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Kopenhagen, Nicolaus Möller, 1774-78. 4to. Bound in two contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spines. Extremities with light wear. Spine on vol. 1 with wear with most of gilting worn off. Internally fine and clean. 2 engraved titlevignettes. Halftitles. XVI, (6), 505, (1); (16), 479 pp. 1 large folded map, "Tabula Iteneraria... Terrae Yemen... 1763." and 124 engraved maps and plates (complete). Scarce first edition of Niebuhr's great travel account of Arabia. Like his "Beschribung von Arabien", his "Reisebeschreibung von Arabien" "provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years.""Despite its tragic course, the expedition was a complete success with regard to its scientific and scholarly results. It was especially due to Niebuhr's efforts to preserve and continue his and his collegues' , that the Royal Danish Library was eventually equipped with a host of oriental manuscripts, maps, and drawings, as well as many botanical and zoological specimens... It was Niebuhr who edited and published Forskåll's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica (1775) and Descriptiones Animalium (1775), together with the drawings of Bauerfeind. In 1772 he had alredy published his systematic and geographically organized beschreibung von Arabien, which was followed between 1774 and 1778 by the first two volume of his three-volume chronologically arranged Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien. (the item offered, the third volume was published many years later, 1837). Both works, written in a clear and sober language and illustrated with numerous precise drawings, maps, and plans, provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years."(Josef Wiesehöfer).

[Both works:] (No place but possibly Basel, no printer), 1589. 8vo. In contemporary limp vellum. Extremities with wear and soiling, repair to upper part of spine and back board. Dampstain throughout, primarily affecting first and least leaves. A few worm-tracts throughout, occassionally touching text. (16), 201, (7); 331, (3) + portrait. A most interesting sammelband containing two works on political theory, offering contrasting views on rulers legitemacy and how to exercise power. The two works are: Third Latin edition translated by Sylvestre Tellio of Machiavelli's foundational work of modern political philosophy "The Prince", perhaps published in Basel by Pierre Perna like the two previous 1580-editions or in Montbeliard by Jakob Foillet as suggested by “Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts” (VD 16). Machiavelli’s work is here as usual accompanied with the anonymous influential Huguenot tract "Vindiciae contra tyrannos" first published in 1579 of which authorship is uncertain but is usually attributed to Theodore de Beze, Hubert Languet or Philippe de Mornay. It was published in the Wake of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre and seeks through questions to question a King’s legitimatcy: are bound to obey or are able to resist their king when he breaks the divine law? Can the people resist a king on the grounds that he is destroying the commonwealth? Can foreign princes legally support a popular rising against a king on the conditions set out in the first three questions? "The Prince" and "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos" offer contrasting perspectives on the nature of power, the role of rulers, and the relationship between the state and its subjects. Machiavelli's work is pragmatic and focused on the exercise of power, while "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos" is a principled defense of liberty and justice against tyranny. Machiavelli's work is often associated with a cynical view of human nature and politics. He argues that rulers should be pragmatic and willing to act immorally if it serves the interests of the state. "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos" takes a more principled stance on morality, emphasizing the importance of justice and the natural rights of individuals. It argues that rulers are subject to moral constraints and that tyranny is fundamentally unjust. Machiavelli's "The Prince" is notorious for its pragmatic approach to power. Machiavelli argues that a ruler should prioritize stability and order over moral considerations, and he famously states that "the ends justify the means." He advocates for the use of deception, manipulation, and force when necessary to maintain power. "Vindiciae contra Tyrannos," on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of justice and the rule of law. It argues that rulers derive their authority from the consent of the governed and that tyrannical rulers forfeit their legitimacy. The tract provides a theoretical framework for resistance to tyranny, advocating for the right of subjects to resist unjust rule. Adam M-49 Gerber, p. 71, 3. Kress, S. 79.

St. Petersburg, 1895. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with (vague) title to spine. Extremities with wear. Small stamp to top of right corner of title-page, otherwise internally fine. (4), 287, (1) pp. The exceeding rare first edition of Plekhanov's (published under the pseudonym of Beltov) landmark work which was seminal in the spreading of Marxism in Russia. Today, it is considered one of most important theoretical works of Russian Marxism from that period. Lenin would later comment that Plekhanov's book "helped educate a whole generation of Russian Marxists", and Engels, shortly after the publication, wrote directly to Plekhanov congratulating him on the "great success". Plekhanov is regarded as being the founder of Russian Marxism and its main theoretician. Due to his effort and present publication, Russian revolutionaries turned from the Narodniki (populists) movement fashionable in the 1860ies and 70ies to Marxism. The book was sold out immediately after publication and during the Soviet years it was translated into 12 languages and Russian author Mikhail Ivanovich Bulgakov referred to it as the 'The gospel of Russian Social-Democracy'. With the present publication, Plekhanov provided the first creative application of Marxism to the analysis of economic conditions in Russia after the Reform and showed the immediate needs of the Russian revolutionary movement and the political tasks of the Russian working class. He laid bare the reactionary essence of the so-called socialist views of the Narodniks, which had nothing in common with scientific socialism."Marx tells us, he declared, that when a society "has got upon the right track of the natural laws of its movement" it can "neither skip the natural phases of its development nor remove them by legal enactment"; Russia, however, Plekhanov insisted, had not yet entered upon this disastrous track. Western Europe was forced to develop along capitalist lines because the village commune there had disintegrated in the struggle with feudalism; in Russia, though, the village commune had been preserved relatively intact." Later he attacked the course for a socialist revolution, steered by Lenin. He held that the revolution in February 1917, being a bourgeois revolution, was to be the beginning of a long period of capitalist development in Russia. That was why he had a negative attitude towards the Great October Socialist Revolution, seeing it as a "violation of all the laws of history". " (Walicki, A History of Russian Though).Engels commented in January 30, 1895 in a letter to Vera Zasulich that it had been published at a most opportune time. Tsar Nicholas II had just released a statement on January 29 that announced that it was fruitless for the locally elected district councils (Zemstvos), to agitate for any more democratic reforms in the Russian government. Nicholas II had decided to return Russia to the absolute Tsarist autocracy of his father, Alexander III. Under Nicholas II's re-initiation of absolute autocracy, the Zemstvos would become superfluous and basically be abolished. Engels expected this announcement would cause an upsurge in popular protest in Russian and Engels thought the timely publication of Plekhanov's book would augment that popular protest.By the time of its publication, the author was in exile, banned from returning to Russia for 15 years. He wrote the book while staying in London, where he went after being deported from France in 1894 and it appeared legally in Russia under the pseudonym Beltov. Because of the censorship, Plekhanov gave the book, as he put it, the "purposely clumsy" name "monist" without indicating which conception of history-the materialist or the idealist- was meant. Plekhanov's works served the dissemination of proletarian internationalism and the establishment of close ties between the revolutionary movement in Russia and in Western Europe, which is why Lenin pointed to the necessity of studying Plekhanov's philosophical works and insisted on them being republished and included in the "series of compulsory manuals of communism.

