Search Results

Zagreb, Tisak Kr. zemaljske tiskare, 1922. 8vo. Partly uncut in the original printed wrappers. Wrappers with light wear a few nicks. Internally fine and clean. (4), (1)-165 Rare first appearance in Serbo-Croatian of Darwin's 'Journal of Researches' - being the only work of any of Darwin's translated into this language. The present translation was never completed, thus only the first part 1. The full translation was not made until 1949.In 1945 the decision to recognize Croatian and Serbian as separate languages was reversed in favor of a single Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian language. Today, for political/nationalistic reasons, there is a general opposition to the concept of Serbo-Croatian as a common pool/family. "On its first appearance in its own right, also in 1839, it was called Journal of researches into the geology and natural history etc. The second edition, of 1845, transposes 'geology' and 'natural history' to read Journal of researches into the natural history and geology etc., and the spine title is Naturalist's voyage. The final definitive text of 1860 has the same wording on the title page, but the spine readsNaturalist's voyage round the world, and the fourteenth thousand of 1879 places A naturalist's voyage on the title page. The voyage of the Beagle first appears as a title in the Harmsworth Library edition of 1905. It is a bad title: she was only a floating home for Darwin, on which, in spite of good companionship, he was cramped and miserably sea-sick; whilst the book is almost entirely about his expeditions on land." (Freeman).Not in Freeman

Christianis, 1856. Samtidigt sort helshirtbd. m. folgyldt titel og forgyldt stredekoration på ryg. Kapitæler slidte og lidt pletter på permerne. Lidt svag i falsene. Nydelig indvendig. Kaja Colletts navnetræk på forsatsen. Den sjældne originaludgave af Ibsens anden bog.

Kjöbenhavn, Paa Forfatterens Forlag, 1831-33. Kvadratisk 8vo. Alle 6 hefter (tekstdelene + planchedelene) med originale stålstukne omslag, tekst på foromslagene, illustration på bagsiden. Opbevares i dertil indrettet bogæske med ryg og hjørner i skind. Rygforgyldning. Forgyldt titel. 48,48,38 pp. samt 25 + 25 + 25 håndkolorerede (75) kobberstukne plancher. teksthefterne med en del brunpletter, mest marginale. Originaludgaven - i et enestående bevaret eksemplar - af det fabelværk som er betegnet som den første egentlige danske børnebog da alle kobberne er af dansk oprindelse. Kobberne er udført af Bagge og for en stor dels vedkommende efter tegninger af Eckersberg. Teksten er oversat fra tysk efter bl.a. Gellert, Lichtwer og J.W.L. Gleim. Et fjerde hefte var planlagt således at der ialt skulle være 100 fabler med 100 kobberstik. Dette hefte udkom ikke, ligesom der ikke udkom noget fællestitelblad.Birkelund, 225. - Krohn, 1331.

København, Hans Kongel. Majests. privilegerede Bogtrykkerie, 1749. Folio (265 x 400 mm) Four parts uniformly bound in two full calf bindings with seven raised bands and richly gilt spines. Light wear to extremities, some scratches to boards and some of the gilt ornamentation to spine worn off. Lower compartment on spine of vol. 1 with repair. Top of title-page in vol. 1 with annotations in contemporary hand and small part of upper outer corner on title-page cut out, far from affecting text. A few leaves with contemporary marginal annotations, but an overall nice, clean and widemargined copy. (4), 10, 676; 677-1534, (1) pp. + 2 engraved frontispieces depicting Christian IV and Niels Slange. First edition of Niels Slange’s famous biography of Denmark’s arguably most renowned and legendary King, Christian IV – the work is in all aspects a masterpiece in Danish historical literature. Bibl. Danica III, 68.

Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen), 1852. 4to. Original blue-green blank glitted gift-binding. Wear to spine with loss of paper, otherwise just a bit of wear to extremities. Internally a bit of occasional brownspotting. Stamps to title-page. 35 pp. First edition, off-print (separately paginated), presentation-copy, of Colding's major contribution to the development of the steam engine. The hand-written presentation on front free end-paper reads as thus: "Høivelbaarne/ Hr. General-Major Schlegel C. af D. pp./ med høiagtelse/ fra/ Forfatteren." [Honoured/ Mr. General v. Schlegel C. of D. pp. (honorary title)/ with high estimation/ from/ the author.].Ludvig August Colding is primarily remembered today for, together with Meyer, Joule, and Helmholtz, having determined the principle of Conservation of Energy. His final major contribution to this discovery consists in the publication of his elaborated experiments which once and for all determined the accuracy of his assumption (that no amount of energy gets lost, since what is apparently lost in energy will be found in other places or in different forms, e.g. heat) (1850). Two years after that seminal publication, he publishes his main contribution to the development of the steam engine, namely his "Investigation of the Water Steams and their Moving Power in the Steam Engine" (1850), which is obviously based on his determination of the principle of conservation and alteration of energy.Colding was a famous Danish engineer and physicist. He was originally educated as a carpenter but graduated as mechanical engineer in 1841. In 1845 he became water-inspector in Copenhagen and in 1847 he was also given the responsibility of the gas- and waterworks. Together with the famous chemist Julius Thomsen, he proved that the cholera spread throughout Copenhagen through the drinking water (1853) - a most significant discovery. After this he was responsible replacing much of the sewer-system of Copenhagen. In 1857 he became state engineer. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences and honorary doctor at the University of Edinburgh.His work on the power of water-stem in the steam engine is considered one of his most significant.

Persia, probably around 1780-1800. 8vo. (150 x 110 mm). Bound in a contemporary traditional full leather binding with fore-edge flap. Boards and flap with gilt ornamentation. Wear to extremities and parts of gold decorations worn of. Written in Arabic/Persian in black ink, text framed in gold. A few leaves with marginal repairs. Light micsolouring throughout. 276 ff. Presumably lacking first and last leaf.

