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(Kbh, (Phoenixberg ?), Tryckt Aar 1720. Samtidigt slidt hldrbd. Med det kobberstukne portræt af Dorothea (opklæbet) og alle 14 træskårne plancher. Indvendig med nogle brugsspor. Titelbladet i faksimile. Der mangler yderligere et blad (sign. 8) i fortalen. Den uhyre sjældne udgave, som indeholder førstetrykket af fjerde bog, den såkaldte "tredie edition", som tillige udgør den første komplette udgave af "Peder Paars".Retmæssigt må dette siges at være anden udgave af Peder Paars og første samlede udgave. Eftertrykket af de første tre bøger var ikke besørget af Holberg selv, men solgte bedre end originalen og regnedes i forordet til denne udgave af Holberg selv tilsyneladende som anden udgaven, således at denne blev "tredie edition". Den udgave, der af Holberg må regnes som "anden edition" var altså et pirattryk, en ikke autoriseret udgave, og det er således mest rimeligt at regne dette for anden udgave, om ikke andet er det anden autoriserede udgave. Det er ligeledes "den sidste autentiske af Holberg selv besørgede Udgave af Peder Paars." (Ehr.-M. XI:16).Af originaludgaven (som kun indeholder de tre første bøger) fra 1719 findes der sandsynligvis kun to komplette eksemplarer, og ingen eksemplarer kendes i privateje. Af pirattrykket, det såkaldte eftertryk fra 1720, kendes også kun to eksemplarer.Nærværende første komplette udgave med fjerde bog i originaltrykket er med undtagelse af de to ovennævnte udgaver uden tvivl den sjældneste og mest interessante udgave af Peder Paars. Denne udgave er den mest originale udgave af Peder Paars, men kan håbe at få fat på. "Denne 3. Edition blev hurtigt udsolgt og derfor sjælden; det ses saaledes, at da Pragtudgaven skulde udkomme, kunde man ikke faa fremskaffet noget Exemplar, men maatte nøjes med 3. Eftertryk, der helt igennem blev rettet efter denne Holbergs egen retmæssige Edition." (Ehr-M. XI:21).Ehr-M. XI:15-22. P. Johansen 4,2 (p. 22).

8vo. Fine cont. full red morocco. Richly gilt back, broad gilt borders on covers, inner gilt dentelles. All edges gilt. A few scratches on covers. XXII,158,IV,86,(1) pp. Somewhat brownspotted, more to text than to plates where the spots are mostly in the margins. With 22 fine engraved plates. (Schütz del., Günther Sc.).

Kiøbenhavn, Tikjøbs Forlag, 1800. 8vo. Beskedent, lidt senere hshirtbd. med håndskreven titeletiket på ryg. (16),479 pp. Her og der lidt brunplettet, men velbevaret. Uden de tre kobberstukne plancher. Den sjældne originaludgave, som er den første systematiske beskrivelse af Færøernes Flora og Fauna. I 1791 fik Jørgen Landt præstekald på Færøerne og han påtog sig for Det Naturhistoriske Selskab at indsamle øernes forskellige naturalier i løbet af sit 7-årige ophold her.

Stuttgart, 1839 - 52. 8vo. Seven volumes in orig.(?)/ cont. yellow cardboard-bdgs. the last three different from the first four. Bdgs. worn, especially capitals and hinges. Bad repairs to volume one and two. Internally a bit of brownspotting, but fairly good. First edition of the famous and inevitable "Pauly", -an essential encyclopedic work of the classics. The absolute standard reference work which now comprises 83 volumes. This first edition is not common and gives an unusual insight into the development of this sort of encylcopaedic work as well as into the study of classics in the mid 19th century.

Paris, C. Reinwald et Cie, 1877. 8vo. Uncut, unopened in the original publisher's embossed full green cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Small red label pasted on to top left corner of inner front board. Light brownspots throughout. XV, (1), 496, (2) pp. The rare first French translation of Darwin's work (the first edition being published the year before in 1876) on cross and self-fertilization - a continuation of his "Fertilisation of Orchids". "It was too technical and too detailed to command a wide sale" which is why it was published in a rather small number.It was translated into French, German and italian in Darwin's lifetime.Freeman 1265

Coph., 1894-1957. 13 solide private hldrbd.

