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London, James Ridgway, 1825-1830. Royal 8vo. Contemporary green hmorocco. A few minor scratches. Topedge gilt. XX,(224),(3) pp. (Leaves numb. 1-124 + Alphabetical Index). With all 112 engraved plates in beautifull handcolouring. (Plates by J. Hart, M. Hart, W. Hart and Mrs. brown, engraved by S. Watts and Wedell). A few textleaves with faint offsetting from the plates. Plates clean and fine. First edition of this highly esteemed work on Rock-Roses and their cultivated varieties. The work is prized by gardeners for its showry rose-like flowers. They are widely spread and occur in Europe, West and Central Asia, North Africa, North & South America and the Cape Verde Islands. - Nissen BBI: 1922 - Pritzel: 9078 - Sitwell, Great Flower Books p. 141.

Kiøbenhaffn, Matthias Jørgensens Effterleffverske, 1680. Folio. Samt. helldrbd. med 5 ophøjede bind på ryggen. Rigt forgyldte rygfelter. Forgyldt titeletiket. Bindet har ganske lette reparationer ved kapitæler, langs false og kanter. Titelbladet med røskenramme. (26),470 pp. 5 kobberstukne portrætter (Fr. II (3 stk, stukket af Melchior Lorck og Goltzius), Dronning Sophie og Chr. V) samt 23 kobberstukne plancher, dobbeltsidede og 4 udfoldelige kobberstukne plancher med de danske kongers våben (komplet). Ganske stort eksemplar med brede marginer (31,5 x 21 cm.), ren og med enkelte spredte brunpletter. På indersiden af forpermen et kobberstukket exlibris "Christian Ernst zu Stolberg". Kobberstikket i dobbeltopslag af Fr.II og Dronning Sophie med en udbedring i foldningen. Originaltrykket af dette pragtværk i dansk boghistorie. De prægtige kobbere fremstiller forskellige krigeriske begivenheder i Kongens regeringstid, festoptog, turneringer m.v. Egentlig er kobberne stukket af Franz Hogenberg og Simon Novellus, men lånt fra Henrik Rantzaus Mindeværk over Fr. II (1589). Thesaurus 621 - Birkelund No 63. - Bibl. Dan.III,58.

Berlin, Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften etc., 1828-1928. 8vo a. Lex8vo. 1830-90 uniform hcalf, gilt spines (a few with wear), 1891-1928 in uniform hcloth, spines with gilt lettering (a few with wear and one with a lose spine). A stamp to titlepages. Johann Franz Encke was editor of the "Jahrbuch" from 1830 to 1866. The "Jahrbuch" contains importent papers on the problems of the calculating astronomy. With e.g. Gauss "Über die Methode der kleinsten Quadrate", "Über Interpolation", Olbers "Über die zweckmässigste Art bei der Berechnung einer Cometenbahn die versuche anzustellen" many by Encke etc. etc.

Kopenhagen, Nicolaus Möller, 1774-78. 4to. Bound in 2 contemp. full mottled calf. Gilt spines. Title-and tome-labels with gilt lettering. Wear to top of spine on vol. I. Fronthinge on vol. II cracked and loosening. 2 engraved titlevignettes. Halftitles. XVI,(6),505,(1);(16),479 pp. 1 large folded map, outlinecoloured "Tabula Iteneraria... Terrae Yemen... 1763." and 124 engraved maps and plates (complete). Internally fine and clean, a few marginal brownspots. Printed on good paper. Scarce first edition of Niebuhr's great travel account of Arabia. Like his "Beschribung von Arabien", his "Reisebeschreibung von Arabien" "provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years.""Despite its tragic course, the expedition was a complete success with regard to its scientific and scholarly results. It was especially due to Niebuhr's efforts to preserve and continue his and his collegues' , that the Royal Danish Library was eventually equipped with a host of oriental manuscripts, maps, and drawings, as well as many botanical and zoological specimens... It was Niebuhr who edited and published Forskåll's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica (1775) and Descriptiones Animalium (1775), together with the drawings of Bauerfeind. In 1772 he had alredy published his systematic and geographically organized beschreibung von Arabien, which was followed between 1774 and 1778 by the first two volume of his three-volume chronologically arranged Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien. (the item offered, the third volume was published many years later, 1837). Both works, written in a clear and sober language and illustrated with numerous precise drawings, maps, and plans, provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years."(Josef Wiesehöfer).

Augsburg, Augustæ Vind, (1744). 4to-oblong. Cont. hcalf. Back and covers somewhat worn. Platesizes ca. 20,5 x 27 cm. (32) pp. and 60 full-page engraved maps (of 64 listed). Lacking the engraved title and 5 other maps (Africa, America septentrionalis, Regum Portugalliæ, Regnum Hispaniæ, Italia totur and Palæstina), but having 2 more not listed and some in the German section does not corresponds with the maps listed in the index. All maps in original handcolouring, occasionally a little brownspotted and traces of use in lower right corners. One map have a little loss of image in lower middle (Austria Saliburgensis). Phillips No 3494. 2 maps relating to America (Globus Terrestris (World Map) and America Meridionalis). Having maps of Europe, Asia, Russia, Turkey, Scandinavia etc. The World Map engraved by Andr. Silbereisen and most of the other maps engraved by A.C. Seutter and Tobias C. Lotter (married to Seutters daughter and his successor).

Odense, Christian Skrøder, 1699. Folio. Samtidigt hellæderbind over træ. Ryg med horisontale blindtrykte stregdekorationer. Permer med blindtrykte stregrammer. De øverste 2-3 cm. af ryggen mangler skindet. Permer og ryg lettere slidt. Titelbladet trykt i rødt og sort. (8),300,(14) pp., talrige noder i teksten, trykt med støbte typer. De første ca. 100 sider med bruning i øvre marginer og ned langs halvdelen af højre marginer, dog aftagende. Folio. Contemporary full calf over wooden boards. Spine with horizontal blindstamped line-decorations. Top 2-3 cm. of spine lacking leather.First ca 100 leaves with browning to upper margins and down half the outer right margins, decreasing. Title-page printed in red and black. (8), 300, (14) pp. Numerous musical notes in the text, printed with moulded types. Originaltrykket af Kingos Gradual. Yderst sjældent forekommende. Schrøder, som trykte bogen var leder af Kingos eget trykkeri i Odense. Trykt med fraktur og med store støbte initialer og vignetter i træsnit. Tekstgrundlaget for Gradualet er originaltrykket af salmebogen (1689), men denne indeholdt ikke noder. Gradualet var beregnet for kirkekorene og degnene, og værket giver et fuldstændigt billede af kirkemusikken på Kingos tid hvor bruddet med den gregorianske kirkesang blev stadfæstet.Birkelund, 71. - Thesaurus II,516. - Bibl.Dan.I,1098. The exceedingly scarce first printing of Kingo's seminal Gradual, containing what is arguably the most important and influential Baroque hymns in Denmark. Schrøder, who printed the book was head of Kingo's own printing press in Odense. The work is magnificently printed with large, moulded initials and woodcut vignettes. The text is based on that of the Book of Psalms from 1689, which did not contain musical notes and which thus appeared here for the first time. The Gradual was intended for church choirs and the parish clercks, and the work provides us with a unique and complete insight into church music at Kingo's time, when Gregorian church song was abandoned for good. “Thomas Kingo, (born December 15, 1634, Slangerup, Denmark—died October 14, 1703, Odense), clergyman and poet whose works are considered the high point of Danish Baroque poetry. Kingo’s grandfather had come from Scotland, and his father was a weaver. In his youth, Kingo wrote a series of poems picturing humorous scenes in village life and a pastoral love poem, “Chrysillis.” After graduating in theology, he taught briefly. In 1677 Christian V made Kingo bishop of Fyn. Thereafter, he wrote only occasional poetry in honour of the royal family, together with the hymns and religious poems that are the most enduring of his works. The latter were collected in two volumes, Aandelig sjunge-kor (1674 and 1681; “Spiritual Chorus”). In addition to the morning and evening songs, the best-known are “Far, Verden, Farvel” (“Fare, World, Farewell”) and “Sorrig og Glæde de vandre til Hobe” (“Sorrow and Joy They Wander Together”). He is remembered today mainly for what is popularly known as Kingo’s hymnbook, a collection that appeared in 1699 and contained 86 of his own poems. The first half of Kingo’s original hymnal was published in 1689 as Vinter-Parten (“The Winter Part”) but was later rejected by the king. Kingo’s hymns contrast this world with heaven and are deeply personal in their graphic and suggestive use of language. Underneath their Christian orthodoxy, they are both subjective and antithetical, showing the individual as immersed in the world he rejects and whose darkness he anxiously desires to overcome.” (Encycl. Britt).

