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[Paris, 1764]. (8) p. + 128 copper-engraved and handcoloured maps. Original full calf binding, marbelled interior boards. Red edges. 33 X 24,5 cm. Stamp on title page: "Bergsskolans bibliotek". Occasional slight stains and minor foxing. Volume 4 of totally 5 volumes.

Schleswig, Johan Holwein 1656. Engraved title, (28),768,(34) pages + 21 plates and 2 maps. With 76 illustrations in text. 5 of the plates with tear without loss of paper. The Volga map is missing a piece of paper under the cartouch, and the Persia map is in 2 parts but complete. 6 portraits and one map (?) is missing. Together with: Johan Albrecht von Mandelslo, Morgenländische Reyse-Beschreibung. Herausgeben durch Adam Olearius. Schleswig. Johan Holwein 1658. Engraved title, (32),248,(36) pages + engraved map. 21 illustrations in text. Engraved title and map water-stained. a few brown spots. Authors portrait is missing. Together with: Schich Saadi, Persianischer Rosenthal. In welchem viel lustige Historien, scharffsinnige Reden und nützliche Regeln. (Herausgeben) Durch Adamo Oleario. Schleswig, Johan Holwein 1654. Engraved title, (52),196,(30) pages with 32 illustrations in text. On page 88 there is an empty space for a missing engraving. One portrait is missing. Bound together in old blind-tooled full leather with worn surface and 2 cm tear at foot of spine. A few leaves with small tears in margins and some with a little browning. 3 important and rare works on Persia and Russia bound in one volume. A total of 8 portraits is missing and maybe a map.

Paris, 1903. 8vo. Nice contemporary half calf with raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Inner hinge a bit weak, but still tight. 3 leaves with a tear, no loss. Otherwise a nice and clean copy. Inscribed by the author to half-title, to the preeminent Russian Byzantinist F.I. Uspenky. (6), II, 399 pp. First edition, first issue, presentation-copy, of the groundbreaking work, in which Metchikoff coins "gerontology" and establishes the field, which today is considered more important than ever, namely the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging.Earlier on, Metchnikoff had made pioneering studies in immunology, and these led him on to the problems of biological ageing. His first work on the subject is the present, in which he coins the term "gerontology" and advances the idea that senile changes result from the toxins produced by bacteria in the intestine. In order to prevent these "unhealthy fermentations", Metchnikoff advocates the inclusion of sour milk on one's diet. As his ideas of "right living" were so closely connected with the consummation of large amounts of fermented milk or yoghurt made with a Bulgarian bacillus, his name actually came to be associated with a popular commercial preparation of yogurt (although he received no royalties). His studies into the potential life-lengthening properties of lactic acid bacteria, inspired Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota to begin investigating the causal relationship between bacteria and good intestinal health, which eventually led to the worldwide marketing of Kefir and other fermented milk drinks or probiotics, still extremely popular today.Apart from the consummation of yoghurt, Metchnikoff warned of eating uncooked foods, claiming that the bacteria present on them could cause cancer. Metchnikoff claimed he even plunged bananas into boiling water after unpeeling them and passed his silverware through flames before using it."In his "Nature of Man" Metchnikoff argued that when diseases have been suppressed and life has been hygienically regulated, death would come only with extreme old age. Death would then be natural, accepted gratefully, and robbed of its terrors." (D.S.B. IX: 334-35).He continued writing on ageing and death until 1910. In 1908 he shared the Nobel Prize for medicine with Ehrlich for his work on immunity.The interesting presentation-inscription reads: "Dorogim Naste I Fedoru/ Ivanovich Uspenskim/ na dobruyu panijat ot Il. Metchnikova." [In Russian, i.e.: For dear Nastya and Fyodor/ Ivanovich Uspenski/ in good memory from Il. Metchnikov." Fyodor Ivanovich Uspensky or Uspenskij (1845-1928) was the preeminent Russian Byzantinist in the first third of the 20th century. His works are considered to be among the finest illustrations of the flowering of Byzantine studies in Tsarist Russia.Uspensky was educated at the University of St. Petersburg, with his first thesis (1872) dedicated to Nicetas Choniates. For two decades (1874-94) he read lectures at the Novorossiysky University in Odessa. This position allowed him to spend considerable time abroad.Uspensky's doctoral thesis (1879) dealt with the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Although he specialized in the Byzantine-Bulgarian relations and investigated the Slavic influence on the Byzantine economy, Uspensky also researched and wrote extensively on the Crusades.In 1894 Uspensky, who shared Slavophile ideals, decided to move to Constantinople in order to study and protect the surviving monuments of Byzantine antiquity, which had been neglected by the Ottoman authorities for centuries. He founded the Russian Archaeological Institute (headquartered at Studion) and presided over its pioneering archaeological research in Constantinople, Asia Minor, Macedonia and Bulgaria. In 1900, he was elected into the Russian Academy of Sciences. With the outbreak of World War I, Uspensky was forced to abandon his work and flee Turkey.Back in Petrograd, the 70-year-old professor was invited to edit the organ of Byzantine studies, "Vizantiysky Vremennik". After the October Revolution, he delivered lectures at the Leningrad University (1922-27) and, enduring criticism of the Bolshevik authorities, prepared for publication the results of a lifelong study - a monumental three-volume account of the history of the Byzantine Empire.Uspensky died in Leningrad in 1928. The posthumous publication of his magnum opus, based on numerous unpublished sources and unprecedented in scope, demonstrated the wide range of his scholarship. His book about the Trapezuntine Empire also appeared posthumously.

