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Vidin, Pechatnitsa na Diukmedzhiev, 1905. 8vo. Uncut, unopened, in the original printed wrappers. The present volume includes includes "Autobiography" and first half of the "Origin". The second half was published shortly after. Spine lacking upper 5 cm and front wrapper with several nicks. Internally very fine and clean. (Autobiography:) 67, (2), [Origin of Speicies:] 236 pp. + frontiespiece of Darwin. Genealogical tree included in the pagination on p. 133. Exceedingly rare first Bulgarian translation of Darwin's Origin of Species prefixed by his Autobiography, translated from the sixth London edition by M. Fiampova and I. H. A Timiryazova. Freeman lists the first Bulgarian translation of Origin of Species to be published in 1946. Darwin-Online states that: "I have found very little information on this translation or the associated names. It is a rare book, with no copies located in OCLC, KVK, or EL; however NALIS finds two, at the Bulgarian Central Medical Library and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.". Notice, however, OCLC list two copies. The present publication was published in two separate publications, the first being offered here. OCLC list two copies: The Thomas Fisher Library, Toronto and University Library of Oklahoma.

Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaard, 1950. 15 volumes (170 x 130 mm), all in the original lithographed wrappers by Alechinsky, Appel, Atlan, Ejler Bille, Constant, Corneille, Doucet, Sonja Ferlov, Stephen Gilbert, Gudnason, Heerup, Egill Jacobsen, Asger Jorn and Carl henning Pedersen. Housed in the original cassette illustrated by Asger Jorn. The cassette is split open but otherwise a fine and clean set. Fine set constituting one of the final collected works by the Cobra art group which dissolved in 1951.The Cobra art movement was a significant avant-garde art movement that emerged in the years immediately following World War II. The term "Cobra" is derived from the names of the three major cities involved: Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amsterdam. The Cobra movement is also known as CoBrA, with each letter representing one of the cities. Cobra was founded in 1948 by a group of artists who wanted to create a new kind of art that was spontaneous, experimental, and often characterized by vibrant colors, expressive brushwork, and a childlike quality. The movement emphasized freedom of expression, collaboration, and a rejection of traditional artistic conventions. Cobra had a profound impact on modern art, influencing subsequent movements such as Abstract Expressionism and Art Brut. Its emphasis on spontaneity and intuitive creativity helped shape the direction of art in the mid-20th century Asger Jorn played a central role in the formation of Cobra. He advocated for a return to primal artistic instincts and embraced elements of folk art, mythology, and symbolism. “Jorn traveled to France where in the autumn of 1948 he, together with Christian Dotremont and Constant, founded COBRA (a European avant-garde art movement), and edited monographs of the Bibliothèque Cobra. However by 1949 Jorn had started a relationship with Matie van Domselaer, the daughter of the composer Jakob van Domselaer. This caused tension in the COBRA group with the Dutch artists boycotting a conference held at Bregnerød later that year. Matie and Jorn were married in 1950 and the group dissolved in 1951.” ("Asger Jorn" museumjorn.dk)

Florence, Officina Albiziniana, 1750. Folio. Uniformly bound in three contemporary full calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spines. Wear to extremities: boards with scratches and missing some of the leather. Upper compartment on vol. 3 missing leather and lower compartment on vol. 2 partly missing leather. Vague dampstain to margins, primarily in vol. 1 and 3, not affecting text or images. (Vol. 1:) XX, (16) pp + 200 numbered plates (184 and 185 on same leaf). (Vol. 2:) XIV, (2), 312, (18) pp. (Vol. 3:) VII, (1), 307 pp. + 8 plates (of which 7 folding). Numerous headpieces and tailpieces and a few initials, every page of the dedication within an engraved border. Complete. First edition of Gori’s large and lavishly illustrated work on classical cameos. Antonio Francesco was a Florentine antiquarian, a priest in minor orders, provost of the Baptistery of San Giovanni from 1746, and a professor at the Liceo, whose numerous publications of ancient Roman sculpture and antiquities formed part of the repertory on which 18th-century scholarship as well as the artistic movement of neoclassicism were based. In 1735 he was a founding member of a circle of antiquaries and connoisseurs in Florence called the Societa Colombaria, the predecessor of the Accademia Toscana di Scienze e Lettere la Colombaria. He was an international authority on Etruscan history and art and renowned expert in cameos and ancient stones. Cicognara 2869 Graesse III, p.120

(1825). 2 sider 8vo. 8 vers m. 6 linier i hvert. Mange tegnsætningsvariationer og rettelser samt flere variationer fra den trykte tekst: "Lyst" i stedet for "Røst", "Helligt Ord" i stedet for "Trøstensord", "Hiertets Seier" i stedet for "Siælens Seier". Vedlagt originaltrykket af digtet i marmoreret omslag. Uden år og trykkested, men (9. november, 1825). På verso af det sidste blad trykt: "Concertens Indhold" med indholdet af de to Afdelinger og til sidst "Musik af P. Harmann" tilskrevet i samtidig hånd. Optaget i Oehlenschlägers Poetiske Skrifter, XXI, 1860, pp. 59-60. Liebenberg I:125.

Nürnberg, Joh. Christoph Weigel, 1708. Folio. Contemp. hcalf over wood. Raised bands. Spine with some wear and joint at upper compartment cracked. Marbled covers. Stamp on title-page. Engraved frontispiece. (8),200 pp. + Anhang 38 pp. and 34 engraved plates and 1 double-page engraved worldmap. Light yellowing to frontispiece. Internally fine and clean. Third edition, the first published in 1633 in 4to. - Poggendorff II,1293.