Kiøbenhaffn, Henrich Waldkirch, 1611. 12mo (ca. 10 x 5,5, cm). Near contemporary black full calf with brass clasps. All edges beautifully and elaborately chiselled. New end-papers and title-page re-enforced et edges, from verso, no loss of text. 2nd leaf and 2nd leaf of Register with small marginal restorations, no loss of text. Apart from the small restorations, an exceptionally well preserved copy. Title-page printed in red and black, and many woodcut musical notes throughout. Title-page + pp. (XIII) - (XXX) (i.e. lacking the first three leaves of the preface - "Fortalen"), 653, (11) pp. (= register). - I.e. a lovely copy only lacking the first 6 leaves (ff. (A)1-6) of the preface.Withbound at the end are the 18 first text-pages of "En Bøn at bede om Morgenen" (presumably also by Thomissøn, ca. 1600) - these 9 leaves are not in particularly good condition. Extremely scarce first 17th century-edition of the first authorized Danish hymn-book. This seminal collection of the scattered psalms of the Reformation, the very first of its kind in Denmark, was originally printed in 1569 and remained the authoritative hymn-book for Danmark and Norway for a century and a half, until Kingo's in 1699. All editions of the book are extremely scarce - the 16th century ones are known in 1-2 copies each, and most of them are incomplete; the 17th century-editions are also of the utmost scarcity, with ab. 5-7 copies known of each, and almost all being incomplete. Most copies known are in institutional holdings, and only very few remain on private hands. The present copy is one of the more complete copies known, as most copies lack several leaves of the text itself, musical notes, title-page, register etc. Thomissøn's hymn-book constitutes an invaluable source to Scandinavian musical life of the Reformation, and ab. 200 of the 269 hymns are put to music and supplied with musical scores. Bibl. Danica I:326. - Thesaurus II: 637. - Åke Davidsson: 34.

Stockholm, 1806. Large folio oblong. (44 x 61 cm.). Contemp. hcalf, covers with marbled paper. Titlelabel in red and gilt pasted on frontcover. Wear to foot of spine, otherwise fine. Engraved titlepage (battle view), engraved plate depicting the Carl Gustav on horseback in front of a battle scene and 11 engraved plates showing battlescenes after Dahlberg's drawings. All engravings in beautiful toned sepia aquatint. A few marginal brownspots. A very fine copy. Very scarce first printing of this series of plates, aiming at glorifying the Swedish victories, showing battlescenes - Warsaw, Carnova, Columbi, Guesne and the crossing of the Belt in Denmark - from the wars against Poland and Denmark (1655-58), in fine engravings by Skjöldebrand.

Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1926. Bound in 3 uniform contemp. full cloth. Spine with gilt lettering. Lower parts of spine with remains of a paperlabel. Edges very slightly rubbed. In "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck.", Vierte Folge, Bde. 79-81. VI,760;VIII,828;VIII,1172 pp. Textillustr. and plates. The Schrödinger papers: Pp. 361-376,489-527,734-756 (Bd. 79) - pp. 438-490 (Bd. 60) - pp. 109-131 (Bd. 81). Internally clean and fine. One page of "Inhalt" in Bd. 79 misbound and with a small tear. First printing and first appearence of these 5 papers which introduces Schrödinger's wave-equations and explains the stationary states of electrons in Bohr's theory of the atom by way of applying de Broglie's concept of electron waves. These papers are among the most important in modern physics."The intensity of Schrödingers work on the problem (he found the earlier Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum theory unsatisfactory) increased as he saw that he was on the track of "a new atomic theory", and it reached a peak during his winter vacation in Arosa. On 27 December 1925 he wrote to Wilhelm Wien, editor of the "Annalen der Physik" inMunich that he was very optimistic: "I believe that I can give a vibrating system...thatyields the hydrogen frequency levels as it eigenfrequencies." The frequences of the emitted light rays are then obtained, as Schrödinger observed, by establishing the differences of the two eigenfrequencies respectively. "Consequently the way is opened toward a real understanding of Bohr's frequency calculation - it is really a vibration (or, as the case may be, interference) process, which occurs with the same frequency as the one we observe in the spectroscope. I hope, that I will soon be able to report on this subject in a little more detail and in a more comprehensive fashion" (Schrödinger's letter to Wien)...The so-called Klein-Gordon equations which Schrödinger used gives an incorrect description of the relativistic structures Schrödinger tried to describe. As this equation he tried to use, describes particles without spin, whereas a a description of electrons requires the Dirac equation..."After a brief interruption Schrödinger took up his method again, but this time he treated the electron nonrelativistically. It soon became apparent that he had arrived at a theory that correctly represented a the behavior of the electron to a very good approximation. THE RESULT WAS THE EMERGENCE OF WAVE MECHANICS IN JANUARY 1926. Schrödinger published the results of his research in a series of four papers in the "Annalen der Physik" bearing the overall title "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem." The first installment, sent on 26 January and received by Wien the next day, contains the first apperarance in the literature of his famous wave equation, written out for the hydrogen atom..."(DSB). In the fifth paper offered here, Schrödinger himself shows that there is an essential equivalence of his theory and that of Heisenberg, Born and Jordan's.

Kjöbenhavn (i.e. Copenhagen), 1830. Simple contemporary black half cloth. Internally only light scattered brownspotting. An excellent copy. The rare first edition of the first published collection of Andersen's poetry - Andersen's third published book (at the age of 25) - containing, at the end, the first printing of any of his fairy tales, being also his very first fairy tale, "Dødningen, et fyensk Folke-eventyr" (i.e. "The Ghost" (also sometime "The Spectre"), "A Folk- Fairy Tale from Funen"). This is the first time that Andersen uses the term "Eventyr" (fairy tale), the term which came to denote the genre for which he received world-wide fame as one of the most important writers of all time. "The Ghost" was later rewritten and published for the second time in Andersen's first fairy tale collection, "Eventyr fortalte for Børn" (PMM 299), 1835, under the title "The Travelling Companion". As Andersen would later explain, his first fairy tale was based upon a folk tale from Funen he had heard as a child. This seminal publication lays the foundation for Andersen's activity as an author of fairy tales. This collection furthermore contains 46 poems, 20 of which are published here for the first time (the rest were published separately in various periodicals). BFN 51.