London, Richard and John Taylor, 1840. Contemp. hcalf. A nic to spine at upper hinge. Hinges weakening (not loose). Gilt lettering to spine "Philosophical Magazine" - Vol.XVII. In: "The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Conducted by David Brewster et al.". Vol. XVII. A stamp to titlepage and a few other pages. Entire volume offered. VIII,552 pp. Draper'spaper: pp. 217-225. First printing of the famous paper in which Draper relates how he was able to made the first photographic portrait on a daguerreotype plate, giving an ennormously long exposure. The subject of the portrait, Draper's assistant, powdered his face with flour and sat in front of the camera for a half hour facing the sunlight.Draper stated that it is possible to make portraits in full sunlight, using mirrors as light reflectors. "But in the reflected sunshine, the eye cannot support the effulgence of the rays. It is therefore necessary to pass them through some blue medium, which shall abstract from them their heat and take away their offensive brilliancy. Ihave used for this purpose blue glass, and also ammoniaco-sulphate of copper, contained in a large trough of plate glass, the interstice being about an inch thick." (p. 217 in the paper offerd)."Draper first achieved wide celebrity for his pioneering work in photography. As early as 1837, while still in Virginia, he had followed the example of Wedgwood and Davy in making temporary copies of objects by the action of light on sensitized surfaces. When the details of Daguerre’s process for fixing camera images were published in various New York newspapers on 20 September 1839, Draper was ready for the greatest remaining challenge, to take a photographic portrait. A New York mechanic, Alexander S. Wolcott, apparently won the race by 7 October. But if Draper knew of this, he persisted in his own experiments and succeeded in taking a portrait not later than December 1839. His communication to the Philosophical Magazine, dated 31 March 1840, was the first report received in Europe of any photographer’s success in portraiture. The superb likeness of his sister Dorothy Catharine, taken not later than July 1840, with an exposure of sixty-five seconds, seems to be the oldest surviving photographic portrait."(DSB).The volume contains also Michael Faraday's importent letter to Gay-Lussac on induction in the first English version. "On Magneto-electric induction.", pp. 281-89 a. pp.356-366. (Originally published in French in "Annales de Chimie et Physique" in 1832.

London, Francis and Taylor, 1919. 8to. (210x130mm). Pages 537-87 of volume 37 of 'The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, and Journal of Science'. Bound together (with title page and contents) in recent attractive marbled boards (Hanne Jensen). Leather title with gilt lettering on front board. A fine and clean copy. First printing of the first announcement of artificial transmutation and the discovery of the proton. By bombarding Nitrogen atoms with alpha particles Rutherford produced Hydrogen nucleus and Oxygen 17 - the first man made nuclear reaction. PMM 411, Norman 1873.

Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1753. 4to. Contemp. full motteld calf. Raised bands, richly gilt spine and with gilt lettering. Stamp on title-page. (2),VIII,288,(10) pp., 8 folded engraved maps and charts, 1 engraved vignette, 1 folded plate and 1 folded table. Internally clean, a few marginal brownspots. First edition. The work is in two parts; the first is an abridgement of his journal accompanied by charts; the second is devoted to his astronomical observations. It contained the most accurate hydrographic survey of the east coast that had yet been made, and the Ministry of Marine subsidized publication by taking 200 copies for its own use.Chabert marked himself out as a chef d'escadre during French involvement in the American War of Independence and was promoted to vice admiral in 1792. He was known above all for his scientific endeavours, notably in the rectification of naval charts of America's western coast and the coasts of the Mediterranean. He entered the Académie des Sciences in 1758 and the Bureau des Longitudes in 1803. In 1785, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences."Mr. Chabert's work is highly praised by the commission by the French Academy of Science to examine it, and it is recommended as a model to future navigators...." (Sabin).Sabin, 11723.

Bruxelles, Meline, Cons et Comp., 1841-42 (Text vol.]; Paris, Anselin, Gaeury & V. Dalmont, 1841 (Plates). Text volume: Royal8vo. Two volumes bound in one contemporary half calf. Library stamp pasted on to lower part of spine and library stamp to title page. Hinges with some wear but firmly attached. Internally very fine and clean. [Vol. 1]: (2), 575 pp; (4), 670 pp.Plates: Folio-oblong both bound in contemporary half calf, with gilt lettering to spine. Spine with wear and hinges loose. First plates with a 5 cm long tear. Plates are fine and clean with occasional marginal brown spots. 157 engraved plates. First edition of the first work on laminated timber engineering, being one of the most famous and influential books on the construction of timber roofing and large wood constructions in general. This is the first book since 1567 (De l'Orme. Le premiere tome dell'architecture) to deal with this subject in a scientific and analytical context. Emy's work was organized as a manual describing concrete working phases and procedures and avoiding the usual philosophical and ethic speculations on the reasons to build. He gave precise instructions on minimize wood usage, waste reduction in the workmanship and realization processes of architectonic elements, manufacture assembling speed and work site cleaning. "Armand Rose Emy's essay is one of the most interesting points of reference in the French and European cultural debate on timber construction [...]. Emy suggested a new wood coverage system inspired by the inventions of de l'Orme, architect and counsellor to the Court of King Henry II who wrote in 1561 Le nouvelles inventions pour bien bastir et a petit fraiz." (Mongelli. A New Wood Roofing System: Marac's Barracks and Colonel Armand Rose Emy's Innovative System)"The greatness of Emy's work, the precision and the correctness of his studies and the validity of his invention led Emy to realise many barracks using this roofing system. Photographs show that the Marac barracks was in existence until the 1960s. Today, he must to be remembered for another reason. [...], it is Emy who should arguably be seen as the true father of this technique, as can be seen by his the first careful reflections and experimentation using this type of construction. In fact, studying the Wiebeking's bridge realized at Bemberga, Emy had even evaluated the possibility of introducing the blood-albumen glue between the thin plates to strengthen his semi-circular arch." (Ibid.).

Halle, Max Niemeyer, 1913 + 1923. Ideen: 4to. Orig. full brown cloth w. gilt spine. Professionally rebacked preserving almost all of the original back. A bit of repaired wera to capitals and hinges. Marginal notes and underlinings throughout, all in pencil, otherwise nice and clean. VIII, 323, (1) pp. Sachregister: 4to. Unbound, no wrappers. Uncut. A bit of brownspotting. 60 pp.(2), The scarce first edition, off-print, of Husserl's second main work, his seminal "Ideas", which constitutes the founding text of Constitutive Phenomenology and the work, in which Husserl introduces his groundbreaking notion of "epoché". It was due to this work that he was able to secure himself the position as Professor in Freiburg (from 1916-1928). Also present is the first edition of the rarely seen subject index to the "Ideen" by Gerda Walther.Although the work is called "Ideen I", there is no doubt as to its status as a separate work. Husserl did not publish his Ideen II and III in his lifetime, and they were only published posthumously, both in 1952. They have had none of the impact that the "Ideen I" had, and they are considered to be works in their own right too, although much less interesting.When Husserl published his "Logical Investigations" in 1900-1901, he changed the face of philosophy and founded the new philosophy of the 20th century: Phenomenology. In the Logical Investigations, Husserl began by attacking Psychologism and then went on to introduce his new philosophical method, which only then saw the light of day, and which only becomes fully developed later on. In 1900-01 he asks the question of the essence of the matter of perception as opposed to the form of perception. In his "Ideen", he extends his scope to include philosophy of the natural sciences, and he reflects thoroughly on the method of transcendental phenomenological epohé and reduction. He thus takes a new turn on conscious life and the pre-given status of it. This can no longer be accepted as something that exists in the world as the final guarantee for the world and the positive sciences of it. We must distinguish between the act of consciousness and the phenomena at which it is directed, in order to study the very structure of consciousness. All assumptions about the existence of the external world must be suspended, in order to achieve knowledge of the essences. It is this procedure that Husserl calls "epoché", and the constitutive phenomenology, which is founded in this work, is something that comes to characterize the rest of Husserl's works.Husserl is now famous as the father of phenomenology, and he decisively influenced the likes of Heidegger, Sartre, Carnap, Merleau-Ponty, Levinas, Ricoeur, Derrida etc. etc.

