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Altona, J.F. Hammerich, 1807. 8vo. 2 volumes both uncut in the original blank wrappers. Wear to extremities, front wrapper on vol. 1 detached and with tear. Missing ab. half of the paper on spines. Internally fine and clean. XVI, 368; VIII, 358, (1) pp. Rare first German edition of this political and economic classic, which constitutes Malthus' first major publication and his main work, because of which he is considered the father of demography and one of the main sources of inspiration for Darwin and Wallace. It is the first translation of the "Principle on Population" into any language, and it influenced German politics tremendously.The first edition was printed anonymously in London in 1798, and in 1803 the second edition, which, also according to Malthus himself, can be said to constitute a new work, appeared; -the great quarto edition from 1803 is thoroughly revised and much enlarged, the title has been changed and Malthus' name appears on the title-page for the first time, it is on this edition that all the preceding editions are based, and in consequence also the early translations. All the later editions were minor revisions of the second one. In 1806 the third edition appeared, and as soon as 1807 the first German one, which is translated from the revised third edition ("Die gegenwärtige Uebersetzung ist nach der dritten Ausgabe, Oktav, London 1806. Die Quartausgabe ist minder vollständig", Vorwort, p. V). New revisions of the text kept appearing till the sixth edition in 1826. The book, then as now, is considered highly controversial, and it has influenced all demographers ever since, as well as being of immense importance to the study of economic theory and genetic inheritance. "The "Essay" was highly influential in the progress of thought in the early nineteenth-century Europe.... "Parson" Malthus, as Cobbett dubbed him, was for many, a monster and his views were often grossly misinterpreted.... But his influence on social policy, whether for good or evil, was considerable. The Malthusian theory of population came at the right time to harden the existing feeling against the Poor Laws and Malthus was a leading spirit behind the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834." (PMM 251).Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), called the "enfant terrible" of the economists, was an English demographer, statistician and political economist, who is best known for his groundbreaking views on population growth, presented in his "Essays on the Principle of Population", which is based on his own prediction that population would outrun food supply, causing poverty and starvation. Among other things this caused the legislation, which lowered the population of the poor in England. Malthus actually turned political, economic and social thought upside down with this work, which has caused him to be considered one of the 100 most influential persons in history (Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the most Influential Persons in History, 1978). Of course, he was condemned by Marx and Engels, and opposed by the socialists universally, but the work was of immense impact on not only politics, economics, social sciences etc, but also on natural sciences. "Later in the "Origin of Species" he [Darwin] wrote that the struggle for existence "is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this case there can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraint from marriage" [p. 63]. Alfred Russel Wallace, who arrived at a worked-out formulation of the theory of evolution at almost precisely the same time as Darwin, acknowledged that "perhaps the most important book I read was Malthus's "Principles of Population" (My Life, p. 232). Although there were four decennial censuses before Malthus' death, he did not himself analyze the data, although he did influence Lambert Quetelet and Pierre Verhulst, who made precise statistical studies on growth of populations in developed countries and showed how the early exponential growth changed to an S curve." (DSB, IX, p. 69). As Malthus realized that his theories were not satisfactorily presented or sufficiently demonstrated in the first edition from 1798, he travelled for three years through Europe gleaning statistics, and then published the second edition in 1803. Among other places he travelled through Northern Germany, and his detailed diaries of these journeys provided him with some of the evidence necessary for the development of his theory on population growth. The observational information that he gathered on his travels in Europe were crucial to the development of his theories, which also means that the work is of great interest for other European countries, and not only Britain. "In 1819 the Royal Society elected Malthus to a fellowship. He was also a member of the French Institute and the Berlin Academy, and a founding member of the Statistical Society (1834)." (DSB, IX, p. 67). Printing and the Mind of Man 251 (first edition).

Wien, Alfred Hölder, 1889. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed yellow wrappers. Light soiling and a few minor nicks to extremities. A very fine and clean copy. XVI, 239 pp. First edition, rarely seen in the original wrappers, of this important work in which Wieser attempts to apply marginal utility analysis to the determination of cost, thus for the first time fully developing a theory of value. The work "ranks high as an original achievement" and is one of the very earliest to realize the information value of prizes. It is furthermore here that the term "imputation" is coined."It was only with Friedrich von Wieser's book [the present] that an attempt was made to fill the lacuna left by Menger and Böhm-Bawerk. Wieser makes it clear that without a solution to the problem of 'imputation' the new theory would remain incomplete and would be subjected to the widespread criticism that it cannot deal with production. The problem is posed as follows" 'The statement that the productive goods receive their value from the value of their produce suffices only to evaluate [schätzen] the collaborating factors of production as a whole, but not separately. In order to be able to do also this, a rule is needed which allows one to apportion the total produce in detail.'(Wieser, 1889)." (Steedman, Socialism & Marginalism in Economics 1870 - 1930). "[H]e continued to work on the same problems and also on what he regarded merely as a first step toward a theory of value that was to be fully developed in [the present work]. He employed the expository device of studying value in a centrally directed economy and suggested possible applications of utility theory to public finance. The book gained him almost immediate acclaim, and it was soon translated into English" (Frederich von Hayek in IESS)."[In the present work he] worked out the Austrian theories of cost and distribution (he coined the phrase 'Zurechnung', imputation), which Menger had not more than sketched, and this work must in spite of the latter fact and also in spite of glaring faults of technique, rank high as an original achievement. (Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis)"In this work he applied the marginal utility theory not only horizontally, i.e. to trading and exchange, but also vertically, i.e. to production processes. He defined the value of higher goods produced alongside them, thus developing his imputation theory. Wieser, who possessed a certain "obsession with compulsive computability" is recognized as one of the first economist to realize the information value of prices." (Schulak, the Austrian School of Economics). Masui p. 909Menger col. 395.