Rotomagi (Rouen), Guillelmi Behourt, 1700. 4to. 3 contemp. full calf. 5 raised bands, richly gilt spines. Tome- and titlelabels gilt. Wear to top of spines. Some small cracks along hinges, but not loosening. Stamps on title-pages. (34),668,(18);(8),669,(15);(16),669,(7) pp. A few woodcut illustrations in the text. A few brownspots. Onternally clean. First edition.

(Halle, Rengerschen Buchhandlung, 1808). Without wrappers as published in "Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert", Bd. 28, Viertes Stück. The entire issue offered (=Heft 4). Titlepage to vol. 28 (small stamps on verso). Pp. 377-496 a. 3 engraved plates. Dalton's paper: pp. 397-416 a. 1 engraved plate showing apparatus. First appearence i German of Dalton's epoch-making paper in which is contained THE FIRST CLEAR STATEMENT OF MODERN ATOMIC THEORY and having the FIRST LIST OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS "Verhältniss der Gewichte der kleinsten Theilschen von gasförmigen und andern Körpern." (Table of the relative weights of the ultimate particles of gaseous and other bodies). The paper offered is a free translation of Dalton's paper "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids", published 1805 in "Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester"."The paper was read to the Manchester Philosophical Society by Dalton in 1803 and printed in 1805. The appended table in this paper is the first list of atomic weights. Dalton, in this publication, took the law which William henry had recently enunciated (that the amount of of gas absorbed by a liquid is proportional to the pressure) and extended it to apply to mixtures of gases, using his own law of partial pressures." (Leicester & Klicktein "A Source Book in Chemistry", p. 258).Parkinson "Breakthroughs", 1803 C.- Smyth No. 38.

Copenhagen, Gøde, 1662. 8vo. In a nice early 20th century pastich Cambridge-style mirror binding (signed Geisler, Gothersgade 55) with four raised bands and richly gilt spine. Edges of boards gilt. All edges coloured in red. Scratches and wear to spine and hinges. Previous owner's name to front free end-paper. Title-page slightly soiled and a few worn-tracts to outer margin, otherwise internally nice and clean. (16), 750, (30) pp. Exceedingly rare Danish translation of Arndt's highly popular "Paradiesgärtlein". The present copy is the third danish edition. All Danish editions are of the utmost scarcity and are almost never found in the trade.The original German edition was published in 1612. The first published in Danish 1625, second in 1653. It was translated into most European languages. Thesaurus 315.