Geneva, Excudebat Eustathius Vignon, 1573 [Mercier] (+) Tiguri (Zürich), Cambieri, 1602 [Moller]. Folio (320 x 220). In contemporary limp vellum with yapp edges. Title in contemporary hand to spine and small paper-label pasted on to spine. Wear and soiling to extremities, two small holes to back board. Internally very fine and clean. (2), 168, (6); (20), 236 ff. An interesting sammelband consisting of two works respectively on commentaries on the biblical books of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon (Mercier) and a commentary on the Prophet Isaiah (Moller). Heinrich Moller (also spelled Möller) was a German Lutheran theologian and historian who lived from 1530 to 1589. He is primarily known for his works in church history and theology, particularly his comprehensive chronicle of the Reformation era titled "Historia Sacra ex Novo Testamento" (Sacred History from the New Testament), published in 1580. This work provided a detailed account of the history of Christianity from the time of Christ to the end of the 16th century, focusing on the Protestant Reformation and its key figures. Moller's writings were influential in shaping the historical narrative of the Protestant movement during his time and beyond. Jean Le Mercier (also known as Johannes Mercerus) was a French Calvinist theologian and Hebraist who lived during the 16th century. Le Mercier was known for his expertise in Hebrew language and biblical studies. He served as a professor of Hebrew at the University of Heidelberg in Germany and later at the University of Geneva in Switzerland. Le Mercier is best known for his scholarly works on the Old Testament, particularly his commentaries on various books of the Bible, which were highly regarded for their depth of analysis and linguistic insights – the present work being a fine example of this.

New York, McClure, Phillips & Co, 1904. Original pictorial full cloth in red, green and black, depiCting kings and a cabbage head on the front board. Binding with minor wear to extremities. With a red cloth dust-jacket with gilt green title-label (original?). Dust-jacket with a bit of wear to capitals and corners and its title-label with very minor loss, far from affecting lettering. With the large book-plate of Darryl Zanuck (laid in loose). First edition, first issue ("Mc Clure/ Philips/ & co" to bottom of spine) - with an excellent provenance - of this classic work, which coined the term "banana republic", a term that came to greatly influence our view of Latin America and which is now used in everyday vocabulary throughout the Western world. "Violent, poor and politically wobbly, Honduras meets most people's definition of banana republic... Its murder rate is the highest in the world; its economy in a pickle. Its problems are not new: the turbulent country has the dubious honour of being the place that first inspired the description "banana republic" more than a century ago... It was coined in a 1904 book of fiction by O. Henry, an American writer. Henry (whose real name was William Sydney Porter) was on the run from Texan authorities, who had charged him with embezzlement. He fled first to New Orleans and then to Honduras where, staying in a cheap hotel, he wrote "Cabbages and Kings", a collection of short stories. One, "The Admiral", was set in the fictional land of Anchuria, a "small, maritime banana republic". It is clear that the steamy, dysfunctional Latin republic he described is based on Honduras, his jungle hideaway. Henry eventually returned to the United States, where he spent time in prison before publishing his short stories and then hitting the bottle, leading to an early death. (T.W. in The Economist, Nov. 2013). O. Henry's phrase is appropriate in all senses of the expression. First, of course, it conjures up the image of a tropical, agrarian country. But more importantly, it refers to the influence of the American fruit companies of the period, which came to exercise an enormous influence over the countries in the region. In the early twentieth century, the United Fruit Company, a multinational American corporation, was instrumental to the creation of the banana republic as an economic and political phenomenon of geopolitics. Together with other American corporations - with occasional political, diplomatic, and military support from the U.S. government - the corporations created the political, economic, and social circumstances that established a banana-republic culture for the colonial exploitation of Central American countries such as Honduras and Guatemala. Thus, as the meaning of "banana republic" generally describes a politically unstable country in Latin America, dependent on the exportation of a limited-resource product, like bananas, it could also be defined as "a country in which foreign enterprises push the government around" (The Economist). The term "babana republic" is not only used as part of a general vocabulary, it is also used specifically in political science and in economic science. _________________________Darryl Francis Zanuck (1902 - 1979) was an American film producer and studio executive; he earlier contributed stories for films starting in the silent era. He played a major part in the Hollywood studio system as one of its longest survivors. "Darryl F. Zanuck was undoubtedly one of the most remarkable men ever to become a Hollywood mogul. " (IMDb)

Frankfurt & Leipzig, Nicolai Förster, 1709. Folio (355 x 235 mm). In contemporary full calf with four raised bands. Wear to extremities, top of spine missing leather, scratches to boards, missing part of leather. Frontispiece partly detached but otherwise internally fine. (14), 224, (16) pp. + frontispiece and 18 engraved plates and numerous engravings in text. First edition of this rare early work on sigillography, describing and illustrating royal, ecclesiastical and nobel seals. Both authority, etymology, use, synonymy, materials, colors, figures, registrations ect. is thoroughly described.Heineccius built upon the epistemological framework set out by Mabillon who laid the foundations for the scientific study of original documents, including paleography and sigillography in his De re diplomatica libri VI (1681). Brunet and Graesse both list the second edition (1719) but not the present first edition.

København, Rasmus Naver, 1939. Uncut in the original printed wrappers illustrated by Arne Ungermann. With Ditlevsen's presentation inscription to Danish author Tom Smidth to front free end paper: "Til Tom Smith / paa Bryllupsdagen (min) / Venligst fra / Tove Ditlesen / 29/3-40" (i.e. English: "For Tom Smith / On the weddingday (mine) / Kindest / Tove Ditlevsen 29/3-40"). Light wear to extremities, boarders of boards slightly browned and spine-ends chipped, otherwise a very nice and clean copy. 63 pp. The rare first edition, here with a most interesting presentation-inscription to her publisher, of Ditlevsen’s seminal debut publication. Allegedly, she only gave away ten presentation copies of her debut publication, making them of the utmost scarcity. Tom Smidth (1887 - 1942) was a Danish author and poet. Ditlevsen gave him the present copy just two year before he passed away and in 1944 she wrote in the Danish newpaper Politiken a most loving review of Smidth's famous "Vild-Hvede" The collection consists in 32 poems that range widely from the broodingly sad, over deeply unhappy to the almost cheerful. They represent the mind of a young girl and what goes on in it, a young girl whose life was to be marked by anxiety, drug addiction, and repeated suicide attempts. Ditlevsen is considered one of the most important and unique voices in twentieth-century Danish literature and many of the themes she touches upon ring a universal bell. Her works are particularly valuable as they dramatize the consequences of locking women into marriage, into the roles of wife and mother. Ditlevsen's writing has had a lasting impact upon Danish literature, and her works continue to be read and studied for their candid and emotional exploration of the human condition. Her life and writing remain highly important subject matters for those interested in Scandinavian literature and the confessional literary tradition. In 2021, The New York Times, The New Yorker, and The Guardian elected Tove Ditlevesen's recently translated "The Copenhagen Trilogy” as book of the year and celebrated Ditlevsen as one of the most important authors in 20th century literature.

