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Paris, Guillaumin, 1839. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. With author's presentation inscription to half title: "de la part d. l'auteur / á son ami M. Philip Taylor / H. S." (i.e. English: "From the author to his friend Mr. Philip Taylor, H. S. (i.e. Horace Say)). A few scratches to spine and internally with light occassional brownspotting, but overall a nice and clean copy. 333, (3) + 5 plates of which 2 are folded. Uncommon first edition – with author’s presentation inscription to English industrialist Philip Taylor - of Say’s seminal work in which he analyzes Brazil not just descriptively but analytically, treating it as a case study for how free trade, open markets and liberal institutions can foster economic development and growt. This embodies the classical liberal belief in progress through commerce - linking Enlightenment ideals to the economic realities of the 19th century. In the present work Say reflects and extends the liberal economic philosophy of his father famous Jean-Baptiste Say, celebrated for "Say’s Law" and his advocacy of free markets. While Jean-Baptiste laid the theoretical foundation for classical economics in France, his son Horace applied these ideas to real-world contexts - analyzing Brazil as a proving ground for liberal trade principles. The work bridges theory and practice showing how the younger Say carried forward and globalized his father’s economic legacy. Say identifies Brazil as a model for future French colonial economics - not in terms of conquest but through integration into global trade networks. This early liberal vision contrasts sharply with later exploitative imperial models and shows how economists like Say envisioned colonialism as an economic partnership shaped by industrial and technological exchange. He anticipates the country's economic take-off and presents it as a promising model for France’s emerging colonial ambitions, especially in the tropics. The book is deeply informed by the liberal economic thought of the time and offers a fine insight into the global economic thinking of 19th-century France. The present copy was given by Say to Philip Taylor (1786–1870), an English industrialist and engineer. He was a pivotal figure in Franco-British industrial exchange during the 19th century. A Protestant like Say, Taylor settled in Marseille, where he played a crucial role in advancing industrial technologies, especially in the sugar refining sector. His connection with the Say family was not only personal but also professional - he collaborated closely with Horace Say’s uncle, founder of the Say sugar refinery (later Béghin-Say), to introduce British-designed machinery into French industry. The friendship between Say and Taylor reflects a broader internatioanl network of liberal thinkers, industrialists and reformers who were shaping the global economy during the first half of the 19th century. This dedication documents a personal and ideological alliance at the heart of early industrial globalization linking two pivotal figures at the intersection of theory and industry. Kress III, C.4986 Not in Einaudi or Mattioli.

Berlin, 1913. Royal 8vo. Uncut and partly unopened in original printed wrappers. A bit of spotting to original printed spine, but overall in magnificent condition. Completely original and as fresh as can be wished for. (8), 446, (2). The very rare first edition of Rosa Luxemburg's magnum opus - "without doubt, one of the most original contributions to Marxist economic doctrine since "Capital". In its wealth of knowledge, brilliance of style, trenchancy of analysis and intellectual independence, this book, as Mehring, Marx's biographer, stated, was the nearest to "Capital" of any Marxist work. The central problem it studies is of tremendous theoretical and political importance: namely, what effects the extension of capitalism into new, backward territories has on the internal contradictions rending capitalism and on the stability of the system." (Tony Cliff). Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) was one of the most influential Marxists of the late 19th century. In her youth, she joined the socialist movement and went to Switzerland in exile in 1889. Here she studied law and economics and developed close connections to the leading members of the Russian socialist party. As opposed to Lenin, she was in complete favour of internationalism and therefore in opposition to the established Russian and Polish socialist parties that supported Polish independence. In 1893, she co-founded what was to be the forerunner of the Polish Communist Party, namely the Socialdemocratic Labour Party of Poland.In 1899, Rosa Luxemburg settled in Berlin and joined the German Socildemocratic Party, SPD and represented the revolutionary wing. She believed strongly in revolutionary mass action, but as opposed to Lenin, she was not completely bound to the revolutionary party and spoke out against movements like the reform union in Germany. "Rosa Luxemburg was born in the small Polish town of Zamosc on 5 March 1871. From early youth she was active in the socialist movement. She joined a revolutionary party called Proletariat, founded in 1882, some 21 years before the Russian Social Democratic Party (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) came into being. From the beginning Proletariat was, in principles and programme, many steps ahead of the revolutionary movement in Russia. While the Russian revolutionary movement was still restricted to acts of individual terrorism carried out by a few heroic intellectuals, Proletariat was organising and leading thousands of workers on strike. In 1886, however, Proletariat was practically decapitated by the execution of four of its leaders, the imprisonment of 23 others for long terms of hard labour, and the banishment of about 200 more. Only small circles were saved from the wreck, and it was one of these that Rosa Luxemburg joined at the age of 16. By 1889 the police had caught up with her, and she had to leave Poland, her comrades thinking she could do more useful work abroad than in prison. She went to Switzerland, to Zurich, which was the most important centre of Polish and Russian emigration. There she entered the university where she studied natural sciences, mathematics and economics. She took an active part in the local labour movement and in the intense intellectual life of the revolutionary emigrants.Hardly more than a couple of years later Rosa Luxemburg was already recognised as the theoretical leader of the revolutionary socialist party of Poland. She became the main contributor to the party paper, Sprawa Rabotnicza, published in Paris. In 1894 the name of the party, Proletariat, was changed to become the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland; shortly afterwards Lithuania was added to the title. Rosa continued to be the theoretical leader of the party (the SDKPL) till the end of her life.In August 1893 she represented the party at the Congress of the Socialist International. There, a young woman of 22, she had to contend with well-known veterans of another Polish party, the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), whose main plank was the independence of Poland and which claimed the recognition of all the experienced elders of international socialism. Support for the national movement in Poland had the weight of long tradition behind it: Marx and Engels, too, had made it an important plank in their policies. Undaunted by all this, Rosa Luxemburg struck out at the PPS, accusing it of clear nationalistic tendencies and a proneness to diverting the workers from the path of class struggle; and she dared to take a different position to the old masters and oppose the slogan of independence for Poland. (For elaboration on this, see Rosa Luxemburg and the national question below.) Her adversaries heaped abuse on her, some of them, like the veteran disciple and friend of Marx and Engels, Wilhelm Liebknecht, going so far as to accuse her of being an agent of the Tsarist secret police. But she stuck to her point.Intellectually she grew by leaps and bounds. She was drawn irresistibly to the centre of the international labour movement, Germany, where she made her way in 1898." (Tony Cliff, Rosa Luxemburg Biography).In 1919, she was captured and murdered by reactionary freetroop officers, but her theoretical works remained highly influential throughout almost a century. As late as the 1960'ies and 70'ies, she was still seen as somewhat of a revolutionary hero and champion of communism. "When the First World War broke out, practically all the leaders of the Socialist Party [SPD] were swept into the patriotic tide. On 3 August 1914 the parliamentary group of German Social Democracy decided to vote in favour of war credits for the Kaiser’s government. Of the 111 deputies only 15 showed any desire to vote against. However, after their request for permission to do so had been rejected, they submitted to party discipline, and on 4 August the whole Social Democratic group unanimously voted in favour of the credits. A few months later, on 2 December, Karl Liebknecht flouted party discipline to vote with his conscience. His was the sole vote against war credits.This decision of the party leadership was a cruel blow to Rosa Luxemburg. However, she did not give way to despair. On the same day, 4 August, on which the Social Democratic deputies rallied to the Kaiser’s banner, a small group of socialists met in her apartment and decided to take up the struggle against the war. This group, led by Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Franz Mehring and Clara Zetkin, ultimately became the Spartakus League. For four years, mainly from prison, Rosa continued to lead, inspire and organise the revolutionaries, keeping high the banner of international socialism...The revolution in Russia of February 1917 was a realisation of Rosa Luxemburg’s policy of revolutionary opposition to the war and struggle for the overthrow of imperialist governments. Feverishly she followed the events from prison, studying them closely in order to draw lessons for the future. Unhesitatingly she stated that the February victory was not the end of the struggle but only its beginning, that only workers’ power could assure peace. From prison she issued call after call to the German workers and soldiers to emulate their Russian brethren, overthrow the Junkers and capitalists and thus, while serving the Russian Revolution, at the same time prevent themselves from bleeding to death under the ruins of capitalist barbarism.When the October Revolution broke out, Rosa Luxemburg welcomed it enthusiastically, praising it in the highest terms. At the same time she did not believe that uncritical acceptance of everything the Bolsheviks did would be of service to the labour movement. She clearly foresaw that if the Russian Revolution remained in isolation a number of distortions would cripple its development; and quite early in the development of Soviet Russia she pointed out such distortions, particularly on the question of democracy.On 8 November 1918 the German Revolution freed Rosa Luxemburg from prison. With all her energy and enthusiasm she threw herself into the revolution. Unfortunately the forces of reaction were strong. Right-wing Social Democratic leaders and generals of the old Kaiser’s army joined forces to suppress the revolutionary working class. Thousands of workers were murdered; on 15 January 1919 Karl Liebknecht was killed; on the same day a soldier’s rifle butt smashed into Rosa Luxemburg’s skull.With her death the international workers’ movement lost one of its noblest souls. "The finest brain amongst the scientific successors of Marx and Engels", as Mehring said, was no more. In her life, as in her death, she gave everything for the liberation of humanity." (Tony Cliff, Biography of Rosa Luxemburg).Sraffa 3560Social Liberation 4066