Erevan, Armenia, Gosizdat, 1936. 8vo. In publisher's original full cloth with title in silver lettering to spine and front board. A picture of Darwin embossed to front board. Hindges weak. "75" in ink to spine and front board. Stamp and a few annotations to title-page, otherwise nice and clean. (2), 765 pp. + frontiespiece and plate with genealogical tree. The exceedingly rare first Armenian translation of Darwin's landmark work.Only two Armenian translations of 'Origin of Species' has been made. The present first a second from 1963, both translations are of the upmost scarcity. Due to the relatively low number of people speaking Armenian (approximately 3 million in Armenia and 7 million outside) books in Armenian were printed in comparatively low numbers. OCLC locates no copies. Freeman 630.R.B. Darwin Online, F630.

Stockholm, Anders J. Nordström, 1783. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine, titlelabel with gilt lettering. A very small nick to foot of spine. XV,766 pp., 9 folded engraved plates, 1 large folded engraved map. A fine clean copy. The scarce first edition (the first part only, but alone-standing) of Sparrman's famous travelling account which has been called the '"most trustworthy account of the Cape Colony and the various races of people then residing in it" that had been published in the 18th century. The work is one of the most important investigations of the South African fauna in the second half of the 18th century. He sailed for the Cape of Good Hope in January 1772 to take up a post as a tutor. When James Cook arrived there later in the year at the start of his second voyage, Sparrman was taken on as assistant naturalist to Johann and Georg Forster. After the voyage he returned to Cape Town in July 1775 and practiced medicine, earning enough to finance a journey into the interior.Du Reitz, Bibliotheca Polynesia, 1218 Mendelssohn 4, p. 360

St. Petersburg, 1868 [but in fact 1867-1869]. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with renewed spine. Inner hindges with repairs and boards with soiling and a few marks and holes to volume 1. Light foxing throughout, primarily affecting margins and plates. Overall a good copy. IV, 443, (1): ill; V.2: 462, (I)-VI pp. The very first publication of Darwin's 'Variation under Domestication' in any language. The title-page states 1868 but they two volumes were in fact published, respectively in November 1867 and 1869."In August, 1867, Darwin wrote to Lyell that he was visited by a young Russian "who is translating my new book into Russian.". The book was the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication', and the youngRussian was Vladimir Kovalevsky, who subsequently became a well-known evolutionary palaeontologist. At that time the 'Variation' was not yet published, and it seems most probably that the translation was made from a set of proofs given to Kovalevsky by Darwin. Thanks to Kovalevsky's rapid work, the first section of the Russian translation of the Variation was published several months prior to the publication of the English original." (Glick, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism, p. 235)"The first Russian edition, which is dated 1868 on the volume title page, is of particular interest. It is the only work, in his lifetime, of which any part appeared in foreign translation before it appeared in English. Correspondence at Cambridge shows that the translator was sent copies of corrected proofs as they were ready. It was published in seven parts of which four, perhaps to the end of Chapter XV, appeared in 1867; the next two appeared in 1868, and the last not until 1869, because he had been away in Russian Asia. The title is given in full, in English translation, under No. 925 and has been discussed above" (Freeman).Vladimir Kovalevsky (1842-1883), the translator of this book, was a Russian biologist and the founder of evolutionary palaeontology. His own scientific works were printed between 1873 and 1877, and according to Henry Osborn (Osborn, H. The rise of Mammalia in North America // Proc. Amer. Assoc. Sci. 1894. vol. 42, pp. 189-227) they ''dare away'' all traditional and dry European paleontology. That was mainly because Kovalevsky was a devoted Darwinist and adapted Darwin's ideas to palaeontology. Luis Dollo, the Belgian palaeontologist, a contemporary of Kovalevsky's, described him thus: ''No palaeontologist embodies so perfectly our epoch, as the brilliant and miserable Vladimir Kovalevsky, friend and guest of the immortal Charles Darwin''. Indeed, Kovalevsky was a friend of Darwin's and they corresponded extensively. When visiting Darwin in 1877, the Russian botanist, Timiryazev, asked Darwin about his views on Russian science and Darwin surprised him with an answer that Vladimir Kovalevsky (little known at the time) was the bright hope of palaeontology.Kovalevsky was very eager to translate Darwin into Russian as soon as possible so he asked Darwin to send him the proofs of his book chapter by chapter as soon as Darwin finished them. Kovalevsky translated with great speed (the complete book contains 900 pages) and he began to print the chapters from July 1867 (the first English edition appeared on 30th January 1868). The chapters were printed one after another as the translation went on. It is unclear whether any part of it appeared before the English edition.Vladimir Kovalevsky translated another of Darwin's books, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals [O vyrazhenii emotsyi u cheloveka I zhyvotnikh] that appeared the same year as the English edition (1872).Kovalevsky committed suicide at the age of forty after the breakdown of his marriage to the celebrated mathematician, Sophia Kovalevskaya who became the first female professor of mathematics in the world.OCLC finds only three complete copies worldwide (Cornell, American Philosophical Society (US) and Thomas Fisher Library, (Canada)). Freeman 925