København, Tikiøbs Forlag, 1797. 8vo. Bound in a contemporary half calf binding with gilt spine and gilt title label. Minor cracks to spine. Insignificant wear to capitals. Edges of boards worn. Corners bumped. Bibliographical notes to front free endpaper. Small ownership stamp to verso of title page. Evenly browned. XII,(2),368,(1: errata) pp. The extremely rare first Danish edition of Condorcet's main work "Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain.1795", "the most fully developed exposition of the progress of man" (Printing and the Mind of Man, p. 149) and a main work of the Enlightenment as well as of historical thought in general. The author was the creator of what came to found the basis for the modern French system. The great French philosopher, political thinker and mathematician, M.J.A. Condorcet (1743 - 1794), played a seminal role in 18th century France. He was friends with the likes of d'Alembert, Voltaire, Turgot etc., and he greatly contributed to the social and political debates of politically turbulent France. As one of the few, he advocated a liberal economy, equality in public education as well as in gender and race etc. He preached constitutionalism, and his thoughts that are still influential today embody those of the Enlightenment and rationalism."A belief in the ultimate perfectibility of man lies at the root of all progressive thinking about the human condition. The "philosophes" and Godwin had familiarized the reading public with this notion; it was left to Condorcet to give it its finest and most durable expression. It was the gospel of nineteenth century that mankind is destined for indefinite future progress. Condorcet, looking back and then forward, saw proof of this in the growing equality between classes and nations, the intellectual, physical and moral improvement of man; and he prophesied that popular education on correct principles would strengthen and assure this progress." (PMM 246).During the French Revolution Condorcet came to play a dominating role, advocating a rationalist reconstruction of society, and he championed many liberal causes. In 1791 he became secretary of the Legislation Assembly, and the institution adopted his scheme for comprehensive state education, which later became the basis of the modern French system. In the struggle between the two political parties, the Girondists and the Montagnards, Condorcet occupied an independent role, but when he opposed the death penalty under the trial of King Louis XVI (still supporting the actual trial), and the radical Montagnards gained more power, Condorcet was branded a traitor, and in October 1793 a warrant was issued for his arrest. He now went into hiding for several months (almost a year), and it is during these months that he writes the work that was to become his most important, the main work "Esquisse..." ("Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind"), which was published posthumously, the year after his death. In 1794 Condorcet was arrested, and two days later he was found dead in his cell, -it is unknown whether he committed suicide or was murdered because of fear of fierce reactions that would definitely have occurred had the beloved man been officially sentenced to the death penalty."In the Esquisse", published after his death, Condorcet traces the history of man through epochs, the first three covering his progress from savagery to pastoral community and thence to the agricultural state. The next five span the growth of civilizations and knowledge down to Descartes, and the ninth describes the revolution of Condorcet's own lifetime, from Newton to Rousseau. The prophetic view of the tenth epoch shows Condorcet at his most original. He forecasts the destruction of inequality between nation and classes, and the improvement, intellectual, moral and physical, of human nature..., it exercised considerable influence on Comte. But it is as the most fully developed exposition of the progress of man that Condorcet's work is now remembered, and it is this which has given it its lasting appeal." (PMM 246).

Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1767. 4to. Contemp. hvellum. Handwritten titlwe on spine. (8),206,579 pp., 15 partly folded engraved plates, 1 table. Internally clean and fine. With original memoirs by: Buache, le Monnier, Haller, d'Alembert (Nouvelle Recherches sur les Verres optiques.. pp. 75-146), de Séjour, Tillet, Morand le fils, Fougeroux de Bondaroy, Pingré, Bailly, le Cardinal du Luynes & Bailly, Bezout (Recherches sur le degré des Équations résultantes de l'évanouissement des inconnues, & sur les moyens qu'il convient d'employer pour trouver ces Équations (now called the Bezoutiant), Cassini de Thury, Chappe d'Auteroche, Tenon, l'Abbe Nollet (Memoire sur les effets du Tonnerre, comparés à ceux de l'Électricité... pp. 408-453), Deparcieux, le Monnier, Guettard (Troisieme Memoir sur la Mineralogie des environs de Paris, & de Corps marins qui s'y trouvent. Pp. 492-526), du Hamel, de la Lande, Daubenton, Montet.

Kiel, bey dem Verfasser, 1785. 8vo. In contemporary paper-covered boards (original?) with paper-title label to spine. Wear and scratches to extremities, internally very nice and clean. Printed on good paper. (2), 181, (1) pp. + 7 engraved plates numbered I-VII. First edition of Hirschfeld’s work, printed on good paper, on his travels in Swizerland beautifully illustrated with plates depicting costumes and houses of Switzerland. Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld (1742-1792), a key figure in the Romantic garden movement, was deeply influenced by his time in Switzerland. His stay in Bern (1765-1767) exposed him to the region’s natural beauty and landscapes. Hirschfeld's ideas, shaped by the picturesque Swiss scenery, contributed to the spread of the English landscape garden style across Europe.

(Hannover), no printer, 1830. Small folio-oblong. (24 x 37,5 cm.). orig. marbled boards. Orig. printed titlelabel on upper cover. Lower part of spine with tape. 27 sheets: 1. printed title-page, 2. engraved Massstab, 3. engraved Tableau and 24 engraved maps, coloured in outline. (maps ca. 21,5 x 31,5 cm.). Clean and fine. A paperlabel pasted on upper cover.