Frankfurt & Leipzig, Christoff Riegels, 1688. 12mo. In contemporary full vellum with yapp edges. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Light soiling to extremities. A few annotations and previous owner's name (Peter Otto Rosenørn - owner of Hersomgård) in contemporary hand to front free end-paper, a few plates with tears, otherwise internally nice and clean. (4), 1038, (6); 120, (2) pp. + 72 plates. Exceedingly rare first (and only?) edition of this extensive and richly illustrated travel-guide to Hungary and the Danube. Riegel had published a similar work two years earlier (1686) on the German speaking areas in Europe and the Rhine, the present work by far being the rarest. We have only been able to trace one copy at auction (incomplete).OCLC list two copies, both in The British Library.

Jena, A.Schmidt, 1838-40. 4to. Bound in 2 later hcalf. 10, 128, 158 pp. and 277 very nice handcoloured engr.plates (of 285,8 plts.lacking in vol.II). Textpages with some brownspottings, esp.in vol.II. Plates fine. Nissen 487. Not in BMC.

Nürnberg, Johann Andreae Endtners Seel. Söhne, 1692. Folio. (46 x 30 cm.). Contemp. full calf. Wear to top of spine. 2 compartments with old repairs. A closed tear to foot of spine. Remains of old gilting and title on spine. Spine rubbed. With 3 (of 4) clasps and catches in brass. Engraved titel and printed title in red/black. (38),(22),(66),686,950,(18) pp. A few brownspots on the first leaves. A dampstain in lower margin of the last 5 leaves. A few leaves in beginning and at end a bit frayed in right margins. A few leaves with loss of blank in margin. Internally in general clean and fine. With in all 42 engraved plates (incl. general title and portrait of Luther) and 1 engraved coat of arms (portraits, apostles, plates, parttitles, plans, map etc.). A few plates with dampstains to margins. This so-called "Weimerer-Bibel" or "Ernestinische Bibel" was first printed in 1641 and ran through 13 editions up to 1792.

Praze [Prague], Nákladem Autorovým, 1914. 8vo. In the original red binding with black lettering to spine and front board. Light wear to extremities, inner fronthinge pleit, Internally nice and clean. 389, (1) pp. + 1 folded plate. The rare first Czech translation of Darwin's landmark "Origin of Species" which predates the Latvian, Armenian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Romanian and Slovenian translations by several years. Freeman 641