London, John W. Parker, 1843. 8vo. 2 uniform contemporary half calf bindings with five raised gilt bands to gilt spines. Marbled edges. A nice and tight set with only minor wear to extremities. Vol. 1 with tiny damp-stainin to upper margin, barely affecting but a little bit of the end-papers and the first three leaves - here only the top blank margin, far from affecting any text. Blank leaves a bit brownspotted, otherwise also internally very nice and clean. (2), XVI, 580; (2), XII, 624 pp. Bookplate of "Reginald Dykes Marshall" to inside of both front boards. The scarce first edition of what is probably Mill's greatest book, an epochal work in logical enquiry, not only for British philosophy, but for modern thought in general. "Mill's most important work in pure philosophy was his "System of Logic", which he began at the age of twenty-four and completed thirteen years later" (D.S.B. IX:383).By the first quarter of the 19th century, the theory of logic had been almost overlooked in the English speaking world for centuries. Logic was practiced merely as an academic study on traditional lines, with Aristotle as the great master, but with Mill and some of his contemporaries this was about to change, and Mill's theory of terms, propositions, the syllogism, induction etc., greatly affected 19th century English thought. The many years that Mill allowed himself to work on his "System of Logic" allowed him to be inspired by a number of important steps that were made towards the development of the theory of logic in order to fulfill his groundbreaking work. Mill's main concern as a philosopher was to overrule the influence of the sceptical philosophers and provide science with a better claim to truth. A main breakthrough in Mill's Logic was thus his analysis of inductive proof, and his originality on this point cannot be denied. "We have found that all Inference, consequently all Proof, and all discovery of truths not self-evident, consists of inductions, and the interpretation of inductions: that all our knowledge, not intuitive, comes to us exclusively from that source. What Induction is, therefore, and what conditions render it legitimate, cannot but be deemed the main question of the science of logic - the question which includes all others. It is, however, one which professed writers of logic have almost entirely passed over. The generalities of the subject have not been altogether neglected by metaphysicians, but, for want of sufficient acquaintance with the processes by which science has actually succeeded in establishing general truths, their analysis of the inductive operation, even when unexceptionable as to correctness, has not been specific enough to be made the foundation of practical rules, which might be for induction itself what the rules of syllogism are for the interpretation of induction... " (A System of Logic, Vol. 1, p. 345) . With his demonstrative theory of induction, Mill reduced the conditions of scientific proof to strict rules and scientific tests. He provided the empirical sciences with formulae and criteria that played as important a role to them as the formulae of syllogism had done to arguments that proceeded from general principles. The laws that Mill established are discovered with his famous "eliminative methods of induction", which later figured prominently in controversies about scientific method.Mill's Logic came to found a new strand in the theory of logic, logic as incorporated in a general theory of knowledge, where the whole is rendered more precise by its definite reference to the question of proof. According to Mill the ultimate elements of knowledge are subjective entities, however, knowledge does have objective validity. "Logic alone can never show that the fact A proves the fact B; but it can point out to what conditions all facts must confirm, in order that they might prove other facts. To decide whether any given fact fulfils these conditions, or whether facts can be found which fulfil them in any given case, belongs, exclusively, to the particular art or science, or to our knowledge of the particular subject." (Introduction, § 3, p. 11). The work underwent several editions, and Mill kept changing it considerably. The first edition is said to have been printed in a small number, less than 1.000.

Berlin: Ambrosii Haude, 1744. 4to. (246x199mm). Uncut in original marbled paper wrappers. Spine strip nearly worn away, but sewing still strong. A fine copy in its original and untouched state. Large engraved frontispiece showing comets orbiting the sun and planets, 187 pp. and 4 copper engraved folding plates. A4 (pp.7-8) canceled - catchword continues. Complete. First edition of this important work containing the first complete mathematical treatment of the two-body problem, consisting in a planet and the Sun. Great minds such as Newton, Bernoulli and Poincaré all made important contributions to solving the exceedingly important mathematical Two-Body Problem, but Euler here gave the first full exposition of it. "In 1744, Euler developed the first completely analytical method for determining a parabolic orbit through successive approximations in his Theory of the Motion of Planets and Comets. This was built upon Newton's earlier work, which [...] tended to be very complex and messy and incomplete. Today, the method of successive approximation known to every student of calculus is known by this man's name, Euler's Method." (Summy, Analysis of the Two-Body and Restricted Three-Body Problem, p. 4).In the present work Euler gives "the solutions of the main problems of theoretical astronomy dealing with the structure, nature, motion and action of comets and planets. With regard to the theory of perturbed motion of celestial bodies, Euler formulated the perturbation theory in general terms so that it can be used to solve the mathematical problem of dynamic models and particular problems of theoretical astronomy [...] He gave an extensive mathematical treatment of the problem of improving approximations of orbits within the framework of the two-body problem and taking perturbations into account. In his Theoria motuum planetarum et cometarum published in 1744, Euler gave a complete mathematical treatment of the two-body problem consisting of a planet and the Sun." (Debnath, The Legacy of Leonhard Euler, p. 364).In 1687, in the 'Principia', Newton had solved the problem geometrically; In 1710 Johann Bernoulli had proved that the motion of one particle with respect to the other is described by a conic section; In 1734 Daniel Bernoulli won a French Academy prize for his analytical treatment of the Two Body problem - but it was Euler, with his present work, who gave the fully complete mathematical treatment of the problem. Enestroem E66, Houzeau & Lancaster 11948The Barchas Collection 649Honeyman 1063

Hamburg und Leipzig, Grund, Grunds Witwe und A.H. Holle, 1749-62. 8vo. Bound in 22 cont. uniform hcalf. Titlelabels in leather on backs, gilt. Small paperlabel pasted on lower compartment. A few spine ends worn. Light wear to backs. Stamp on titles and verso. Light occasional browning, but a good, sound copy. Having numerous engraved folded plates. With Kätners: Zwiefaches Universalregister über die ersten XXV Bände von den Abhandlungen...der Königl. Schwed. Akademie der Wissensch. nach der deutschen Uebersetzung des Herrn Kästners gefertiget. Lpz., Holle, 1771. Cont. hcalf. (6),302 pp. A long importent run of the first Series of the Transactions from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the German translation (of Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar). It includes many importent contributions by Torben Bergman, Georg Brandt, Anders Celsius, A.F. Cronstedt, Pehr Elvius, Carl Linnaeus (Linné), Sven Rinman, H.T. Scheffer, Mårten Triewald, J.G. Wallerius, and many others. - Bernhard Lundstedt: Sveriges Periodiska Litteratur No. 40.