Leipzig, Hirzel, 1897. 8vo. Unbound, marbled paper strip to spine. In "Verhandlungen der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschuften zu Leipzig", volume 48, pp.362-378. Fine and clean. First edition. In this paper Frege eagerly defended his conceptual notation against Peano's. Though Frege preceded both Schröder and Peano, neither paid much attantion to Frege's work. This neglet has been attributed to Frege's repulsive symbolism. (See Cajori: A History of Mathematical Notations, paragraph 687). Modern notation in logic originates mainly from Peano's system.

Amsterdam (Paris), F. l'Honore 1735. 8vo. Uniformly bound in two contemporary full calf bindings with four raised bands and richly gilt spines. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Front hinge on vol. II partly split. Ex-libris pasted on to pasted down front end-paper. Internally nice and clean. XXIV, 243 pp. + 1 folded map; (2), 206, (38) pp. + 2 folded maps. Uncommon first edition of this history of Poland spanning from the beginning of the 11th century to the advent of Stanislas Leszczynski (1677 – 1766). Complete with all three maps. Barbier II, 766.

Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1948. 8vo. Bound in contemporary full calf with gilt lettering to spine. In "The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics", Vol. 1, 1948. Previous owner's name written to front free-endpaper. Ver fine and clean. Pp. 287-380. [Entire volume: (4), 474 pp.]. First printing of this important paper in which Turing for the very first time introduced the concept of LU factorization or LU decomposition. "Turing's paper was one of the earliest attempts to examine the error analysis of the various methods of solving linear equations and inverting matrices. His analysis was basically sound. The main importance of the paper was that it was published at the dawn of the modern computing era, and it gave indications of which methods were 'safe' when solving such problems on a computer". (Burgoyne, Collected Works of A M Turing)."In 1945, [Turing] declined an offer of a Fellowship at King's [College, Cambridge] in favour of joining the newly formed Mathematical Division at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). His early work on computability, combined with his wartime experience in electronics, had fired him with an enthusiasm for working on the design of an electronic computer. \ethe machine he designed, which was called the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) in recognition of Babbage's pioneering work, was characteristically original…"While in the Mathematics Division of NPL, Turing became keenly interested in numerical analysis. His paper, "Rounding-off Errors in Matrix Processes", showed that the acute anxiety about the effect of rounding errors in Gaussian elimination was largely unjustified. This paper has been overshadowed to some extent by the von Neumann and Goldstine paper on matrix inversion, but it is a brilliant piece of work and would have repaid closer study at the time". ("Turing, Alan M." by James H. Wilkinson, p. 1803, in Encyclopedia of Computer Science, A. Ralston et al (eds.), 4th edition, Nature Publishing Group, 2000).In linear algebra, LU decomposition factorizes a matrix as the product of a lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix. LU decomposition is a key step in several fundamental numerical algorithms in linear algebra such as solving a system of linear equations, inverting a matrix, or computing the determinant of a matrix. Not in Origins of Cyberspace nor The Erwin Tomash Library.

Amsterdam, apud Ludovicum et Danielem Elzevirios, 1665 (1664, 1664). 8vo. 3 contemp. full vellum. Faint Ms title on spines. Enraved titlepage. (48 incl. titlepage),820,(76);842,(70);997,(180) pp. The 10 first leaves in vol. 3 with faint dampstain on inner corners. Front-free endpaper in vol. 2 removed. Printers woodcut device on the printed title-pages in vol. 2 and 3. A few old annotations. Internally clean. First edition of the first noted 8vo-edition printed by Elzevier. - Willems No 1358.

Copenhagen, Aschehoug - Munksgaard, 1927-54. 4to. Bound in 9 fine and solid full fabrikoid. Clean and fine. With ab 950 pp. of text and 1400 fine plates, more than 500 in colour. The largest work published on Lichens. A 10th part was issued in 1972.