Kiøbenhaffn, Hans Støckelman oc Andreas Gutterwitz, 1575. Folio. Nær samtidigt hellæderbind med ophøjede bind på ryggen, rig rygforgyldning. Skindtitel senere fornyet. Permer helt intakte, men med krakeleringer i skindets overflade. Titelblad i rødt/sort. Nederste højre hjørne af titelbladet bortrevet, men fint udbedret i faksimile. Fr. II's træskårne portræt trykt på bagsiden af titelbladet. (36),547,(33) pp. Trykt på godt svært papir. Mindre skjolder i nogle marginer til slut, få spredte brunpletter, enkelte tilskrifter. Originaludgaven af den første dansk-sprogede Saxo-Udgave - et monumentalværk i dansk litteratur, idet værket først med Vedels oversættelse nåede frem til den almene læser. The first printed Danish translation of Saxo Grammaticus "Danorum Regum heroumque Historie".Laur. Nielsen 1451 - Thesaurus 205 (Ed. B).

S.-Peterburg, Izdanie redaktsii zhurnala "Znanie, 1871. 8vo. In contemporary black half calf with four rasied bands and gilt lettering to spine. Corners of binding with repairs and a three cm long tear to lower front hindge. Light miscolouring throughout, especially to first 10 leaves. (2), VII, (6), 439 pp. The exceedingly rare first Russian translation of Darwin's 'Descent of Man' published only four month after the original English. The Russian publisher was eager to have a translation published, hence this early abridged edition - two other Russian translations followed later the same year - The present translation being the very first into any language. "The Descent of Man showed that the process of organic evolution, propelled by the struggle for existence and natural selection, applied to man no less than to the rest of the animal kingdom. It gave explicit recognition to the idea of the anthropoid origin of man. This claim surprised no one, for it was clearly hinted at in the great work of 1859 and was elaborated in Thomas Huxley's Man's Place in Nature and Vogt's Lectures on Man. Nor was it much of a surprise when three Russian translations of The Descent appeared within one year after the publication of the English original. Two general ideas represented the essence of The Descent: natural selection is not only behind the physical survival of man but also behind the evolution of cultural values; and the differences between animal and human behavior are differences of degree rather than of kind." (Darwin in Russian Thought) "The Expression helped lay the foundations for a scientific study of the psychological aspect of the evolution of species. The book appeared in a Russian translation only a few months after the publication of the English original. The paleontologist Vladimir Kovalevskii was the translator, and the embryologist Aleksandr Kovalevskii was in charge of editorial tasks. In 1874 Vladimir wrote to Darwin that nearly two thousand copies of the Russian translation were sold." " The Expression deals much more extensively with selected aspects of human and animal behavior than with general problems of evolutionary biology. The Russian reviewers were generally impressed with Darwin's descriptions and categorizations of animal behavior. The Journal of the Ministry of Public Education was unusually profuse in praising the book's content and writing style. The reviewer commended Darwin's impartiality and avoidance of "materialistic trappings." Even the adherents of spiritualism could read the book, he wrote, without the least discomfort. The reviewer thought that psychologists would benefit from the information the book presented on the "physiological" basis of behavior. Indeed, he recommended the book to all readers interested in the scientific foundations of human behavior. The liberal journal Knowledgewas equally laudatory. It noted that the book was eminently successful on two counts: it offered a "rational explanation" of many expressions of human emotions, and it integrated the study of animal and human behavior into the universal process of organic evolution. In fact, no educated person could afford to ignore it.N. P. Vagner, professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at St. Petersburg University, called The Expression a book with "great strengths and minor flaws." The volume reminded him of Darwin's previous works, which marked "turning points in the history of science." The strength of the book lay much more in its suggestion of new topics for comparative-psychological research than in a presentation of a theoretically and logically integrated system of scientific thought. Insufficient exploration of the physiological underpinnings of mental activities represented the book's major shortcoming" (Darwin in Russian Thought) In Russia Darwinism had a profound influence not only upon the different sciences, but also on philosophy, economic and political thought, and the great literature of the period. For instance, both Tolstoy and Dostoevsky referenced Darwin in their most important works, as did numerous other thinkers of the period.Like Strakhov, however, Dostoevsky, acknowledging the significance of the "Origin of Species", saw the dangers of the theory. In the same year as the publication of Rachinsky's translation, he lets the narrator in "Notes from Underground" (1864) launch his attack on Darwinism , beginning: "As soon as they prove you, for instance, that you are descended from a monkey, then it's no use scowling, you just have to accept it."In "Crime and Punishment" (two years later, 1866) the Darwinian overtones inherent in Raskolnikov's theory of the extraordinary man are unmistakable. He describes the mechanism of "natural selection," where, according to the laws of nature, by the crossing of races and types, a "genius" would eventually emerge. In general, Darwinian themes and Darwin's name occur in many contexts in a large number of Dostoevsky's works.'Descent of Man' was transted into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian and Swedish in Darwin's lifetime. Freeman 1107.

Moscow, Academy of Science, 1935-1959. Royal8vo. In 9 uniform full cloth bindings (albeit with slightly different colours, as published). All volumes with Darwin's signature "Ch. Darwin" embossed in gold to lower right corner of front board. All nine volumes with wear to spines. All nine volumes internally fine and clean (no stamps or brownspotting). XLVII, (1), 604, (4) pp. + 3 folded maps.: 682, (2) pp. + 3 folded maps: X, (2), 831, (1) pp. + 1 folded map.: 883, (1) pp.: 1040 pp. + 1 folded plate.: 696 pp.: 650 pp.: 543, (1) pp.: LVI, 734, (1) pp. The following being the collation of the papers which represent the first Russian translation of the given paper:[Geologija, Eskavajra, Tjlena Korolevskogo obschestva (i.e. 'Manual of Scientific Enquiry']: Vol. 2: Pp. 613-637[Usonogie raki (i.e. 'Living Cirripedia')]: Vol. 2: Pp. 37-87[Lectsii evolutsionnoi teorii (i.e. 'Studies in the theory of descent')]: Vol. 3: p. 755.[Proishozhdenie vidov putem estestvennogo otbora... (i.e. 'On the tendency of species to form varieties')]: Pp. 239-255.[Razlichnye formy tsvetov u rastenii odnogo i togo zhe vida (i.e. 'The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species')]: Vol. 7: Pp. 31-251.[Oplodotvorenie tsvetov (i.e. 'Fertilisation of flowers (Hermann Müller)']. Vol. 6: Pp. 652-654.[Zhizn Erazma Darvina (i.e. 'The Life of Erasmus Darwin')]. Vol. 9: Pp. 251-309. A rare complete run of Moscow's Academy of Science Journal's publication of Darwin's 'Collected Works' containing seven first Russian translations of Darwin's shorter works. -Manual of Scientific Enquiry, Freeman 338, Translated by D. L. Weiss. Annotated by N. S. Shatskiï. 1935-Living Cirripedia, Freeman 341, Translated by N. I. Tarasov. 1936.-Studies in the theory of descent (August Weismann), Freeman 1415, Translated and with notes by S. L. Sobol'., 1939.-On the tendency of species to form varieties , Freeman 370, Translated by A. D. Nekrasov, S. L. Solol, 1939.-Different forms of flowers, Freeman 1302, Translated by A. P. Il'inskiï and E. D. D'yakov, 1948.-Fertilisation of flowers (Hermann Müller), Freeman 1433. Translated by V. A. Rybin., 1950.-Erasmus Darwin (Ernst Krause), Freeman 1324, Translated by V. N. Sukachev., 1959.Freeman 338, 341, 370, 1302, 1324, 1415, 1433,