Augsburg & Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731 - 1735. Folio (390 x 255 mm). Uniformly bound in four contemporary full calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spine. All edges gilt. Bindings defective, spines missing or partly detached and boards with scratches. Internally with various defects (see below) but internally overall nice and clean. With 706 engraved plates out of 762.Vol. 1: Spine missing, boards partly detached. Stamp with crown to half-title. 10-line note in contemporary hand to title-page (Stating it was given by Gottlieb Heinrich Kannegiesser to Carl Friedrich Cramer, professor i Kiel). Leaf A and A2 with tear. Internally with occassional light marginal miscoluring but generally nice and clean. Half-title, Title-page, (52), 276 pp. + Portrait, frontispiece and 164 (of 177) engraved plates.Vol. 2: Extremities with wear, boards with numerous scratches. Leather on lower compartment detached and partly missing. Head of spine chipped. Small crowned stamp to lower margin of title-page. First 5 ff. with tear to lower margin. Plate CCXL with tear. First leaves slightly soiled and occassional marginal brownspotting throughout, but generally internally nice and clean. (8), 277-672 pp. + 178 (of 189) engraved plates. Vol. 3: Spine partly missing, hinges loose. Most of title-page missing. Last 10 ff. missing upper half of leaves torn off. Light marginal miscolouring throughout, but otherwise internally nice and clean. (6 - not counting the partly missing title-page), 738 pp. + 200 (of 210) engraved plates. Vol. 4: Small stamp to lower margin of title-page. First 5 ff. chipped at lower outer margin, but a bit off loss to the portrait. A few leaves evenly browned and a few leaves with tears. Last leaves soiled. Occassional light marginal brownspotting but internally generally nice and clean. (8), 739-1426, (78) pp. + portrait and 164 (of 173) engraved plates. First appearance of Scheuchzer’s monumental of lavishly illustrated work attempting to marry the scriptures with the sciences, including paleontology, zoology, biology, astronomy and geology. Scheuchzer's is here attempting a scientific explanation of biblical history and discusses events such as the creation, flood and various miracles in terms of physics, medicine and natural history. Further more it also contains a taxonomy of all the plants and animals mentioned in the Bible. “In Scheuchzer’s gigantic work, Physica Sacra, the Baroque attains, philosophically as well as artistically, its high point and its conclusion. It is the last of those elegant works which do not really contain illustrations to a text but which are, in effect, composed of splendid plates with a text to accompany them. The best engravers of the time took part ... and made the whole splendor of Baroque chalcography appear once more” (Faber du Faur). Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672 – 1733), was a Swiss naturalist and geologist. Scheuchzer extensively studied and mapped the geological layers of Switzerland, collecting numerous fossils of shells, fish, and plants. As a diluvialist, he believed that the rock strata and fossils were remnants of Noah's Great Flood. Notably, Scheuchzer identified what he thought were human remains from the Flood, which he named “Homo diluvii testis” or the "human witness of the Flood". “Scheuchzer, however took a giant step beyond his contemporaries. If one can learn about God and the world by studying the Bible and by studying nature, why not combine the two and publish a Bible with a running commentary on natural history, so that each discipline can mutually shed light on the other. The outcome was Scheuchzer's massive Physica Sacra, a four-volume set of thick folios that is often referred to as the "Copper Bible” (Bibel kupfer), because of its abundant copper-plate engravings. The work starts with Genesis 1:1 and proceeds via 760 engravings to illuminate 760 Biblical verses with the most recent information gathered by natural philosophers and natural historians.The attraction of the Copper Bible format for Scheuchzer is that it gave him a framework within which to place a wealth of scientific knowledge that otherwise would be very difficult to structure. It was an encyclopedia of nature, organized by God and annotated by Scheuchzer. No wonder it was so popular, with editions in Latin, French, and German. It was, almost, the perfect book.” (Dr. William B. Ashworth, Linda Hall Library, Scientist of the Day – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer) A Latin edition was published simultaneously. Nissen ZBI 3659(Brunet V, 198 - The Latin edition).

Madrid, Administracion de la Revista de medicina y cirugia practicas, 1885. 8vo. In contemporary red half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Light wear to extremities, cloth-boards with repairs. Inner hinges split. Bookbinder-stamp to front free end-paper. Internally very fine and clean. VIII, 725 pp. A landmark in the history of Darwinism in the Spanish-speaking world, this 1885 Madrid edition is the first full Spanish translation of “The Descent of Man”, and without question the most important Spanish edition of Darwin’s major work on human evolution. “Segunda edición revisada y aumentada” stated on the title-page strictly refers to the fact that this phrase is translated directly from the title-page of the second edition of Darwin’s “The Descent of Man (Second Edition, Revised and Augmented)”. A earlier partial translation (Barcelona, 1876) was made, however, only the seven chapters of Part I was translated, none of Darwin's footnotes are translated or mentioned and none of the illustrations are reproduced here. The translator states in his "Preface" that he is indeed summarizing much, and that his intention is to give a most complete extract of Darwin's main works in one single volume. And since it's necessary to be familiar with "The Origin of Species" he believes that a good way of explaining the basics is to translate a few pages from Ernst Haeckel, which occupies pp. ix to xi of said preface. He doesn't specify the source, but it seems to be a translation of Haeckel's The History of Creation, chapter VII, paragraphs 153-161. This present edition edition is unabridged, translating the full content of both volumes, including Darwin’s detailed exposition on sexual selection, racial theory, and moral evolution, accurately annotated, preserving Darwin’s own footnotes and incorporating his illustrations, unlike any prior Spanish attempt and being scientifically rigorous, following the English second edition directly, without filtering through French intermediaries or secondary paraphrases, and without reference to earlier Spanish partial versions. This 1885 edition of "La descendencia del hombre" represents a key moment in the Spanish reception of Darwin’s ideas. As the first complete and direct translation of "The Descent of Man", it provided Spanish readers with full access to Darwin’s arguments on human evolution, including material previously unavailable in earlier partial versions. Its continued use well into the 20th and even 21st century underscores its bibliographic importance and lasting influence - a major Spanish publisher reused this 1885 translation as late as 2019. In Darwinian thought in the Spanish-speaking world it remains a significant and foundational edition. Freeman 1122c Blanco & Llorca 124

Kiøbenhaffn, Lorentz Benedict, 1564. 4to. Senere helldrbd. 188,156,114 blade. Titelblad og fortale samt sidste blad i smuk lystryk faksimile ( 3 blade ialt). de sidste 10 blade kantrepareret. Lettere brugsspor. 3 træskårne titelblade, tæt beskåret foroven. Talrige større træsnitillustrationer i teksten. Første danske udgave af Luthers Postil og af største sjældenhed i komplet stand. Kun ganske få bevarede på private hænder. De fleste eksemplarer i de offentlige biblioteker er ukomplette (Lauritz Nielsen anfører kun 7 komplette eksemplarer). En af de mest betydningsfulde bøger fra Benedichts trykpresse, og det største i omfang.Extremely scarce first Dansih edition of Luther's "Hauspostille" with only af few copies still on private hands.Thesaurus I, 104. - Birkelund, 24. - Lauritz Nielsen, 1084. - Paulli, 20.