Jena, Woitwe, 1748. 8vo. In contemporary half calf. Binding with wear. A few holes to spine. Hinges a bit weak. Previous owner's name to title-page and lower outer corner of title-page with loss of paper (not affecting text), otherwise internally nice and clean. (16), 533, (1) pp. First edition of this exceedingly rare philosophical treatise aiming to demonstrate the existence and unity of God through rational argumentation – a fine early example of Scandinavian Enlightenment philosophy. In this work Gunnerus critiques and builds upon traditional arguments for God's existence, such as those by Anselm and Descartes. He uses a logical method, referencing thinkers like Wolff, Leibniz, Darjes, and Descartes, as well as critics of Wolffian philosophy including Joachim Lange and Christian August Crusius. “Although recognized by scholars of eighteenth-century Danish-Norwegian cultural and political history as an influential figure in the Norwegian Enlightenment, with impressive transnational connections, Johan Ernst Gunnerus (1718– 1773) receives scant mention outside the Norwegian discourse in discussions on the siècle des lumières. His influence and accomplishments, especially in the context of eighteenth-century ecclesiastical politics, as well as his scholarly explorations in diverse disciplines, distinguish him as one of the founding fathers of modern Norwegian culture. Born in Christiania, the son of a physician, Gunnerus’ intellectual preoccupation extended beyond theology.2 In line with the decree issued by King Christian VI in 1741 that all Danish-Norwegian theology students study at the University of Halle, Germany, which was a centre of multiple influences, such as the Protestant Reformation, Pietism and German Enlightenment, Gunnerus also attended lectures on natural history and law upon enrolling at the university in 1742. In 1744, he moved to Jena, where he graduated, worked as a tutor, and eventually, in 1753, became an adjunct there at the Department of Philosophy. However, within a year he left for Denmark, where he first became a pastor, then appointed professor in Copenhagen and eventually bishop in Norway, at a time when the entire country had a total of only four bishops and 480 pastors.3 From 1758 to 1773, Gunnerus served as bishop in Trondheim and became, in 1760, one of the founders of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters. In all these areas, he maintained close contact with diverse circles of Continental scholars, and not just with those he had known during his time in Halle and Jena. As such, he can be considered an important agent of cultural transfer between Norway and mainland Europe, and vice versa.”( Stengel, Johan Ernst Gunnerus and the Quest for the Soul in the Eighteenth Century). Exhibited as no. 40 in the Danish Bibliophile Association's 60s Anniversary Exhibition.

Paris, Sommaville, 1635. 4to. In contemporary full mottled calf with five raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Light wear to extremities. Parts of gilting worn off and head of spine chipped. Ex-libris pasted on to pasted down front end-paper. Dampstain throughout, primarly affecting first and last leaves. (10), 186, (2), 148, (4), 146, (10) pp. Rare first French translation of the most important work by Figueroa, Count de la Roca (1588-1658), a Spanish diplomat and companion of the Duke of Olivares. A guide intended for diplomats in the form of a dialogue discussing the essential qualities needed to be an ambassador and how to navigate court intrigues. Originally published in 1620. Graesse VII, 278.Not in Brunet.

Paris, Bachelier, 1850 a. 1851. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 30, No 8 and Tome 33, No 9. Pp. (185-) 215 a. pp. (253-) 276. Helmholtz's papers: pp. 204-206 a. pp. 262-265. Clean and fine. First appearance (also in Berichte königl. Preuss. Ak. the same year) of these short notes in which Helmholtz announced his discovery and measurements of the time delay of nervous impulses, a discovery "which opened a new and unbounded field of investigations to physiologists". It is one the most importent discoveries in physiology in the 19th century."Du Bois-Reymond... received Helmholtz's first two-page note. Müller, to whom Du Bois tried to ecplain it, insisted on rejecting the conclusion, arguing that Helmholtz had not eliminated the time for the contraction of the muscle. Humboldt, du Bois wrote Helmholtz, "war ganz depaysiert", and at first refused to send the paper to Paris for publication there. Du Bois had first to edit it and then Humboldt, won over, had it published in the "Comptes Rendus", adding a further explanatory foot-note of his own. By summer, Müller had also been won, and then helmholtz published his longer paper in which he included a measurement of tghe time of the muscular cobntraction and nes determinations of the rate of transmission."(Boring "History of Experimental Psychology", p. 48)."To separate the movement in time from the event of will that caused it was in a sense to separate the body from the mind, and almost from the personality or self. At any rate, helmholtz's discovery was a step in the analysis of bodily motionthat changed it from an instantaneous occurrence to a temporal series of events, and it thus contributed to the materialistic view of the psychophysical organuismthat was the essence of nineteenthy century science.... The most impiortent effect of the experiment and all the research that followed upon it was, however, thatit brought the soul to time, as it were, measured what had been ineffable, actually captured the essential agent of mind in the toils of natural science." (Boring "History of Experimental Psychology", p. 42)."Helmholtz’ research in sensory physiology began in 1850, when he determined the velocity of the nerve impulse in the sciatic nerve of the frog. In 1852 he obtained more precise results through his invention of the myograph. This device, in which the muscle traces the motion of its contraction upon a rotating drum, permitted more exact measurement of the small time intervals involved than any previous method. Helmholtz’ measurements yielded not only a finite velocity for nerve propagation but also the surprisingly slow one of about ninety feet per second. The result was considered a victory for the mechanistic school, for it seemed to confirm du Bois-Reymond’s hypothesis that the nerve impulse consisted in the progressive rearrangement of ponderable molecules."(DSB).