Shanghai, A.S. Watson, 1922. Folio (390 x 300 mm). In the original blue silke covered binding with gilt lettering and decoration to front board. Spine slightly faded. Internally fine and clean, an overall very nice copy. (8), 40 pp. + 66 photogravures tipped into recto of each page with caption on verso. Third edition of this fine work with sixty-six fine photogravure plates documenting the twilight of imperial China. It is the most iconic of Donald Mennie's early photobooks and a cornerstone of Western visual records of early 20th-century Beijing Although born and raised in Golspie, Scotland, Donald Mennie (1875–1944) spent the majority of his life in China, arriving around 1899. Trained as a chemist he rose to become Managing Director of the Shanghai branch of A.S. Watson & Co., a firm that by the 1930s was also a dealer in photographic materials. His photographic work, inspired by the Pictorialist style, emphasized mood and composition over mere documentation, making his books highly desirable as both artistic and historical records. From 1914 Mennie traveled widely across China, producing popular photo-books that include "China by Land and Water", "Picturesque China", and his magnum opus, The Grandeur of the Gorges (1926). The Pageant of Peking remains one of his most sought-after works for its focus on Beijing at a pivotal historical moment - before the empire gave way to modern transformation. This edition is accompanied by an introduction by Putnam Weale (B.L. Simpson) and descriptive notes by S. Couling Tragically Mennie’s life ended in Japanese captivity during WWII, dying in a Shanghai internment center in 1944.

Ljubljana, 1950. 8vo. In publisher's original full cloth binding with printed board. Soiling to extremities and hindges weak. Internally with some offsetting, otherwise clean. 459, (1) pp. First and only Slovenian translation of Darwin's Journal of Researches.Freeman 248.OCLC only locates one copy outside Slovenian (Italy).

Paris, Firmin Didot. 1826-30. Large 4to. (37 x 27 cm.). 2 volumes, both in the original printed yellow boards. Spines rebacked and with wear amd missing some of the paper. Upper part of back hinge on vol. 2 partly detached. Previous owner's name to front free end-paper. Marginal brownspotting throughout. XX,129,XXII,(130)-318 pp., and 62 engravings, of which 33 are text illustrations (3 of these coloured and 1 in two colours). Printed on thick, fine paper. First edition (the French and the German edition published simultaneously) of Bröndsted's magnum opus, his pioneering "Travels and Archaeological Researches in Greece". The work is based on Bröndsted's extensive travels in Greece, and especially the second part, which contains a major study of the Parthenon, is of great significance. "Bröndsted was trained in Denmark as an archaeologist and philologist. After travelling in France and Italy for some years he left Italy in 1810 on the company of Haller van Hallerstein, Linckh and Stackelberg with the intention of exploring Greece and Asia Minor. This group was involved in the excavations at Aegina, and together with Cockerell and Foster they also excavated at Bassae." (Blackmer, 214). Graesse I,546. Brunet I,1273.

Napoli, Domenico and Antonio Morano, 1869. 8vo. Bound uncut and unopened with the original blue printed wrappers in a recent green full cloth binding with gilt leather title-label to spine. Back wrapper with worm holes, lack of lower corner, and tears.Some minor brownspotting due to the paper quality. CXXIII, (1), 72 pp. The very rare first edition, first printing, of five of Vico's early orations (Oration I, III, IV, V, VI, and the beginning of II), which founded the first basis for his seminal "Scienza Nuova". The publication of the orations is based on manuscript XIII B 53 in the National Library of Naples. Although Vico's orations are of the greatest importance to the understanding of the philosophical and intellectual development of this seminal and vastly influential thinker, Vico himself only promoted the immediate publication of the last of them, namely the "De nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione", which was printed in 1708, based on the argument that it summed up much of that which was included in his earlier orations. Thus, had it not been for Galasso, the invaluable five early orations, being all of the unpublished early texts, might not have been preserved for posterity. Besides this invaluable contribution to Vico scolarship, Galasso here also provides us with a very elaborate study on the seminal importance of the present orations. (Part of the second oration was published by Villarosa in 1823).GIAMBATTISTA VICO (1668 - 1744) was appointed professor of Latin Eloqence at the University of Naples in 1699 and possessed this chair till 1708. In this capacity Vico had to each year give an inaugural oration, and it is five of these that are printed here for the first time. Vico's orations were based on classic humanistic grounds, with great inspiration found in e.g. Pico della Mirandola, and he tried to urge his students to develop both as human beings and as scholars, inspiring them to use their education to become better persons, as well as inspiring them to keep educating themselves and persuading them that they have the capacity to become wise, telling them that they are "born for wisdom". As such, Vico's early orations display the greatest examples of his ideas of paideia and and humanitas as well as his inspiration from Greek and Latin sources and especially from the Renaissance humanists; they contain the very first sketches of his theories on humanity and history, which later came to provide the basis for his revolutionary "Scienza Nuova".

Savoy (London), Nutt and R. Gosling, 1718. 8vo. In a contemporary modest full calf binding. Small paper-label to upper part of spine. Wear and soiling to extremities. Leather to lower part of back board with tear and partly detached, showing the wooden boards underneath. Previous owner's name to title-page, but internally fine and clean. (13), 237, (3) pp. Scarce first edition of this legal guidebook, generally accepted to be the first work of its kind in English. It was later reprinted in Bristol. Goldsmiths 5424.2 Kress 3063.