Milano, Treves, 1932. 4to. Original printed wrappers. Uncut and unopened. With a brindstamped publisher's mark to title-page. A very nice copy, with slight marginal wear. (8), 133, (3) pp. The scarce first edition in book form, fourth thousand (i.e. with mention of "quinto migliaio" on title-page), of the key political document of fascist philosophical thought - the publication in which the ideological cornerstones of The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) are officially established. "The Doctrine of Fascism", the first part of which was actually written by Giovanni Gentile, who is not mentioned as the author, was originally published in the Italian Encyclopedia Vol. 14, 1932, as the first section of a lengthy entry on "Fascismo" (Fascism). Gioacchino Volpe's "History on the Fascist Movement" was also published in that volume, as an appendix to Mussolini's entry, and immediately after the Encyclopaedia-publication, the two pieces were published together, in the first book form of the work, under the title "La Dottrina del Fascismo. Con una Storia del Movimento Fascista di Giocchino Volpe", by the "Biblioteca della Enciclopedia Italiana", which undertook the separate publishing of the most important entries of the Encyclopaedia. Mussolini added a series of notes that appered for the first time in the first publication in book-form. The present copy bears the imprint "Quinto migliaio" at the foot of the title-page. We have been unable to determine whether this actually means that the issues of the first edition were in fact divided into thousands and this thus the fourth thousand, or whether, as would have been common practice with eg. propagandist literature, the "fourth thousand" was a way to boost the public perception of the immediate reception of the work. No matter whther the "Quinto migliaio" was a boosting gimmick or not, the work ended up being published in enormous numbers after its initial publication in 1932. Not only did it appear in several newspapers already in 1932, it was also published again in book form already in 1933 and kept appearing in different versions, with other additions on the subject, throughout the following decades. It was also translated into numerous other languages and came to have a tremendous impact on the spreading of fascist thought. This magnum opus of Italian fascism came to have the greatest impact upon Italian politics and the entire political climate of Europe. A key concept of the work is summed up in Mussolini's own words: "Granted that the 19th century was the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy, this does not mean that the 20th century must also be the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy. Political doctrines pass; nations remain. We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right', a Fascist century. If the 19th century was the century of the individual (liberalism implies individualism) we are free to believe that this is the 'collective' century, and therefore the century of the State."

Bath, R. Cruttwell, 1795. Large8vo. Bound in later half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Presentation inscription from the auhtor to top of title page: "From the Author". Title page and first few leafes with brownspotting, otherwise a fine copy. Lacking the half title. Pp. 3-8, 200 + the errata slip inserted after the title page. First edition of this landmark work in scientific social inquiry; constituting one of the earliest microeconomic- and consumer behavior analyses. Davies profoundly influenced social history and initiated the entire field of consumer behavior analysis, two areas of study which were to dominate 19th century economics, relevant not only to economic and social history, but also to present day economic analysis. Davies's work anticipates Eden's "The State of The Poor" (PMM 249) by two years. In the present work, Davies discusses in detail the causes of the poverty of agricultural labourers in England, linking the high prices of goods with poverty, and proposes measures to relieve the labourers, including linking their daily wage to the price of bread. Davies's observations demonstrated the failings of the contemporary Poor Laws and was by many seen as a direct criticism of the central policy making (or lack thereof). "The differences in consumption of poor and rich families excited attention and often compassion, but apparently never quantitative analysis, for many centuries. Finally in England in the 1790's two very different investigators made extensive compilations of workingmen's budgets. [Davies in 1795, Eden in 1797]. Both were stimulated to this task by the distress of the working classes at this time." (Stigler, The Early History of Empirical Studies of Consumer Behavior). "Was bread Giffen? The demand for food in England circa 1790" (in Review of Economics and Statistics, 1977, Vol. 59, issue 2, pp. 225-29). Koenker developed a problem in statistical demand analysis using samples from the budgets recorded in these works. "Two seminal budget studies by .. .Davies ... and ... Eden are employed ... to investigate the place of bread in the diets of English rural laborers at the end of the eighteenth century. Because of the considerable geographical and temporal dispersion in prices of foodstuffs found in these budgets, they afford a unique opportunity to study the influences of both prices and income on individual household consumption decisions. In particular a test is made of the famous hypothesis, attributed by Marshall to Robert Giffen, that a rise in the price of bread, ceteris paribus, increases its consumption among the lower classes." The budget studies to which Koenker refers comprise the 70-page appendix. Davies began collecting statistical data on the poor in 1787 while a rector in the parish of Barkham, Berkshire. "He collected six detailed budgets of 'typical' agricultural laborers living in Barkham and circulated these budgets widely to friends throughout the kingdom. Some of these correspondents were persuaded to produce similar budgets for their own localities. In 1795 Davies edited 127 of these budgets, wrote a dispassionate plea for a minimum wage law tied to the price of wheat, and published both as The Case of Labourers in husbandry." (Koenker). In making the case for government intervention Davies attacks rampant ignorance and prejudice toward the poor, in particular the notion that the poor are profligate creatures of habit. "It is wonderful how readily even men of sense give in to this censure." (p. 31).Davies's studies "were the first examples of studies in that long and semi-honorable liberal tradition of econometrically snooping into the private lives of the poor. By the mid 19th century such studies were being conducted all over Europe by such notables as Ernst Engel, Frederick Engels, Frederick LePlay and others." (Koenker, Applied Econometrics)David Davies (1742-1819), English clergyman and social commentator, was ordained in 1782 and became the rector of Barkham parish, where he remained incumbent until his death. Kress B2916Goldsmith 16422. Not in Einaudi.