Augspurg, Eberhard Kletts Wittib., 1761. Contemporary white-dyed sheepskin. Spine with a bit of surface wear, old hand-written paper-label to spine. XXVIII, 317 pp. A stamp inside front free end-paper. Light browning, scattered marginal brownspots, but in general a fine copy. A few leaves in "Vorrede" misbound. The scarce first edition of Lambert's sensational "Cosmological Letters", his most important astronomical work, in which he to a large extent fore-shadowed the documentation of the basic features of the universe that Hershel later carried out.The work became very popular and was translated into French, Russian, and English, and it was later re-written and published as "Systeme du Monde" in Berlin, 1770. "Of special interest among Lambert's astronomical writings - apart from applications of his physical doctrines - are his famous Cosmologische Briefe über die Einrichtung des Weltbaues" (Augsburg, 1761).Not familiar with the similar ideas of Thomas Wright (1750) and with Kant's "Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels" (1755), Lambert had the idea that what appears as the Milky Way might be the visual effect of a lens-shaped universe. On this basis he elaborated a theory according to which the thousand of stars surrounding the sun constituted a system. Moreover he considered the Milky Way as a large number of such systems, that is, a system of higher order…; the "Cosmologische Briefe was a great sensation and was translated into French, Russian, and English. Only when William Hershel systematically examined the heavens telescopically and discovered numerous nebulae and "telescopic milky-ways" did it become obvious that Lambert's description was not mere science fiction but to a large extent a bold vision of the basic features of the universe" (Scriba in D.S.B. VII:598). Kant's mentor (Martin Knutzen) died in 1755, three years before the pre-critical project unfolded. But Kant still had the chance of meeting kindred spirits. One of these was the great philosopher and mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert, whom he admired a great deal. Finally he had encountered a thinker who appreciated both the scientific and metaphysical perspective, who worried about their tensions, and who was searching for a truce. In his "Cosmologische Briefe…" (Cosmological Letters on the establishment of the universe), Lambert worked on the same topic as Kant had worked on in his earlier Universal Natural History. The tasks and results of both works resemble each other, in so far as they were both proposals of integrating Newtonian physics into a larger framework, and they both contained a theory of the dynamic constitution of the universe. Furthermore, as Kant's scientific works should be viewed under the perspective of his general philosophical outlook, so must Lambert's work in physics and astronomy be seen in relation to his general philosophical outlook and his perpetual quest for introducing mathematical exactness into the sciences. "Lambert's efforts to improve communication and collaboration in astronomy were noteworthy. He promoted the publication of astronomical journals and founded "Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch oder Ephemeriden". Many of the articles that he contributed to it were not published until after his death... He also favored the founding of the Berlin observatory. These suggestions, in line with Leibniz' far-reaching plans for international cooperation of scientific societies, inaugurated a new period of scientific teamwork." (D.S.B., VII:598).

Berlin, 1821. 8vo. A beautiful and excellently made pastiche binding in brown half calf with richly gilt spine and red gilt leather title-label. Previous owner's name to title-page (dated 1909) and a few light pencil-marginalia, otherwise internally very nice and clean with only occasional minor brownspotting. XXVI, 355, (1) pp. A very fine copy. The scarce first edition of Hegel's seminal "The Outline (or later Elements) of the Philosophy of Right", the last of Hegel's major works, which represents the culmination of a life-long interest in politics and political phenomena. Hegel was perhaps more than any other German philosopher influenced by the French Revolution, and this masterpiece of philosophy constitutes a grandiose attempt to make freedom the foundation of human society. "Taken apart from the rest of his system, Hegel's political philosophy has been much misrepresented by totalitarian propagandists. He was, however, one of the most profound and influential thinkers of the nineteenth century. Theology, philosophy, political theory, all have been radically influenced by his system; Strauss (300), Baur (322), Bradley, Kierkegaard (314), Marx (326, 359), Lenin (392), all came under his spell, and his indirect influence has been limitless." (PMM 283).

Erevan, Armenia, Gosizdat, 1936. 8vo. In publisher's original full cloth with title in silver lettering to spine and front board. A picture of Darwin embossed to front board. Extremities with wear and hindges weak. Spine miscoloured and remains of paperlabel to upper part of spine. First quire loose. Internally fine and clean. (2), 765 pp. + frontiespiece and plate with genealogical tree. The exceedingly rare first Armenian translation of Darwin's landmark work.Only two Armenian translations of 'Origin of Species' has been made. The present first a second from 1963, both translations are of the upmost scarcity. Due to the relatively low number of people speaking Armenian (approximately 3 million in Armenia and 7 million outside) books in Armenian were printed in comparatively low numbers. OCLC locates no copies. Freeman 630.R.B. Darwin Online, F630.

S.-Peterburg, Izdanie redaktsii zhurnala "Znanie, 1871. 8vo. In contemporary black half calf with four rasied bands and gilt lettering to spine. Corners of binding with repairs and a three cm long tear to lower front hindge. Light miscolouring throughout, especially to first 10 leaves. (2), VII, (6), 439 pp. The exceedingly rare first Russian translation of Darwin's 'Descent of Man' published only four month after the original English. The Russian publisher was eager to have a translation published, hence this early abridged edition - two other Russian translations followed later the same year - The present translation being the very first into any language. "The Descent of Man showed that the process of organic evolution, propelled by the struggle for existence and natural selection, applied to man no less than to the rest of the animal kingdom. It gave explicit recognition to the idea of the anthropoid origin of man. This claim surprised no one, for it was clearly hinted at in the great work of 1859 and was elaborated in Thomas Huxley's Man's Place in Nature and Vogt's Lectures on Man. Nor was it much of a surprise when three Russian translations of The Descent appeared within one year after the publication of the English original. Two general ideas represented the essence of The Descent: natural selection is not only behind the physical survival of man but also behind the evolution of cultural values; and the differences between animal and human behavior are differences of degree rather than of kind." (Darwin in Russian Thought) "The Expression helped lay the foundations for a scientific study of the psychological aspect of the evolution of species. The book appeared in a Russian translation only a few months after the publication of the English original. The paleontologist Vladimir Kovalevskii was the translator, and the embryologist Aleksandr Kovalevskii was in charge of editorial tasks. In 1874 Vladimir wrote to Darwin that nearly two thousand copies of the Russian translation were sold." " The Expression deals much more extensively with selected aspects of human and animal behavior than with general problems of evolutionary biology. The Russian reviewers were generally impressed with Darwin's descriptions and categorizations of animal behavior. The Journal of the Ministry of Public Education was unusually profuse in praising the book's content and writing style. The reviewer commended Darwin's impartiality and avoidance of "materialistic trappings." Even the adherents of spiritualism could read the book, he wrote, without the least discomfort. The reviewer thought that psychologists would benefit from the information the book presented on the "physiological" basis of behavior. Indeed, he recommended the book to all readers interested in the scientific foundations of human behavior. The liberal journal Knowledgewas equally laudatory. It noted that the book was eminently successful on two counts: it offered a "rational explanation" of many expressions of human emotions, and it integrated the study of animal and human behavior into the universal process of organic evolution. In fact, no educated person could afford to ignore it.N. P. Vagner, professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at St. Petersburg University, called The Expression a book with "great strengths and minor flaws." The volume reminded him of Darwin's previous works, which marked "turning points in the history of science." The strength of the book lay much more in its suggestion of new topics for comparative-psychological research than in a presentation of a theoretically and logically integrated system of scientific thought. Insufficient exploration of the physiological underpinnings of mental activities represented the book's major shortcoming" (Darwin in Russian Thought) In Russia Darwinism had a profound influence not only upon the different sciences, but also on philosophy, economic and political thought, and the great literature of the period. For instance, both Tolstoy and Dostoevsky referenced Darwin in their most important works, as did numerous other thinkers of the period.Like Strakhov, however, Dostoevsky, acknowledging the significance of the "Origin of Species", saw the dangers of the theory. In the same year as the publication of Rachinsky's translation, he lets the narrator in "Notes from Underground" (1864) launch his attack on Darwinism , beginning: "As soon as they prove you, for instance, that you are descended from a monkey, then it's no use scowling, you just have to accept it."In "Crime and Punishment" (two years later, 1866) the Darwinian overtones inherent in Raskolnikov's theory of the extraordinary man are unmistakable. He describes the mechanism of "natural selection," where, according to the laws of nature, by the crossing of races and types, a "genius" would eventually emerge. In general, Darwinian themes and Darwin's name occur in many contexts in a large number of Dostoevsky's works.'Descent of Man' was transted into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian and Swedish in Darwin's lifetime. Freeman 1107.