Kjøbenhavn (Copenhagen), Gyldendal, 1872. 8vo. Contemporary brown half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Capitals worn and wear along edges. Internally a bit of light scattered brownspotting, but overall very nice. With numerous pencil-underlinings as well as pencil-markings, and -annotations, the latter in Høffding's hand (the underlinings possibly in Brandt's). With the ownership signature of Harald Høffding to front free end-paper and with a later presentation-inscription from Frithiof Brandt (signed F. B.) underneath. Recent ownership signature in pencil to foot of front free end-paper (1973). (2), VIII, 85, (1) pp. Scarce first edition of the first Danish translation of Mill’s seminal “Utilitarianism”, translated by the great Georg Brandes and with the most excellent provenance, namely that of the founder of the welfare principle, which laid the groundwork for the welfare state as we know it today, Harald Høffding, with his numerous handwritten notes, annotations, and markings, and later given to someone by Høffding’s pupil, the important Danish philosopher Frithiof Brandt. Mill’s “Utilitarianism” constitutes a classic within the field of moral and political thought and is considered "the most influential philosophical articulation of a liberal humanistic morality that was produced in the nineteenth century." (Encycl. Of Philosophy). Originally published as a series of three separate articles in 1861, it was collected and printed as a single work under the canonical title in 1863. This publication is now considered the classic exposition and defense of Utilitarianism in ethics, a revolution within moral philosophy. The work was translated into Danish by the immensely influential literary critic Georg Brandes, by many considered the greatest intellectual of his time. Brandes played a key role in introducing especially German and British thought to Scandinavia, most notably the works by such thinkers as Darwin and Nietzsche. He is also the first to translate Mill’s works and make them accessible to a Scandinavian readership. His translation of “Utilitarianism” appeared in 1872 and was responsible for spreading the utilitarian philosophy to a wider audience in the North, indirectly - through Høffding - contributing to the formation of the welfare state that the Scandinavian countries are so famous for. It was through the reading of primarily Mill and Bentham that Harald Høffding came to develop his welfare principle, a principle that he is the first in the world to work out, and the principle upon which the modern welfare state is founded. He is primarily inspired by Mill’s Utilitarianism, but comes to largely replace the conceptions of utility and happiness using instead the welfare principle as a specification of the yardstick that must be used to evaluate actions. “The object of the welfare-principle is not the individual or momentary inclination, rather the lasting vital necessities of the human race, and therefore it places the point of judgment at the effects of an action.” (Thyrring Andersen, p. 105). “In the abandonment of the Christian ethics, positivism had to try to give the grounds for a morality which does not seek refuge with a divine authority. The contribution of Harald Høffding lies in a continuation of the utilitarianism in Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills, whose normative theories on ethics claim that the correct ethically is the one that compared to the other options produces the greatest amount of positive values. And that means that the ethical values of an action depend on its ability to increase the amount of happiness. The principle of utility is formulated this way: The greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number of people. Among the problems in this ethics are how different forms of values can be compared, which yardstick they can be measured by, and how a just and/or fair distribution of boons can be based.” (Thyrring Andersen, p. 104). Høffding had his starting point in Utilitarianism, but he transcended the more narrow principle of happiness. His welfare principle does not identify the supreme good with the happiness of the individual, “but considers the utmost purpose of being as the appearance of men of sterling characters, who have a feeling of happiness in working for the common good. … a decisive precondition of this was the commandment concerning charity in the Gospels and the historical development of this in Christianity.” (Thyrring Andersen, p. 109). Georg Brandes was the leading intellectual of his time in Denmark and must be credited with bringing European thought to Scandinavia, not only through his incredibly popular and famous lectures, but also through his own writings and not least through his translations of the most important works of the period into Danish. In Denmark, Brandes was synonymous with “the modern breakthrough” and therefore, for most, also the symbol of democracy and what we today would call welfare-thinking. At a closer look, however, Brandes was also in many ways an anti-democrat and so influenced by the thoughts of Darwin and especially Nietzsche that his views came to be very much opposed to those of a society based on a welfare principle that Høffding came to develop. “[I]t was Høffding who was the first in the world to work out a welfare-principle, namely in his “Etik” (Ethics) in 1887. Today, Høffding is not widely known, but in his lifetime and up to the 1950ties he was an internationally famous philosopher, whose works were translated into many languages and who was several times nominated for the Nobel Prize.” (Andersen, A.T.: The Dialogic and Religious Theme of Welfare in Harald Høffding…, p. 104). His great work "Etik", in which he developed the welfare-principle, constitutes an ethical system. Here, Høffding discusses the principal questions in order to develop a scientific ethics, or a moral science if one will, analyzes the ethical principles that are expressed in ethical assessments, and on the basis hereof develops an individualistic and a social ethic that was way ahead of its time, but which found great resonance within the reading public. The book had an enormous impact. It appeared five times in Høffding’s life-time, sold extremely well, and was quickly translated into German and French – “Denmark had gotten its first internationally known and acknowledged philosopher, several decades before Kierkegaard had his breakthrough on the international scene.” (Koch, Dansk filosofi i positivisments tidsalder, p. 41 – translated from Danish). “Høffding became a mentor to many – not least because of the humanity that marks this book [i.e. Ethics] and because of the well-balanced treatment it gives of the social and political questions of the time, of the relationship between the sexes and between church and state, just to mention a few of the “important life conditions” it deals with. Students in personal crisis contacted him, and people in difficult circumstances wrote to him for advice. Not least because of his ethical view, he came to appear as the old, wise man of the nation… His influence in the neighboring countries was also great. For instance, his ethical considerations in the years around 1900 came to play a significant role for the young Swedish social democrats and for their conception of a coming welfare state.” (Koch, Dansk filosofi i positivisments tidsalder, p. 60 – translated from Danish). The opposing views of the two intellectual giants of late 19th century Denmark would develop into a public feud that is now known as “the great debate”, an acrimonious exchange between the two concerning the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (running from August 1889 to April 1890). “The significance of the dispute is due largely to the fact that it constitutes the earliest public interpretation and evaluation of Nietzsche’s philosophy.” (William Banks: “The Great Debate”: Nietzsche, Culture, and the Scandinavian Welfare Society”, 2024, p. 133). The feud was begun by Brandes after having read Høffding’s “Ethics” from 1887, where he presented his welfare principle for the first time, a welfare principle he had developed under the influence of Mill’s Utilitarianism that Brandes had translated an published 15 years earlier. Brandes, ultimately, wholeheartedly joins the views of Nietzsche and dissociates himself not only from the welfare principle of Høffding, but also from the ideal of Utilitarianism. Frithiof Brandt (1892–1968) was a student and follower of Høffding. He succeeded Høffding as professor in philosophy and held the chair of professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Copenhagen from 1922 to 1958. During his lifetime, Brandt was a significant figure in Danish philosophy and psychology, most notably with his works on Kierkegaard, and especially in Danish cultural life. “Harald Høffding, the Danish philosopher and historian of philosophy, was born in Copenhagen and lived there throughout his life. From 1883 to 1915 he was professor of philosophy at the University of Copenhagen. Høffding received a degree in divinity in 1865, but he had already decided not to take orders. A study of Søren Kierkegaard's works, and especially of his views on Christianity, had led to an intense religious crisis ending in a radical break with Christianity. Høffding sought in philosophy a new personal orientation and gradually developed into an extraordinarily many-sided liberal humanist. His philosophical development was influenced during a stay in Paris (1868–1869) by the study of French and English positivism… his activity as a scholar ranged over every branch of philosophy, including psychology. His works display a vast knowledge, a keen eye for essentials, and a critically balanced judgment. They were translated into many languages and widely used as textbooks. By the turn of the twentieth century Høffding's reputation was worldwide and he knew personally many leading thinkers. He was the outstanding Danish philosopher of his day, and in 1914 the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters assigned him the honorary residence of Gammel Carlsberg, where he lived to the end of his life. The residence later passed to the physicist Niels Bohr, a younger friend of Høffding.” (Frithiof Brandt, Encyclopaedia of Philosophy). “The Danish philosopher Harald Høffding was the first in the world to work out a welfare-principle. He expressed a dialogic and democratic standpoint, a fellowship and an ideal concerning equality, and consequently a distinct philosophical basis for the realization of the formation of the welfare state.” (Andersen, A.T.: The Dialogic and Religious Theme of Welfare in Harald Høffding…, p. (103).).