Kiøbenh. (i.e. Copenhagen), 1663. 8vo. Contemporary full vellum with handwritten title to spine. Nice and tight with little wear. Einar Christiansen's book plate to inside of front board. (10), 200 pp. With the wonderful engraved illustrated title-page with 11 lovely illustrations allegorically depicting the different chapters. WITH A DATED (1676) ORIGINAL SIGNATURE OF PEDER PEDERSEN SYV INSERTED TO FRONT FREE END-PAPER. The very rare first edition of the first Danish work of comparative linguistics and the first Danish work on comparative history of literature. The work is of seminal importance to the development of the Danish language as the accepted official and written language of Denmark. The seminal philological treatise constituted a programmatic defense of vernacular national languages and Syv is hereby responsible for introducing Danish in a wider spectrum of social domains and to establish a notion of Danish literature as accepted in its own right. Up until Syv, Latin and German were the learned languages of Denmark and the languages used for all matter of official business. But just as Dante had done with Italian, Peder Syv, with the present work, began the quest of making Danish a language also respected for written literature.The Cimbrian language included Scandinavian, Gothic, Slavic, German, and partly English and Russian, and Syv regarded it as one of the oldest tongues in the world, coming from Hebrew and older than Greek and Latin. He refused to view it as originally German. "Peder Syv is sometimes referred to as "the fist Danish grammarian." In this remarkable little book, with its curious illustrated title-page, Syv defends the use of the Danish language in literature. To demonstrate the strength of his native danish tongue, Syv cites the accomplishments of important authors writing in Danish... for example, Huitfeldt, Skonning, Arrebo, Bording, and Pontoppidan." (Reinhardt)Nancy S. Reinhardt: "Danish Literature. An exhibition at the Houghton Library". The Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986, nr. 10.

Stockholm, Tryckt Hos Carl Deleen, 1819. Clean and well-preserved copy bound in cotemporary half calf with gilt and blind tooled decorations on spine. With 38 handcoloured plates. Old name on titlepage. Inserted in a protective plastic cover. (4), 84 pp. This volume has been called the most beautiful Swedish book of the 18th century. Lindberg, Swedish Books, 52 about the first edition from 1786. This is the fourth, but second illustrated edition, and as it is as fine as the first, very rare in so good a state as offered here. "The question of who made the etchings is open to different opinions. The brothers Elias and Johan Fredrik Martin, both important artists, have been mentioned as Mårten Rudolf Heland." (Lindberg op.cit.). Kleberg, Italien i svensk litteratur 2226. Hofberg, Sv. biogr. handlex. I, 279. NBG XV, 750.

Stockholm, Pet. Momma, 1739. Small 8vo. Preserved in covers of older blindstamped golden paper. Title-page a bit soiled and with old owner's names (one of them crossed out, the other one being Roland Martin). A small restoration to lower blank margin of title-page. Woodcut initial at beginning and woodcut end-vignette. (18) pp. Exceedingly rare first edition, first issue (with an excellent provenance) of Linnaeus' seminal speech which has gone down in history as one of the most famous and influential summations on the economy of nature - demonstrated by "curiosities among insects". With poetical eloquence, Linnaeus shows us the wonder of the small creature that is the insect and beautifully ties together the nature of the world that we live in, providing to all living things a means and an end. Published merely four years after the groundbreaking first edition of the "Systema Natura" - and two decades before the definitive 10th edition of it - Linnaeus, in this epochal speech, points us to the fact that only with the "Systema Natura" had the true nature of the insect been discovered, revealing to us also the true wonder of nature. This groundbreaking speech was given at the inauguration of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm in 1739. Linnaeus himself was one of the founders of the academy; this foundational speech not only marks the beginning of the world-changing Academy of Sciences, being the first in a long series of presiding speeches that were given four times a year (when the Academy chose a new chairman), it also marks an epoch in the theory of natural history. The frequent reprinting of the speech bears witness to its epochal character and the importance it came to hold for Linnaeus himself. The extremely scarce first issue was printed by Momma in a poor antiqua setting, mixing three different styles, and the last three pages are in a smaller font. New issues appeared in Swedish in 1747 and 1752, the speech was reprinted in Latin numerous times in different issues of the "Amoenitates", and it was translated into English and German. When occupying oneself with the greatest modern zoologist, Carl von Linné, the founder of binominal nomenclature, one rarely comes across references to his philosophical theory of the world. Unlike many modern thinkers, 18th century scientists and philosophers did not find the notion of God as ruler of the Universe incompatible with hard scientific facts. On the contrary, the relationship between God and Nature was an issue of crucial importance to many natural scientists of the period. The present speech constitutes the most important declaration of Linnaeus' thoughts on the subject, presenting him as what we would call a "physicotheologist". By means of the "curiosities among insects", Linnaeus here presents Nature as a single, self-regulating global entity - an entity that is a wonder created by God. The present publication constitutes one of the most personal works that Linnaeus ever wrote and provides with a direct insight into his entire world view - the view of the world that enabled us to properly classify and systematize all living things. It is not least due to the present work that Linnaeus was so widely admired by the greatest of his contemporaries. In his own time he was not only admired for his great scientific accomplishments, he became famous for wider cultural reasons and for the moral qualities that understream his scientific work. That is the main reason why he was considered a hero by the likes of Rousseau and why the likes of Goethe made debating Linnaeus a pastime in fashionable Romantic circles. The work is of the greatest scarcity. OCLC lists merely six copies in libraries world-wide, two of which are in the US: Kansas State University and North Carolina State University. The remaining four copies are in: Sweden, France, UK, and The Netherlands. ROLAND MARTIN (1726-1788) was prominent physician, who was a student of Linnaeus. He studied at the University of Uppsala and here defended his dissertation in 1745 (under Linnaeus). He was nominated professor of medicine twice, but refused both times. He was considered an excellent teacher and a great physician, but he was a controversian man and caused dramatic debacle when he left the Collegium medicum and joined the Societas chirurgica (only to return in 1766, with a tarnished reputation). Hult, p. 31-32.BMC 3141Soulsby 1341

