological Letters", his most important astronomical work, in which he to a large extent fore-shadowed the documentation of the basic features of the universe that Hershel later carried out.The work became very popular and was translated into French, Russian, and English, and it was later re-written and published as "Systeme du Monde" in Berlin, 1770. "Of special interest among Lambert's astronomical writings - apart from applications of his physical doctrines - are his famous Cosmologische Briefe über die Einrichtung des Weltbaues" (Augsburg, 1761).Not familiar with the similar ideas of Thomas Wright (1750) and with Kant's "Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels" (1755), Lambert had the idea that what appears as the Milky Way might be the visual effect of a lens-shaped universe. On this basis he elaborated a theory according to which the thousand of stars surrounding the sun constituted a system. Moreover he considered the Milky Way as a large number of such systems, that is, a system of higher order…; the "Cosmologische Briefe was a great sensation and was translated into French, Russian, and English. Only when William Hershel systematically examined the heavens telescopically and discovered numerous nebulae and "telescopic milky-ways" did it become obvious that Lambert's description was not mere science fiction but to a large extent a bold vision of the basic features of the universe" (Scriba in D.S.B. VII:598). Kant's mentor (Martin Knutzen) died in 1755, three years before the pre-critical project unfolded. But Kant still had the chance of meeting kindred spirits. One of these was the great philosopher and mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert, whom he admired a great deal. Finally he had encountered a thinker who appreciated both the scientific and metaphysical perspective, who worried about their tensions, and who was searching for a truce. In his "Cosmologische Briefe…" (Cosmological Letters on the establishment of the universe), Lambert worked on the same topic as Kant had worked on in his earlier Universal Natural History. The tasks and results of both works resemble each other, in so far as they were both proposals of integrating Newtonian physics into a larger framework, and they both contained a theory of the dynamic constitution of the universe. Furthermore, as Kant's scientific works should be viewed under the perspective of his general philosophical outlook, so must Lambert's work in physics and astronomy be seen in relation to his general philosophical outlook and his perpetual quest for introducing mathematical exactness into the sciences. "Lambert's efforts to improve communication and collaboration in astronomy were noteworthy. He promoted the publication of astronomical journals and founded "Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch oder Ephemeriden". Many of the articles that he contributed to it were not published until after his death... He also favored the founding of the Berlin observatory. These suggestions, in line with Leibniz' far-reaching plans for international cooperation of scientific societies, inaugurated a new period of scientific teamwork." (D.S.B., VII:598).

Berlin, 1821. 8vo. A beautiful and excellently made pastiche binding in brown half calf with richly gilt spine and red gilt leather title-label. Previous owner's name to title-page (dated 1909) and a few light pencil-marginalia, otherwise internally very nice and clean with only occasional minor brownspotting. XXVI, 355, (1) pp. A very fine copy. The scarce first edition of Hegel's seminal "The Outline (or later Elements) of the Philosophy of Right", the last of Hegel's major works, which represents the culmination of a life-long interest in politics and political phenomena. Hegel was perhaps more than any other German philosopher influenced by the French Revolution, and this masterpiece of philosophy constitutes a grandiose attempt to make freedom the foundation of human society. "Taken apart from the rest of his system, Hegel's political philosophy has been much misrepresented by totalitarian propagandists. He was, however, one of the most profound and influential thinkers of the nineteenth century. Theology, philosophy, political theory, all have been radically influenced by his system; Strauss (300), Baur (322), Bradley, Kierkegaard (314), Marx (326, 359), Lenin (392), all came under his spell, and his indirect influence has been limitless." (PMM 283).

Erevan, Armenia, Gosizdat, 1936. 8vo. In publisher's original full cloth with title in silver lettering to spine and front board. A picture of Darwin embossed to front board. Extremities with wear and hindges weak. Spine miscoloured and remains of paperlabel to upper part of spine. First quire loose. Internally fine and clean. (2), 765 pp. + frontiespiece and plate with genealogical tree. The exceedingly rare first Armenian translation of Darwin's landmark work.Only two Armenian translations of 'Origin of Species' has been made. The present first a second from 1963, both translations are of the upmost scarcity. Due to the relatively low number of people speaking Armenian (approximately 3 million in Armenia and 7 million outside) books in Armenian were printed in comparatively low numbers. OCLC locates no copies. Freeman 630.R.B. Darwin Online, F630.