Amsterdam et Leipzig, Chez Jean Schreuder, 1765. 4to. Uncut in the original marbled boards. Professionally rebacked preserving almost all of the original back. The fragile orginal binding is here preserved in its entirety, and it has quite a bit of overall wear. Apart from a small hole to two leaves in the index, affecting ab. one work on each of the four pages, it is internally nice and clean. Title-page printed in red and black. Beautiful eng. title-vignette and a few other woodcut vignettes and initials. (4), XVI, (2), 540, (18) pp. First edition thus, being the first collected edition of Leibnitz' philosophical works in French and Latin, and containing the FIRST PRINTING of one of Leibnitz' most important philosophical works, his "Nouveaux essays sur l'entendement humain" (New Essays on Human Understanding), in which he attacks and refutes Locke and his "Essay on Human Understanding" and gives important testimony to his own philosophical ideas. With its 496 pages, this extensive work takes up most of this collection of philosophical works, and it also constitutes one of his largest and most important of his philosophical works. As explained by Raspe, the editor, in his preface to this publication, "LES NOUVEAUX ESSAIS SUR L'ENTENDEMENT HUMAIN, qui sont la partie principale de recueil, sont connûs trés imparfaitement par l'histoire de la Philosophie de Leibnitz, que Mr. Ludovici a publiée" (p. X), and the reason why the work was known, even though it had not been published, is because of a letter that Leibnitz had written in 1714, in which he explains why he did not wish to publish the work. Raspe quotes the letter (p. X), from which it becomes clear that Leibnitz had not wished to publish an attack on Locke and his work, because Locke had died in 1704 (the same year that Leibnitz had actually written the work), and because Leibnitz was against publishing refutations of dead authors: "Mais je me suis degouté de publier des refutations des Auteurs morts, quoiqu'elles dissent paroitre Durant leur vie & étre communiqués à eux memes". Raspe points to the nobleness of this decision, but he also points to what could be other reasons for Leibnitz not wishing to publish his seminal work, one of them being that towards the end of his life (he died in 1716), he did not wish to enter into any more controversies with the British, since he was already engaged in two very important ones that occuopied much of his time and energy: The first concerned the invention of the differential calculus, the second was against Mr. Clarke on liberty and important metaphysical and theological questions. Another reason could also be that he did not want to begin controversies with the friends of Locke, who at that time were many and important.Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding", which is the work here being refuted by Leibnitz, became the crucial groundwork for the future empiricists with David Hume in the foreground, and thus Leibnitz' work, though published posthumously, probably came to play a bigger role in the history of philosophy than it would have done had it been published just after he wrote it. Few philosophers of his time were susceptible to Leibnitz' ideas and his application of logic to the problems of metaphysics, as most of them were far more receptive to Locke's empiricism. However, when Leibnitz' "Nouveaux essays..." was finally published here in his "Oeuvres philosophiques" in 1765, it became hugely influential and was also an important factor in the development of Kant's transcendental philosophy.The hugely famous work by Locke, in which he stated his famous theory that the mind of the newborn is like a blank slate (tabula rasa) and concluded that all ideas come from experience and that there are no such things as innate principles, was generally sharply criticized by the rationalists, the most important of them being Leibnitz. Leibnitz' response, his "Les nouveaux essays sur l'entendement humain" constitutes the most important of the rationalist responses and it is written in the form of a chapter-by-chapter refutation. He refutes the major premise of Locke's work, that the senses are the source of all understanding, primarily by adding to this "except the understanding itself", thus going on to distinguish between his three levels of understanding, which are part of the centre of his philosophy.For Leibnitz as well as for Locke the great inspiration was Descartes, but they chose two fundamentally different directions, Locke the materialistic one and Leibnitz the idealistic one. The present work represents the greatest clash between the two giants of late 17th century philosophy. The effect of Leibnitz' work was enormous, and among the Germans he invoked a great passion for philosophical studies. Leibnitz represents a striking contrast to both Locke with his empiricism and Spinoza. One earlier collection of some of Leibnitz' works had been printed before this one, but it did not contain his "New Essays on Human Understanding", and only consisted of his "Smaller Philosophical Works". This is the German 1740-edition "Kleinere philosohische Schriften". The other writings contained in this publication are "Examen du sentiment du P. Malebranche que nous voyons tout en Dieu", ""Dialogus de connexione inter res & verba", "Difficultates quaedam Logicae", "Discours touchant la methode de la certitude & de l'art d'inventer", "Historia et commendatio charactericae universalis quae simul sit ars inveniendi".Graesse IV:152.

Paris, Guillaumin et Cie, Victor Masson et Fils, 1862. 8vo. Bound uncut and with the original printed front wrapper (expertly restored) in a very fine later half morocco binding with four raised bands and gilt title to spine. Very light minor brownspotting to a few pages. An exceptionally nice, clean, and attractive copy. LXIV (incl. half-title), I-XXIII + (24-) 712. pp. and 1 folded plate (between pp.160 a. 161). Fully complete. The scarce first French edition of Darwin's masterpiece, one of the most important books ever printed. The "Origin" started the greatest of all intellectual revolutions in the history of Mankind.There were some difficulties with the first French edition. Mlle Royer, who Darwin described as 'one of the cleverest and oddest women in Europe' and wished 'had known more of natural history', added her own footnotes. He was not really happy until the third translation by Éduard Barbier appeared in 1876. (Freeman). Freeman No 655 (Freeman does not mention the plate, which is present here).