S.-Peterburg, 1864. 8vo. Bound in a beautiful half calf recent pastiche-binding with marbled papers over boards and elegant gilding to spine. End-papers renewed. Stamp to half-title, title-page and first leaf of text. First leaves evenly browned and dampstain to outer margin affecting last 50 ff. A few occassional brownspots throughout. XIV, 399, (1) pp. + 1 plate with genealogical tree (between pp. 92/93). First edition of the first Russian translation of Darwin's "Origin of Species", a main reason for the widespread effect of Darwinism in Russia, where the theory met less resistance in the 1860'ies than it did in Western Europe. In Russia, Darwinism had a profound influence not only upon the different sciences, but also on philosophy, economic and political thought, and the great literature of the period. For instance, both Tolstoy and Dostoevsky referenced Darwin in their most important works, as did numerous other thinkers of the period."In 1864, S.A. Rachinsky, professor of plant physiology at St. Petersburg University, produced the first Russian translation of the "Origin". Although not a masterpiece of translation art, the book sold out so quickly that in 1865 it went through a second printing. By this time Darwin's ideas were discussed not only by scientists but also by such popular writers as Dmitri Pisarev and M. A. Antinovich." (Glick, p. 232). Rachinsky began translating the "Origin" in 1862 and wrote an important article on the theories presented in it, while working on the translation. This article and the translation of the "Origin" into Russian were responsible for the great success and rapid, widespread knowledge of Darwinian theory of evolution in Russia. "Darwin was concerned that the "Origin of Species" reach naturalists across the world, but translations of that complicated work raised problems for Darwin. If he found it difficult to make the reader "understand what is meant" in England and America, at least in those two countries he and the reader were discussing the "Origin of Species" in the same language. Foreign language editions raised not only the thorny question of translating Darwinian terms, but also the problem of translators, who often thought it proper to annotate their editions to explain the "significance" of Darwinism. The first Russian translation of the "Origin of Species" (1864) appeared, however, without any comment whatever by the translator, Sergei A. Rachinsky, professor of botany at the University of Moscow. Rachinsky had begun the translation in 1862 and published an article on Darwinism while continuing work on the translation in 1863." (Rogers, p. 485). In the year of publication of the translation, 1864, Pisarev wrote a long article in "The Russian Word", which purports to be a review of this translation; the critic complains about the absence of notes and commentaries by the translator. Pisarev furthermore points to several errors in the translation and to numerous infelicities of expression. Acknowledging the importance of the work, however, and of the spreading of Darwinism in Russia, he goes on in his own essay to provide a much more popular account of Darwin's theory and to impress upon his readers its revolutionary significance.Nikolai Strakhov also reviewed the translation immediately upon publication, acknowledging the effect it would have. Strakhov, however, recognized potential dangers inherent in the theory and expressed them in his review of Rachinsky's translation. He praised the work for its thoroughness and rejoiced in the evidence that man constituted the highest stage of organic development; but then he went on to argue that by moving into questions of philosophy and theology, the Darwinists were exceeding the limits of scientific evidence. Like Pisarev, Tolstoy enthusiastically embraced Darwinism. "The first mention of Darwin in Tolstoy's literary "Nachlass" is found in one of the drafts to "War and Peace". There Darwin is listed, apparently quite favorably, among leading thinkers "working toward new truth" [...] Thus by the late 1860's the name of Darwin as a leading scientist was already familiar to Tolstoy and duly respected." (McLean, p. 160). A fact which is often overlooked is that Tolstoy actually knew Rachinsky quite well. Interestingly, it was in a letter to Rachinsky, in reply to a question about the structure of "Anna Karenina", that Tolstoy made the famous statement (that all Tolstoy scholars and lovers know by heart): "I am proud of the architecture - the arches are joined in such a way that you cannot discover where the keystone is". Like Strakhov, however, Dostoevsky, acknowledging the significance of the "Origin", saw the dangers of the theory. In the same year as the publication of Rachinsky's translation, he lets the narrator in "Notes from Underground" (1864) launch his attack on Darwinism , beginning: "As soon as they prove you, for instance, that you are descended from a monkey, then it's no use scowling, you just have to accept it."In "Crime and Punishment" (two years later, 1866) the Darwinian overtones inherent in Raskolnikov's theory of the extraordinary man are unmistakable. He describes the mechanism of "natural selection," where, according to the laws of nature, by the crossing of races and types, a "genius" would eventually emerge. In general, Darwinian themes and Darwin's name occur in many contexts in a large number of Dostoevsky's works.Freeman 748. See: James Allen Rogers: The Reception of Darwin's Origin of Species by Russian Scientists. In: Isis, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp. 484-503.Thomas F. Glick: The Comparative Reception of Darwinism. 1974.Hugh McLean: In Quest of Tolstoy. 2008.

Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1773. 4to. 2 nice contemp. full mottled calf. 5 raised bands. Richly gilt spines, tome-and titlelabels with gilt lettering. Neat repairs to top of spines. Stamps on title-pages. Corners a bit bumped. (4),LXXIX,803;(4),622 pp., 5 folded engraved maps, 1 engraved plate and 5 folded tables. Light browning to a few quires. Lower right corners on the last 3 leaves in volume 1 with a mild foxing. First edition of this splendid work, in which the observations from the testing of Berthaud's marine chronometer were presented for the first time. Fleurieu took part in a one-year sea campaign to test Berthoud's first marine chronometer, in an attempt to beat Britain in the race to find a reliable way to calculate longitude. The chronometers he thus refined with Ferdinand Berthoud for their later experiments, were the object of major struggles with the king's horologer, Pierre Le Roy. Finally, Claret de Fleurieu and Berthoud were entrusted with the task, setting out on the testing expedition from autumn 1768 to 11 October 1769 on the frigate Isis under Fleurieu's command. The chronometers almost invariably indicated the hour as accurately after the ship had left port, as if they were still on land. Knowing the actual local time at each present location by astronomy, they could easily determine the ship's exact position and longitude on a chart. The results of their observations were published in 1773 under the title Voyage fait par ordre du roi, pour éprouver les horloges marines ("Voyage made by order of the king, to test marine chronometers").Sabin, 24750.

Christiania, Chr. Gröndahl, 1835-64. 4to. Indbundet i 6 senere hshirtbd. (Hefte 6 afvigende indbundet) med rygforgyldning, alle med det originale blå blanke foromslag. Stempel på titelbladene. Velbevarede eksemplarer. Disse kortbeskrivelser er forløberne for "Den Norske Los". Omfatter: 1. Fra Haltenöe til Leköe. 1835. VIII,18 pp. - 2. Fra Leköe til Dönnaesöe. 1836. 19 pp. - 3. Fra D¨nnarsöe til Fleina og Sandhornet. 1837. 18 pp. - 4. Fra Fleina og Sandhornet til Tranö med den sydlige Deel af Lofoten... 1839. 27 pp. samt 1 foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 5. Fra Tranö til Gisund. 1841. 28 pp. samt 1 foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 6. Fra Andö til Gisund. 1842. 23 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 7. Fra Kvalö og Grötsund til Söröen. 1844. 19 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 8. Fra Söröen til Nordkap. 1845. 14 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 9. Fra Nordkap til Tanahorn. 1847. 11 pp. - 10. Fra Tanahorn til grændsen mod Russisk Lapland. 1848. 11 pp. - 11a. Fra Christiania til Tönsberg, Torgersö Fyr og Rauö. 1852. 17 pp. - 11b. Fra Rauö til Idefjorden med den tilgrændsende Kyst. 1852. 14 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 11c. Fra Tönsberg og Torgersö Fyr til Jomfruland. 1853. 23 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 12a. Fra Jomfruland og Kragerö til Arendal. 1855. 36 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 12b. Fra Arendal til Christiansand. 1856. 67 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 13a. Fra Christiansand til Lindesnæs. 1857. 57 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 13b. Fra Ekersund til Lindesnæs. 1858. 36 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 14a. Fra Hvidingsö og Stavanger til Ekersund. 1860. 66 pp. samt 2 foldeplancher (landtoninger). - 14b. Fra Espevær ved Bömmelö til Hvidingsö og Byfjorden ved Stavanger. 1863. 126 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 15. Fra Espevær ved Bommelö til Korsfjord. 1864. 56 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger).

Tokyo, Nishimura Tomijiro, Fukuda Eizo, Meiji 21 [1881]. 8vo. In the original cloth binding with printed front board (depicting a monkey reading a newspaper). Light wear and soiling to extremities and end papers soiled, otherwise in fine condition. 285 pp. + 3 plates. The rare first Japanese translation of W. P. Lyon's anti-evolutionary text ' Homo versus Darwin'. It constitutes the very first publication in Japanese to reject Darwin's theory. A year after the publication, the book was banned for 'corrupting public morals'.The present work is Lyon's reply to the publication of Darwin's The Descent of Man. Here, he sees Darwin being charged by Homo of denying him from being a creature made by a God and declaring man to be merely some kind of animal. The author is recorded as being 'Eisa Gurei' [Asa Gray], but in 1986 a study confirmed the text to be a translation of Lyon's work.'Saru no Saiban' is an important work in the history of the reception of Darwinism in Japan. Darwin's theories had a profound influence on Japan and Japanese culture but in a slightly different way than in the West: Darwinism was marked as social and political principles primarily embraced by social thinkers, philosophers and politicians to advocate the superiority of Japanese culture and society (and military) and not by biologists and zoologists. "It was as if Darwin's famous oceanic journey and the meticulous research into the animal and plant kingdoms that he spent his life undertaking had all been staged as an elaborate excuse for composing a theory whose true object was Victorian society and the fate of the world's modern nations." (Golley, Darwinism in Japan: The Birth of Ecology).