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927. 8vo. Contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. A small paper-label pasted to lower part of spine. Very light edgewear. Corners a bit bumped. In: 'Zeitschrift für Physik', Volume 43, p.172-198. The entire volume offered,. VII,936 pp. First appearance of the first announcement of Heisenberg's famous "Uncertainty Principle", stating that it is impossible to determine accurately and both members of specific pairs of atomic variables simultaneously, and that the minimum product of the two variables are proportional to Planck's constant 'h' - one of the most important and celebrated findings in modern physics."Heisenberg's paper 'On the physical content of the quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics' was received by the publishers on 23 March, after Bohr had returned - and had correctly criticized some substantial points in the manuscript. All the same Heisenberg's work is on a par with his discovery paper of quantum mechanics and represents a most solid contribution to its interpretation. It is THE FIRST PAPER IN WHICH THE QUESTION OF WHAT IS OBSERVABLE AND WHAT IS NOT IS QUANTITATIVELY DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS. His work marks the beginning of a subject on which volumes have since been written: the measurement problem in quantum physics." (Pais in "Niels Bohr's Times", p. 304).

Kiøbenhaffn, Henrich Waldkirch, 1611. 12mo (ca. 10 x 5,5, cm). Near contemporary black full calf with brass clasps. All edges beautifully and elaborately chiselled. New end-papers and title-page re-enforced et edges, from verso, no loss of text. 2nd leaf and 2nd leaf of Register with small marginal restorations, no loss of text. Apart from the small restorations, an exceptionally well preserved copy. Title-page printed in red and black, and many woodcut musical notes throughout. Title-page + pp. (XIII) - (XXX) (i.e. lacking the first three leaves of the preface - "Fortalen"), 653, (11) pp. (= register). - I.e. a lovely copy only lacking the first 6 leaves (ff. (A)1-6) of the preface.Withbound at the end are the 18 first text-pages of "En Bøn at bede om Morgenen" (presumably also by Thomissøn, ca. 1600) - these 9 leaves are not in particularly good condition. Extremely scarce first 17th century-edition of the first authorized Danish hymn-book. This seminal collection of the scattered psalms of the Reformation, the very first of its kind in Denmark, was originally printed in 1569 and remained the authoritative hymn-book for Danmark and Norway for a century and a half, until Kingo's in 1699. All editions of the book are extremely scarce - the 16th century ones are known in 1-2 copies each, and most of them are incomplete; the 17th century-editions are also of the utmost scarcity, with ab. 5-7 copies known of each, and almost all being incomplete. Most copies known are in institutional holdings, and only very few remain on private hands. The present copy is one of the more complete copies known, as most copies lack several leaves of the text itself, musical notes, title-page, register etc. Thomissøn's hymn-book constitutes an invaluable source to Scandinavian musical life of the Reformation, and ab. 200 of the 269 hymns are put to music and supplied with musical scores. Bibl. Danica I:326. - Thesaurus II: 637. - Åke Davidsson: 34.

Stockholm, 1806. Large folio oblong. (44 x 61 cm.). Contemp. hcalf, covers with marbled paper. Titlelabel in red and gilt pasted on frontcover. Wear to foot of spine, otherwise fine. Engraved titlepage (battle view), engraved plate depicting the Carl Gustav on horseback in front of a battle scene and 11 engraved plates showing battlescenes after Dahlberg's drawings. All engravings in beautiful toned sepia aquatint. A few marginal brownspots. A very fine copy. Very scarce first printing of this series of plates, aiming at glorifying the Swedish victories, showing battlescenes - Warsaw, Carnova, Columbi, Guesne and the crossing of the Belt in Denmark - from the wars against Poland and Denmark (1655-58), in fine engravings by Skjöldebrand.

Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1926. Bound in 3 uniform contemp. full cloth. Spine with gilt lettering. Lower parts of spine with remains of a paperlabel. Edges very slightly rubbed. In "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck.", Vierte Folge, Bde. 79-81. VI,760;VIII,828;VIII,1172 pp. Textillustr. and plates. The Schrödinger papers: Pp. 361-376,489-527,734-756 (Bd. 79) - pp. 438-490 (Bd. 60) - pp. 109-131 (Bd. 81). Internally clean and fine. One page of "Inhalt" in Bd. 79 misbound and with a small tear. First printing and first appearence of these 5 papers which introduces Schrödinger's wave-equations and explains the stationary states of electrons in Bohr's theory of the atom by way of applying de Broglie's concept of electron waves. These papers are among the most important in modern physics."The intensity of Schrödingers work on the problem (he found the earlier Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum theory unsatisfactory) increased as he saw that he was on the track of "a new atomic theory", and it reached a peak during his winter vacation in Arosa. On 27 December 1925 he wrote to Wilhelm Wien, editor of the "Annalen der Physik" inMunich that he was very optimistic: "I believe that I can give a vibrating system...thatyields the hydrogen frequency levels as it eigenfrequencies." The frequences of the emitted light rays are then obtained, as Schrödinger observed, by establishing the differences of the two eigenfrequencies respectively. "Consequently the way is opened toward a real understanding of Bohr's frequency calculation - it is really a vibration (or, as the case may be, interference) process, which occurs with the same frequency as the one we observe in the spectroscope. I hope, that I will soon be able to report on this subject in a little more detail and in a more comprehensive fashion" (Schrödinger's letter to Wien)...The so-called Klein-Gordon equations which Schrödinger used gives an incorrect description of the relativistic structures Schrödinger tried to describe. As this equation he tried to use, describes particles without spin, whereas a a description of electrons requires the Dirac equation..."After a brief interruption Schrödinger took up his method again, but this time he treated the electron nonrelativistically. It soon became apparent that he had arrived at a theory that correctly represented a the behavior of the electron to a very good approximation. THE RESULT WAS THE EMERGENCE OF WAVE MECHANICS IN JANUARY 1926. Schrödinger published the results of his research in a series of four papers in the "Annalen der Physik" bearing the overall title "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem." The first installment, sent on 26 January and received by Wien the next day, contains the first apperarance in the literature of his famous wave equation, written out for the hydrogen atom..."(DSB). In the fifth paper offered here, Schrödinger himself shows that there is an essential equivalence of his theory and that of Heisenberg, Born and Jordan's.

Odense, Christian Skrøder, 1699. Folio. Samtidigt hellæderbind over træ. Ryg med horisontale blindtrykte stregdekorationer. Permer med blindtrykte stregrammer. De øverste 2-3 cm. af ryggen mangler skindet. Permer og ryg lettere slidt. Titelbladet trykt i rødt og sort. (8),300,(14) pp., talrige noder i teksten, trykt med støbte typer. De første ca. 100 sider med bruning i øvre marginer og ned langs halvdelen af højre marginer, dog aftagende. Folio. Contemporary full calf over wooden boards. Spine with horizontal blindstamped line-decorations. Top 2-3 cm. of spine lacking leather.First ca 100 leaves with browning to upper margins and down half the outer right margins, decreasing. Title-page printed in red and black. (8), 300, (14) pp. Numerous musical notes in the text, printed with moulded types. Originaltrykket af Kingos Gradual. Yderst sjældent forekommende. Schrøder, som trykte bogen var leder af Kingos eget trykkeri i Odense. Trykt med fraktur og med store støbte initialer og vignetter i træsnit. Tekstgrundlaget for Gradualet er originaltrykket af salmebogen (1689), men denne indeholdt ikke noder. Gradualet var beregnet for kirkekorene og degnene, og værket giver et fuldstændigt billede af kirkemusikken på Kingos tid hvor bruddet med den gregorianske kirkesang blev stadfæstet.Birkelund, 71. - Thesaurus II,516. - Bibl.Dan.I,1098. The exceedingly scarce first printing of Kingo's seminal Gradual, containing what is arguably the most important and influential Baroque hymns in Denmark. Schrøder, who printed the book was head of Kingo's own printing press in Odense. The work is magnificently printed with large, moulded initials and woodcut vignettes. The text is based on that of the Book of Psalms from 1689, which did not contain musical notes and which thus appeared here for the first time. The Gradual was intended for church choirs and the parish clercks, and the work provides us with a unique and complete insight into church music at Kingo's time, when Gregorian church song was abandoned for good. “Thomas Kingo, (born December 15, 1634, Slangerup, Denmark—died October 14, 1703, Odense), clergyman and poet whose works are considered the high point of Danish Baroque poetry. Kingo’s grandfather had come from Scotland, and his father was a weaver. In his youth, Kingo wrote a series of poems picturing humorous scenes in village life and a pastoral love poem, “Chrysillis.” After graduating in theology, he taught briefly. In 1677 Christian V made Kingo bishop of Fyn. Thereafter, he wrote only occasional poetry in honour of the royal family, together with the hymns and religious poems that are the most enduring of his works. The latter were collected in two volumes, Aandelig sjunge-kor (1674 and 1681; “Spiritual Chorus”). In addition to the morning and evening songs, the best-known are “Far, Verden, Farvel” (“Fare, World, Farewell”) and “Sorrig og Glæde de vandre til Hobe” (“Sorrow and Joy They Wander Together”). He is remembered today mainly for what is popularly known as Kingo’s hymnbook, a collection that appeared in 1699 and contained 86 of his own poems. The first half of Kingo’s original hymnal was published in 1689 as Vinter-Parten (“The Winter Part”) but was later rejected by the king. Kingo’s hymns contrast this world with heaven and are deeply personal in their graphic and suggestive use of language. Underneath their Christian orthodoxy, they are both subjective and antithetical, showing the individual as immersed in the world he rejects and whose darkness he anxiously desires to overcome.” (Encycl. Britt).

London, James Ridgway, 1825-1830. Royal 8vo. Contemporary green hmorocco. A few minor scratches. Topedge gilt. XX,(224),(3) pp. (Leaves numb. 1-124 + Alphabetical Index). With all 112 engraved plates in beautifull handcolouring. (Plates by J. Hart, M. Hart, W. Hart and Mrs. brown, engraved by S. Watts and Wedell). A few textleaves with faint offsetting from the plates. Plates clean and fine. First edition of this highly esteemed work on Rock-Roses and their cultivated varieties. The work is prized by gardeners for its showry rose-like flowers. They are widely spread and occur in Europe, West and Central Asia, North Africa, North & South America and the Cape Verde Islands. - Nissen BBI: 1922 - Pritzel: 9078 - Sitwell, Great Flower Books p. 141.