Milano, Nello Reg. Duc. Corte, perGio. Battista, e Giulio Cesare fratelli Maletesta Stampatori, 1653. Folio. In contemporary full vellum. Title written in contemporary hand to lower edge. A few early leaves reinforced and a 1x1 cm hole in leaf pppp2 with loss of text. Ex-libris stamp (Ghislanzoni) to lower part of title-page. Otherwise a very fine, clean and crisp copy. (56), 792, 76 pp. + the engraved frontispiece by Frederico Agnelli. First edition thus, being the hugely expanded second version of Cavazzi's famous fiscal analysis of the Duchy of Milan and of Lombardy in general (which had been under Spanish rule since 1559, and was to remain so until 1701), constituting one of the earliest proposals of government bonds in (what is now) Italy. Furthermore, the present work was Manzoni's main source of knowledge about the plague when writing 'Promessi Sposi' (The Betrothed).A much shorter preliminary work comprising merely 146 pp. appeared in 1647, under the same title. The present work is hugely expanded and is essentially a different work.Cavazzi here gives a thorough analysis of taxation and the general cost of public administration, which had become an exceedingly important issue for the city of Milan. Over a 25 year period, the debt of Milan had risen to uncontrollable heights and this is the first serious attempt to improve the city's economic status. Cavazzi occupies himself with duties on, among other things, salt, wine, oil, meat, flour, and horses and argues that the tax burden might be reduced through both efficiencies in spending and through raising of funds through the issue of government bonds. His proposal of government bonds predates the actual implementation, which did not happen until 1694 by the Bank of England. He furthermore proposes that the Duchy reduce the number of working licenses granted to foreigners who are not resident and refuse to accept citizenship. Carlo Girolamo Cavazzi della Somaglia (1604-1672), Italian economist and historian, wrote several other work on Milan the present being the most extensive. OCLC records just two copies outside Italy (British library and the University of Illinois).Einaudi 966

Kiøbenhaffn, Lorentz Benedicht, 1567. 4to. Indbundet i et ganske velbevaret samtidigt hellæderbind af brunt kalveskind med blindtrykte rammer i streg, en bred blindtrykt ramme med symbolske figurer og portrætter. Midterfeltet omgivet af en smallere dekorativ blindtrykt ramme. I midterfeltet med blindtrykt pladestempel "Prudenc", alle dyders moder. Den blanke ramme mellem de blindtrykte, er forsynet med spredte håndstempler, stjerner og rosetter, som oprindeligt har været forgyldte. I den brede blindtrykte ramme på bindets bagside findes bogbinderens signatur "D L". Ryggen med 3 ægte bind. Lette reparationer på forpermens kanter og hjørner samt reparation på øverste og nederste rygfelt.Ad 1. Titelbladet trykt i rød/sort. 40 blade (sidste tomt). Blad 1b med stort træstukket rigsvåben. De 4 første blade med kantreparationer, her og der med tab af nogle bogstaver. På titelbladet er der tab af "mectigste" i Stormectigste. Annoteret i marginer og nogle tekstunderstregninger, alle i gl. hånd. Ellers velbevaret.- Ad 2. 16 blade. Blad 1b træstukket rigsvåben. Enkelte annoteringer. Velbevaret. - Ad 3. 14 blade. Blad 1b træstukket rigsvåben. Velbevaret. - Ad 4. Titelbladet trykt i rød/sort. 30 blade. Blad 1b træstukket rigsvåben. Velbevaret. Alle de 4 forordninger er trykt på godt papir, gennemgående rene og velbevarede. Yderst sjælden samling af disse 4 forordninger som således er den anden udgivne dansk-norske lovsamling. Prototypen (med de 4 samme forordninger) udkom første gang 1562-63, trykt af Hans Zimmermann. Her forligger de i Lorentz Benedichts fornemme tryk. (Se Paulli "Lorentz Benedicht", nr. 33-36). Ganske få eksemplarer er stadig i privateje.Lauritz Nielsen, 1373, 700, 646 og 1558. - Thesaurus I, 174, 177, 178, 176.

Napoli, Stamperia Simoniana, 1780. 4to. In contemporary full vellum with leather title label with gilt lettering to spine. Occassionally brownspotted throughout, otherwise a good copy. (28), 416 pp. Second edition, supplemented with a preface, notes and an epilogue, remarking on the change in the current situation since the first edition, of this groundbreaking work in monetary economics, considered one of the first specific treatises on economics. Galiani's treatise, first printed anonymously in 1751, was not just a work of economics; it was based on the principal that freedom was important for society to work properly and it became very influential in subsequent monetary theory - "This is the best of the many treatises published in Italy on money" (McCulloch). Most of Galiani’s theoretical work can be found in his ‘Della moneta’. Despite the variety of topics addressed in the book, the basic contributions concern value and monetary theory and the so called paradox of value which according to Schumpeter he ‘carried this analysis to its 18th-century peak’ (History of Economic Analysis, p.300). “Besides being a policy paper – stressing, in Vico’s tradition, the importance of happiness and utility and arguing that policy does not have principles, hence different economic policies are needed in different times – Della moneta is also a sophisticated theoretical treatise. The latter is probably the highest analysis on the nature of money, its value and the implications of different policies on prices, supply and demand of goods and equilibrium. In the tradition of Montanari and Davanzati, Galiani develops a subjective value theory on philosophical and psychological grounds. The value of anything is something that human human beingsdetermine for themselves naturally, through their own mutual agreement. Utility equals happiness and is inversely proportional to rarity; value is a function of marginal utility; no lawm nor governments, should therefore try to impose estimates of value (‘alzamento’) on others, because this coercion would eventually ruin and corrupt the natural order of things. In the treatise he challenged both Broggio, Locke and above all Jean-Francois Melon, whose work he knew through his uncle Celestino. He proclaims his debt to a long tradition of studies on money and on monetary theory: from Aristotle, to the Spanish theologians of the School of Salamanca, Bernardo Davanzati and William Petty, showing the breadth of his reading and the quality of sources.” (Books that Made Europe). Ferdinando Galiani was a leading Italian figure of the Enlightenment and one of the most notable Italian economists of all time. Friedrich Nietzsche referred to him as "a most fastidious and refined intelligence" as well as "... the most profound, sharp-sighted and perhaps also the foulest man of his century." Kress I. B 275. Einaudi 2330 Mattioli 1374 McCulloch p. 190