Amsterdam, Jacob van Meurs, 1665. Folio. Contemp. full mottled calf. Richly gilt spine. 6 raised bands. Gilt lineborders on covers. Cracking to leather on hinges, externally repaired with thin leather-strips. Corners reinforced. Engraved title-page and printed (in red/black). (10),208,258,(10) pp., Engraved portrait, large folded engraved map, 2 engraved plates with coat of arms, 34 double-page engraved views, 110 large engraved textillustrations. A faint dampstain to upper margin of the last few leaves. The 2 plates with coat of arms a bit frayed in right margins and a faint dampstain in upper margin. A bit of browning to the first 5 leaves. otherwise internally clean. First edition of Nieuhof's famous travel round China, a trip of 2,400 km from Canton to Peking, in 1655-1657, which enabled him to become an authoritative Western writer on China. He wrote this "An embassy from the East-India Company", the written account of this journey which he undertook for the Dutch-Indian Compagny. He deals with nearly all aspects of Chinese life, folklore, religion, crafts, topography, architecture, zoology, geography, geology etc. etc. The work is one of the first illustrated books to describe China, and it profoundly influenced the Western view on China.Brunet IV, 77. - Cordier, 2344.

Drammen 1995. Perspektivforlaget. Stor 8vo. 189 s. Hefta. Originalt lyst omslag med lyseblå ryggtittel. Prisetikettar, elles i generelt god stand "Om to kvardagsheltar som er ramma av sjukdom

Napoli, Apud Iosephum Cacchium, 1570. 4to. Bound in 18th century marbled boards. Completely fresh and clean copy. Two small marginal holes to last two leaves, far from affecting text. Good, wide margins. Telesio's woodcut title-device (a beatiful naked woman, all alone, far from the troubles of the world, illuminated by the sun, surrounded by a border carrying the saying in Greek: "mona moi fila" - presumably depicting the goddess of Truth), and 11 lovely, illustrated woodcut initials. 12 ff. The rare first edition of one of Telesio's smaller scientific treatises, his treatise on the sea, which was based on purely empirical knowledge. The work constitutes a corrective to Aristotle and a continuation of his magnum opus on the things of nature, the important second edition of which was printed in the same year, also by Cacchium. The empiricism that Telesio propounds in his novel, empirically based scientific treatises, like the "De Mare", caused him to be to be considered "the first of the moderns" (Francis Bacon),"Bernardino Telesio (1509-1588) belongs to a group of independent philosophers of the late Renaissance who left the universities in order to develop philosophical and scientific ideas beyond the restrictions of the Aristotelian-scholastic tradition. Authors in the early modern period referred to these philosophers as 'novateurs' and 'modern'. In contrast to his successors Patrizzi and Campanella, Telesio was a fervent critic of metaphysics and insisted on a purely empiricist approach in natural philosophy-he thus became a forerunner of early modern empiricism. He had a remarkable influence on Tommaso Campanella, Giordano Bruno, Pierre Gassendi, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes and authors of the clandestine Enlightenment like Guillaume Lamy and Giulio Cesare Vanini." (SEP).Telesio was born in Cosenza "and in a sense he opens the long line of philosophers through which the South of Italy has asserted its Greek heritage, a line that links him with Bruno and Campanella, with Vico in the eighteenth century, and with Croce and Gentile in our own time." (Kristeller, Eight Philosophers, p. 97). He was educated by his uncle, the humanist Antonio Telesio, in Milan and Rome, and he studied philosophy and mathematics at the university of Padua, where he got his doctorate in 1535. He had a great respect for the famous Aristotelian Vicenzo Maggi, with whom he discussed his magnum opus, obtaining his approval before publishing the seminal second version of it in 1570. He was closely connected not only with Maggi, but also with the other leaders of the most intelligent and official Aristotelianism of his age. But Telesio opposes the Aristotelianism of both his own and earlier times, claiming that they all erected arbitrary systems that consisted of a strange mixture of reason and experience. They created their systems without consulting nature, and thus they merely obtained arbitrary ideas of the world. What separates Telesio and his contemporaries from the great Renaissance thinkers that had gone ahead is not merely the passing of a few decades, but the emergence of a completely different intellectual atmosphere. "The tradition of medieval thought, which was still felt very strongly in the fifteenth century and even at the beginning of the sixteenth, began to recede into the more distant background, and it was now the tbroad thought and learning of the early Renaissance itself which constituted the tradition by which the new generations of thinkers were shaped, and against which their immediate reactions were directed." (Kristeller, Eight Philosophers, p. 91). Telesio belongs to a group of thinkers that we call the Renaissance philosophers of nature. They are considered a group by themselves, different from the humanists, Platonists, and Aristotelians that we usually group other Renaissance thinkers into. What distinguished these philosophers of nature, however, was not a different subject matter from that of the Aristotelians and the Platonists (of both contemporary and earlier times), but their clear claim to explore the principles of nature in an original and independent way, tearing themselves loose of an established tradition and authority that kept them in binds. They formulated novel theories andfreed themselves from the ancient philosophical authorities, especially Aristotle, who had dominated philosophical speculation, not least natural philosophy, for centuries. Telesio, of course, did not stand alone in this group of bold, original thinkers that we call the Renaissance philosophers of nature, and whose quest it was to make new discoveries and to attain knowledge unaccessible to the ancients, it also included for instance Fracastoro, Cardano, Paracelsus, and Bruno. But Telesio in particular protrudes, as his thought is distinguished by such clarity and coherence, and his ideas anticipate important aspects of later philosophy and science. "Telesio dedicated his whole life to establishing a new kind of natural philosophy, which can be described as an early defense of empiricism bound together with a rigorous criticism of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Galenic physiology. Telesio blamed both Aristotle and Galen for relying on elaborate reasoning rather than sense perception and empirical research. His fervent attacks against the greatest authorities of the Western philosophical and medical traditions led Francis Bacon to speak of him as "the first of the moderns" (Opera omnia vol. III, 1963, p. 114). He was perhaps the most strident critic of metaphysics in late Renaissance times. It was obviously due to his excellent relationships with popes and clerics that he was not persecuted and was able during his own lifetime to publish his rather heterodox writings, which went on the index shortly after his death." (SEP)."Giordano Bruno speaks of the "giudiciosissimo Telesio" in the third dialog of "De la causa", whilst Francis Bacon based his own speculative philosophy of nature on a blend of Telesian and Paracelsian conceptions (Giachetti Assenza 1980; Rees 1977; 1984). Thomas Hobbes followed Telesio in the rejection of species (Schuhmann 1990; Leijenhorst 1998, p. 116ff.) The physiology of René Descartes in "De homine" shows close similarities to Telesio's physiological theories as they are presented in "De natura rerum" (Hatfield 1992). Telesio also had some influence on Gassendi and on libertine thinkers (Bianchi 1992)." (SEP).Adams: T:291.