4to. Orig. wrappers, uncut in publisher's portfolio and slipcase. No 129 of 124 (numb. 27 a 150) "sur papier de Hollande van Gelder Zonen", total of 166. With 25 etched plates and 12 half-page in the text by Legrand.

Toulouse, Paris,èduard Privat - Gauthier-Villars, 1912-29. 4to. Bound in 9 contemp. uniform hcalf. Spines gilt, titlelabels on spines with gilt lettering. A few scratches to spines. Portrait in Helogravure as frontispiece. Some plates and some textillustrations.Stamps to titlepages. A fine clean copy, printed on good paper. The origibal printing of this classic work on the history of science. Tannery was an engineer and administrator by profession, and he could devote only his leisure hours to scholarship. Despite this limitation, however, he accomplished a vast amount of penetrating and wide-ranging research and became one of the most influential figures in the rapidly developing study of the history of science at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Paris, Le Boucher, 1773 & 1774 4to (228 x 156 mm). Bound in a very beautiful, a bit later, light brown full grained morrocoo binding with five raised bands, richly gilt spines, gilt lines to boards, inner gilt dentelles and gilt capitals. All edges gilt. Binding by 'Sture Falks Bogbinderi', Lund, Sweden. Housed in a slipcase. Ex-libris to pasted down front end-paper (Maurice B. Worms) and to front free end-paper (Per Erik & Ludmilla Lindahl). A very nice and clean copy. (4), IV, 280, XVI, 104 pp. + 2 frontispieces, 12 headers and 13 tailpieces by Eisen, engraved by Massard and Duclos. First edition of Moutonnet's translation of Anacreon illustrated by Duclos after Eisen - widely considered to be "One of the most charmingly illustrated books of the eighteenth century" (Salomons). Sander 17 Cohen 79: "l'un des livres les plus élégamment illustrés du XVIIIe siècleFürstenberg 92: "The Anakreon from 1773 is on the same level (as the illustrations for 'Le Temple de Gnide' from 1772) and must also be counted among the most beautiful books of the century."

(Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1740). 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from "Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1737". Pp. 205-227 a. 2 folded engraved plates. First appearance of this extremely importent paper in which Clairaut directly confirms the rotation and the orbital movement of the Earth around the Sun, and giving an indirect proof of the axiom, that the velocity of light does not depend on whether the light source moves away or toward the observer. The Earth does move after all !!In 1728 James Bradley, trying to measure the stellar parallax, discovered stellar aberration - the angular displacement of the apparent direction of starlight due to the earth's motion - and attributed it to the combined effect of the finite velocity of light and the earth's orbital velocity. But Bradley had not given any theoretical proof, but Clairaut did in the offered paper.Aberration is "the apparent change in direction of a source of light caused by an observers component of motion perpendicular to the impinging rays. During this time the telescope has moved a short distance, causing the photons to reach a spot on the focal plane, displayed from the former image position... This discovery provided the first direct physical confirmation of the Copernican theory. A second importent application of aberration has been its clear-cut demonstration that, as is axiomatic to special relativity, light reaching the earth has a velocity unaffected by the relative motion of the source toward or away from earth."(McGraw-Hill "Concise Encyclopedia...").