Paris, L. Cellot, 1778. 12mo (170 x 105 mm). Uniformly bound in three nice contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spine. Edges of boards gilt. Small Capital on vol. 1 with wear and scratch to front board on vol. 3. Small worm tract affecting lower margin of first few leaves in vol. 3, not affecting text. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spines indicating the inventory number in an estate library. A very nice set. (2), VIII, XXIV, 459 pp.; (2), XXX, 524 pp.; (2), XXXVI, 374, (2) pp. A fine copy of the second edition of one of the most important 18th century French works on gastronomy. Here Menon presents more than two thousand recipes for ‘fine dining’ during the reign of Louis XV. Menon embraced a comprehensive approach to the culinary customs of his era, extending beyond mere food preparation and presentation. His works highlighted the significance of action, strategy, and demeanor, emphasizing that these aspects were equally crucial. His books served not only as guides to gastronomic practices but also as manuals for proper conduct and manners. Menon had what we would today call a holistic approach to gastronomic practices of his day that went well beyond the preparation and presentation of food. Several of his titles make clear that action, strategy and deportment were just as important. "François Menon was the most influential and prolific French cookbook author of the eighteenth century. During his time, today's familiar categories of French cooking were emerging, and Menon was a master of them all: nouvelle cuisine (a term that each generation redefines); haute or classical cuisine; and cuisine bourgeoise. He even wrote the first French cookbook devoted specifically to a woman cook (La cuisinìere bourgeoise)... Menon first described the new cuisine in detail in the third and final volume of Nouveau Traité de la cuisine (New Treatise on Cooking, 1742). In contrast to traditional cooking, he wrote, the key to nouvelle cuisine was delicacy. Sauces were lighter but at the same time more nourishing; seasonings aimed to enhance rather than mask lead ingredients... Menon not only wrote about the practicalities of nouvelle cuisine; he was also concerned with philosophy, linking his mission closely to that of the leading thinkers of the Enlightenment: to advance and disseminate knowledge that allows humankind to live in a state of nature perfected." (Willan, The Cookbook Library, pp. 218-19). Provenance: A large Danish estate. Vicaire 591 Bitting 321 Livres en bouche, 212.

Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei, 1860. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Small stamp and previous owner signature to title page. Leather on lower part of spine with a tear and part detached. Hinges weak but book-block firmly attached. VIII (including half, 520, (6) pp + 1 plate. The very scarce first edition of the highly important first German translation, which appeared just months after the original.This translation came to play a tremendous role in the spreading of Darwinism in Germany and Northern Europe in general. It was through this translation that Darwinian thought reached most of the German scientists and thinkers of the period, and it was this translation that challenged German scholars to think in new ways about morphology, systematics, paleontology, and other biological disciplines. It was from this translation that Ernst Haeckel, Darwin's most famous nineteenth-century proponent and popularizer in Germany, got his Darwinism and was able to further spread the new ideas in his own country. The German translation of Darwin's "The Origin of Species" appeared in 1860, just months after the original, thanks to Heinrich Georg Bronn, a distinguished German paleontologist whose work in some ways paralleled Darwin's. Bronn's version of the book (with his own notes and commentary appended) did much to determine how Darwin's theory was understood and applied by German biologists, for the translation process involved more than the mere substitution of German words for English."Its [Origin of Species] greatest impact on German biological practice lay in the introduction of historical modes of explanation for the observable phenomena of living nature. The historical approach to nature was rejected, not only by the opponents of evolution, but also by the idealist evolutionist. Whether they favored a teleological or a reductionist biology, the idealists could not see the point of a theory that emphasized the irregularities and exceptions in the organic world. In the timeless real of idealist thinking, unchanging laws worked out an inevitable destiny. But Darwin taught his followers to look at living beings one by one. Thus prompted, they recognized, as if for the first time, the surprising fact of anomaly and the wisdom of an open-ended theory." (Glick, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism). "Darwin was not happy about the first German translation. It was done from the second English edition by H.G. Bronn, who had, at Darwin's suggestion, added an appendix of the difficulties which occurred to him; but he had also excised bits of which he did not approve. This edition also contains the historical sketch in its shorter and earlier form." (Freeman).Freeman No 672 - Freeman does not mention the lithographed plate.

Wien, Carl Gerold, 1828-30. 8vo. Bound in 4 contemp. marbled boards, titlelabels with gilt lettering. A few scratches to hinges and spine ends. Very small loos to 2 titlelabels. Light wear to top of spine on volume 4. Corners a bit bumped. 2 small paperlabels pasted to lower part of spines. A small stamp to foot of titlepages. VIII,439;IV,424;VIII,439;VI,520 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. First German edition (a translation from the Latin "Institutiones Calculi Integralis", 1768-70) of this landmark work on the integral calculus, being the most complete and accurate work on the subject at the time. It "contained not only a full summary of everything then known on this subject, but also the Beta and Gamma functions and other original investigations" (Cajori). The work exhibits Euler's numerous discoveries in the theory of both ordinary and partial differential equations, which were especially useful in mechanics."(Euler) presents methods of definite and indefinite integration, having invented many of the methods himself, such as the use of an "Euler substitution" for rationalizing particular irrational differentials. His treatment is near exhaustive for integrals expressive as elementary functions. He also develops the theory of ordinart and partial differential equations and presents many properties of the beta and gamma function Eulerian integrals introduced by Euler earlier."(Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1768 M).Enestroem E 342, E 385, E 385 (The Latin edition). - Poggendorff I, 690.

Kiøbenhaffn, Hans Støckelman oc Andreas Gutterwitz, 1575. Folio. Nær samtidigt hellæderbind med ophøjede bind på ryggen, rig rygforgyldning. Skindtitel senere fornyet. Permer helt intakte, men med krakeleringer i skindets overflade. Titelblad i rødt/sort. Nederste højre hjørne af titelbladet bortrevet, men fint udbedret i faksimile. Fr. II's træskårne portræt trykt på bagsiden af titelbladet. (36),547,(33) pp. Trykt på godt svært papir. Mindre skjolder i nogle marginer til slut, få spredte brunpletter, enkelte tilskrifter. Originaludgaven af den første dansk-sprogede Saxo-Udgave - et monumentalværk i dansk litteratur, idet værket først med Vedels oversættelse nåede frem til den almene læser. The first printed Danish translation of Saxo Grammaticus "Danorum Regum heroumque Historie".Laur. Nielsen 1451 - Thesaurus 205 (Ed. B).