Breslau, 1818 - 1830. Bei Willibald August Holäuser. Ab Band II, Heft 2, Berlin, 1820. Gedruckt und verlegt bei G. Reimer. 8vo. Band I. Heft 1. pp. [1] - 223, (1); Heft 2. pp. [i] - iv, (4), [1] - 152, mit einer Kupfer und einer Karte (Lith.). Band II. Heft 1. pp. [1] - 219; Heft 2. pp. [i] - iv, (4), [1] -176, mit drei Kupfertafeln. Band III. Heft 1. pp. [1] - 252, mit ein Kupfertafel. Band IV. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 144, mit einer Kupfertafel. Heft 2. pp. [145] - 324, mit zwei Kupfertafeln. Band V. Heft 1. pp. [1] - 219, (5), mit drei Kupfertafeln. Heft 2. pp. [i] - iv, (2), [223] - 439, (5), mit zwei Kupfertafeln. Band VI. Heft 1. & 2. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 436, (12) [Pränumerations-Anzeige], mit drei Kupfertafeln [einer handkoloriert]. Band VII. Heft 1. pp. (4), [1] - 230, (2), mit drei Kupfertafeln. Heft 2. [233] - 513, (2), mit einer Kupfertafel. Band VIII. Heft 1. pp. [1] - 199, (1), mit vier Kupfertafeln [einer handkoloriert]. Heft 2. pp. [i] - iv, [201] - 412, (4), mit vier Kupfertafeln [einer handkoloriert]. Band IX. Heft 1. und 2. pp. (2), [1] - 572, [i] - iv, mit sechs Kupfertafeln [einer handkoloriert]. Band X. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 303, (1). Heft 2. pp. [305] - 472, (4), mit vier Kupfertafeln [zwei handkoloriert]. Band XI. Heft 1. pp. [i] - vi, [1] - 208. Heft 2. pp. [209] - 442, mit zwei Kupfertafeln. Band XII, Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 256. Heft 2. pp. [257] - 476, mit einer Kupfertafel. Band XIII. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 208. Heft 2. pp. [209] - 388, mit vier Kupfertafeln [einer handkoloriert]. Band XIV. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 224. Heft 2. pp. [225] - 459, (1), mit zwei Kupfertafeln. Band XV. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 240. Heft 2. [241] - 460, mit drei Kupfertafeln [einer handkoloriert]. Band XVI. Heft 1. pp. [i] - vi, [1] - 224. Heft 2. pp. [225] - 428, mit zwei Kupfertafeln. Band XVII. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 252, (4). Heft 2. pp. [253] - 472, mit sechs Kupfertafeln [drei handkoloriert]. Band XVIII. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 240. Heft 2. pp. [241] - 508, mit vier Kupfertafeln. Band XIX. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 272. Heft 2. pp. [273] - 566, mit elf Kupfertafeln [drei handkoloriert]. Band XX. Heft 1. pp. [i] - iv, [1] - 240. Heft 2. pp. [241] - 402, (1), mit neun Kupfertafeln. Alle zwanzig Bände in zwei verschiedene zeitgenössische Papierbandtypen. Band I - XI und XX mit beigebundene gelbe gedruckte Originalumschläge. Fünf Bände mit gebrochene Rückenetiketten (Papierverlust). Band X mit risse im inneren Gelenk und Papierverlust am äusseren Gelenk. Kupfertafel I. Heft 1. Band V mit risse und Papierverlust (Ecke ohne Druckverlust). Band XIII. Heft 1. Papierreparatur am Rand [p. iii] ohne Textverlust. NB! Band XIX mit elf Kupfertafeln nummeriert Taf. II - XII. Mehrere Bände leicht Eckenbestossen und mit wenig Papierverlust am äusseren Gelenk. Karl Johann Bernhard Karsten (1782-1853), German mining inspector and prolific writer in metallurgy, saline science and mining law. His high productivity did not prevent him from start a mining and metallurgical journal in 1818, Journal für Bergbau und Hüttenwesen, which in 1829 expanded and changed into Archiv für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenwesen, which lasted until 1855, and under his editorship until his death in 1853. Many of his own shorter papers were published in this journal. DSB VII, pp. 254-255