Paris, de l'Imprimerie de Franc. Amb. Didot l'Ainé. Chez Alexandre Jombert, jeune, 1783. 4to. Cont. full mottled calf with gilt red title-label to richly gilt back. Neat professinal repairs to back, hinges and boards. Title-page and first few leaves with a bit of brownspotting, otherwise internally very nice and clean with only occasional scattered minor brownspotting. Woodcut printer's device to title-page, large coloured vignette to dedication-leaf (etched and colour printed), 11 coloured plates, 10 on which folded - all plates etched and colour-printed. Library-stamp on t-p. (14), 116, 60 pp. + 11 leaves of plate-description, on which the plates are mounted at top, 2 pp. of approbation and privilege. On thick, good paper. A very nice, crisp and complete copy w. clear colours. First edition of the main work of the French military engineer Fossé (1734 - 1812). This military work, divided into two sections, one dealing with military strategies concerning defending and attacking, the other dealing with military plans and how to construct maps, is especially renowned for the extraordinary coloured plates by LOUIS MARION BONNET.The plates, depicting plans and maps, show for one of the first times the perfection of the illustrating-process called the CRAYON MANNER adapted to colour-printing, and the work is probably the first book printed using this technique. The technique of printing with colour only began about 20 years before this work was issued; during the first many years, though, many attempts failed, and it wasn't till Bonnet came up with the coloured crayon manner that it was really a success. Bonnet increased the number of plates in order to make it possible to print with several colours. The crayon manner became a great success in Europe and is a fore-runner of the lithography-process. All the plates are signed by Bonnet and are in at least four colours.This work is also renowned for its splendid typography that later on became known as the Didot-style. Graesse II:620. Brunet II:1354.

Amsterdam, Joannes Oosterwyk, 1720. 4to. Contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Richly gilt spine. Title-label with gilt lettering. Neat repairs to upper and lower compartment and to small parts of the other compartments. One corner renewed. Engraved frontispiece. (34),330,(14 - incl. errata) pp., 6 folded engraved maps and 7 engraved plates. Internally clean, printed on good paper. First edition. "C.G. Zorgdrager's classic volume on the Greenland whale fishery is one of the most thorough and authoritative descriptions of the early eighteenth-century Dutch and Germanic fisheries". Allen 177: "Zorgdrager's work is by far the most important of the early authorities on the northern Whalefishery, and must always be one of the chief sources of information for the early history of the subject." The 6 engraved double-page maps are : 1. Neue Charte von den Nord-Pol. 2. Neue Charte von Alt und Neu Groenland mit Strasse Davis. 3. Neue Carte von island. 4. Neue Carte der Insul Spitsbergen. 5. Jan Mayen Eyland. 6. Neue Charte von Nova Zembla.Sabin, 106374 - Lauridsen XI,10.

Brescia, Bartolomeo Fontana, 1620. 4to (225 x 170 mm). In contemporary full vellum with yapp edges. Title in contemporary hand to spine. Extremities with light soiling and a few dots and marks. Ex-libris (Richard Luckett) pasted on to pasted-down front end-paper. Small stamp to lower margin of front free end-paper. With light occassional brownspotting throughout. With numerous marginal annotations throughout by Bernardino Faini (or Faino - see below). Leaf inserted between p. 298 and p. 299, next to the entry of Cardinal Duranti, Bishop of Brescia, with a 12-line note (signed "Bernadinus Fainus"), in which he descibes the Duranda-family from Pare in the commune of Bergamo. Engraved title-page and two blanks. (28), 519 pp. Provenance: Dr Richard Luckett (1945-2020), Research Fellow of St Catharine's, Cambridge.Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes (1858–1950) or Monsignor Rodolfo Maiocchi (1862-1924). (see "Vincenzo Foppa of Brescia: Founder of the Lombard School, His Life and Work", p. 79).Bernardino Faino (1600-1673). A most interesting copy with a fascinating provenance of the rare first edition of Rossi’s famous account of notable people and families from Brescia which, still today, is considered one of the most important late Renaissance and early Baroque sources to Brescia and the surrounding area. The present copy has belonged to Bernadino Faino, himself a notable Brescian. Faino has made numerous marginal corrections and annotations, many of which are of scholarly interest. For instance, the marginal annotations in the present copy possibly contain the only dating (1472) we have of the altarpiece by Vincenzo Foppa in Church of S. Maria Maddalena at Brescia (See Ffoulkes & Maiocchi, “Vincenzo Foppa of Brescia”, p. 79). Bernadino Faino (1600-1673) was an Italian priest and historian whose life was characterized by both adventurous exploits and scholarly pursuits. Instead of continuing in the family trade as a blacksmith, Faino chose a military career, joining Captain Tiberio Tengatini's company in the Venetian Republic's army. His loyalty to Tengatini led to a dramatic episode where he avenged his captain's murder by killing the perpetrator. This act resulted in a trial and his imprisonment, but he was eventually acquitted in 1626. In an unexpected turn, Faino was ordained as a priest in 1627, despite the serious charges he had faced. He served as chaplain and confessor at the Benedictine monastery of S. Spirito and was the General Superior of the Company of S. Orsola. His dedication to his ecclesiastical duties extended to his role as a caretaker of the Cathedral and director of the school of Christian Doctrine. Late in life, Faino turned to the study of hagiography and local ecclesiastical history - the period during which he most likely made the annotations in the present work. His works were the product of diligent document collection and scholarly effort. He authored various texts on archaeology, heraldry, and the history of Brescia, though his claims, especially regarding local saints, were often fantastical and primarly a product of his imagination.

Paris, Beaurin, Poirion, Jombert, 1755-56. Folio. (40,5 x 29,5 cm.). Bound in 3 fine contemp. full mottled calf. 6 raised bands. Richly gilt compartments. Tome- and titlelabels with gilt lettering. Inside gilt dentelles. Very light wear at spine-ends. A bit of cracking in leather at fronthinge on volume 1. Small stamp on foot of title-page. (8),IV,410 pp., 5 large engraved vignettes, 5 engraved endpieces. Atlas-volumes with 2 engraved title-pages and 149 (incl. 3 plates with bis-numbering) double-page engraved topographical plans and maps, nearly all with handcoloured positions, symbols and routes. Some maps in triple-folio and folded. Printed on thick paper. A few leaves with a small brownspot in upper margin. A clean fine copy. A scarce complete set of the first edition of Jean de Beaurain's main work on the military history of Flanders. Beaurain (1696-1771) was a French geo- and cartographer, who studied under the famous Pierre Moulart-Sanson in Paris. Brunet I,722. - Sloos. Warfare and the Age of Printing, 12227.