Altona, J.F. Hammerich, 1807. 8vo. 2 volumes both uncut in the original blank wrappers. Wear to extremities, front wrapper on vol. 1 detached and with tear. Missing ab. half of the paper on spines. Internally fine and clean. XVI, 368; VIII, 358, (1) pp. Rare first German edition of this political and economic classic, which constitutes Malthus' first major publication and his main work, because of which he is considered the father of demography and one of the main sources of inspiration for Darwin and Wallace. It is the first translation of the "Principle on Population" into any language, and it influenced German politics tremendously.The first edition was printed anonymously in London in 1798, and in 1803 the second edition, which, also according to Malthus himself, can be said to constitute a new work, appeared; -the great quarto edition from 1803 is thoroughly revised and much enlarged, the title has been changed and Malthus' name appears on the title-page for the first time, it is on this edition that all the preceding editions are based, and in consequence also the early translations. All the later editions were minor revisions of the second one. In 1806 the third edition appeared, and as soon as 1807 the first German one, which is translated from the revised third edition ("Die gegenwärtige Uebersetzung ist nach der dritten Ausgabe, Oktav, London 1806. Die Quartausgabe ist minder vollständig", Vorwort, p. V). New revisions of the text kept appearing till the sixth edition in 1826. The book, then as now, is considered highly controversial, and it has influenced all demographers ever since, as well as being of immense importance to the study of economic theory and genetic inheritance. "The "Essay" was highly influential in the progress of thought in the early nineteenth-century Europe.... "Parson" Malthus, as Cobbett dubbed him, was for many, a monster and his views were often grossly misinterpreted.... But his influence on social policy, whether for good or evil, was considerable. The Malthusian theory of population came at the right time to harden the existing feeling against the Poor Laws and Malthus was a leading spirit behind the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834." (PMM 251).Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), called the "enfant terrible" of the economists, was an English demographer, statistician and political economist, who is best known for his groundbreaking views on population growth, presented in his "Essays on the Principle of Population", which is based on his own prediction that population would outrun food supply, causing poverty and starvation. Among other things this caused the legislation, which lowered the population of the poor in England. Malthus actually turned political, economic and social thought upside down with this work, which has caused him to be considered one of the 100 most influential persons in history (Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the most Influential Persons in History, 1978). Of course, he was condemned by Marx and Engels, and opposed by the socialists universally, but the work was of immense impact on not only politics, economics, social sciences etc, but also on natural sciences. "Later in the "Origin of Species" he [Darwin] wrote that the struggle for existence "is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this case there can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraint from marriage" [p. 63]. Alfred Russel Wallace, who arrived at a worked-out formulation of the theory of evolution at almost precisely the same time as Darwin, acknowledged that "perhaps the most important book I read was Malthus's "Principles of Population" (My Life, p. 232). Although there were four decennial censuses before Malthus' death, he did not himself analyze the data, although he did influence Lambert Quetelet and Pierre Verhulst, who made precise statistical studies on growth of populations in developed countries and showed how the early exponential growth changed to an S curve." (DSB, IX, p. 69). As Malthus realized that his theories were not satisfactorily presented or sufficiently demonstrated in the first edition from 1798, he travelled for three years through Europe gleaning statistics, and then published the second edition in 1803. Among other places he travelled through Northern Germany, and his detailed diaries of these journeys provided him with some of the evidence necessary for the development of his theory on population growth. The observational information that he gathered on his travels in Europe were crucial to the development of his theories, which also means that the work is of great interest for other European countries, and not only Britain. "In 1819 the Royal Society elected Malthus to a fellowship. He was also a member of the French Institute and the Berlin Academy, and a founding member of the Statistical Society (1834)." (DSB, IX, p. 67). Printing and the Mind of Man 251 (first edition).

Warszawa, Przegladu Tygodniowego, 1884. Large8vo. In contemporary half calf. Spine with wear, lacking the upper 1 cm. Small stamp to title-page. Hindges weak and back board detached from bookblock. Verso of title-page and first leaf on content. 437, (1), XVI [Including the plate] pp. First edition of the first full Polish translation of Darwin's "Origin of Species". An attempt to publish a Polish translation was made as early as 1873. This was, however, never completed and only half of the work was published (Freeman 739), thus making the present copy the very first full Polish translation. As seen in several other countries (especially in Japan) the majority of Polish intellectuals adopted a Social Darwinism perspective at a very early stage, rather than appreciating the English naturalist's caution in applying his ideas to human society."Before the first translations of Darwin's appeared [...], many Polish intellectuals, such as positivist writer Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841-1910) complained about the increasing confusion over the essence of the English naturalist's ideas, which had all too often been mixed up with all sorts of ideological debates. However, when Darwin's books were actually available in Polish translations, the novelty of his concepts gradually wore off, making room for more serious attempts to come to terms with evolutionary theory." (Glick, The Reception of Charles Darwin in Europe). "It appears that the struggle for or against Darwinism in partitioned Poland prefigured a pattern that is relevant for Polish thinking up to the present day: the conflict of striving for progress with the help of powerful allies abroad and of virulently rejecting all foreign advice for fear of losing one's cultural identity." (Ibid.).Translation was begun by Szymon Dickstein who in the processe of the translation committed suicide. It was completed by Józef Nusbaum who also translated 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication' in 1888.Freeman 740