Berlin, Königlich Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1925-1929. 1. Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1925, pp.414-419. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 147 / Boni 155).2. Neue Möglichkeit für eine einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1928, pp.235-245. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 162/ Boni 175).3. Zur einheitlichen Feldtheorie. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1929, pp.2-7. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 165/ Boni 183).4. Einheitliche Feldtheorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip. Offprint: S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1929, pp.156-159. Original wrappers. Mint. (Weil 166/ Boni 184).5. Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Feldtheorie. In: Festschrift Dr. A. Stodola, Zürich, Füssli, 1929, pp.126-132. Publishers full cloth. Spine slightly faded. Otherwise mint. (Weil 168 / Boni 178).All in all a very fine set. Offprint of all four papers and first edition of the final essay, constituting Einstein's attempt toward creating a unified field theory: "a new theory of space with a view to unification of all forms of activity that fall within the sphere of physics, giving them a common explanation" (PMM416). The task of unifying nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravitational force is nowadays by many considered the holy grail of theoretical physics.Maxwell was the first to develop such a theory when he described the forces of electricity and magnetism as the single force electromagnetism. After Einstein had completed his general theory of relativity (a field theory for gravitation), he turned his attention towards generalizing his theory even further to include Maxwell's theory. Even though Einstein never succeeded in completing this task, in the way that he finished his earlier theories, he pioneered and explored many areas of this subject. "It had been repeatedly observed that Einstein's general theory of relativity necessitated a pluralistic explanation of the universe. In 1925 he announced that he had resolved this difficulty but the announcement was premature. In 1928 he attacked the problem once more, only to find that Riemann's conception of space, on which the general theory was based, would not permit of a common explanation of electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena. In a series of papers [the present] devoted to the development of 'A Uniform Theory of Gravitation and Electricity' he outlined a new theory of space with a view to unification of all forms of activity that fall within the sphere of physics, giving them a common explanation. All that would then remain to complete a scientific unison is the correlation of the organic and inorganic".PMM 416Barchas 586

Göttingen, Dieterich, 1828. Small 4to. Extracted from: 'Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis', Volume 6, pp.99-146. 4to. Modern half morocco with gilt spine lettering. Fine and clean throughout. First edition of the work which inspired one of the greatest breakthroughs in geometry since Euclid.Euler established the theory of surfaces in his 'Recherches sur la courbure des surfaces', 1767. But Euler's treatment of surfaces is not invariant under a natural notion of isometry; with his notion of curvature, for example, the plane and cylinder have different curvatures, although one surface can be bent into the other without stretching or contracting. Such two surfaces are locally alike and one would naturally demand that geometry on these two isometric surfaces are the same. Another way of viewing this is to say that geometry on the surface depends on the geometry of the particular space, in which the surface is embedded.In this work Gauss took a fundamentally different approach to the study of surfaces; in contrast to Euler he represented the points of a surface in terms of two external parameters. Gauss then derived his own notions of the fundamental quantities of surfaces, e.g. arc length, angle between curves, and curvature. The Gauss curvature is related to the Euler curvature, but possesses a fundamentally different property, namely that it is intrinsic, e.g. isometric surfaces have the same curvature at all points. Or, in other words: Geometry (in Gauss' notion) on the surface is independent of the particular geometry of the ambient space. This remarkable result is known as Gauss' "theorema egregium". With this work Gauss established a whole new (and more proper) theory of surfaces. In the paper Gauss derived several important theorems about the length, area, and angles of figures on surfaces. But the "theorema egregium" has deep roots in the foundation of geometry and was to initiate one of the greatest breakthroughs in geometry since Euclid. To Bernhard Riemann (a student of Gauss) this result suggested that a surface could be regarded as a space in itself with its own geometry, having its own notion of distance, angles, etc. independent of the geometry of some other space containing the surface. This idea became the corner stone of Riemann's famous 'Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen', 1867.Norman 880.

Hannover, 1599. Small 8vo. Contemporary full vellum. Binding with some wear, especially to extremities. Lower spine restored. Evenly browned throughout. 210 pp. Extremely scarce first edition of Genitili's highly important "Two Disputations", including the first printing of his seminal treatise "On Lying", which is of fundamental importance to Gentili's legal system that was based on practice and experience and became extremely influential. "In his disputation on lying, published in 1599, he defended the use of the "officious lie" in cases of "great necessity", and insisted that the law should be considered in the light of its ultimate aim, citing the maxim, "Salus populi suprema lex esto" (Let the safety of the people be the supreme law)." (Note: Gentili, Disputationum Duae… 1599). (Kingsbury & Straumann, The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations. Alberico Gentili and the Justice of Empire, p. 142). Alberico Gentili, the "Father of international law" (1552 -1608), was an Italian jurist, tutor of Queen Elizabeth I, and a standing advocate to the Spanish Embassy in London, who served as the Regius professor of civil law at the University of Oxford for 21 years. He was the earliest writer on public international law, and in 1587, he became the first non-English person to be a Regius Professor. Gentili's books are recognized to be among the most essential for international legal doctrines. "A prominent early modern Italian legal theorist and practicing lawyer, Alberico Gentili is regarded, along with Francisco de Vitoria and Hugo Grotius, as one of the founders of the science of the modern law of nations (ius gentium) and a major figure in the development of international relations. He designed a solid and autonomous framework for the law of nations based on three pillars: the Greco-Roman idea of natural law, the Justinian compilation of Roman law, and the-then novel Bodinian notion of sovereignty as supreme, perpetual, and indivisible power. Gentili freed the law of nations from excessive scholastic influences and theological importations, avoiding metaphysical developments and overly subtle dialectics. He tried to build a system based on practice and experience. His legal construction is more inductive from events, episodes, customs, and facts, than deductive from unchanged premises. Providing some new arguments, he removed religion as a valid reason for conflict and war, he advocated for the legitimacy of non-Christian regimes, especially the Ottomans, and he tried to fix the tenuous lines of separation between jurisprudence and theology and between the internal forum and external forum of canon law. Neither the pope nor the Roman Catholic Church has a place in Gentili's systematic account. His world-famous saying - silete theologi in munere alieno! - commands the theologian not to be involved in other people's business and was claimed centuries later by the jurisprudence of European public law to argue in favor of the secularization of the law, beyond the limits Gentili himself intended." (Domingo & Minucci, Alberigo Gentili and the Secularization of the Law of Nations, p. 1). Alberico Gentili was a transitional, erudite, legal thinker and practicing lawyer fully involved in the events of his lifetime and attentive to continuous and profound political and social changes. Educated in the Bartolist method, he gradually evolved to a more integrated jurisprudence, in accordance with the humanist approach. He elaborated a new framework for the law of nations as a part of the law of nature to be applied between and among sovereign states and governed by Justinian Roman law. He also offered a systematic account of two of the most relevant institutions of international relations: diplomacy and war. Gentili's severe critique of religious intolerance; his drawing of a demarcation between the spiritual and the temporal, the internal and the external forum of conscience; his separation of functions between theologians and jurists; his continuous interpretative effort to find principles of natural law-all of these ideas and attitudes, among others, contributed to the establishment of the theoretical basis of the European modern state and to the building up of an international society of sovereign nations. (Domingo & Minucci, Alberigo Gentili and the Secularization of the Law of Nations, p. 17). First editions by Gentili are exceedingly rare on the market.