Kopenhagen, Nicolaus Möller, 1774-78. 4to. Bound in 2 contemp. full mottled calf. Gilt spines. Title-and tome-labels with gilt lettering. Wear to top of spine on vol. I. Fronthinge on vol. II cracked and loosening. 2 engraved titlevignettes. Halftitles. XVI,(6),505,(1);(16),479 pp. 1 large folded map, outlinecoloured "Tabula Iteneraria... Terrae Yemen... 1763." and 124 engraved maps and plates (complete). Internally fine and clean, a few marginal brownspots. Printed on good paper. Scarce first edition of Niebuhr's great travel account of Arabia. Like his "Beschribung von Arabien", his "Reisebeschreibung von Arabien" "provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years.""Despite its tragic course, the expedition was a complete success with regard to its scientific and scholarly results. It was especially due to Niebuhr's efforts to preserve and continue his and his collegues' , that the Royal Danish Library was eventually equipped with a host of oriental manuscripts, maps, and drawings, as well as many botanical and zoological specimens... It was Niebuhr who edited and published Forskåll's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica (1775) and Descriptiones Animalium (1775), together with the drawings of Bauerfeind. In 1772 he had alredy published his systematic and geographically organized beschreibung von Arabien, which was followed between 1774 and 1778 by the first two volume of his three-volume chronologically arranged Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien. (the item offered, the third volume was published many years later, 1837). Both works, written in a clear and sober language and illustrated with numerous precise drawings, maps, and plans, provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years."(Josef Wiesehöfer).

Kiøbenhaffn, Matthias Jørgensens Effterleffverske, 1680. Folio. Samt. helldrbd. med 5 ophøjede bind på ryggen. Rigt forgyldte rygfelter. Forgyldt titeletiket. Bindet har ganske lette reparationer ved kapitæler, langs false og kanter. Titelbladet med røskenramme. (26),470 pp. 5 kobberstukne portrætter (Fr. II (3 stk, stukket af Melchior Lorck og Goltzius), Dronning Sophie og Chr. V) samt 23 kobberstukne plancher, dobbeltsidede og 4 udfoldelige kobberstukne plancher med de danske kongers våben (komplet). Ganske stort eksemplar med brede marginer (31,5 x 21 cm.), ren og med enkelte spredte brunpletter. På indersiden af forpermen et kobberstukket exlibris "Christian Ernst zu Stolberg". Kobberstikket i dobbeltopslag af Fr.II og Dronning Sophie med en udbedring i foldningen. Originaltrykket af dette pragtværk i dansk boghistorie. De prægtige kobbere fremstiller forskellige krigeriske begivenheder i Kongens regeringstid, festoptog, turneringer m.v. Egentlig er kobberne stukket af Franz Hogenberg og Simon Novellus, men lånt fra Henrik Rantzaus Mindeværk over Fr. II (1589). Thesaurus 621 - Birkelund No 63. - Bibl. Dan.III,58.

Berlin, Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften etc., 1828-1928. 8vo a. Lex8vo. 1830-90 uniform hcalf, gilt spines (a few with wear), 1891-1928 in uniform hcloth, spines with gilt lettering (a few with wear and one with a lose spine). A stamp to titlepages. Johann Franz Encke was editor of the "Jahrbuch" from 1830 to 1866. The "Jahrbuch" contains importent papers on the problems of the calculating astronomy. With e.g. Gauss "Über die Methode der kleinsten Quadrate", "Über Interpolation", Olbers "Über die zweckmässigste Art bei der Berechnung einer Cometenbahn die versuche anzustellen" many by Encke etc. etc.

Augsburg, Augustæ Vind, (1744). 4to-oblong. Cont. hcalf. Back and covers somewhat worn. Platesizes ca. 20,5 x 27 cm. (32) pp. and 60 full-page engraved maps (of 64 listed). Lacking the engraved title and 5 other maps (Africa, America septentrionalis, Regum Portugalliæ, Regnum Hispaniæ, Italia totur and Palæstina), but having 2 more not listed and some in the German section does not corresponds with the maps listed in the index. All maps in original handcolouring, occasionally a little brownspotted and traces of use in lower right corners. One map have a little loss of image in lower middle (Austria Saliburgensis). Phillips No 3494. 2 maps relating to America (Globus Terrestris (World Map) and America Meridionalis). Having maps of Europe, Asia, Russia, Turkey, Scandinavia etc. The World Map engraved by Andr. Silbereisen and most of the other maps engraved by A.C. Seutter and Tobias C. Lotter (married to Seutters daughter and his successor).

Kjöbenhavn (i.e. Copenhagen), 1830. Simple contemporary black half cloth. Internally only light scattered brownspotting. An excellent copy. The rare first edition of the first published collection of Andersen's poetry - Andersen's third published book (at the age of 25) - containing, at the end, the first printing of any of his fairy tales, being also his very first fairy tale, "Dødningen, et fyensk Folke-eventyr" (i.e. "The Ghost" (also sometime "The Spectre"), "A Folk- Fairy Tale from Funen"). This is the first time that Andersen uses the term "Eventyr" (fairy tale), the term which came to denote the genre for which he received world-wide fame as one of the most important writers of all time. "The Ghost" was later rewritten and published for the second time in Andersen's first fairy tale collection, "Eventyr fortalte for Børn" (PMM 299), 1835, under the title "The Travelling Companion". As Andersen would later explain, his first fairy tale was based upon a folk tale from Funen he had heard as a child. This seminal publication lays the foundation for Andersen's activity as an author of fairy tales. This collection furthermore contains 46 poems, 20 of which are published here for the first time (the rest were published separately in various periodicals). BFN 51.