Lancaster, PA and Ithaca, NY, The American Physical Society, 1913. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. In: "The Physical Review, Vol II, Second Series, No. 6". With new paper back-strip and white paper label ("Alle Zeit Wach 1842") pasted on to upper outer corner of front wrappers. Light wear to extremities, internally fine and clean. Pp. 409-430. [Entire volume: Pp. 409-536]. First appearance of Coolidge seminal paper in which he laid the foundation for all modern the basis for all modern X-ray tubes. The Coolidge tube, which also utilized a tungsten filament, was a major development in the then-nascent medical specialty of radiology and is widely regarded as being the single most important event in the progress of radiology. “While many clever designs were implemented to compensate for the technical limitations of early X-ray tubes, the true milestone--what some experts call ‘the single most important event in the progress of radiology’--did not occur until nearly 20 years later [after Röntgen’s discovery of the X-ray]. In 1913, William Coolidge, working in the General Electric Research Laboratory, developed the first so-called ‘hot’ X-ray tube, subsequently called the Coolidge tube. Based on his earlier research, Coolidge had figured out how to make the cathode out of the metal tungsten, which has the highest melting point of all metals. With a cathode made primarily of tungsten, cathode rays could be generated by running an electric current through the cathode and heating it; the more the cathode was heated, the more cathode rays it emitted. Thus, with cathode rays generated by heat rather than gas molecule collisions, the Coolidge tube could operate in a perfect vacuum. “By the mid-1920s, the Coolidge tube had essentially replaced the old gas-filled tubes. In addition, Coolidge later designed other innovations so that higher voltages could be used to produce higher frequency X-rays. This led to the development of so-called ‘deep therapy,’ in which X-rays are used to treat deeper tissues without excessively damaging outer layers of skin. Thanks to Coolidge’s milestone redesign of the X-ray tube, the use of X-rays in medicine--for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications--expanded widely throughout the world from the 1920s ad onward. Today, Coolidge’s ‘hot’ tube design is still the basis for all modern X-ray tubes” (Jon Queijo, Breakthrough! How the 10 Greatest Discoveries in Medicine Saved Millions and Changed Our View of the World).

Amsterdam, Mortier, 1746. 8vo. Two parts bound in one nice contemporary Cambridge-style mirror binding with five raised bands and richly gilt spine. Nobel super ex-libris to front board. Light wear to extremities, a few small wormholes to board and upper capital with slight loss of leather, showing endbands. Internally very fine and clean, a nice copy. XXX, 265, (3), 292 pp- First edition of Condillac’s first, and arguably one of his most important, work in which he explores the ideas of the origins of human knowledge and the formation of concepts. It marks a radical departure from the dominant conception of the mind as a reservoir of innately given ideas. Descartes had argued that knowledge must rest on ideas, Condillac turned this upside down by arguing that speech and words are the origin of mental life and knowledge. He argues that all human knowledge ultimately arises from sensory experience and that the mind is initially passive, receiving impressions from external stimuli - he took his mentor John Locke's anti-Cartesian philosophy to a systematic extreme, claiming that even ideas of morality and theology could be derived from their supposed origin in sensation Étienne Bonnot de Condillac was an 18th-century French philosopher and epistemologist known for his work in the fields of philosophy of mind and epistemology. Condillac is often associated with the school of sensationalism, which emphasizes the role of sensory experiences in the formation of knowledge. Condillac was largely responsible for the systematic establishment in France of Lockian sensationalism and he became the "father of French philosophy in the 18th century." (C.Mallet, ”Nouvelle Biographie Générale”) and his work influenced many later philosophers, and also anticipated Wittgenstein's view of language and its relation to mind and thought. Barbier II 235 Tchemerzine III 474.