Paris, Steph.Ganeau, 1714. Folio. Bound in one beautiful cont.full mottled calf w. six raised bands, gilt compartments. Hinges, capitals and corners professionally restored. Internally very nice and clean, apart from heavy browning to the smaller woodcut of the second title-page. Engraved title-page, title-page w. woodcut vignette, XXVI, (19), 140 pp., second engraved title-page, and 334 sheets of plates, containing 1327 fine engravings on 334 sheets (being 331 sheets with four engravings on each and three sheets with one large engraving on each; all of these are numbered (the engravings on the first 331 sheets are numbered 1-1324); number 406 has to extras, being 406+ and 406*, number 673 has one extra being 673+, number 674 has one extra, being 674+, numbers 826, 827 and 828 are collected on one engraving, and numbers 1076 and 1256 (would have been within the plates that consist of four engravings each) are omitted), complete. All of the first 331 sheets consist of four illustration, and most of them are made as four separate engravings, but some of them are made frofrom just two engravings, but still depicting four illustrations of axactly the same measure as the rest. First edition of Barrelier's chief botanical work, his famous "Hortus Mundi", for which he was supported financially by Gaston von Orléans but which he never finished due to illness. The text was destroyed in a fire after his death, but the numerous drawings survived and in 1714, ab. 40 years after Barrelier's death, Antoine de Jussieu published the work with the original plates under the title "Plantae per Galliam...".Jacques Barrelier (1606 - 1673) was a French Dominican, botanist and physician. He undertook extensive travels throughout France, Spain and Italy and spent 25 years in Rome, where he founded the botanical garden of the Saint-Xyste convent. During his time in Rome he worked on his magnum opus, which was later to become his "Plantae per Galliam...", for which he had an enormous amount of engravings made after his numerous drawings of plants. When he returned to Paris in 1672, he had stopped working on his great work, and in 1973 he died of an asthma-attack. The text for the work is destroyed in a fire, but the engravings are saved, which makes it possible for Antoine de Jussieu about 40 years later to publish the work the Barrelier never came to finish himself. Antoine de Jussieu (1686-1758) was out of a prominent French family distinguished for ist excellent botanists. He was a physician who also practiced medicine and devoted much of his time to treating the very poor. He studied at the University of Montpellier, and like Barrelier, he travelled through Spain and Portugal. In 1708 he went to Paris, where he succeeded J.P. de Tournefort at the Jardin des Plantes. His main works are his publication of Barrelier's "Plantae per Galliam..." and an edition of Tournefort's "Institutiones rei herbariae", printed in 1719 in three volumes.Barrelier has given name to the flower genus "Barleria", which covers roughly 300 species.Pritzel 423. Nissen I:7-8. (Nissen mentions "334 Kupf. mit 1324 Fig.; this, however seems not to omit the last three full-page engravings that are numbered 1325-27). Hunt II,I:432.

Paris, The Olympia Press, (1955). 2 volumes. Original green printed wrappers with slight wear along the edges. Hinges and capitals with slight paper loss. Apart from the edgewear and monir loss of paper, both volumes are fresh, tight, square, and clean, also internally. First edition, first issue (with "Francs : 900" to back wrappers) of this magnum opus of 20th century literature, which, with its innovative style and highly controversial subject matter caused an upright scandal when it appeared. The work had been turned down by six publishing houses, before it was finally printed, anticipating how it would be received by the public. In 1955, Nabokov finally signed a contract with Olympia Press in Paris. By the Sunday Express editor it was called "the filthiest book I have ever read" and "sheer unrestrained pornography"; the Home Office in Great Britain instructed British Customs to seize all copies entering the country, and in 1956 the book was banned in France. The various translations of the work into other languages caused a number of other scandals, but in spite of American officials being anxious about the appearance of the first American edition, this was issued without problems (in 1958) and became an instant bestseller. In fact, it sold more than 100.000 copies within the first three weeks (being the first book after "Gone With the Wind" to do so).Today, the book is considered a classic of modern literature and one of the finest novels of the 20th century.

Torino, Unione Tipografico-Editrice, 1886. Royal8vo. Bound in a contemporary half vellum binding with red and green title label to spine with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine, forming six compartments. In "Biblioteca dell'Economista", Third Series, volume 9. wear to extremities and light brownspotting throughout, especially to first and least leaves. e copy. Il Capitale: 685 pp. [Entire volume: (4), 903, (1) pp.]. First full Italian translation of Marx' landmark work, constituting what is arguably the greatest revolutionary work of the nineteenth century. The work proved immensely influential in both communist and fascist circles. Antonio Gramsci, founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI), based much of his theoretical and practical work on the present translation of Marx' work and Ezra Pound read this Italian translation (which is among the most heavily marked annotated volumes in his personal library) and was horrified by the accounts of the exploitation of labor given by Marx which eventually grew into his sympathy for fascism and Mussolini's socialist roots. (Rainey, Textual Studies in the Cantos).The translation was done in nine installments beginning in 1882 but was not published until 1886. The translation, however, remained relatively unknown: "It was difficult in Italy during that period [late 19th century] to obtain Marx's works. With the exception of Cafiero's hard to find summary and some other summarizing pamphlets published by another Southern scholar, Pasquale Martiguetti of Benevent, those Italians who sought to consult Marx were forced (unless they could read the original German) to have recourse to the French translation of the first volume of 'Capital', published in 1875. True, in 1886 Boccardo had published in Biblioteca dell'Economista, an Italian translation of 'Capital', but this was inaccessible to those of modest means." (Piccone, Italian Marxism).The first edition of the work originally appeared in German in 1867, and only the first part of the work appeared in Marx' lifetime.Bert Andréas 154Einaudi (not numbered, between no. 3769 and 3770)Mattioli 2287 (a reprint from 1916).

Kjøbenhavn, C. A. Reitzel, 1866. 8vo. Bound with the original front wrapper in a recent burgundy full cloth binding. Gilt spine and gilt title to front board. With a handwritten inscription from Andersen to front wrapper: "Ildfluens Forfatterinde / en hjertelig Hilsen fra / Forfatteren." A few scattered brownspots, otherwise internally clean. (4),144;(4),191,(1) pp. A lovely presentation-copy of the third printing of Andersen's famous novel. The copy is inscribed by Andersen to the Danish author and feminist Axelline Lund (1836-1918). Lund was a close friend of Andersen and is frequently mentioned in his diaries. From 1898 through 1904, Lund taught Italian at the Royal Academy of Arts in Copenhagen. According to Andersen's diary (24 August 1874), Lund was supposed to translate the work into Italian, and the present copy was sent to her for this purpose: "Da jeg ikke fandt 'Improvisatoren' bestemt for Fru Lund, som vil oversætte den naar hun kommer til Italian, skrev jeg til Reitzel om et Exemplar." ('Since I couldn't find a copy of 'Improvisatoren' for Mrs Lund, who wishes to translate it when she goes to Italy, I asked Reitzel [the editor] for a copy.')

Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1923. 4to. Bound in 2 contemp. full cloth. Spines gilt and with gilt lettering. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 177. With htitle a. titlepage. 1513 pp. (Entire volume offered). De Broglie's papers: pp. 507-510, pp. 548-551 a. pp. 630-32. Clean and fine. A stamp to verso of titlepage. First edition of these papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Théorie des Quanta."De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation, I suddenly had the idea, during the year 1923, that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" (Preface to his PhD thesis 1924)."He made the leap in his September 10, 1923, paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons, to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper, he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."(Pais "Subtle is the Lord", pp. 425-436).In the third paper (October 8) he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat (rays), and Pierre Louis Maupertuis (particles) as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could, using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves, obtain Planck’s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter, for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory, de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."(DSB)."This idea [i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves] was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927... Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established, and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions, each applicable under certain circumstances, but incompatible with one another." (Printing and the Mind of Man, 417).

Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1923. 4to. Bound in one contemp. full buckram. Spines gilt and with gilt lettering. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 177. Bound with orig. printed front-wrapper to No. 1, half-title and title-page to vol. 177. 1513 pp. (Entire volume offered). De Broglie's papers: pp. 507-510, pp. 548-551 a. pp. 630-32. Clean and fine. A punched stamp on foot of title-page. First edition of these papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Théorie des Quanta."De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation, I suddenly had the idea, during the year 1923, that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" (Preface to his PhD thesis 1924)."He made the leap in his September 10, 1923, paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons, to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper, he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."(Pais "Subtle is the Lord", pp. 425-436).In the third paper (October 8) he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat (rays), and Pierre Louis Maupertuis (particles) as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could, using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves, obtain Planck’s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter, for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory, de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."(DSB)."This idea [i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves] was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927... Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established, and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions, each applicable under certain circumstances, but incompatible with one another." (Printing and the Mind of Man, 417).

Hamburg: Otto Meissner, 1885. 8vo. Very nice contemporary black half calf with gilt spine. A bit of wear to extremitoes. Inner front hinge a little weak. Title-page a littel dusty, but otherwise very nice and clean. Book-plate (Arnold Heertje) to inside of front board. XXVII, (1), 526 pp. + 1 f. With pp. 515-16 in the first state ("Consumtionsfonds" with a C) and with the imprint-leaf at the end. Scarce first edition of the second volume of "The Capital", edited from Marx's manuscripts by Friedrich Engels and with a 20 pages long preface by Engels. The second volume constitutes a work in its own right and is also known under the subtitle "The Process of Circulation of Capital ". Although this work has often been to as referred to as "the forgotten book" of Capital or "the unknown volume", it was in fact also extremely influential and highly important - it is here that Marx introduces his "Schemes of Reproduction", here that he founds his particular macroeconomics, and here that he so famously distinguishes two "departments" of production: those producing means of production and those producing means of consumption - "This very division, as well as the analysis of the relations between these departments, is one of the enduring achievements of Marx's work." (Christopher J. Arthur and Geert Reuten : The Circulation of Capital. Essays on Volume Two of Marx's Capital. P. 7).The work is divided into three parts: The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits, The Turnover of Capital, The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital, and it is here that we find the main ideas behind the marketplace - how value and surplus-value are realized. Here, as opposed to volume 1 of "The Capital", the focus is on the money-owner and -lender, the wholesale-merchant, the trader and the entrepreneur, i.e. the "functioning capitalist", rather than worker and the industrialist. "[i]t was here, in the final part of this book [i.e. vol. II of Das Kapital], that Marx introduced his "Schemes of Reproduction", which influenced both Marxian and orthodox economics in the first decades of the twentieth century." (Arthur & Reuten p. 1).The first volume of "Das Kapital" was the only one to appear within Marx' life-time. It appeared 1867, followed by this second volume 18 years later, which Engels prepared from notes left by Karl Marx.

Leipzig, C.G. Naumann, 1889. 8vo. Bound in a contemporary red half cloth binding with red marbled paper over boards and single gilt lines. Gilt lettering and a single gilt ornamentation to spine. Lovely patterned irdiscent end-papers in blue with white flowers. Boards slightly faded at top. Front hinge a bit soiled. Spine a bit discoloured and a bit worn at capitals. A few leaves with light, scattered brownspotting, but overall very clean and fresh. A few minor pencil marks on several pages and some faint brown spots on the final page. (8), 144 pp. First edition, published in 1889 from Nietzsche's private press, of the epitome of Nietzsche's final project -a re-valuation of all values ("Eine Umwerthung aller Werthe"), -his hugely interesting "declaration of war" (preface p. (4): "Diese Schrift ist eine grosse Kriegserklärung"), which was written during his last productive year, just before his big breakdown in Turin. "Götzen-Dämmerung" ("The Twilight of the Idols") arguably constitutes the culmination of the production of this giant of philosophy, who turned mad after having finished it.Early in 1889, Nietzsche began to exhibit signs of serious mental illness; in Turin, he finally broke down and was brought back to Basel by his friends. "The Twilight of the Idols" was released merely a few weeks after this collapse, and Nietzsche never wrote again.Nietzsche had 1.000 copies of the work privately printed. The work is considered one of his most popular, and it is here that we find some of the most frequently quoted passages from the works of Nietzsche, e.g. "What does not kill me, only makes me stronger" (p.2.: "Was mich nicht umbringt, macht mich stärker").The Twilight was meant as an introduction to, or summary of, Nietzshe's philosophy, and as such it is one of his most interesting works. It is written almost as in a rage of fever - it took him no more than a week to write it -, and he regarded it a world-changing magnum opus. As he states at the end of the preface: "Turin, am 30. September 1888, am Tage, da das erste Buch der Umwerthung aller Werthe zu ende kam." (i.e. "Turin, on September 30. 1888, on the day that the first book on the re-valuation of all value came to an end."). This highly polemical work makes clear reference to Wagner's opera "Götterdämmerung", and it presents us with a sharp critique of the most influential philosophers in history, e.g. Kant and Plato, and of Christianity in general, but also the likes of Rousseau, Hugo, Renan, Mill, Darwin, Dante etc. are attacked as the causes of cultural decadence in Europe. Giants like Caesar, Napoleon, Dostojevski, Goethe, and Thukydides are considered representatives of the opposite.The mental collapse of the author may not come as a surprise to anyone reading the work.Of the 1.000 copies, 659 still remained unsold by October 1893.Twilight of the Idols: Schaberg: 56a