London, John W. Parker, 1843. 8vo. 2 uniform contemporary half calf bindings with five raised gilt bands to gilt spines. Marbled edges. A nice and tight set with only minor wear to extremities. Vol. 1 with tiny damp-stainin to upper margin, barely affecting but a little bit of the end-papers and the first three leaves - here only the top blank margin, far from affecting any text. Blank leaves a bit brownspotted, otherwise also internally very nice and clean. (2), XVI, 580; (2), XII, 624 pp. Bookplate of "Reginald Dykes Marshall" to inside of both front boards. The scarce first edition of what is probably Mill's greatest book, an epochal work in logical enquiry, not only for British philosophy, but for modern thought in general. "Mill's most important work in pure philosophy was his "System of Logic", which he began at the age of twenty-four and completed thirteen years later" (D.S.B. IX:383).By the first quarter of the 19th century, the theory of logic had been almost overlooked in the English speaking world for centuries. Logic was practiced merely as an academic study on traditional lines, with Aristotle as the great master, but with Mill and some of his contemporaries this was about to change, and Mill's theory of terms, propositions, the syllogism, induction etc., greatly affected 19th century English thought. The many years that Mill allowed himself to work on his "System of Logic" allowed him to be inspired by a number of important steps that were made towards the development of the theory of logic in order to fulfill his groundbreaking work. Mill's main concern as a philosopher was to overrule the influence of the sceptical philosophers and provide science with a better claim to truth. A main breakthrough in Mill's Logic was thus his analysis of inductive proof, and his originality on this point cannot be denied. "We have found that all Inference, consequently all Proof, and all discovery of truths not self-evident, consists of inductions, and the interpretation of inductions: that all our knowledge, not intuitive, comes to us exclusively from that source. What Induction is, therefore, and what conditions render it legitimate, cannot but be deemed the main question of the science of logic - the question which includes all others. It is, however, one which professed writers of logic have almost entirely passed over. The generalities of the subject have not been altogether neglected by metaphysicians, but, for want of sufficient acquaintance with the processes by which science has actually succeeded in establishing general truths, their analysis of the inductive operation, even when unexceptionable as to correctness, has not been specific enough to be made the foundation of practical rules, which might be for induction itself what the rules of syllogism are for the interpretation of induction... " (A System of Logic, Vol. 1, p. 345) . With his demonstrative theory of induction, Mill reduced the conditions of scientific proof to strict rules and scientific tests. He provided the empirical sciences with formulae and criteria that played as important a role to them as the formulae of syllogism had done to arguments that proceeded from general principles. The laws that Mill established are discovered with his famous "eliminative methods of induction", which later figured prominently in controversies about scientific method.Mill's Logic came to found a new strand in the theory of logic, logic as incorporated in a general theory of knowledge, where the whole is rendered more precise by its definite reference to the question of proof. According to Mill the ultimate elements of knowledge are subjective entities, however, knowledge does have objective validity. "Logic alone can never show that the fact A proves the fact B; but it can point out to what conditions all facts must confirm, in order that they might prove other facts. To decide whether any given fact fulfils these conditions, or whether facts can be found which fulfil them in any given case, belongs, exclusively, to the particular art or science, or to our knowledge of the particular subject." (Introduction, § 3, p. 11). The work underwent several editions, and Mill kept changing it considerably. The first edition is said to have been printed in a small number, less than 1.000.

Berlin: Ambrosii Haude, 1744. 4to. (246x199mm). Uncut in original marbled paper wrappers. Spine strip nearly worn away, but sewing still strong. A fine copy in its original and untouched state. Large engraved frontispiece showing comets orbiting the sun and planets, 187 pp. and 4 copper engraved folding plates. A4 (pp.7-8) canceled - catchword continues. Complete. First edition of this important work containing the first complete mathematical treatment of the two-body problem, consisting in a planet and the Sun. Great minds such as Newton, Bernoulli and Poincaré all made important contributions to solving the exceedingly important mathematical Two-Body Problem, but Euler here gave the first full exposition of it. "In 1744, Euler developed the first completely analytical method for determining a parabolic orbit through successive approximations in his Theory of the Motion of Planets and Comets. This was built upon Newton's earlier work, which [...] tended to be very complex and messy and incomplete. Today, the method of successive approximation known to every student of calculus is known by this man's name, Euler's Method." (Summy, Analysis of the Two-Body and Restricted Three-Body Problem, p. 4).In the present work Euler gives "the solutions of the main problems of theoretical astronomy dealing with the structure, nature, motion and action of comets and planets. With regard to the theory of perturbed motion of celestial bodies, Euler formulated the perturbation theory in general terms so that it can be used to solve the mathematical problem of dynamic models and particular problems of theoretical astronomy [...] He gave an extensive mathematical treatment of the problem of improving approximations of orbits within the framework of the two-body problem and taking perturbations into account. In his Theoria motuum planetarum et cometarum published in 1744, Euler gave a complete mathematical treatment of the two-body problem consisting of a planet and the Sun." (Debnath, The Legacy of Leonhard Euler, p. 364).In 1687, in the 'Principia', Newton had solved the problem geometrically; In 1710 Johann Bernoulli had proved that the motion of one particle with respect to the other is described by a conic section; In 1734 Daniel Bernoulli won a French Academy prize for his analytical treatment of the Two Body problem - but it was Euler, with his present work, who gave the fully complete mathematical treatment of the problem. Enestroem E66, Houzeau & Lancaster 11948The Barchas Collection 649Honeyman 1063

Hamburg und Leipzig, Grund, Grunds Witwe und A.H. Holle, 1749-62. 8vo. Bound in 22 cont. uniform hcalf. Titlelabels in leather on backs, gilt. Small paperlabel pasted on lower compartment. A few spine ends worn. Light wear to backs. Stamp on titles and verso. Light occasional browning, but a good, sound copy. Having numerous engraved folded plates. With Kätners: Zwiefaches Universalregister über die ersten XXV Bände von den Abhandlungen...der Königl. Schwed. Akademie der Wissensch. nach der deutschen Uebersetzung des Herrn Kästners gefertiget. Lpz., Holle, 1771. Cont. hcalf. (6),302 pp. A long importent run of the first Series of the Transactions from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the German translation (of Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar). It includes many importent contributions by Torben Bergman, Georg Brandt, Anders Celsius, A.F. Cronstedt, Pehr Elvius, Carl Linnaeus (Linné), Sven Rinman, H.T. Scheffer, Mårten Triewald, J.G. Wallerius, and many others. - Bernhard Lundstedt: Sveriges Periodiska Litteratur No. 40.