Kjøbenhavn [Copenhagen], 1851. Bound in a lovely, elegant later (ca 1920) brown half calf with gilt spine and blindtamped borders to boards. Some brownspotting throughout. Numerous pencil-annotations. Fly-leaf with old owner's name. Last leaf repaired at inner hinge, no loss. Scarce first edition of the first feminist novel in Denmark, the highly controversial and influential "Clara Raphael", which is the work that sparked the battle for women's rights in Denmark. The work is is main work of feminism in Denmark and the first Danish governess novel. It founded an entirely new genre of women's novels hitherto unknown in Denmark. The work, which constitutes the break-through of feminism in Denmark, was greatly controversial and immediately caused great furore. It resulted in the so-called Clara Raphael Dispute, in which for instance N.F.S. Grundtvig defended Mathilde Fibiger. Due to the controversial contents of the work, Mathilde Fibiger published it anonymously, and only J.L. Heiberg (1791-1860, perhaps the most famous cultural persona during the Danish Golden Age. He played a more significant role than any other author or thinker during this period) is mentioned on the title-page, as the editor. No publisher had wanted to touch this highly controversial work, and it was only after the appearance of "Jane Eyre" that a publishing house dared take it on. As Mary Wollstonecraft had pioneered feminist philosophy with "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" from 1792 and argued for education as the means to liberate women, so Mathilde Fibiger surprised her Danish contemporaries with her groundbreaking novel "Clara Raphael. Twelve Letters", from 1851, in which she made the connection between the national-democratic movement and the liberation of women. With this book, which deals with the inequality of the sexes and the lack of possibility for women to develop themselves, Mathilde Fibiger became the first notable advocate of the emancipation of women in Denmark. It was not only the political controversy caused by the request of equality that made the book so extremely controversial, it was also the ability of the merely 20 year old author to clearly and precisely state and substantiate the essential problems. When reading the book, it is not difficult to see why it came to have the effect that it did, and why it caused the furor that it did. For instance, Clara Raphael, when despairing at the position of women in society, writes: "Our position in society is tragic, and why? What right does man have to suppress us? For subjugated we are, despite the chains being gilded." She understands that casting off these chains will be no easy matter, and that it will not only be a matter of politics, but also of consciousness and mindset: "When the peasants were granted their freedom, some of them wept, begging for permission to keep things as they had been." One of the beaming sentences of the novel is Clara's response to her friend when asked what she is actually fighting for: "I will fight and live for what I understand by the emancipation of women."Her hope of breaking with the existing patriarchal system of society required national and democratic self-awareness, which for her constituted a promise of freedom. In 1871, Frederik Bajer (1837-1922) and Matilde Bajer (1840-1934) founded the Danish Women's Society, the first women's organisation in Denmark. Mathilde Fibiger was one of the earliest members of the Society. When the Danish Women's Society was established, it did not demand female suffrage. It was not until 1906 that a majority of the members were in favour of making that demand the official policy of the Society. In Denmark, women were not allowed to vote in parochial church council elections until 10+3; not until 1908 were they allowed to vote in parish council and local council elections, and not until 1915 in the Folketing and the Landsting elections. It was not until then that women became fully-fledged citizens in a political sense.

Paris, Henault, 1627. Folio. In contemporary full calf with six raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Double gilt line to boarders of boards. Wear to extremities, corners bumped and boards with scratches. Missing small part of lather to capitals. Previous owner's name to title-page in contemporary hand (Ioachim Frederic Basse). Internally nice and clean. 824, (8) pp.; 28 pp. (portrait on p. 26). Later expanded edition of diplomat Arnaud d'Ossat’s letters to King Henri IV of France offering a fascinating glimpse into late 16th and early 17th century politics. Arnaud d'Ossat was a French diplomat and cardinal known for his diplomatic skills and served as the French ambassador to several European countries, including Spain and Rome. He played a significant role in negotiating diplomatic agreements and treaties during his career. D'Ossat was also appointed as a cardinal by Pope Paul V in 1604. His diplomatic efforts were instrumental in maintaining relations between France and other European powers during a tumultuous period in European history. Arnaud d'Ossat served as a trusted advisor and diplomat to King Henri IV of France. Henri IV, also known as Henri of Navarre, was the king of France from 1589 until his assassination in 1610. D'Ossat's diplomatic skills were highly valued by Henri IV, D'Ossat played a significant role in Henri IV's foreign policy, particularly in negotiating peace treaties and diplomatic agreements with other European powers. He was involved in delicate negotiations aimed at ending the conflicts and wars that plagued Europe during that time, including the French Wars of Religion and the broader struggle for power between Catholic and Protestant states. “Cardinal D’Ossat was Henri IV’s representative at Rome, and from a Roman Catholic point of view, a hero in the attempt to reunite Christendom and reconcile Henri with Spain and the Papacy. (…) the letters are gathered as a coherent historical narrative in a book ‘du tout utile & du tout public.’ a book which offers a course of instruction in civil prudence. They exemplify D’Ossat’s moral and political thought: ‘candeur &liberté’, ‘la parfaicte sagesse’, ‘la dexterité admirable qu’il avoit au maniment des affaires’. The reader will not find pages of ‘compliments’ and ‘flatteries’, but ‘un parfait modelle sur lequel tous les ministres des Princes de toute qualité se devront former, soit pour la facon de traitter les affaires de vive voix, ou de les faire entendre par escrit tels qu’ils sont’. They are also, then, literary or rhetorical models. Furthermore, the letters of men such as D’Ossat, men treating the affairs of great Princes, represent the most serious and noteworthy of their actions. These kinds of writing, in short, give ‘l’ame à l’histoire’.” (Jan Papy. "Self-presentation and Social Identification: The rhetoric and pragmatics of letter writing in early modern times").