(Kharkiv), Derzhavne medychne vyd-vo (State Medical Publishing House), 1936. 8vo. In publisher's original grey cloth binding with black lettering to spine with Darwin's portrait embossed on front board. Wear to extremities, corner bumped and light spoling to back board. Inner hinges split and first 3 leaves partly detached. Last 20 ff. slighly creased due to dampstain, otherwise internally a nice and clean copy. 674 pp. + frontispiece, portrait of Darwin and 1 plate with genealogical tree. The exceedingly rare first Ukranian translation of Darwin's landmark 'Origin of Species'. OCLC only list two copies (Library of Congress and The Huntington Library, USA) Freeman F797.

Kiøbenhaffn, Lorentz Benedicht, 1567. 4to. Indbundet i et ganske velbevaret samtidigt hellæderbind af brunt kalveskind med blindtrykte rammer i streg, en bred blindtrykt ramme med symbolske figurer og portrætter. Midterfeltet omgivet af en smallere dekorativ blindtrykt ramme. I midterfeltet med blindtrykt pladestempel "Prudenc", alle dyders moder. Den blanke ramme mellem de blindtrykte, er forsynet med spredte håndstempler, stjerner og rosetter, som oprindeligt har været forgyldte. I den brede blindtrykte ramme på bindets bagside findes bogbinderens signatur "D L". Ryggen med 3 ægte bind. Lette reparationer på forpermens kanter og hjørner samt reparation på øverste og nederste rygfelt.Ad 1. Titelbladet trykt i rød/sort. 40 blade (sidste tomt). Blad 1b med stort træstukket rigsvåben. De 4 første blade med kantreparationer, her og der med tab af nogle bogstaver. På titelbladet er der tab af "mectigste" i Stormectigste. Annoteret i marginer og nogle tekstunderstregninger, alle i gl. hånd. Ellers velbevaret.- Ad 2. 16 blade. Blad 1b træstukket rigsvåben. Enkelte annoteringer. Velbevaret. - Ad 3. 14 blade. Blad 1b træstukket rigsvåben. Velbevaret. - Ad 4. Titelbladet trykt i rød/sort. 30 blade. Blad 1b træstukket rigsvåben. Velbevaret. Alle de 4 forordninger er trykt på godt papir, gennemgående rene og velbevarede. Yderst sjælden samling af disse 4 forordninger som således er den anden udgivne dansk-norske lovsamling. Prototypen (med de 4 samme forordninger) udkom første gang 1562-63, trykt af Hans Zimmermann. Her forligger de i Lorentz Benedichts fornemme tryk. (Se Paulli "Lorentz Benedicht", nr. 33-36). Ganske få eksemplarer er stadig i privateje.Lauritz Nielsen, 1373, 700, 646 og 1558. - Thesaurus I, 174, 177, 178, 176.

Paris, Guillaumin et Cie, Victor Masson et Fils, 1862. 8vo. Bound uncut and with the original printed front wrapper (expertly restored) in a very fine later half morocco binding with four raised bands and gilt title to spine. Very light minor brownspotting to a few pages. An exceptionally nice, clean, and attractive copy. LXIV (incl. half-title), I-XXIII + (24-) 712. pp. and 1 folded plate (between pp.160 a. 161). Fully complete. The scarce first French edition of Darwin's masterpiece, one of the most important books ever printed. The "Origin" started the greatest of all intellectual revolutions in the history of Mankind.There were some difficulties with the first French edition. Mlle Royer, who Darwin described as 'one of the cleverest and oddest women in Europe' and wished 'had known more of natural history', added her own footnotes. He was not really happy until the third translation by Éduard Barbier appeared in 1876. (Freeman). Freeman No 655 (Freeman does not mention the plate, which is present here).

Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei, 1860. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Small stamp and previous owner signature to title page. Leather on lower part of spine with a tear and part detached. Hinges weak but book-block firmly attached. VIII (including half, 520, (6) pp + 1 plate. The very scarce first edition of the highly important first German translation, which appeared just months after the original.This translation came to play a tremendous role in the spreading of Darwinism in Germany and Northern Europe in general. It was through this translation that Darwinian thought reached most of the German scientists and thinkers of the period, and it was this translation that challenged German scholars to think in new ways about morphology, systematics, paleontology, and other biological disciplines. It was from this translation that Ernst Haeckel, Darwin's most famous nineteenth-century proponent and popularizer in Germany, got his Darwinism and was able to further spread the new ideas in his own country. The German translation of Darwin's "The Origin of Species" appeared in 1860, just months after the original, thanks to Heinrich Georg Bronn, a distinguished German paleontologist whose work in some ways paralleled Darwin's. Bronn's version of the book (with his own notes and commentary appended) did much to determine how Darwin's theory was understood and applied by German biologists, for the translation process involved more than the mere substitution of German words for English."Its [Origin of Species] greatest impact on German biological practice lay in the introduction of historical modes of explanation for the observable phenomena of living nature. The historical approach to nature was rejected, not only by the opponents of evolution, but also by the idealist evolutionist. Whether they favored a teleological or a reductionist biology, the idealists could not see the point of a theory that emphasized the irregularities and exceptions in the organic world. In the timeless real of idealist thinking, unchanging laws worked out an inevitable destiny. But Darwin taught his followers to look at living beings one by one. Thus prompted, they recognized, as if for the first time, the surprising fact of anomaly and the wisdom of an open-ended theory." (Glick, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism). "Darwin was not happy about the first German translation. It was done from the second English edition by H.G. Bronn, who had, at Darwin's suggestion, added an appendix of the difficulties which occurred to him; but he had also excised bits of which he did not approve. This edition also contains the historical sketch in its shorter and earlier form." (Freeman).Freeman No 672 - Freeman does not mention the lithographed plate.

Milano, Nello Reg. Duc. Corte, perGio. Battista, e Giulio Cesare fratelli Maletesta Stampatori, 1653. Folio. In contemporary full vellum. Title written in contemporary hand to lower edge. A few early leaves reinforced and a 1x1 cm hole in leaf pppp2 with loss of text. Ex-libris stamp (Ghislanzoni) to lower part of title-page. Otherwise a very fine, clean and crisp copy. (56), 792, 76 pp. + the engraved frontispiece by Frederico Agnelli. First edition thus, being the hugely expanded second version of Cavazzi's famous fiscal analysis of the Duchy of Milan and of Lombardy in general (which had been under Spanish rule since 1559, and was to remain so until 1701), constituting one of the earliest proposals of government bonds in (what is now) Italy. Furthermore, the present work was Manzoni's main source of knowledge about the plague when writing 'Promessi Sposi' (The Betrothed).A much shorter preliminary work comprising merely 146 pp. appeared in 1647, under the same title. The present work is hugely expanded and is essentially a different work.Cavazzi here gives a thorough analysis of taxation and the general cost of public administration, which had become an exceedingly important issue for the city of Milan. Over a 25 year period, the debt of Milan had risen to uncontrollable heights and this is the first serious attempt to improve the city's economic status. Cavazzi occupies himself with duties on, among other things, salt, wine, oil, meat, flour, and horses and argues that the tax burden might be reduced through both efficiencies in spending and through raising of funds through the issue of government bonds. His proposal of government bonds predates the actual implementation, which did not happen until 1694 by the Bank of England. He furthermore proposes that the Duchy reduce the number of working licenses granted to foreigners who are not resident and refuse to accept citizenship. Carlo Girolamo Cavazzi della Somaglia (1604-1672), Italian economist and historian, wrote several other work on Milan the present being the most extensive. OCLC records just two copies outside Italy (British library and the University of Illinois).Einaudi 966