Leipzig, S. L. Crusium, 1781. 4to. Bound uncut in a nice recent cardboard-binding with red leather title-label to spine with gilt lettering. Title-page partly detached. Occassional brownspotting throughout. XII, LXXXIII, (1) pp. Rare first edition of Hindenburg's paper on combinatorics, which partly earned him the title as "founder of the combinatorial school" (DSB) in Germany. Combinational mathematics was not new at that time: Pascal, Leibniz, Wallis, the Bernoullis, De Moivre, and Euler, among others, had contributed to it. Hindenburg and his school attempted, through systematic development of combinatorials, to give it a key position within the various mathematical disciplines. "Combinatorial consideration, especially appropriate symbols, were useful in the calculations of probabilities, in the development of series, in the inversion series, and in the development of formulas for higher differentials. The utility led Hindenburg and his school to entertain great expectations: they wanted combinatorial operations to have the same importance as those of arithmetic, algebra, and analysis. They developed a complicated system of symbols for fundamental combinatorial concepts, such as permutations, variations, and combinations." (DSB)

Kopenhagen, 1837. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed wrappers. A very light damp stain to hinges and spine cracked vertically down the middle, but still tight and cords intact. An excellent clean and fresh copy. (4), 108 pp. Scarce first German edition of this milestone publication, which laid the foundation of modern archaeology and transformed it into an exact science. With this seminal publication, Thomsen was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods, and with it he became the originator of the three-age system (the division into Stone Age - Bronze Age - Iron Age), which is "the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World" (Rowley-Conwy: From Genesis to Prehistory, p.1). This foundational work altered our understanding of our world and our place in it and contains the first use of "culture" in an archaeological context."Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, (born Dec. 29, 1788, Copenhagen, Den.-died May 21, 1865, Copenhagen), Danish archaeologist who deserves major credit for developing the three-part system of prehistory, naming the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages for the successive stages of man's technological development in Europe. His tripartite scheme brought the first semblance of order to prehistory and formed the basis for chronological schemes developed for other areas of the globe by succeeding generations of archaeologists." (Encycl. Britt.).Up until the beginning of the 19th century, our understanding of antiquities had been very loose and fumbling. Studying the artifacts, earlier archaeologists had used a great deal of imagination, especially when adapting information from written sources to the objects. Only when Thomsen enters the scene, this approach changes. He is the first to focus the investigation upon the artifacts themselves. Quickly realizing that this approach must be the only way forward, he soon distinguished clearly between objects, both similar and different, and established what belonged together in time and where there were chronological differences. He was among the first to differentiate between history that could be studied through written sources and prehistory which could only be studied through material culture. He realized - as the first - that in order to interpret findings of prehistoric objects, one would have to know their source and the context in which they were found - thus establishing the foundation for modern excavation technique. He trained the great archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae and sent him on excavation expeditions to acquire artifacts for ethnographic museum that he had founded and thus also founded Danish archaeology. Thomsen was the first to perceive typologies of grave goods, grave types, methods of burial, pottery and decorative motifs, and to assign these types to layers found in excavation, thus combining our different sources of knowledge to establish certainty. When, in 1836, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries published Thomsen's illustrated contribution to "Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology" (i.e. the present publication), in which he put forth his chronology for the first time, together with comments about typology and stratigraphy, Thomsen already had an international reputation. But this publication gave him more than that - it made him the founder of modern archaeology and arguably the most influential archaeologist of all times. In 1816 Thomsen had been appointed head of "antiquarian" collections, which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark. It was while organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition that he discovered how much more sense it would make to present them chronologically, and so he did, using what is now known as the "three-age system". Proposing that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron was not in itself a novel idea, but no previous proposals allowed for the dating of artifacts (which Thomsen's system did for the first time) and they were all presented as systems of evolution. Refining the idea of stone-bronze-iron phases, Thomsen turned it into a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. It is this seminal achievement that led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system.He provided for the first time a solid empirical basis for the system that ever since the present publication has laid at the foot of all archaeological research. He showed that artifacts could be classified into types and that these types varied over time in ways that correlated with the predominance of stone, bronze or iron implements and weapons. In this way he turned the Three-age System from being an evolutionary scheme based on intuition and general knowledge into a system of relative chronology supported by archaeological evidence."His published and personal advice to Danish archaeologists concerning the best methods of excavation produced immediate results that not only verified his system empirically but placed Denmark in the forefront of European archaeology for at least a generation. He became a national authority when C.C Rafn, secretary of the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab ("Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries"), published his principal manuscript in "Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed" ("Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology") in 1836."This groundbreaking publication was immediately translated into German (published the following year, 1837), in which form it reached a wide audience, influencing the archaeologists of all of Europe. In 1848, it was published in English and became highly influential on the development of archaeology theory and practice in Great Britain and the United States.In 1849 Thomsen founded the world's first ethnografic museum, which continued to contribute significantly to the development of modern archaeology."Throughout the course of the nineteenth century growing amounts of archaeological material were being recovered as the vastly expanding engineering activities of the Industrial Revolution were transforming Central and Western Europe into the "workshop of the world." Indeed, much of the popular appeal of archaeology in early Victorian times lay in its seeming demonstration that this contemporary technological advancement, which both intrigued and delighted the middle classes, was no mere accident but the acceleration of a tendency for "progress" which was innate in humankind. This evidence that cultural evolution as opposed to degeneration from an original state of grace had been a significant feature of human history made archaeology pre-eminently a science of progress. Within the context of the history of the discipline, however, the birth of this "scientific archaeology", as distinct from the antiquarianism of earlier times, is generally associated with the unfolding of the "Three Age System" and the pioneering work of C.J. Thomsen.While in the past a few archaeologists had attempted to subdivide prehistoric materials into various temporal segments, it was Thomsen who first envisaged, and applied, on the basis of archaeological evidence, a systematic classification of antiquities according to the criteria of material use and form which could be correlated with a sequence of temporal periods: the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, familiar to every student of archaeology for the last hundred years. The novelty of this approach, however, did not lie in the concept of technological development gleaned from his familiarity with the conjectural history of the Enlightenment, or in his assumption of a sequence of Stone, Bronze, or Iron Ages, itself a variation of Lucretius' popular model. Rather, it lay in his employment of "seriational principles" acquired from his extensive knowledge of numismatics, which he used to combine evidence concerning technology, grave goods, along with the shape and decoration of various artefacts into an internally consistent developmental sequence. Though Thomsen's Museum of Northern Antiquities in Denmark had arranged its collection of artefacts in accordance with this new system as early as 1819, the first written account of his research was not set out in print until the "Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed" ("Guide Book to Northern/Nordic Antiquities") was published in 1836. While prior to Thomsen's work, thinking about antiquities in both Europe and the United States bas both intellectually fragmented and essentially speculative, the publication of the "Ledetraad" and its translation into German a year later unified archaeological studies by providing scholars with an exemplar or "paradigm". For, while previously antiquarians and indeed classical archaeologists, who were interested in what are now recognized to be prehistoric remains, tended to look to written records and/or oral traditions to provide a historical context for their finds, it was Thomsen who liberated archaeologists from this restrictive assumption through the creation of a carefully controlled chronology which allowed for the comprehensive study of those periods in history for which NO written records were available. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Thomsen's system established itself as THE system, as his basic classification of artefacts, arranged in periods by virtue of an analogy with the form and function of tools in his own day, was modified an elaborated upon by, among others, Worsaae, de Mortillet and John Lubbock." (D.A. Nestor: Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, pp. 46-48).