London, 1837 + London, 1840. Five volumes 8vo. Bound in five contemporary, uniform brown half calf bindings (The Philosophy...-volumes slightly darker brown) with raised bands and gilt spines. Marbled edges. A bit of light edge-wear, but overall very fine and fresh. Some marginal pencil markings to first part of vol. 1 of "The Philosophy...", otherwise also internally very nice and clean. All five volumes with the same engraved amorial bookplate to inside of front boards. A very nice, uniform set of the five volumes that make up the two works. XXXVI, 437, (3); XI, (1), VI pp., pp. (7)-534, (2); XII, 624 pp. + CXX, 523, (1); IV, 586 pp. + folded plate. Uncommon first editions of both these splendid works (the "Philosophy" is particularly scarce), Whewell's two main works, both seminal in the history of science and philosophy of science. The first of the two works, the "History" is considered "one of the important surveys of science from the Greeks to the nineteenth century" (DSB), and it is in the second of them, "The Philosophy..." - "one of the masterpieces of Victorian philosophy of science" (DSB) - that he coins the word "scientist", to describe a cultivator of science in general. “William Whewell (1794–1866) was one of the most important and influential figures in nineteenth-century Britain. Whewell, a polymath, wrote extensively on numerous subjects, including mechanics, mineralogy, geology, astronomy, political economy, theology, educational reform, international law, and architecture, as well as the works that remain the most well-known today in philosophy of science, history of science, and moral philosophy. He was one of the founding members and a president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the Royal Society, president of the Geological Society, and longtime Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In his own time his influence was acknowledged by the major scientists of the day, such as John Herschel, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell and Michael Faraday, who frequently turned to Whewell for philosophical and scientific advice, and, interestingly, for terminological assistance. Whewell invented the terms “anode,” “cathode,” and “ion” for Faraday. In response to a challenge by the poet S.T. Coleridge in 1833, Whewell invented the English word “scientist;” before this time the only terms in use in that language were “natural philosopher” and “man of science”.” (SEP). "First published in 1840, this two-volume treatise by Cambridge polymath William Whewell (1794-1886) remains significant in the philosophy of science. The work was intended as the 'moral' to his three-volume History of the Inductive Sciences (1837)... Building on philosophical foundations laid by Immanuel Kant and Francis Bacon, Whewell opens with the aphorism 'Man is the Interpreter of Nature, Science the right interpretation'. Volume 1 contains the majority of Whewell's section on 'ideas', in which he investigates the philosophy underlying a range of different disciplines, including pure, classificatory and mechanical sciences. Whewell's work upholds throughout his belief that the mind was active and not merely a passive receiver of knowledge from the world. A key text in Victorian epistemological debates, notably challenged by John Stuart Mill and his System of Logic, Whewell's treatise merits continued study and discussion in the present day." (Cambridge University Press). "From the late 1830's until his death, Whewell worked mainly in the history and philosophy of science. His three-volume "History of the Inductive Sciences" appeared in 1837; in 1838 he was appointed professor of moral philosophy; and the first edition of his two-volume "The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History" was published in 1840. Both the "History" and the "Philosophy" were ambitious works, and together they constitute Whewell's major scholarly achievement. The "History" had no rivals in its day and remains, despite unevenness, one of the important surveys of science from the Greeks to the nineteenth century. Whewell appreciated the importance of Greek science, especially astronomy, but showed typical disregard for the contributions of medieval scientists. His assessment of the importance of contributions of such major figures as Galileo and Descartes suffers from a heavy intrusion of religious and philosophical biases. But his treatment of Newton and other modern mathematical scientists is fair and sometime brilliant, and is based throughout upon detailed considerations of texts. Wheweel's "Philosophy" stimulated major philosophical exchanges between its author and Sir John Herschel, Augustus De Morgan, Henry L. Mansel, and John Stuart Mill. Alongside Mill's "System of Logic" and Herschel's "Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy", the work ranks as one of the masterpieces of Victorian philosophy of science. Whewell's effort in these works was unique in his attempt to derive a philosophy of science from the general features of the historical development of empirical science. The importance of this attempt has not been fully appreciated. Whewell thought that the history of science displayed a progressive movement from less to more general theories, from imperfectly understood facts to basic sciences built upon a priori foundations that he called "Fundamental Ideas." All science was theoretical in that no body of data comes to us selforganized; even collection of data involves the imposition of a guiding interpretive idea. Major advances in science occur in what Whewell called an "Inductive Epoch," a period in which the basic ideas of a science are well understood by one or more scientists, and in which the generality and explanatory power of a science are seen to be much more illuminating than those of rival theories. Each such "Epoch" had a "Prelude," a period in which older theories experienced difficulties and new ideas were seen to be required, and a "Sequel," a period in which the new theory was applied and refined. Largely ignoring the British tradition of empiricist philosophy and methodology, Whewell erected a philosophy of science upon his understanding of history that derived partly from Kant and Plato, and partly from an anachronistic theological position. Like his British predecessors, he thought that induction was the basic method of science. He understood induction not as a form of inference from particulars to generalizations, but as a conceptual act of coming to see that a group of data can best be understood and organized (his term was "colligated") under a certain idea. Furthermore, induction was demonstrative in that it yields necessary truths, propositions the logical opposites of which cannot be clearly conceived. The zenith of the inductive process was reached when a "consilience of inductions" took place-when sets of data previously considered disjoint came to be seen as derivable from the same, much richer theory. Although Whewell thought that the paradigm form of a scientific theory was deductive, he departed from the orthodox hypothetico-deductivist view of science by claiming that tests of the acceptability of given theories are extraevidential, based on considerations of simplicity and consilience. He made some attempt to justify the necessity of the conclusions that induction yields by arguing for the identity of facts and theories, and for the theological view that we know the world the way it is because that is the way God made it. In physical astronomy Whewell's work on the tides ranks second only to that of Newton. Also of great importance was his lifelong effort to modernize and improve science education at Cambridge. The achievement in history and philosophy of science probably is less significant, although recent revival of interest in Whewell has centered mainly upon his insights in philosophy of science and methodology. Interest is growing in the interrelations of history and philosophy of science; and so long as this interest continues to be fruitful, it will be well worthwhile considering what Whewell had to say on the nature of scientific discovery, inductive methodology, and the characteristics of scientific progress." (DSB, XIV, pp 293-94)

Kjøbenhavn, Carl Lunds Bogtrykkeri, 1883. Folio. 39x27 cm. Contemp. hcalf. Richly gilt back and gilt borders on covers. Light wear to corners and a few scratches to binding. Titlepage. 5,(1) pp. (Index , Corrections and Addenda). With 171(of 175 ) Flora Danica-plates of Scandinavian trees and bushes. All plates engraved and in fine handcolouring, plates in near mint condition. Scarce re-issue of Flora Danica in exquisite handcolouring, restricted to its trees and bushes. In this work, the last editor of Flora Danica, Joh. Lange selected all the original copper-plates which depicted trees and bushes from the whole work - in fact 9 of the earliest plates were damaged by fire, and as such not useable for a print to be taken - and made this re-issue, done with the original copper-plates as a separate issue of Flora Danica. Under his auspices all the prints were carefully hand-coloured with greatest care and often surpassing the original colouring. The paper used for the re-issue is of the same quality used for the last volumes of the original issue of Flora Danica of which the last volume, vol. 17, came out the same year as this extract, 1883. - Carl Christensen II, p.257 (No 119) - Nissen BBI: 1133 - Not in BMC (NH).