Ed. Bernardinus Gadolus. Venedig (Venezia), Johannes et Gregorius de Gregoriis 1497-1498. 194 + 614 + 38 leaves. Folio. 34,5x23 cm. Bound i 2 volumes, volume 1 with old blind-tooled leather boards on wood. Spine with later worn white leather. No clasps. Volume 2, old blind-tooled vellum on wooden boards. Spine with later white leather. Later clasps, one not complete. o3 in volume 1 signed n3 and m2 in volume 2 signed n2. 2 blank leaves. QQq1-6 that should be places in the end of part 3 is placed in the end of part 2. Here and there small water-stains in margins An interesting copy from Kloster Sternberg. Volume 1 has lots of old commentaries in very fine handwriting in the margins. Volume 2 has 3 coloured initials. The work is more than complete, one leave more than GW . Volume 2 is maybee rebound in the 16th century but volume 1 could very well be contemporary.

Basel, Officina Frobeniana, 1530-58. Folio. (20),+ 590,+ (2); 599,+ (1) pp; 1110 col,+ (1) pp. [=556 pp.]; 649,+ (3); 539,+(1); (83) pp. Part three with underlinings and marginal notes in ink on pp. 298-299 and col. 855-863, and on col. 1088 and 1095 in green ink. Part five with slight dampstain on top margin and with a Hebrew annotation in red ink on page 55. Contemporary blindstamped pig skin bindings over wooden boards, three volumes. Volume one and three uniform, boards with outer border with hunter and birds, inner bords with flower patterns and a ”C” in ink on top on front boards, spines with trace of labels on the top compartment and with library ink numbers, 593 resp. 595, in the lower compartment. Volume two differ slightly, boards with the crucification in a middle stamp surrounded by the Seven Virtues and biblical figures and finally flower patterns, spine with handwritten title. Volume two with preserved metal clasps, these are partly removed from volume one and three. Volume one and three with owner’s ink inscription on title by Christopher Wertwein from Pforzheim dated 1538, and with library and ex-library stamp from Kantonsbibliothek Solothurn (Schweiz), volume one also with traces of a removed large handcoloured woodcut heraldic bookplate. Volume two from the library of Victor von Stedingk, with his bookplate put over traces of a larger removed bookplate and with his pencil notes on front fly leaf. VD16 J 399 resp. J 402. Adams C1514 & C1519. Fine set, even if they are from two different editions and differ in provenance, of Froben’s edition of Chrysostomos (Chrysostome) in the latin translation of Erasmus of Rotterdam. All parts in the second edition from 1530 except part three (volume two) which is in the fourth edition from 1558. They were first published in 1517. Part one contains Erasmus’ Life of Chrysostom, ”Vita Divi Ioannis Chrysostomi ex historiae quam Tripartitam vocant libro decimo magna ex parte concinnata, per Des. Erasmum Roterodamum”.Johannes Chrysostomus, (c. 347-407) was one of the great Church Fathers, especially important for the Greek Orthodox church were he early became a saint. He was born in Antiochia where he also studied and where he gained large popularity thanks to his many public sermons. From 397 he served as archbishop of Constantinople where he stirred up much controvery and ended up in exile. Around 700 sermons and 246 letters, plus biblical commentaries etc. have survived and are still studied. He is known for his preachings and public speakings and for his many homilies, both over the New and the Old Testament, and for his care for the poor and the needy. Today he is perhaps most known for his strongly anti-Jewish views in sermons gathered as ”Adversus Judaeos” and his standing against homosexuality. The early owner of volume one and three was probably Christoph Wertwein (c. 1512-1553) from Pforzheim, who was a theologian and priest. He was court preacher and confessor to king Ferdinand (later Emperor Ferdinand I) and in 1552 he was appointed bishop in Vienna but shortly afterwards he suddenly died in a riding accident.