London, Robert Baldwin, 1813 a. 1814. 8vo. 2 contemp. hcalf. Marbled boards. Spines lacks and boards detached. In: "Annals of Philosophy; or Magazine of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics... By Thomas Thomson". Vol. II and Vol. III. Entire volumes offered. Berzelius' papers: pp. 276-284, 357-368 (the first paper in vol. II), pp. 443-454 (vol. II) a. pp. 51-62, 93-106, 244-257 a. 353-364. (vol. III). Internally fine and clean. First printing of these milestone papers in the history of chemistry, where Berzelius introduced his famous chemical symbolism whereby an element is generally represented by the first letter of its Latin name, or, in the event of elements having the same first letter, by the first two letters. Even though his atomic symbols were introduced in 1813 (see the note on p. 359 in the first paper), it was quite a few years before Berzelius's symbols were adopted by the chemistry community. But once accepted, they became the new international language of chemistry.Berzelius "contributed more to the development of the atomic theory and to the setting up of accurate values of the atomic weights than did any other worker of the time. Of his contributions, moreover, to the development of the atomic theory and the advancement of chemical science, not the least valuable was the introduction of a chemical symbolism which, with slight modification, is in use at the present day. By giving his symbols a quantitative meaning - the symbol of an element representing one atomic proportion by weight - it was possible "to show briefly and clearly the number of elementary atoms in each compound and, after the determination of their relative weights, present the results of each analysis in a simple and easely retained manner". This symbolism was speedily adopted on the Continent but, in England, only after some considerable time."(Findlay "A Hundred Years of Chemistry", p. 14.).Parkinson "Breakthroughs", 1813 C. - Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book in Chemistry", p. 258 ff. - Holmberg 1813:28 a. The volume contains other notable papers THOMAS THOMSON "On the Discovery of the Atomic Theory", pp. 329-338. and JOHN DALTON "Remarks on the Essay of Dr. Berzelius on the Cause of Chemical Proportions", pp. 174-180 (Vol. III).

Amsterdam, Daniel von Dahlen, 1693. 4to. Contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Remains of rich gilding on spine. Titlelabel gone. Spineends reinforced. Corners restored. Front inner hinge reinforced. Stamp on title-page. Small woodengraved portrait on title-page. 40,144,270,(2),195,(3),308,(4) pp.. 1 engraved plate (Das Oldenburgische Horn). Light toning throughout, but clean and fine. First German edition (De Betoverde Weereld,1691) of Bekker's best known work in which he examined critically the phenomena generally ascribed to spiritual agency. He attacked the belief in sorcery and "possession" by the devil. Indeed, he questioned the devil's very existence. He applied the doctrine of accommodation to account for the biblical passages traditionally cited on the issue. The book had a sensational effect and was one of the key works of the Early Enlightenment in Europe. It was almost certainly the most controversial. Bekker became a heroic figure defying an army of obscurantists.