London, Macmillan and Co., 1895-96. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with five raised bands and two black leather title labels with gilt lettering to spine. In "Nature", November - April, 1895-96, Vol. LIII [53]. Pp. 274-6. [Entire volume: XL, 624 pp.]. First printing of the English translation (translated by Arthur Stanton) of Göntgen's seminal paper in which he presented his groundbreaking discovery of X-rays; the foundation of roentgenology and thereby unveiling a new form of matter and offering a new revolutionary method for medical diagnosis."Translations of Rontgen's paper soon started to appear, beginning with an English translation in Nature on 23 January. By 20 Febrary Nature was commenting that "so numerous are the communications being made to scientific societies that it is difficult to keep pace with them, and the limits of our space would be exceeded if we attempted to describe the whole of the contributions to the subject, even at this early stage." (Bakker, p. 319)"Their [X-rays] importance in surgery, medicine and metallurgy is well known. Incomparable the most important aspect of Röntgen's experiments, however, is his discovery of matter in a new form, which has completely revolutionized the study of chemistry and physics. Laue and the Braggs have used X-rays to show us the atomic structure of crystals. Moseley has reconstructed the periodic table of the elements. Becquerel was directly inspired by Röntgen's results to the investigation that discovered radio-activity. Finally J. J. Thomson enunciated the electron theory as a result of investigating the nature of the X-rays." (DSB)."On Friday, 8 November 1895, Röntgen first suspected the existence of a new phenomenon when he observed that crystals of barium platinocyanide fluoresced at some distance from a Crookes tube with which he was experimenting. Hertz and Lenard had published on the penetrating powers of cathode rays (electrons), and Röntgen thought that there were unsolved problems worth investigation. He found time to begin his repetition of their experiments in October 1895. Although others had operated Crookes tubes in laboratories for over thirty years, it was Röntgen who found that X rays are emitted by the part of the glass wall of the tube that is opposite the cathode and that receives the beam of cathode rays. He soon discovered the penetrating properties of the rays, and was able to produce photographs of balance-weights in a closed box, the chamber of a shotgun, and a piece of nonhomogeneous metal. The apparent magical nature of the new rays was something of a shock even to Röntgen, and he, naturally, wished to be absolutely sure of the repeatability of the effects before publishing. The first communication on the rays, on 28 December, was to the editors of the Physical and Medical Society of Würzburg, and by 1 January 1896 Röntgen was able to send reprints and, in some cases, photographs to his friends and colleagues. Emil Warburg displayed some of the photographs at a meeting of the Berlin Physical Society on 4 January. The Wiener Presse carried the story of the discovery on 5 January, and on the following day the news broke around the world. The world's response was remarkably swift, both the general public and the scientific community reacting in their characteristic ways. For the former, the apparent magic caught the imagination, and for the latter, Crookes tubes and generators were promptly sold in great numbers.After a royal summons, Röntgen demonstrated the effects of X rays to the Kaiser and the court on 13 January. He was immediately awarded the Prussian Order of the Crown, Second Class.In March 1896, a second paper on X rays was published, and there followed a third in 1897, after which Röntgen returned to the study of the physics of solids. " (DSB)"Aside from its obvious applications, Roentgen's discovery galvanized the world of physics and led to a rash of further discoveries that so completely overturned the old concepts of the science, that the discovery of X-rays is sometimes considered the first stroke of the Second Scientific Revolution. (The First Scientific Revolution is, of course that which included Galileo and his experiments on falling bodies). Within a matter of months, investigations of X rays led to the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel....The importence of the discovery was well recognized in its own time. In 1896 Roentgen shared the Rumford Medal with Lenard and in 1901, when Nobel Prizes were set up.the first to be honoured with a Nobel Prize in Physics was Roentgen." (Asimov).

Berlin, Reuther & Reichard, 1922. 8vo. Uncut in the original grey printed wrappers. Tear at hinges, but no loss. Carnap's signature to title-page. 87 pp. Presumably Carnap's own copy, with his signature/owner's inscription to title-page, of the first edition of Carnap's first publication, his doctoral dissertation. Printed in Kant-Studien, Ergänzungshefte, Nr. 56. Issued by H. Vaihinger, M. Frischeisen-Kähler and A Liebert. Rudolf Carnap (born 1891 in Ronsdorf, Germany, died 1970 in Santa Monica, California) was an immensely influential analytic philosopher, who has contributed decisively to the fields of logic, epistemology, semantics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of language. He was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle, and a prominent logical positivist. He studied philosophy, physics and mathematics at the universities of Berlin and Freiburg, and worked at the universities of Jena, Vienna and Prague until 1935, when he, due to the war, emigrated to the U.S., where he became an American citizen in 1941. In America he became professor of the University of Chicago. In Jena he was appointed Professor of Mathematics, though his main interest at that time was in physics. By 1913 he planned to write his dissertation on thermionic emission, but this was interrupted by World War I, where he served at the front until 1917. Afterwards he studied the theory of relativity under Einstein in Berlin, and he developed the theory for a new dissertation, namely on an axiomatic system for the physical theory of space and time. He thus ended up writing the important dissertation under the direction of Bouch on the theory of space (Raum) from a philosophical point of view. The dissertation was submitted in 1921, and, due to the clear influence from Kantian philosophy, it was published the following year in this supplement to the "Kant-Studien". After the publication of his first work, Carnap's involvement with the Vienna Circle began to develop. He met Reichenbach in 1923 and was introduced to Moritz Schlick in Vienna, where he then moved to become assistant professor at the university. He soon became one of the leading members of the Vienna Circle, and in 1929 he, Neurath, and Hahn wrote the manifest of the Circle.As the title indicates, "Der Raum" deals with the philosophy of space. Partly influenced by Husserl, under whom he studied at Freiburg, Carnap poses the question whether our knowledge of space is analytic, synthetic a priori or empirical. His answer is that it depends on what is meant by "space", and thus differentiates between three kinds of theories of space: Formal (which is analytic [a priori]), intuitive (which is synthetic a priori), and physical (which is empirical [or synthetic aposteriori]). He compares this division of space with that of geometry into: projective, metric and topological. This, of course, anticipates much of his later philosophy, and some of his theories developed in this paper became the official position of logical empiricism on the philosophy of space. In this work he also develops a formal system for space-time topology, which became quite influential.