Paris, de l'Imprimerie de Franc. Amb. Didot l'Ainé. Chez Alexandre Jombert, jeune, 1783. 4to. Cont. full mottled calf with gilt red title-label to richly gilt back. Neat professinal repairs to back, hinges and boards. Title-page and first few leaves with a bit of brownspotting, otherwise internally very nice and clean with only occasional scattered minor brownspotting. Woodcut printer's device to title-page, large coloured vignette to dedication-leaf (etched and colour printed), 11 coloured plates, 10 on which folded - all plates etched and colour-printed. Library-stamp on t-p. (14), 116, 60 pp. + 11 leaves of plate-description, on which the plates are mounted at top, 2 pp. of approbation and privilege. On thick, good paper. A very nice, crisp and complete copy w. clear colours. First edition of the main work of the French military engineer Fossé (1734 - 1812). This military work, divided into two sections, one dealing with military strategies concerning defending and attacking, the other dealing with military plans and how to construct maps, is especially renowned for the extraordinary coloured plates by LOUIS MARION BONNET.The plates, depicting plans and maps, show for one of the first times the perfection of the illustrating-process called the CRAYON MANNER adapted to colour-printing, and the work is probably the first book printed using this technique. The technique of printing with colour only began about 20 years before this work was issued; during the first many years, though, many attempts failed, and it wasn't till Bonnet came up with the coloured crayon manner that it was really a success. Bonnet increased the number of plates in order to make it possible to print with several colours. The crayon manner became a great success in Europe and is a fore-runner of the lithography-process. All the plates are signed by Bonnet and are in at least four colours.This work is also renowned for its splendid typography that later on became known as the Didot-style. Graesse II:620. Brunet II:1354.

Amsterdam, Joannes Oosterwyk, 1720. 4to. Contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Richly gilt spine. Title-label with gilt lettering. Neat repairs to upper and lower compartment and to small parts of the other compartments. One corner renewed. Engraved frontispiece. (34),330,(14 - incl. errata) pp., 6 folded engraved maps and 7 engraved plates. Internally clean, printed on good paper. First edition. "C.G. Zorgdrager's classic volume on the Greenland whale fishery is one of the most thorough and authoritative descriptions of the early eighteenth-century Dutch and Germanic fisheries". Allen 177: "Zorgdrager's work is by far the most important of the early authorities on the northern Whalefishery, and must always be one of the chief sources of information for the early history of the subject." The 6 engraved double-page maps are : 1. Neue Charte von den Nord-Pol. 2. Neue Charte von Alt und Neu Groenland mit Strasse Davis. 3. Neue Carte von island. 4. Neue Carte der Insul Spitsbergen. 5. Jan Mayen Eyland. 6. Neue Charte von Nova Zembla.Sabin, 106374 - Lauridsen XI,10.

Paris, Guillaumin et Cie, Victor Masson et Fils, 1862. 8vo. Bound partly uncut with the original wrappers in a very nice later full calf pastiche binding with four raised band and richly gilt spine. Gilt boarders to boards. Small repair to upper right corner of title-page, not affecting text. An exceptionally fine and clean copy. LXIV (incl. half-title), I-XXIII + (24-) 712. pp. and 1 folded plate (between pp.160 a. 161). The scarce first edition of the controversial first French translation - bound partly uncut and with the original wrappers - of Darwin's masterpiece, one of the most important books ever printed. This famed translation - done by self-taught female scholar - ended up causing quite a stir and adding to the theory of evolution some for Darwin quite unforeseen interpretations. Because of this, the translator, Clémence Royer, gained notoriety as one of the leading eugenicists of the time. Darwin was very eager to have his work published in French. It is not known exactly how he happened on Royer as the translator, but as she was familiar with the works of Lamarck and Malthus, immediately realized the importance of Darwin's work and also had close connections to the French publisher Guillaumin, she must have seemed perfect for the job. She had a naturalist help her with the biologically technical parts and made an excellent job of the translation. There was one big problem, however - she went well beyond her role as a translator and added a 60-page preface and numerous explanatory footnotes that Darwin had not seen before publication. In the preface, she challenged the belief in religious revelation, she discussed the application of natural selection to the human race, and she presented a pure eugenic theory, explaining the negative consequences of protecting the weak and the infirm. She also promoted her concept of progressive evolution, which had more in common with the ideas of Lamarck than with those of Darwin. Right after having seen the translation, Darwin wrote in a letter to the American botanist, Asa Gray: "I received 2 or 3 days ago a French translation of the Origin by a Madelle. Royer, who must be one of the cleverest & oddest women in Europe: is ardent deist & hates Christianity, & declares that natural selection & the struggle for life will explain all morality, nature of man, politicks &c &c!!!. She makes some very curious & good hits, & says she shall publish a book on these subjects, & a strange production it will be."After some reflection, however, Darwin began having more serious doubts, and about a month later he wrote to the French zoologist Armand de Quatrefages: "I wish the translator had known more of Natural History; she must be a clever, but singular lady; but I never heard of her, till she proposed to translate my book." He had now also read the footnotes and wrote to Joseph Hooker: "Almost everywhere in Origin, when I express great doubt, she appends a note explaining the difficulty or saying that there is none whatever!! It is really curious to know what conceited people there are in the world."Freeman No 655 (Freeman does not mention the plate, which is present here).

Sank Petersburg, Karla Kraija, 1828. 8vo. Bound uncut in one very nice contemporary green half calf binding with gilt spine. With four of the five lithographs, consisting in the large folded map of Mongolia with Iankinth's route from Peking to Kiakhta, outline-coloured in contemporary hand, the hand-coloured frontispiece-plate and three hand-coloured plates of costumes, without the one depicting the Chinese in summer dress (not always present?). A beautiful copy in absolutely excellent condition, with the frontispiece, three of the four plates, the map, both errata-leaves, both tables of contents, and title-pages for both volumes. First volume with light pencil-underlinings and light pencil-marginalia. XII, 230, (2); VI, (2), 339 pp. + frontispiece, three plates, and folded map. The exceedingly rare first edition of Monk Hyacinth's (i.e. Jakinf's/Iankinth's) important work on the history of Mongolia, which constitutes one of the earliest important travel accounts of the region since the middle ages. The work contains a description of Hyacinth's route up north of Mongolia (then under Manchu rule), a history of Mongolia and the Mongol regimes in China, descriptions of costumes, etc., and a section on regulations concerning the Mongols. As such, this important early work came to play a significant role in all later travel literature about Mongolia and was seen as a work of refenrence and great authority, which was frequently quoted by other writers on the field. "Little was reported to the West about Mongolia between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. During this period the Mongol empire rapidly disintegrated... When Christian missionaries began arriving in (Outer) Mongolia, beginning in 1798, they found an impoverished people ruled by a "living Buddha", the Bogd Khan... The Catholic missionaries was followed by a wave of Protestant missionaries" (Speake 2: 803), but most of the accounts of these missionaries are from the late nineteenth century and thus much later than Hyacinth's. "The archimandrate Hyacinth, late chief of the Russian mission at Peking, from whnce he returned in 1821, with Mr. Timkowski, is about to publish, at St. Petersburg, an "Account of Mongolia", in four volumes. The first volume will contain a narrative of his journey through Mongolia, and his return from Peking to Kakhta; the second, a geographical and statistical account of Mongolia; the third, a short history of the Mongols; and the fourth, the code of laws by which this nomade people is giverned. This work will contain a map of Mongolia, engravings of costumes, &c.The work was translated into German in 1832 under the title "Denkwürdigkeiten über die Mongolei". Both the Russian original and the German translation are of great scarcity. Lust: 186. Not in Greasse, not in Brunet.