Amsterdam et Leipzig, Chez Jean Schreuder, 1765. 4to. Uncut in the original marbled boards. Professionally rebacked preserving almost all of the original back. The fragile orginal binding is here preserved in its entirety, and it has quite a bit of overall wear. Apart from a small hole to two leaves in the index, affecting ab. one work on each of the four pages, it is internally nice and clean. Title-page printed in red and black. Beautiful eng. title-vignette and a few other woodcut vignettes and initials. (4), XVI, (2), 540, (18) pp. First edition thus, being the first collected edition of Leibnitz' philosophical works in French and Latin, and containing the FIRST PRINTING of one of Leibnitz' most important philosophical works, his "Nouveaux essays sur l'entendement humain" (New Essays on Human Understanding), in which he attacks and refutes Locke and his "Essay on Human Understanding" and gives important testimony to his own philosophical ideas. With its 496 pages, this extensive work takes up most of this collection of philosophical works, and it also constitutes one of his largest and most important of his philosophical works. As explained by Raspe, the editor, in his preface to this publication, "LES NOUVEAUX ESSAIS SUR L'ENTENDEMENT HUMAIN, qui sont la partie principale de recueil, sont connûs trés imparfaitement par l'histoire de la Philosophie de Leibnitz, que Mr. Ludovici a publiée" (p. X), and the reason why the work was known, even though it had not been published, is because of a letter that Leibnitz had written in 1714, in which he explains why he did not wish to publish the work. Raspe quotes the letter (p. X), from which it becomes clear that Leibnitz had not wished to publish an attack on Locke and his work, because Locke had died in 1704 (the same year that Leibnitz had actually written the work), and because Leibnitz was against publishing refutations of dead authors: "Mais je me suis degouté de publier des refutations des Auteurs morts, quoiqu'elles dissent paroitre Durant leur vie & étre communiqués à eux memes". Raspe points to the nobleness of this decision, but he also points to what could be other reasons for Leibnitz not wishing to publish his seminal work, one of them being that towards the end of his life (he died in 1716), he did not wish to enter into any more controversies with the British, since he was already engaged in two very important ones that occuopied much of his time and energy: The first concerned the invention of the differential calculus, the second was against Mr. Clarke on liberty and important metaphysical and theological questions. Another reason could also be that he did not want to begin controversies with the friends of Locke, who at that time were many and important.Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding", which is the work here being refuted by Leibnitz, became the crucial groundwork for the future empiricists with David Hume in the foreground, and thus Leibnitz' work, though published posthumously, probably came to play a bigger role in the history of philosophy than it would have done had it been published just after he wrote it. Few philosophers of his time were susceptible to Leibnitz' ideas and his application of logic to the problems of metaphysics, as most of them were far more receptive to Locke's empiricism. However, when Leibnitz' "Nouveaux essays..." was finally published here in his "Oeuvres philosophiques" in 1765, it became hugely influential and was also an important factor in the development of Kant's transcendental philosophy.The hugely famous work by Locke, in which he stated his famous theory that the mind of the newborn is like a blank slate (tabula rasa) and concluded that all ideas come from experience and that there are no such things as innate principles, was generally sharply criticized by the rationalists, the most important of them being Leibnitz. Leibnitz' response, his "Les nouveaux essays sur l'entendement humain" constitutes the most important of the rationalist responses and it is written in the form of a chapter-by-chapter refutation. He refutes the major premise of Locke's work, that the senses are the source of all understanding, primarily by adding to this "except the understanding itself", thus going on to distinguish between his three levels of understanding, which are part of the centre of his philosophy.For Leibnitz as well as for Locke the great inspiration was Descartes, but they chose two fundamentally different directions, Locke the materialistic one and Leibnitz the idealistic one. The present work represents the greatest clash between the two giants of late 17th century philosophy. The effect of Leibnitz' work was enormous, and among the Germans he invoked a great passion for philosophical studies. Leibnitz represents a striking contrast to both Locke with his empiricism and Spinoza. One earlier collection of some of Leibnitz' works had been printed before this one, but it did not contain his "New Essays on Human Understanding", and only consisted of his "Smaller Philosophical Works". This is the German 1740-edition "Kleinere philosohische Schriften". The other writings contained in this publication are "Examen du sentiment du P. Malebranche que nous voyons tout en Dieu", ""Dialogus de connexione inter res & verba", "Difficultates quaedam Logicae", "Discours touchant la methode de la certitude & de l'art d'inventer", "Historia et commendatio charactericae universalis quae simul sit ars inveniendi".Graesse IV:152.