Leipzig, Reisland, 1891. 8vo. Bound with the original front wrapper in a contemporaryhalf leather binding with gilding to spine. Spine with some wear and corners bumped. Internally fine. Bookplate to inside of front board. Inscription to front wrapper. XXIV, 133, (1) pp. Scarce first edition, presentation-copy, of one of Avenarius' main works, his foundational "The Human Concept of the World", which constitutes one of the greatest expositions of the radical positivist doctrine of "Empiriocriticism" (or "empirical criticism") and which introduced the theory of 'Introjection' (a certain theory of a fundamental difference between the 'inner' and 'outer' experiences, with different consequences. The term has later become fundamental in psychoanalysis). The work was extremely influential and is considered one of the main works of empiriocriticism, which after WWI evolved into logical positivism. The work directly influenced thinkers such as Ernst Mach and Ber Borochov and had an immense impact upon positivist thought, both philosophical and scientific. The book is inscribed to the famous Danish philosopher Harald Høffding: "Herr Professor H. Hoffding/ mit herzl. Gruss u. in dankbar Erinnerung/ an Skodsborg/ hochachtungsvoll/ d. Verf.", dated 1895. Harald Høffding (1843-1931) was one of the leading Danish philosophers of the turn of the century. His philosophy is greatly inspired by positivism, which around 1900, mainly due to Avenarius and Mach, came to be synonymous with empiriocriticism. Høffding had met Avenarius for the first time in Zürich and met him again in 1895 in Skodsborg (the time for which Avenarius thanks him in the presentation-inscription), a small city along the coast North of Copenhagen. Høffding describes this encounter in his "Contemporary Philosophers" from 1904. He describes how Avenarius sought ease in cities of water and writes how their meeting in Skodsborg constituted the first time that Avenarius made him acquainted with "pure experience", when walking around together in the garden of acclimatization. Avenarius died two years later. Høffding clearly admired the great thinker and describes Avenarius' character as "a rare energy of thought united with an artistic taste and an open and calm character". Avenarius' philosophy is further described by Høffding in his great work "The History of Newer Philosophy" (1894-95). The German philosopher Richard Avenarius (1843-1896), most famous for his formulation "empirical criticism", was not only read and studied in France and Germany, but also greatly influenced Russian philosophy; his "The Human Concept of the World" was severely criticized by Lenin in his extremely influential "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" (1909), which became an obligatory subject of study in all institutions of higher education in the Soviet Union, as a seminal work of dialectical materialism. In the text Lenin argued against Avenarius' concept of "Introjection" and stated that human perceptions correctly and accurately reflect the objective external world. Avenarius believed that scientific philosophy must be concerned with purely descriptive definitions of experience, which must be free of both metaphysics and materialism. In his "The Human Concept of the World", Avenarius formulates his first natural idea of the universe, which forms the basis of all of his thought."WHEN Richard Avenarius, Professor of Philosophy at the University, died at Zürich on 18th August, 1896, only a very small circle of philosophers and pupils knew what a powerful mind had been snatched from amongst them; for he was a man whose unique thought was unappreciated by his contemporaries solely because it was unique, and diverged too much from what was previously familiar." (Friedrich Carstanjen: Richard Avenarius and his General theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. In: Mind, N.S., Vol. 6 (1897): pp. 449-475). "An especially new point in this paper is the theory of 'Introjection,' by which Avenarius explains the growth and formation of the theory that a fundamental difference exists between the 'inner' and 'outer' experiences. Avenarius does not find in these two kinds of experience any 'incomparability' or any 'fundamental dualism'. The idea of their essential difference has been derived, according to his opinion, from a kind of false materialism, which believed in the enclosure of the soul in the body or in a part of it, and, later, in the enclosure of the faculties of the soul in the soul's substance. From this belief sprang the notion that the soul was something enclosed from the 'outer world,' into which enclosure every impression from without could come only through a putting-in, or 'introjection'. The whole modern psychology, psycho-physics and most of philosophical theories contain such opinions, and therefore serve to strengthen the artificial wall between the inner and outer experiences which makes the sciences of the 'inner world' always more inaccessible to exact methods of investigation, and consequently more sterile." (D. Josepha Kodis, in the Psychological Review, vol. iii., 6, p. 609). "The Philosophy of Avenarius attracts more and more attention from thinkers who are striving for new views, and it gains ground steadily. England still holds aloof from it, and this is to some extent strange, since it is in England that we find the origin of the Association Psychology and of a Common-Sense Philosophy; it is true that taken as wholes neither of these has anything to do with Empiriocriticism, but in detail they would find many of their propositions in Empiriocriticism. It must not indeed be concealed that the difficulties of penetrating into Avenarius' works are very serious, chiefly because of the entirely new terminology introduced by him." (Friedrich Carstanjen: Richard Avenarius and his General theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. In: Mind, N.S., Vol. 6 (1897): pp. 449-475).

(Colophon:) Basel, Johannes Froben, August 12. 1516. Folio. Bound in a recent half vellum in old style. A very nice and clean copy with one full page woodcut as title page, consisting of one large central illustration depicting a religious gathering of bishops and other holy men, sorrounded 12 smaller illustrations (6 on each side of the large one), each depicting a saint. Rubricated initials throughout. 77, (1) ff. (144, (1) pp.). Following saints are treated in this (part of the) work: Andreas, Agnes, Paul, Maria, Phillip, Jacob, Crucis, Johannes the baptist, Maria Magdalene, Laurentius, Bartholomeus, Mattheus, Michael the archengel, Luce. BMC (German), p. 412.

Paris, Didot, 1744. 8vo. Two volumes uniformly bound in two very nice Cambridge mirror-style full calf bindings with five raised bands, richly gilt spines, blindstamped ornamentation to board, single gilt line to boarders of boards and edges of boards gilt. Front boards with royal gilt super ex-libris. A small paperlabel pasted on to upper compartment on each binding. A very nice set. (1 blank), (1), XVI, 370 pp. (1 blank), (1) 360 pp. + 2 folded maps. A very nice set of the first edition of this fabricated narrative detailing a voyage across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It describes the exploits of an English sailor named Robert Lade, driven by the pursuit of profit and adventure. Adding to its authenticity are maps by esteemed cartographer Bellin, assorted lists and tables such as the Hudson Bay beaver pelt exchange rate, a glossary of indigenous terms, and detailed geographical coordinates of notable locations along the American west coast. Sabin 38530 Tchemerzine IX, 236c Howes 5843