(Paris?), 1784. 8vo. Bound in three nice, uniform brown half calf bindings withtitle- and tome-labels to spines. A very nice, clean, and fresh copy. VII, (1), CLIX, (1), 352 pp., one folded table; VII, (1), 536 pp.; VIII, 468 pp. The table in volume one lying loose. The very rare first edition, first printing (see Carpenter) of Necker's seminal main work - a work which helped cement Necker's great reputation and which furthermore constitutes the only authentic account of the finances of France before the Revolution.The French bankier Jacques Necker, who was appointed French Minister of Finance during three periods (1777-1781, 1788-1789, 1789-1790), was famous for his opposition to the physiocrats. He replaced Turgot in as Minister of Finance in 1776, and attacked Turgot's plan for free trade in grains. He initiated economic reforms which were designed to help the poor French economy. Instead of using the more traditional method of raising taxes he, on the contrary, raised the interest rates and kept the comparatively low income-tax. At the time he was regarded a financial genius primarily because of his ability to aid the American Colonies in their war of independence against England without raising taxes. Thereby he used his economic skills not only to help the domestic economy but also as a mean of foreign political pressure. His most famous contribution to French history in general is the publication of his "Compte rendu au Roi" ("Report to the King"), in which the public for the first time could read about the government income and expenditures. His will and ambitions to inform and educate the people together with the fact that he was a commoner made him popular with the people. Partly due to his public popularity, on July 11th 1789 he was dismissed, an act which caused public rioting. These riots, combined with the economic crisis and high inflated corn-prices, led to the storming of the Bastille on July 14th 1789.During his retirement, Necker wrote his famous "Traité de l'administration des finances de la France", which today is regarded the most comprehensive and in-depth explanation of Necker's economic thoughts. It had such an enormous success with the general reader that within a few days, more than 80.000 copies were sold! According to Carpenter, no less than 7 issues were printed during the first year of publication, and they are very difficult to know from eachother; "All are printed from the same setting of type, but they differ slightly in terms of the pagination... These slight variations indicate great demand. There were also pirated French editions." (Carpenter). According to Carpenter, the present copy is the rare actual first issue of this seminal work, which contributed greatly to bolstering Necker's reputation.Carpenter XXIX(1) Einaudi A.582 Goldsmith 12732 INED 3358 Kress B752.

Amsterdam, Compagnie des Libraires, 1734. Folio (405 x 280 mm). Uniformly bound in five contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with six raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to boards. Edges of boards gilt. Wear to extremities. parts of gilting worn off, spine-ends chipped, some with loss of leather. Leather of spine cracked and hinges weak. Corners bumped. First few leaves in vol. 1 stained in upper margin, not affecting text. Internally with light occassional browning but generally internally nice and clean. (12), XVI, CXX, 857 pp. + 1 frontipiece; (4), 957, (4), 964-1004 pp.; (4), 857, (4), 868-904 pp.; (4), 985 pp.; (4), 896, 103, (1) pp. Fifth edition of Pierre Bayle’s landmark work, one of the most influential works of early modern thought: "for over half a century, until the publication of the [Diderot's] Encyclopédie, Bayle's Dictionnaire dominated enlightened thinking in every part of Europe" (PMM). More than an encyclopedia, it challenged religious dogma, promoted historical accuracy and laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. It became a key reference for thinkers like Voltaire, Diderot, and Hume. ”Bayle’s six-million word Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697; 1702) was so often cited in the eighteenth century that Ernst Cassirer has called it the “Arsenal of the Enlightenment”. Inventories of private European libraries have established the Dictionary as one of the bestsellers of its age. David Hume was clearly influenced by it; he told his friend Michael Ramsay in a letter of 1737 that if he wished to understand his writings he should read Descartes, Malebranche, Berkeley, and “some of the more metaphysical Articles of Bailes Dictionary; such as [those of] Zeno and Spinoza” ” (SEP) In 1689, Bayle began making notes on errors and omissions in Louis Moreri's Grand Dictionaire historique (1674), previous encyclopedia, and these notes developed into his own Dictionnaire. Bayle used the dictionary to provide evidence of the irrationality of Christianity, to promote his views about religious tolerance and his anti-authoritarian views on the topic of faith. Bayle indended it to be an "anti-clerical counterblast to Moreri's [Le Grand Dictionnaire Historique, 1674], in order, as he put it, 'to rectify Moreri's mistakes and fill the gaps'. Bayle championed reason against belief, philosophy against religion, tolerance against superstition" (PMM) Graesse I, 314. Brunet I 711PMM 155b.

London, Thomas Alchorn, 1637. Folio (280 x 200 mm). In contemporary full calf with five raised bands and richly gilt spine. Light wear to extremities and small paper label pasted on to top of spine indicating the placement in an estate library. Inner boards with a few marks and notes, but otherwise internally fine. (10), 72, (8), 73-248, (16), 249-446, 445-577 pp. Exceedingly rare first edition, posthumously published, of Clerke’s sermons. Richard Clerke embarked on his academic journey when he was elected as a fellow at Christ's College in 1583, a role he held for fifteen years. Despite the college's puritan leaning, Richard was a prominent figure among the conformists. This ideological divide led to tensions, prompting Richard Clerke to lodge complaints of bias with Lord Burghley, who served as the university chancellor. This discord eventually escalated, resulting in physical altercations, with Richard being accused of striking George Downame, a Puritan fellow and future bishop. Edmund Barwell, the college master, ultimately found merit in the accusation. However, before any punitive measures could be taken against Clerke, he appealed the matter to the vice-chancellor. The historical records do not provide further details on the outcome of this appeal. By November of 1590, Barwell and the quarreling fellows managed to reconcile. In a sign of reconciliation, Richard Clerke, George Downame, and others signed an agreement stating: "We, the undersigned, forgive and forget all past injuries and pledge to treat each other with Christian goodwill in our words and actions moving forward." In 1596, Richard Clerke received a significant honor by being chosen as the Lady Margaret Preacher at the university. The following year, he took on the role of vicar in Minster, located on the Island of Thanet. Later, he assumed the positions of rector in Snargate, Kent (1609), and vicar of Monkton with Birchington, Kent, holding these positions concurrently for the remainder of his life. In 1602, he was appointed as the Six-Preacher at Canterbury Cathedral, a role that brought him to the attention of the king and his fellow clerics. (See kingjamesbibletranslators . org).