London, 1733. 8vo. Bound in a lovely, contemporary English Cambridge-style full calf binding with a plain spine with five raised bands. Spine a bit cracked vertically and with minor loss to capitals. Corners a bit bumped and adges of boards a bit worn. Binding overall nice and tight. Small damp stain at the lower blank corner of the first few leaves, otherwise a very good, clean copy on thick, crisp paper. (16, -including preface, contents, advertisements), 253, (1), (18, -Index) pp. The important actual first edition of this highly celebrated key work of the Enlightenment, in which the anecdote of how Newton discovered gravity (the story about Newton and the falling apple) appeared for the first time, together with the description of the difference between the physical world view of the English and the French (the "plenum" and the "vacuum"). This seminal work, in which Voltaire famously depicts British philosophy, science, society and culture, in comparison to French, can be viewed as the Enlightenment equivalent to Tocqueville's "Democracy in America". This series of essays, which is based on Voltaire's experiences when living in England, was actually written by Voltaire mostly in English, which he mastered to perfection. It has often been presumed that the first edition of the work was that published in French in 1734, but actually, the present English edition constitutes the actual first appearance of the work as well as the version that is closest to Voltaire's intention, as the French language version is the re-written one, and the English version the original. Curiously, almost all modern English versions are translations into English of the French edition, instead of the original English version, making this edition of the utmost importance.After the original English edition of 1733, two French editions soon followed (the first in 1734). Unlike the British, the French resented the book, and already in 1734, the French Parliament issued an order for the author's arrest and condemned the work, causing the impact of it in France to be delayed. The book was burned for being "dangerous to religion and civil order". At the same time, the work became a bestseller in Britain, and as much as 14 editions of the work were published in the eighteenth century. "Inspired by Voltaire's two-year stay in England (1726-8), this is one of the key works of the Enlightenment. Exactly contemporary with Gulliver's Travels and The Beggar's Opera, Voltaire's controversial pronouncements on politics, philosophy, religion, and literature have placed the Letters among the great Augustan satires. Voltaire wrote most of the book in English, in which he was fluent and witty, and it fast became a bestseller in Britain. He re-wrote it in French as the Lettres philosophiques, and current editions in English translate his French." (Nicholas Cronk, Introduction to the Oxford's Classics edition from 1999).The great French philosopher Voltaire was greatly impressed by the philosophical and scientific achievements of the English, especially those of Newton, Locke, and Bacon. As a disseminator of scientific knowledge, Voltaire came to play a great rôle in the popularization of Newtonian science and its discoveries, the present work being a prime example. Although the work was condemned by the French authorities, it still came to play a great rôle in the spreading of Newtonian ideas in France. The present work generally came to play a dominant rôle in Enlightenment accounts of the history of science and philosophy. The work focuses on British science and thought and uses the accounts of these to emphasize what is lacking in French society and French thought. The work is generally very critical towards the French "ancient régime", and when Voltaire here discusses the emergence of empiricism, it is viewed as an English tradition that stands in opposition to the French rationalist tradition (with Descartes as the prime example). This view is taken over by the following Enlightenment historians of science and philosophy, e.g. d'Alembert (see for instance his "Preliminary Discourse" of 1751). Some of the most influential passages of the work are probably those on Bacon (who Voltaire sees as the founder of modern experimental science), Newton, and Descartes. Letters XIV, on Descartes and Newton, XV, on attraction, and XVI, on Newton's Optics (from 1704), are among the most influential essays of the work. In XVI Voltaire reflects upon Newton's "Optics" and the way that he rejected Descartes' theory and set out his own account of the properties of light. In XV he presents the first account of Newton and the falling apple: "As he was walking one Day in his Garden, and saw some Fruits fall from a Tree, he fell into profound Meditation on that Gravity, the Cause of which had so long been sought, but in vain, by all the Philosophers, whilst the Vulgar think there is nothing mysterious in it. He said to himself, that from what height soever, in our Hemisphere, those Bodies might descend, their Fall wou'd certainly be in the Progression discover'd by Galileo; and the Spaces they run thro' would be as the Square of the Times. Why may not this Power which causes heavy Bodies to descend, and is the fame without any sensible Diminution at the remotest Distance from the Center of the Earth, or on the Summits of the highest Mountains; Why, said Sir Isaac, may not this Power extend as high as the Moon?..." (pp. 127-28).But perhaps the most famous passage in the volume is the opening of Letter XIV: "A Frenchman who arrives in London, will find Philosophy, like every Thing else, very much chang'd there. He had left the World a "plenum", and he now finds it a "vacuum". At Paris the Universe is seen, compos'd of Vortices of subtile Matter; but nothing like it is seen in London. In France, 'tis the Pressure of the Moon that causes the Tides; but in England 'tis the Sea that gravitates towards the Moon; so that when you think that the Moon should make it Flood with us, those Gentlemen fancy it should be Ebb, which, very unluckily, cannot be prov'd..." (pp. 109-10).