Moscow, Academy of Science, 1935-1959. Royal8vo. In 9 uniform full cloth bindings (albeit with slightly different colours, as published). All volumes with Darwin's signature "Ch. Darwin" embossed in gold to lower right corner of front board. All nine volumes with wear to spines. All nine volumes internally fine and clean (no stamps or brownspotting). XLVII, (1), 604, (4) pp. + 3 folded maps.: 682, (2) pp. + 3 folded maps: X, (2), 831, (1) pp. + 1 folded map.: 883, (1) pp.: 1040 pp. + 1 folded plate.: 696 pp.: 650 pp.: 543, (1) pp.: LVI, 734, (1) pp. The following being the collation of the papers which represent the first Russian translation of the given paper:[Geologija, Eskavajra, Tjlena Korolevskogo obschestva (i.e. 'Manual of Scientific Enquiry']: Vol. 2: Pp. 613-637[Usonogie raki (i.e. 'Living Cirripedia')]: Vol. 2: Pp. 37-87[Lectsii evolutsionnoi teorii (i.e. 'Studies in the theory of descent')]: Vol. 3: p. 755.[Proishozhdenie vidov putem estestvennogo otbora... (i.e. 'On the tendency of species to form varieties')]: Pp. 239-255.[Razlichnye formy tsvetov u rastenii odnogo i togo zhe vida (i.e. 'The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species')]: Vol. 7: Pp. 31-251.[Oplodotvorenie tsvetov (i.e. 'Fertilisation of flowers (Hermann Müller)']. Vol. 6: Pp. 652-654.[Zhizn Erazma Darvina (i.e. 'The Life of Erasmus Darwin')]. Vol. 9: Pp. 251-309. A rare complete run of Moscow's Academy of Science Journal's publication of Darwin's 'Collected Works' containing seven first Russian translations of Darwin's shorter works. -Manual of Scientific Enquiry, Freeman 338, Translated by D. L. Weiss. Annotated by N. S. Shatskiï. 1935-Living Cirripedia, Freeman 341, Translated by N. I. Tarasov. 1936.-Studies in the theory of descent (August Weismann), Freeman 1415, Translated and with notes by S. L. Sobol'., 1939.-On the tendency of species to form varieties , Freeman 370, Translated by A. D. Nekrasov, S. L. Solol, 1939.-Different forms of flowers, Freeman 1302, Translated by A. P. Il'inskiï and E. D. D'yakov, 1948.-Fertilisation of flowers (Hermann Müller), Freeman 1433. Translated by V. A. Rybin., 1950.-Erasmus Darwin (Ernst Krause), Freeman 1324, Translated by V. N. Sukachev., 1959.Freeman 338, 341, 370, 1302, 1324, 1415, 1433,

London, 1747 - 1835. Elephant folio (550 x 390 mm). 5 volumes, uniformly bound in nice recent green half calf bindings with five raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spines, top edges gilt. Some plates with marginal dampstains and brownspotting - an overall nice set. 290 engraved plates (complete). First edition of this monumental work, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL), containing plates depicting ancient monuments, buildings, sites, and artefacts, primarily British. The society defined its agenda in terms of preservation, visual documentation, and collecting but occasionally also broke new ground; vol. 2 containing one of the very earliest printed depictions of the Rosetta Stone including classical scholar Richard Porson’s work on the missing lower right corner of the Greek text. Vetusta Monumenta published in seven volumes between 1747 and 1906 – with the first five volumes offered here -, was the first of four major publication series launched by SAL in the eighteenth century. The first four plates were published individually in 1718 at the Mitre Tavern. By 1747, seventy engravings had been published, enough to form a substantial volume. The same year, John Ward (1679-1758) became director of the SAL. Ward had begun writing long explanatory captions for some of the plates beginning in 1743, and these soon evolved into printed companion essays in either Latin or English, which appeared occasionally from 1744. The second volume, with 55 more plates, appeared in 1789. It was greatly expanded by these letterpress explanations of the plates, which had begun to appear not just occasionally but with every plate or plate set (and consistently in English) from 1763. The fourth volume was published in 1815 with 52 plates and the fifth was published in 1835 with 69 plates.

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927. 8vo. Contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. A small paper-label pasted to lower part of spine. Very light edgewear. Corners a bit bumped. In: 'Zeitschrift für Physik', Volume 43, p.172-198. The entire volume offered,. VII,936 pp. First appearance of the first announcement of Heisenberg's famous "Uncertainty Principle", stating that it is impossible to determine accurately and both members of specific pairs of atomic variables simultaneously, and that the minimum product of the two variables are proportional to Planck's constant 'h' - one of the most important and celebrated findings in modern physics."Heisenberg's paper 'On the physical content of the quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics' was received by the publishers on 23 March, after Bohr had returned - and had correctly criticized some substantial points in the manuscript. All the same Heisenberg's work is on a par with his discovery paper of quantum mechanics and represents a most solid contribution to its interpretation. It is THE FIRST PAPER IN WHICH THE QUESTION OF WHAT IS OBSERVABLE AND WHAT IS NOT IS QUANTITATIVELY DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS. His work marks the beginning of a subject on which volumes have since been written: the measurement problem in quantum physics." (Pais in "Niels Bohr's Times", p. 304).

Wien, Alfred Hölder, 1889. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed yellow wrappers. Light soiling and a few minor nicks to extremities. A very fine and clean copy. XVI, 239 pp. First edition, rarely seen in the original wrappers, of this important work in which Wieser attempts to apply marginal utility analysis to the determination of cost, thus for the first time fully developing a theory of value. The work "ranks high as an original achievement" and is one of the very earliest to realize the information value of prizes. It is furthermore here that the term "imputation" is coined."It was only with Friedrich von Wieser's book [the present] that an attempt was made to fill the lacuna left by Menger and Böhm-Bawerk. Wieser makes it clear that without a solution to the problem of 'imputation' the new theory would remain incomplete and would be subjected to the widespread criticism that it cannot deal with production. The problem is posed as follows" 'The statement that the productive goods receive their value from the value of their produce suffices only to evaluate [schätzen] the collaborating factors of production as a whole, but not separately. In order to be able to do also this, a rule is needed which allows one to apportion the total produce in detail.'(Wieser, 1889)." (Steedman, Socialism & Marginalism in Economics 1870 - 1930). "[H]e continued to work on the same problems and also on what he regarded merely as a first step toward a theory of value that was to be fully developed in [the present work]. He employed the expository device of studying value in a centrally directed economy and suggested possible applications of utility theory to public finance. The book gained him almost immediate acclaim, and it was soon translated into English" (Frederich von Hayek in IESS)."[In the present work he] worked out the Austrian theories of cost and distribution (he coined the phrase 'Zurechnung', imputation), which Menger had not more than sketched, and this work must in spite of the latter fact and also in spite of glaring faults of technique, rank high as an original achievement. (Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis)"In this work he applied the marginal utility theory not only horizontally, i.e. to trading and exchange, but also vertically, i.e. to production processes. He defined the value of higher goods produced alongside them, thus developing his imputation theory. Wieser, who possessed a certain "obsession with compulsive computability" is recognized as one of the first economist to realize the information value of prices." (Schulak, the Austrian School of Economics). Masui p. 909Menger col. 395.