Amsterdam, Mortier, 1746. 8vo. Two parts bound in one nice contemporary Cambridge-style mirror binding with five raised bands and richly gilt spine. Nobel super ex-libris to front board. Light wear to extremities, a few small wormholes to board and upper capital with slight loss of leather, showing endbands. Internally very fine and clean, a nice copy. XXX, 265, (3), 292 pp- First edition of Condillac’s first, and arguably one of his most important, work in which he explores the ideas of the origins of human knowledge and the formation of concepts. It marks a radical departure from the dominant conception of the mind as a reservoir of innately given ideas. Descartes had argued that knowledge must rest on ideas, Condillac turned this upside down by arguing that speech and words are the origin of mental life and knowledge. He argues that all human knowledge ultimately arises from sensory experience and that the mind is initially passive, receiving impressions from external stimuli - he took his mentor John Locke's anti-Cartesian philosophy to a systematic extreme, claiming that even ideas of morality and theology could be derived from their supposed origin in sensation Étienne Bonnot de Condillac was an 18th-century French philosopher and epistemologist known for his work in the fields of philosophy of mind and epistemology. Condillac is often associated with the school of sensationalism, which emphasizes the role of sensory experiences in the formation of knowledge. Condillac was largely responsible for the systematic establishment in France of Lockian sensationalism and he became the "father of French philosophy in the 18th century." (C.Mallet, ”Nouvelle Biographie Générale”) and his work influenced many later philosophers, and also anticipated Wittgenstein's view of language and its relation to mind and thought. Barbier II 235 Tchemerzine III 474.

Kjøbenhavn (Copenhagen), Gyldendal, 1872. 8vo. Contemporary brown half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Capitals worn and wear along edges. Internally a bit of light scattered brownspotting, but overall very nice. With numerous pencil-underlinings as well as pencil-markings, and -annotations, the latter in Høffding's hand (the underlinings possibly in Brandt's). With the ownership signature of Harald Høffding to front free end-paper and with a later presentation-inscription from Frithiof Brandt (signed F. B.) underneath. Recent ownership signature in pencil to foot of front free end-paper (1973). (2), VIII, 85, (1) pp. Scarce first edition of the first Danish translation of Mill’s seminal “Utilitarianism”, translated by the great Georg Brandes and with the most excellent provenance, namely that of the founder of the welfare principle, which laid the groundwork for the welfare state as we know it today, Harald Høffding, with his numerous handwritten notes, annotations, and markings, and later given to someone by Høffding’s pupil, the important Danish philosopher Frithiof Brandt. Mill’s “Utilitarianism” constitutes a classic within the field of moral and political thought and is considered "the most influential philosophical articulation of a liberal humanistic morality that was produced in the nineteenth century." (Encycl. Of Philosophy). Originally published as a series of three separate articles in 1861, it was collected and printed as a single work under the canonical title in 1863. This publication is now considered the classic exposition and defense of Utilitarianism in ethics, a revolution within moral philosophy. The work was translated into Danish by the immensely influential literary critic Georg Brandes, by many considered the greatest intellectual of his time. Brandes played a key role in introducing especially German and British thought to Scandinavia, most notably the works by such thinkers as Darwin and Nietzsche. He is also the first to translate Mill’s works and make them accessible to a Scandinavian readership. His translation of “Utilitarianism” appeared in 1872 and was responsible for spreading the utilitarian philosophy to a wider audience in the North, indirectly - through Høffding - contributing to the formation of the welfare state that the Scandinavian countries are so famous for. It was through the reading of primarily Mill and Bentham that Harald Høffding came to develop his welfare principle, a principle that he is the first in the world to work out, and the principle upon which the modern welfare state is founded. He is primarily inspired by Mill’s Utilitarianism, but comes to largely replace the conceptions of utility and happiness using instead the welfare principle as a specification of the yardstick that must be used to evaluate actions. “The object of the welfare-principle is not the individual or momentary inclination, rather the lasting vital necessities of the human race, and therefore it places the point of judgment at the effects of an action.” (Thyrring Andersen, p. 105). “In the abandonment of the Christian ethics, positivism had to try to give the grounds for a morality which does not seek refuge with a divine authority. The contribution of Harald Høffding lies in a continuation of the utilitarianism in Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills, whose normative theories on ethics claim that the correct ethically is the one that compared to the other options produces the greatest amount of positive values. And that means that the ethical values of an action depend on its ability to increase the amount of happiness. The principle of utility is formulated this way: The greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number of people. Among the problems in this ethics are how different forms of values can be compared, which yardstick they can be measured by, and how a just and/or fair distribution of boons can be based.” (Thyrring Andersen, p. 104). Høffding had his starting point in Utilitarianism, but he transcended the more narrow principle of happiness. His welfare principle does not identify the supreme good with the happiness of the individual, “but considers the utmost purpose of being as the appearance of men of sterling characters, who have a feeling of happiness in working for the common good. … a decisive precondition of this was the commandment concerning charity in the Gospels and the historical development of this in Christianity.” (Thyrring Andersen, p. 109). Georg Brandes was the leading intellectual of his time in Denmark and must be credited with bringing European thought to Scandinavia, not only through his incredibly popular and famous lectures, but also through his own writings and not least through his translations of the most important works of the period into Danish. In Denmark, Brandes was synonymous with “the modern breakthrough” and therefore, for most, also the symbol of democracy and what we today would call welfare-thinking. At a closer look, however, Brandes was also in many ways an anti-democrat and so influenced by the thoughts of Darwin and especially Nietzsche that his views came to be very much opposed to those of a society based on a welfare principle that Høffding came to develop. “[I]t was Høffding who was the first in the world to work out a welfare-principle, namely in his “Etik” (Ethics) in 1887. Today, Høffding is not widely known, but in his lifetime and up to the 1950ties he was an internationally famous philosopher, whose works were translated into many languages and who was several times nominated for the Nobel Prize.” (Andersen, A.T.: The Dialogic and Religious Theme of Welfare in Harald Høffding…, p. 104). His great work "Etik", in which he developed the welfare-principle, constitutes an ethical system. Here, Høffding discusses the principal questions in order to develop a scientific ethics, or a moral science if one will, analyzes the ethical principles that are expressed in ethical assessments, and on the basis hereof develops an individualistic and a social ethic that was way ahead of its time, but which found great resonance within the reading public. The book had an enormous impact. It appeared five times in Høffding’s life-time, sold extremely well, and was quickly translated into German and French – “Denmark had gotten its first internationally known and acknowledged philosopher, several decades before Kierkegaard had his breakthrough on the international scene.” (Koch, Dansk filosofi i positivisments tidsalder, p. 41 – translated from Danish). “Høffding became a mentor to many – not least because of the humanity that marks this book [i.e. Ethics] and because of the well-balanced treatment it gives of the social and political questions of the time, of the relationship between the sexes and between church and state, just to mention a few of the “important life conditions” it deals with. Students in personal crisis contacted him, and people in difficult circumstances wrote to him for advice. Not least because of his ethical view, he came to appear as the old, wise man of the nation… His influence in the neighboring countries was also great. For instance, his ethical considerations in the years around 1900 came to play a significant role for the young Swedish social democrats and for their conception of a coming welfare state.” (Koch, Dansk filosofi i positivisments tidsalder, p. 60 – translated from Danish). The opposing views of the two intellectual giants of late 19th century Denmark would develop into a public feud that is now known as “the great debate”, an acrimonious exchange between the two concerning the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (running from August 1889 to April 1890). “The significance of the dispute is due largely to the fact that it constitutes the earliest public interpretation and evaluation of Nietzsche’s philosophy.” (William Banks: “The Great Debate”: Nietzsche, Culture, and the Scandinavian Welfare Society”, 2024, p. 133). The feud was begun by Brandes after having read Høffding’s “Ethics” from 1887, where he presented his welfare principle for the first time, a welfare principle he had developed under the influence of Mill’s Utilitarianism that Brandes had translated an published 15 years earlier. Brandes, ultimately, wholeheartedly joins the views of Nietzsche and dissociates himself not only from the welfare principle of Høffding, but also from the ideal of Utilitarianism. Frithiof Brandt (1892–1968) was a student and follower of Høffding. He succeeded Høffding as professor in philosophy and held the chair of professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Copenhagen from 1922 to 1958. During his lifetime, Brandt was a significant figure in Danish philosophy and psychology, most notably with his works on Kierkegaard, and especially in Danish cultural life. “Harald Høffding, the Danish philosopher and historian of philosophy, was born in Copenhagen and lived there throughout his life. From 1883 to 1915 he was professor of philosophy at the University of Copenhagen. Høffding received a degree in divinity in 1865, but he had already decided not to take orders. A study of Søren Kierkegaard's works, and especially of his views on Christianity, had led to an intense religious crisis ending in a radical break with Christianity. Høffding sought in philosophy a new personal orientation and gradually developed into an extraordinarily many-sided liberal humanist. His philosophical development was influenced during a stay in Paris (1868–1869) by the study of French and English positivism… his activity as a scholar ranged over every branch of philosophy, including psychology. His works display a vast knowledge, a keen eye for essentials, and a critically balanced judgment. They were translated into many languages and widely used as textbooks. By the turn of the twentieth century Høffding's reputation was worldwide and he knew personally many leading thinkers. He was the outstanding Danish philosopher of his day, and in 1914 the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters assigned him the honorary residence of Gammel Carlsberg, where he lived to the end of his life. The residence later passed to the physicist Niels Bohr, a younger friend of Høffding.” (Frithiof Brandt, Encyclopaedia of Philosophy). “The Danish philosopher Harald Høffding was the first in the world to work out a welfare-principle. He expressed a dialogic and democratic standpoint, a fellowship and an ideal concerning equality, and consequently a distinct philosophical basis for the realization of the formation of the welfare state.” (Andersen, A.T.: The Dialogic and Religious Theme of Welfare in Harald Høffding…, p. (103).).