Breslau, Gottl. Löwe, 1789, 8vo. Very beautiful contemporary red full calf binding with five raised bands and gilt green leather title-label to richly gilt spine. elaborate gilt borders to boards, inside which a "frame" made up of gilt dots, with giltcorner-ornamentations. Edges of boards gilt and inner gilt dentelles. All edges gilt. Minor light brownspotting. Marginal staining to the last leaves. Engraved frontispiece-portrait of Spinoza, engraved title-vignette (double-portrait, of Lessing and Mendelssohn), engraved end-vignette (portrait of Jacobi). Frontispiece, title-page, LI, (1, -errata), 440 pp. Magnificent copy. First edition thus, being the seminal second edition, the "neue vermehrte Auflage" (new and expanded edition), which has the hugely important 180 pp. of "Beylage" for the first time, which include the first translation into any language of any part of Giordano Bruno's "de Uno et Causa..." (pp. 261-306) as well as several other pieces of great importance to the "Pantheismusstreit" and to the interpretation of the philosophy of Spinoza and Leibniz, here for the first time in print. The present translation of Bruno seems to be the earliest translation of any of Bruno's works into German, and one of the earliest translations of Bruno at all - as far as we can establish, the second, only preceded by an 18th century translation into English of "Spaccio della bestia trionfante". It is with the present edition of Jacobi's work that the interest in Bruno is founded and with which Bruno is properly introduced to the modern world. Jacobi not only provides what is supposedly the second earliest translation of any of Bruno's works ever to appear, he also establishes the great influence that Bruno had on two of our greatest thinkers, Spinoza and Leibnitz. It is now generally accepted that Spinoza founds his ethical thought upon Bruno and that Lebnitz has taken his concept of the "Monads" from him. It is Jacobi who, with the second edition of his "Letters on Spinoza...", for the first time ever puts Bruno where he belongs and establishes his position as one of the key figures of modern philosophy and thought. Bruno's works, the first editions of which are all of the utmost scarcity, were not reprinted in their time, and new editions of them did not begin appearing until the 19th century. For three centuries his works had been hidden away in libraries, where only few people had access to them. Thus, as important as his teachings were, thinkers of the ages to come were largely reliant on more or less reliable renderings and reproductions of his thoughts. As Jacobi states in the preface to the second edition of his "Letters on Spinoza...", "There appears in this new edition, under the title of Appendices ("Beylage"), different essays, of which I will here first give an account. The first Appendix is an excerpt from the extremely rare book "De la causa, principio, et Uno", by Jordan Bruno. This strange man was born, one knows not in which year, in Nola, in the Kingdom of Naples; and died on February 17th 1600 in Rome on the stake. With great diligence Brucker has been gathering information on him, but in spite of that has only been able to deliver fragments [not in translation]. For a long time his works were, partly neglected due to their obscurity, partly not respected due to the prejudice against the new opinions and thoughts expressed in them, and partly loathed and suppressed due to the dangerous teachings they could contain. On these grounds, the current scarcity of his works is easily understood. Brucker could only get to see the work "De Minimo", La Croce only had the book "De Immenso et Innumerabilibus" in front of him, or at least he only provides excerpts from this [also not in translation], as Heumann does only from the "Physical Theorems" [also small fragments, not in translation]; also Bayle had, of Bruno's metaphysical works, himself also merely read this work, of which I here provide an excerpt." (Vorrede, pp. (VII)-VIII - own translation from the German). Jacobi continues by stating that although everyone complains about the obscurity of Bruno's teachings and thoughts, some of the greatest thinkers, such as Gassendi, Descartes, "and our own Leibnitz" (p. IX) have taken important parts of their theorems and teachings from him. "I will not discuss this further, and will merely state as to the great obscurity ("grossen Dunkelheit") of which people accuse Bruno, that I have found this in neither his book "de la Causa" nor in "De l'Infinito Universo et Mondi", of which I will speak implicitly on another occasion. As to the first book, my readers will be able to judge for themselves from the sample ("Probe") that I here present. My excerpt can have become a bit more comprehensible due to the fact that I have only presented the System of Bruno himself, the "Philosophia Nolana" which he himself calls it, in its continuity... My main purpose with this excerpt is, by uniting Bruno with Spinoza, at the same time to show and explain the "Summa of Philosophy" ("Summa der Philosophie") of "En kai Pan" [in Greek characters - meaning "One and All"]. ... It is very difficult to outline "Pantheism" in its broader sense more purely and more beautifully than Bruno has done." (Vorrede pp. IX-XI - own translation from the German). So not only does Jacobi here provide this groundbreaking piece of Bruno's philosophy in the first translation ever, and not only does he provide one of the most important interpretations of Spinoza's philosophy and establishes the importance of Bruno to much of modern thought, he also presents Bruno as the primary exponent of "pantheism", thereby using Bruno to change the trajectory of modern thought and influencing all philosophy of the decades to come. After the second edition of Jacobi's "Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza", no self-respecting thinker could neglect the teachings of Bruno; he could no longer be written off as having "obscure" and insignificant teachings, and one could no longer read Spinoza nor Leibnitz without thinking of Bruno. It is with this edition that the world rediscovers Bruno, never to forget him again.WITH THE FIRST EDITION OF "UEBER DIE LEHRE DES SPINOZA" (1785), JACOBI BEGINS THE FAMOUS "PATHEISMUSSTREIT", which focused attention on the apparent conflict between human freedom and any systematic, philosophical interpretation of reality. In 1780, Jacobi (1743-1819), famous for coining the term nihilism, advocating "belief" and "revelation" instead of speculative reason, thereby anticipating much of present-day literature, and for his critique of the Sturm-und-Drang-era, had a conversation with Lessing, in which Lessing stated that the only true philosophy was Spinozism. This led Jacobi to a protracted and serious study of Spinoza's works. After Lessing's death, in 1783 Jacobi began a lengthy letter-correspondende with Mendelssohn, a close friend of Lessing, on the philosophy of Spinoza. These letters, with commentaries by Jacobi, are what constitute the first edition of "Ueber die lehre des Spinoza", as well as the first part of the second edition. The second edition is of much greater importance, however, due to greatly influential Appendices. The work caused great furor and the enmity of the Enlightenment thinkers. Jacobi was ridiculed by his contemporaries for attempting to reintroduce into philosophy belief instead of reason, was seen as an enemy of reason and Enlightenment, as a pietist, and as a Jesuit. But the publication of the work not only caused great furor in wider philosophical circles, there was also a personal side to the scandal which has made it one of the most debated books of the period: "Mendelssohn enjoyed, as noted at the outset, a lifelong friendship with G. E. Lessing... Along with Mendelssohn, Lessing embraced the idea of a purely rational religion and would endorse Mendelssohn's declaration: "My religion recognizes no obligation to resolve doubt other than through rational means; and it commands no mere faith in eternal truths" (Gesammelte Schriften, Volume 3/2, p. 205). To pietists of the day, such declarations were scandalous subterfuges of an Enlightenment project of assimilating religion to natural reason... While Mendelssohn skillfully avoided that confrontation, he found himself reluctantly unable to remain silent when, after Lessing's death, F. H. Jacobi contended that Lessing embraced Spinoza's pantheism and thus exemplified the Enlightenment's supposedly inevitable descent into irreligion.Following private correspondence with Jacobi on the issue and an extended period when Jacobi (in personal straits at the time) did not respond to his objections, Mendelssohn attempted to set the record straight about Lessing's Spinozism in "Morning Hours". Learning of Mendelssohn's plans incensed Jacobi who expected to be consulted first and who accordingly responded by publishing, without Mendelssohn's consent, their correspondence - "On the Teaching of Spinoza in Letters to Mr. Moses Mendelssohn" - a month before the publication of "Morning Hours". Distressed on personal as well as intellectual levels by the controversy over his departed friend's pantheism, Mendelssohn countered with a hastily composed piece, "To the Friends of Lessing: an Appendix to Mr. Jacobi's Correspondence on the Teaching of Spinoza". According to legend, so anxious was Mendelssohn to get the manuscript to the publisher that, forgetting his overcoat on a bitterly cold New Year's eve, he delivered the manuscript on foot to the publisher. That night he came down with a cold from which he died four days later, prompting his friends to charge Jacobi with responsibility for Mendelssohn's death.The sensationalist character of the controversy should not obscure the substance and importance of Mendelssohn's debate with Jacobi. Jacobi had contended that Spinozism is the only consistent position for a metaphysics based upon reason alone and that the only solution to this metaphysics so detrimental to religion and morality is a leap of faith, that salto mortale that poor Lessing famously refused to make. Mendelssohn counters Jacobi's first contention by attempting to demonstrate the metaphysical inconsistency of Spinozism. He takes aim at Jacobi's second contention by demonstrating how the "purified Spinozism" or "refined pantheism" embraced by Lessing is, in the end, only nominally different from theism and thus a threat neither to religion nor to morality." (SEP).The Beylagen, which are not included in the 1785 first edition and only appear with the 1789 second edition, include: I. Auszug aus Jordan Bruno von Nola. Von der Ursache, dem Princip und dem Einen (p. 261-306) II. Diokles an Diotime über den Atheismus (p. 307-327) translation of Lettre ... sur l'Athéisme by F. Hemsterhuis.

Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1689. 4to. Contemporary full vellum. Faint hand-written title to spine. A small stamp on title-page. In: "Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCLXXXIX". (8), 653, (7) pp. and 15 engraved plates. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. The entire volume offered. Leibniz's papers: pp. 36-38 a. 1 engraved plate; pp. 38-46; pp. 82-89 a. 1 engraved plate; pp. 195-198. First printing of these extremely important papers, in which Leibniz claimed that he independently of Newton had discovered the principal propositions of his "Principia" and which present us with Leibniz's fundamental physico-mathematical theory, his dynamics, his concepts of force, space and time. The "Tentamen..." constitutes Leibniz's response to Newton's theories about the motion of the celestial bodies. Leibniz can be said to have anticipated the modern mathematical principle of relativity, as it is his idea of individual co-ordinate systems and his practical rejection of the Galilean co-ordinate system that Newton adopted. Leibniz opposes Newton's ideas of attractions (gravitational forces) and calls them "occult qualities". The task of the "Tentamen..." was to attain a theory mathematically equivalent to Newton's in accounting for planetary motion and especially for the inverse-square law of Kepler's laws, but physically sound and capable of explaining the causes of phenomena.Newton attacked Leibniz's claim of priority in his anonymously published paper "Commercium epistolicum" (Phil. Transactions 1714), and states that "in those tracts the principal propositions of that book are composed in a new manner, and claimed by Mr. Leibniz as if he had found them himself before the publishing of the said book. But Mr. Leibniz cannot be a witness in his own cause. It lies upon him either to prove that he had found them before mr. Newton, or to quit his claim." The features of Leibniz's mathematical representation of motion as put forward in "Tentamen..." are, (see D.B. Meli: Equivalence and Priority. Newton versus Leibniz. pp. 90-91):- Empty space does not exist. The world is filled with a variety of fluids which are responsible for physical actions, including gravity.- Living force and its conservation are the fundamental notion and principle respectively, in the investigation of nature, however, they do not figure prominently in the study of planetary motion.- Finite and infinitesimal variables are regularly employed in the study of motion and of other physical phenomena. Living force and velocity are finite; solicitation and conatus are infinitesimal.- Accelerated motion, whether rectilinear or curvilinear, is represented as a series of infinitesimal uniform rectilinear motions interrupted by impulses. I call this 'polygonal representation'. Usually the polygon is chosen in such a way that each side is traversed in an equal element of time dt. In polygonal representations accelerations are reduced to a macroscopic phenomenon.- Propositions are often used to safeguard dimensional homogeneity. Constant factors - such as numerical factors, mass, and the element of time - are usually ignored in the calculations.Denys Papin's papers:1. Descriptio Torcularis, cujus in Actis Anni 1688 pag. 646 mentio facta a suit... and 1 plate. Pp. 96-101.2. De Gravitatis Causa et proprietatibus Observationes. Pp. 183-188.3. Examen Machinæ Dn. Perrault. Pp. 189-195 a. 1 plate.4. Rotatilis Suctor et Pressor Hasciacus, in Serenissima Aula Cassellana demonstratus & detectus. Pp. 317-322 a. 1 plate.5. In J.B. Appendicem Illam Ad Perpetuum Mobile, Actis Novemb.A. 1688 p. 592...Pp. 322-324 a. 1 plate.6. Excerpta et Litteris Dn. Dion Papini ad --- de Instrumentis ad flammam sub aqua conservandam. Pp. 485-489 a. 1 plate.With the paper describing and depicting Papin's famous invention of the CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. ( Rotatilis Suctor et Pressor Hasciacus, in Serenissima Aula Cassellana demonstratus & detectus. - The paper offered (no.4).Jakob Bernoulli's papers:1. De Invenienda Cujusque Plani Declinatione, ex unica observatione projectæ a flylo umbræ. Pp. 311-316 a. 1 plate.2. Vera Constructio geometrica Problematum Solidorum & Hypersolidorum, per rectas lineas & circulos. Pp. 586-588 a. 1 plate.3. Novum Theorema Pro Doctrina Sectionum Conicarum. Pp. 586-588 a. 1 engraved plate.

Leipzig, Johann Christian Martini, 1726. Folio. Later (ca. 1820) hvellum. Gilt spine and gilt lettering. Gilding weakened. Stamp on htitle. Double-page folded engraved frontispiece. Title-page in red/black. (8),20,808,(40) pp. Engraved portrait of the author and 61 double-page folded engraved plates, 9 engraved vignettes. Some quires with light toning and browning. A few scattered brownspots. First edition. - "Eine umfangreiche methodische Encyklopädie, die als eines der kennzeichnenden Hauptwerke dieser Zeit hervorzuheben ist" (Jähns, 1455). The beautiful illustrations depicts Recruitment, Tambour and Pfeifer, execution and court martial, field surgery, general staff in the country cards room, fencing and Vaulting, tournament, cannons, battlefield, etc.etc.

Stockholm, Albert Bonnuers förlag, (1850). In contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Spine neatly polished and corner restored. Lower corner of front board repaired. Previous owner's name ["Emilia Lundin"] to pasted down front end paper. Small vague newpaperstamp to lower part of the following pages: p. 26, 58, 94, 120, 146, 186, 210., otherwise fine and clean. The exceedingly rare first Swedish translation of Charlotte Bronté's landmark work. Translated only three years after the original English edition, it constitutes one of the very earliest translations, predating the first full French translation by 4 years.The translation was published as part of the "Europeiska följetongen", Swedish magazine for foreign literature, which Albert Bonnier published after his numerous travels around Europe. OCLC only locates one copy: National Library of Sweden.

Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1926. Bound recently in 3 fine hcalf of black morocco.. Spine with gilt lettering. In: "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck.", Vierte Folge, Bde. 79-81. VI,760;VIII,828;VIII,1172 pp. Textillustr. and plates. The Schrödinger papers: Pp. 361-376,489-527,734-756 (Bd. 79) - pp. 438-490 (Bd. 60) - pp. 109-131 (Bd. 81). Internally clean and fine. First printing and first appearence of these 5 papers which introduces Schrödinger's wave-equations and explains the stationary states of electrons in Bohr's theory of the atom by way of applying de Broglie's concept of electron waves. These papers are among the most important in modern physics."The intensity of Schrödingers work on the problem (he found the earlier Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum theory unsatisfactory) increased as he saw that he was on the track of "a new atomic theory", and it reached a peak during his winter vacation in Arosa. On 27 December 1925 he wrote to Wilhelm Wien, editor of the "Annalen der Physik" inMunich that he was very optimistic: "I believe that I can give a vibrating system...thatyields the hydrogen frequency levels as it eigenfrequencies." The frequences of the emitted light rays are then obtained, as Schrödinger observed, by establishing the differences of the two eigenfrequencies respectively. "Consequently the way is opened toward a real understanding of Bohr's frequency calculation - it is really a vibration (or, as the case may be, interference) process, which occurs with the same frequency as the one we observe in the spectroscope. I hope, that I will soon be able to report on this subject in a little more detail and in a more comprehensive fashion" (Schrödinger's letter to Wien)...The so-called Klein-Gordon equations which Schrödinger used gives an incorrect description of the relativistic structures Schrödinger tried to describe. As this equation he tried to use, describes particles without spin, whereas a a description of electrons requires the Dirac equation..."After a brief interruption Schrödinger took up his method again, but this time he treated the electron nonrelativistically. It soon became apparent that he had arrived at a theory that correctly represented a the behavior of the electron to a very good approximation. THE RESULT WAS THE EMERGENCE OF WAVE MECHANICS IN JANUARY 1926. Schrödinger published the results of his research in a series of four papers in the "Annalen der Physik" bearing the overall title "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem." The first installment, sent on 26 January and received by Wien the next day, contains the first apperarance in the literature of his famous wave equation, written out for the hydrogen atom..."(DSB). In the fifth paper offered here, Schrödinger himself shows that there is an essential equivalence of his theory and that of Heisenberg, Born and Jordan's.Brandt, Harvest of a Century, no. 39.