Paris, Saillant & Nyon, 1771. 4to. Near contemp. hcalf. Gilt spine with gilt lettering. Very light wear along edges. Stamps on title-page. (8, incl. htitle),417,(1) pp., 20 engraved maps and charts (numb. 1-19 + 16 bis) of which 18 are folded, including the large world map. 2 engraved plates (numb. 1-2). Internally clean and fine, a few leaves with marginal brownspots. First edition of this famous circumnavigation, being the first voyage around the world with professional naturalists and geographers onboard. Bougainville was the first Frenchman to sail around the world. In 1771, Bougainville published his travel log from the expedition under the title "Le voyage autour du monde, par la frégate La Boudeuse, et la flûte L'Étoile". The book describes the geography, biology and anthropology of Argentina (then a Spanish colony), Patagonia, Tahiti and Indonesia (then a Dutch colony). The book was a sensation, especially the description of Tahitian society. Bougainville described it as an earthly paradise where men and women lived in blissful innocence, far from the corruption of civilisation.Bougainville's descriptions powerfully expressed the concept of the noble savage, influencing the utopian thoughts of philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau before the advent of the French Revolution. Denis Diderot's book Supplément au voyage de Bougainville retells the story of Bougainville's landing on Tahiti, narrated by an anonymous reader to one of his friends. Diderot used his fictional approach, including a description of the Tahitians as noble savages, to criticise Western ways of living and thinking.Sabin, 6864.

Lyckstad, Andrees Kock og Kiøbenhaffn, Christen Jensen [Wering], 1648-54. Tvær 16mo. Indbundet i et smukt, nyere privat helskindsbind med guld- og blindtryk på ryg og permer (Anker Kyster). Indvendig guldbordure og kanter af permer forgyldte. Med et særdeles nydeligt sølvspænde. Indlagt i en kunstfærdig bogæske. Ryg falmet. Titelbladet til første del, samt fem yderligere blade (anden del: pp. 15-16, 47-48, 59-60, 129-30, 177) restaureret, i nogle tilfælde med tab af tekst. Gennemgående vanskjold i første del, ellers ren og pæn indvendig. (32), 190; (24), 182; (8), 166, (2) pp. 16mo. Bound in a beautiful later full calf binding (Anker Kyster). Spine and boards lavishly gilt and blindstamped. Gilt inner dentelles, edges of boards gilt. With an unusually beautiful silver clasp. In an artful clamshell box. Spine faded. Title page of the first part, as well as five other leaves restored (second part: pp. 15-16, 47-48, 59-60, 129-30, 177), in some cases with loss of text. First part water stained throughout, otherwise clean inside. (32), 190; (24), 182; (8), 166, (2) pp. Probably the only copy in private hands of the extremely rare collection of melodies for ‘Dend Hyrdinde Astrea’ (1645), based on Honoré d'Urfé's work L'Astrée and translated from French into Danish in 1645 (Thesaurus 694). D'Urfé's magnum opus, L'Astrée, was published in five parts from 1607 to 1627, totalling around 5,000 pages. Set on the banks of the Lignon River in 5th century Gaul, the novel depicts a world of pastoral innocence. The title refers to the protagonists Astrée and Céladon, who cannot marry because of their families' mutual enmity. The copy previously belonged to the two prominent book collectors Einar Christiansen and Erik Dal. According to a note at the back of the book, the copy was bound in black cloth when Einar Christiansen bought it at Wimmer's auction in 1913. _____________________________________________ Formodentlig det eneste eksemplar i privat eje af den uhyre sjældne melodisamling til 'Dend Hyrdinde Astrea' (1645), baseret på Honoré d'Urfés værk L'Astrée og oversat fra fransk til dansk i 1645 (Thesaurus 694). D’Urfés magnum opus, L'Astrée, blev udgivet i fem dele fra 1607 til 1627 og består samlet af omkring 5.000 sider. Romanen, der udspiller sig ved bredden af floden Lignon i det 5. århundredes Gallien, skildrer en verden af pastoral uskyld, hvor hyrder og hyrdinder lever for kærligheden. Titlen refererer til hovedpersonerne Astrée og Céladon, der ikke kan gifte sig på grund af deres familiers indbyrdes fjendskab. Eksemplaret har tidligere tilhørt de to prominente bogsamlere Einar Christiansen og Erik Dal. Ifølge en note bagerst i bogen var eksemplaret - da Einar Christiansen købte det på Wimmers auktion (1913) - indbundet i sort lærred. ______________________________________________________ Biblioteca Danica IV, 203. Thesaurus 693.

Paris, l'imprimerie Nationale, 1793. 12mo. Uncut and unbound with original stitching. Printed on blue paper. A fine, clean, and fresh copy. 39 pp. The rare first pocket-edition of the highly influential French 1793-Declaration 'Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen' often referred to as the Constitution of the Year I, or the The Montagnard Constitution. A folio-edition was printed the same year but this pocket-edition was probably the first meant for the public. The present publication constitutes the univocal break with l'Ancien Régime. The Constitution of 1793 was the second constitution written and approved during the French Revolution but legally created the First French Republic, which had been established on September 22, 1792. The Declaration and Constitution were ratified by popular vote in July 1793, following approval by 1,784,377 out of approximately 1,800,000 voters. Unknown to most, the Constitution of 1791 did not entail a complete break with l'Ancien Régime. In fact, the political order envisaged by the Assembly was a form of constitutional monarchy. This uneasy compromise was bound to be overtaken by the historical events and eventually this first true republican constitution was adopted by the National Convention on June 24, 1793. The Constitution was based on the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' of 1789, to which it added several rights, proclaiming the superiority of popular sovereignty over national sovereignty, and various economic and social rights, such as the right of association, right to work and public assistance, and the right to public education.This constitution also required the government to ensure a "right to subsistence," while simultaneously reiterating the inviolability of personal property. To many, especially the Jacobins, the Constitution of 1793 provided a model framework for an egalitarian, democratic republic.The text was mainly written by Hérault de Séchelles, a French judge and politician who took part in the French Revolution on the side of the Montagnards a political group during the French Revolution whose members sat on the highest benches in the Assembly. The term, which was first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly, came into general use in 1793. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Montagnards unleashed the Reign of Terror in 1794.The constitution was officially suspended on October 10 in favor of "revolutionary government [...] until the peace" and it was eventually replaced by the French Constitution of 1795.