Paris, 1930 + 1928. Two 8vo-volumes. In a nice custommade leather-backed cloth-box with gilt lettering to front: "Space Travel/ Robert Esnault-Pelterie". L'astronautique: Uncut and unopened in original red printed wrappers (mounted with thick paper on inside of wrappers), spine restored, no loss of lettering. (4), 248, (2) pp. (in between pages 4 and 8, which are both numbered are actually 2 leaves, i.e. 4 pp. that are unnumbered;one is only printed on recto and one only on verso (errata) + 9 large folded plated. L'exploration de la très haute atmosphère et la possibilité des voyages interplanétaires: Uncut and unopened in the original printed wrappers (L'Astronomie, Revue mensuelle d'astronomie...). A few closed tears to spine and restoration to lower margin of front wrapper, far from affecting text. A fine copy. VII, (1), 96 pp. First edition, presentation-copy, of the first text-book on rocketry and space-craft, together with the first edition of the important text of Esnault-Pelterie's 1927-symposium on the possibility of interplanetary travel. L'Astronautique with signed presentation-inscription to page 9: "With compliments / Esnault / Oct 1932". "Robert Albert Charles Esnault-Pelterie (1881 - 1957) was a pioneering French spaceflight theorist and aircraft designer. He combined a mixture of theoretical and practical work and is well known for being the inventor of the control stick of the aeroplane. He was furthermore the fourth man in France to obtain the pilot's license."L'Astronautique outlined the key steps involved in the launching of an Earth satellite, interplanetary travel and rockettrajectories. Esnault-Pelterie began building his own rocket engine early the following year [1931]. In 1932 a rocket engine experiment went horribly wrong when the tetranitromethane fuel with which he was working exploded and he lost four fingers." (Harvey, Brian. Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond, Springer, 2003, 3 pp.)Besides being remembered as a spaceflight-pioneer, Esnault-Pelteries has given name to the Esnault-Pelterie-crater on the Moon. "In the 1937 universal exhibition he stages an 'Astronautics Hall' and his moon rocket became the basis of Tin Tin's cartoon moon rocket." (Ibid., 4 pp.) L'Astronautique: Norman 715 ("Esnault-Pelterie's most important contribution to rocketry")"L'exploration par fusées de la très haute atmosphère et la possibilité des voyages interplanétaires" is based on a symposium given by Esnault-Pelterie to the french Astronautics Society on June 8, 1927. - issued as the "Supplément au Bulletin de Mars 1928" of "L'Astronomie. Revue mensuelle d'astronomie de Météorologie et de Physique du Globe et Bulletin de la Société Astronomique de France.Richard Green 105.