[Regola de cingue:] Rome, Gio. Battista de Rossi (1617). [Alcune:] Rome, Francesco Villamena, 1617. Folio (420 x 280 mm). In contemporary limp vellum. Stamp to front and back free end-papers. Small worm tract affecting inner margin of first 11 ff. Extremities with some miscolouring and a few dots and marks. Internally fine and clean with plates in good clear impression. [Regola de cingue:] With engraved title-page with portrait of Vignola and dedicatory leaf followed 36 numbered plates (from I-XXXVI, number I and II engraved dedication plates). [Alcune:] With engraved title and 15 engraved plates. Lacking the two folding plates of the plan and section of the Palazzo Farnese at Caprarola. A fine copy of Vignola highly influential work which remained a standard textbook on architectural orders for no less than three centuries. “His 'Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura', a concise illustrated tract on the five orders, enjoyed immense popular and academic success throughout Europe and was the most influential book on classical architecture until the advent of Modernism" (Turtle). Alongside Palladio and Serlio, Vignola was the third great architectural theorist of the renaissance. The work is more a collection of plates, depicting the five classical orders, than a readable book. The original copperplates of the present work were purchased around 1617 from Vaccario, the printer of the 1607-edition, by the Roman printer Francesco Villamena. The ‘Opere’ (withbound in the present copy) was meant to function as a companion to ‘Regola’ It featured facades, plans and portals of buildings by Vignola and a few attributed to Michelangelo. After Villamena’s death, these copperplates were bought by Giovanni Battista de Rossi, whose name appears in the title-page of this copy. “After studying in Bologna, Vignola went to Rome in the 1530s and made drawings of the antiquities for a projected edition of Vitruvius’ treatise on architecture. In 1541–43 he spent 18 months at the court of Francis I at Fontainebleau and in Paris, where he probably met his fellow Bolognese, the architect Sebastiano Serlio and the painter Primaticcio. On his return to Italy he built the Palazzo Bocchi at Bologna and then went to Rome (c. 1550), where he was appointed architect to Pope Julius III, for whom he built the Villa Giulia in collaboration with Giorgio Vasari and Bartolommeo Ammannati, in 1551–55. This was a summer villa, based on ancient villa types as described by Pliny the Younger, with a small house and an elaborate garden.” (Britannica).

I Julen 1850. Stor8vo. Indbundet i nær samtidigt hldrbd. med stregforgyldninger på ryggen. Øverst på forpermen forgyldt skindtitel: "Chr. Winther/ Den rige Fröken/ (Manuskript)". Guldsnit foroven. På indersiden af forpermen exlibris tilhørende Max Lester. Ialt 27 nummerrede sider, egenhændigt af Christian Winther. Pp. 1-2 Titelblad., pp. 3-4 (29 linier) dedikationsdigt "Til Julie" (digterens hustru), pp. 5-27 (Den rige Fröken). Dette af Winther renskrevne manuskript er typisk for ham. Han afskrev selv ofte sine digte, som han lod hefte og overrakte til sin hustru med en peronlig dedikation, som her. Dedikationen (på 29 linier) indledes således: "Jeg sidder her med bedste Flid/ Og maler dig et Billed;/ En Scene fra en svunden Tid/ Min Pensel har fremstillet."Det lange digt blev trykt i "Nye Digtninger", 1853 pp. 79-96, dog her uden dedikationsdigtet.Vedlagt "Nye Digtninger", 1853 i samtidigt halvlæderbind med rygforgyldning.

Paris, Didot Fréres, 1848. 4to. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Rebacked, prserving all of the orig. spine. 1591 pp. Many textillustrations and 2 engraved plates. Double columns. Clean and fine. First edition.

London, Printed by Andrew Clark for John Martyn, Henry Brome, and Richard Chiswell, 1672. Folio (320 x 210 mm). In contemporary full calf with five raised bands and double ruled fillets to boards. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Lower part of back hinge split. Previous owner's name in contemporary hand to front free end-paper. Light marginal browning to first leaves, but overall a nice and clean copy. (8), 586, (6) pp. + frontispiece. The exceedingly rare first edition of the Reverend Mark Frank’s posthumously published sermons. Mark Frank (1613-1664), was a theologian associated with Pembroke College, Cambridge. Frank's loyalty to the monarchy was evident in a sermon he preached before Charles I, consequently earning royal favor which earned him numerous ecclesiastical promotions, including becoming a Doctor of Divinity and serving as master of Pembroke College. Mark Frank left behind a rather large corpus of unpublished scholarly and evangelical sermons, which were posthumously published in the present work. Wing F2074A

(Paris, 1923). Lex 8vo. Entire issue present, with the original printed wrappers. Some tears to spine and a bit of wear to extremities. A fagile publication. Ff. (6-7). [Entire issue: 8 ff.). Sartre's extremely scarce first publication, in the also exceedingly scarce first number of the "La Revue sans titre", here in the second edition from the same year, which is of equal scarcity to the first. When Contat and Rybalka were making the bibliography of the writings of Sartre, they had great difficulty in finding the interesting rebellion publication "La Revue sans titre", which was - and is - not present in any French library. In fact, they finally borrowed a run of the magazine from M. Jean Gaulmier, professor of literature in Strasbourg, who possessed the only collection of the periodical that they could track down. The "L'Ange du morbid" had been reproduced in 1947 by Marc Beigbeder in his "L'Homme Sartre", but not quite in its entirety, and Contat and Rybalka thus printed the text again, for the second time since 1923, at the back of their Sartre-bibliography (1970) as the first part of the second appendix, which has the half-title "Textes retrouvés" (rediscovered texts). This interesting story which constitutes Sartre's first publication was published when he was merely 18 years old. In a strongly satirical tone Sartre tells the story of a mediocre professor's adventure with a young patient who has tuberculoses. The main character, the professor of a small provincial school, constitutes the pre-figuration of the highly unsympathetic character that occupies his following publications. The "Revue sans titre", of which we here have number one in its entirety, is also in itself interesting. The director of the publication is Charle Fraval, and the editorial secretary is Roger Letac. The publication claims to be "in defense of the Young", and on the front wrapper it states "Those who suffer from the mercantilism of literature, those whose talent is suppressed by the literary magnates, in short all the Young, have reason to read "REVUE SANS TITRE", the only organ in defense of the Young" (own translation, original: "Ceux qui souffrent du mercantilisme de la literature, ceux don't le talent est étouffé par les magnats des letters, tous les jeunes en un mot, ont intérêt à lire la "Revue sans titre" seul organe de defense des Jeunes."