Kiøbenhaffn, Hans Støckelman oc Andreas Gutterwitz, 1575. Folio. Velbevaret, nær samtidigt hellæderbind over træ med ophøjede bind på ryggen. Rygfelter med blindtrykte stempler. Med begge originale messinghængsler. Ryg med svage krakeleringer og lidt overfladeslid langs ryggens kanter. Titelblad itrykt i rødt/sort. Titelbladet omkantet, men uden tab. Fr. II's træskårne portræt trykt på bagsiden af titelbladet. (36),547,(33) pp. Trykt på godt svært papir og ualmindelig ren med kun få svage marginale brunpletter. Et blad i Fortalen omkantet og nogle få små bladhjørner restaurerede. Originaludgaven af den første dansk-sprogede Saxo-Udgave - et monumentalværk i dansk litteratur, idet værket først med Vedels oversættelse nåede frem til den almene læser. The first printed Danish translation of Saxo Grammaticus "Danorum Regum heroumque Historie".Laur. Nielsen 1451 - Thesaurus 205 (Ed. A).

Altona, J.F. Hammerich, 1807. 8vo. Bound in the two nice cont. uniform cardboardbindings w. marbled paper. Gilt lines and gilt title-labels to spines. Some wear w. minor loss of paper to capitals, hinges and corners. Small hole to paper as well as to leather title-label of spine of volume two. Some brownspotting, but overall a nice and atrractive copy. Lacking the half-tilte for the first book (merely stating "Erstes Buch"). XVI, 368; VIII, 358, (1) pp. Rare first German edition of this political and economic classic, which constitutes Malthus' first major publication and his main work, because of which he is considered the father of demography and one of the main sources of inspiration for Darwin and Wallace. It is the first translation of the "Principle on Population" into any language, and it influenced German politics tremendously.The first edition was printed anonymously in London in 1798, and in 1803 the second edition, which, also according to Malthus himself, can be said to constitute a new work, appeared; -the great quarto edition from 1803 is thoroughly revised and much enlarged, the title has been changed and Malthus' name appears on the title-page for the first time, it is on this edition that all the preceding editions are based, and in consequence also the early translations. All the later editions were minor revisions of the second one. In 1806 the third edition appeared, and as soon as 1807 the first German one, which is translated from the revised third edition ("Die gegenwärtige Uebersetzung ist nach der dritten Ausgabe, Oktav, London 1806. Die Quartausgabe ist minder vollständig", Vorwort, p. V). New revisions of the text kept appearing till the sixth edition in 1826. The book, then as now, is considered highly controversial, and it has influenced all demographers ever since, as well as being of immense importance to the study of economic theory and genetic inheritance. "The "Essay" was highly influential in the progress of thought in the early nineteenth-century Europe.... "Parson" Malthus, as Cobbett dubbed him, was for many, a monster and his views were often grossly misinterpreted.... But his influence on social policy, whether for good or evil, was considerable. The Malthusian theory of population came at the right time to harden the existing feeling against the Poor Laws and Malthus was a leading spirit behind the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834." (PMM 251).Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), called the "enfant terrible" of the economists, was an English demographer, statistician and political economist, who is best known for his groundbreaking views on population growth, presented in his "Essays on the Principle of Population", which is based on his own prediction that population would outrun food supply, causing poverty and starvation. Among other things this caused the legislation, which lowered the population of the poor in England. Malthus actually turned political, economic and social thought upside down with this work, which has caused him to be considered one of the 100 most influential persons in history (Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the most Influential Persons in History, 1978). Of course, he was condemned by Marx and Engels, and opposed by the socialists universally, but the work was of immense impact on not only politics, economics, social sciences etc, but also on natural sciences. "Later in the "Origin of Species" he [Darwin] wrote that the struggle for existence "is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this case there can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraint from marriage" [p. 63]. Alfred Russel Wallace, who arrived at a worked-out formulation of the theory of evolution at almost precisely the same time as Darwin, acknowledged that "perhaps the most important book I read was Malthus's "Principles of Population" (My Life, p. 232). Although there were four decennial censuses before Malthus' death, he did not himself analyze the data, although he did influence Lambert Quetelet and Pierre Verhulst, who made precise statistical studies on growth of populations in developed countries and showed how the early exponential growth changed to an S curve." (DSB, IX, p. 69). As Malthus realized that his theories were not satisfactorily presented or sufficiently demonstrated in the first edition from 1798, he travelled for three years through Europe gleaning statistics, and then published the second edition in 1803. Among other places he travelled through Northern Germany, and his detailed diaries of these journeys provided him with some of the evidence necessary for the development of his theory on population growth. The observational information that he gathered on his travels in Europe were crucial to the development of his theories, which also means that the work is of great interest for other European countries, and not only Britain. "In 1819 the Royal Society elected Malthus to a fellowship. He was also a member of the French Institute and the Berlin Academy, and a founding member of the Statistical Society (1834)." (DSB, IX, p. 67). Printing and the Mind of Man 251 (first edition).