Havniæ/København, 1706. 8vo. 64 s., 269 s., (19) s. Med 5 foldede kobberstukne kart. (Sidene 241-256 er foldede tabeller.) På skrivepapir. Samtidig helskinnbind med forgylt dekor på rygg. Navne-etikett fjernet fra forstas. Gammelt notat på forsats, et lite hull i bladet. De første 20 sidene og foldekartene er noe plettet. Ellers pen materie. Øvre kapitel mangler.. . Noe av det tidligste som er skrevet om Grønland.

Kiøbenhaffn, (Andreas Gutterwitz og Hans Stockelmann), 1576. Folio. (27 x 19 cm.). Senere velbevaret hellæderbind i flammet kalv fra omkring 1850. Ryg med svagt ophøjede ægte bind, smalle forgyldte borter langs bindene. Forgyldt rygtitel: HUUSPOSTIL. Eksemplaret er næsten komplet, idet der kun mangler titelbladet til 1. del og det sidste blanke blad. Del.1: 13 (af 14) unummererede blade + 214 nummererede blade. Del 2: 234 nummererede + 13 unummererede. Med talrige monumentale halvsides træsnit i teksten illustrerende Jesu levnedsløb, hvis kunstner indtil for nylig var uidentificeret. (Se noten neden for). Nogle fejlpagineringer i begge Dele. 2 signaturer (læg) ombyttede (i 1. Del og i registeret). Trykt på svært papir og med lettere brugsspor, mest blandt de første blade i 1. Del. Ca. 20 blade omkantede, ca. 15 blade kantforstærkede i højre margin, 3 blade reparerede med teksttab. Enkelte blade reparerede i kanter med tab af bogstaver i marginalierne. Kolofonbladet repareret i alle kanter, men uden tab af tekst. Enkelte blade med svage skjolder og brunpletter. Et læg i registeret løsnet. Alt i alt et usædvanligt velbevaret eksemplar af dette monumentalværk i dansk teologisk litteratur. Folio. (27 x 19 cm.). Later well preserved full mottled calf binding from ca 1850. Slightly raised real bands to spine, slim gilt borders along the bands. Gilt title to spine. The copy is nearly complete, as its is only lacking the title-page for part 1 and the final blank. Part 1: 13 (of 14) unnumbered leaves + 214 numbered laeves. Part II: 234 numbered leaves + 13 unnumbered leaves. Some paginational errors in both parts. Two quires have been swapped (in part 1 and the index). With numerous half-page woodcuts in the text depicting the life of Jesus. Until recently, the artist had remained unidentified (please see note below for clarification). Printed on thick, heavy paper. Signs of use, mostly to the first leaves of part 1. Ca 20 leaves re-margined, and ca 15 leaves re-inforced at outer margin. Three leaves repaired with loss of text. A few leaves restores at edges with marginal loss of lettering. All edges of colophon repaired, but no loss of text. A few leaves with light damp staining and brownspotting. One quire of the index loose. All in all an unusually well preserved copy of this extremely rare monument of Danish theology. Den uhyre sjældne første danske udgave af Hemmingsens Postil, ja faktisk findes kun 2 komplette eksemplarer på private hænder, nemlig det som var ejet af Tore Virgin indtil 1947 og et eksemplar som for nogle år siden dukkede op i Frankrig, og som nu er i en dansk privatsamling. Lauritz Nielsen anfører, at der alene er registreret 4 komplette eksemplarer i offentlige biblioteker (KB, Linköping, Stifts-og Landsbibliotek, Karen Brahe, Odense og Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel). Universitetsbibliotekets eksemplar er defekt, ligesom KB ejer 3 defekte eksemplarer ud over det komplette, som alle 3 er med mange mangler.Postillen udkom først på Latin i 1561 og blev fortsat med ialt 16 Latinske udgaver - alle i 8vo-, og om alle kan man vist sige, at de er af største sjældenhed. Carl S. Petersen kalder Niels Hemmingsen "den største teologiske Videnskabsmand, der har levet i vor Fædreland", og som elev af Melancton må han nok betegnes som den mest betydelige tænker i Reformationstidens Danmark og Norge. Hans Postil er ikke egentlige prædikener, "men dispositioner til saadanne, udarbejdede med det formål at tvinge præsten til alvorlig gennemtænkning af den hellige Text". Samtiden tildelte ham navnet "Danmarks almindelige Lærer". AN ILLUSTRATIONERNE: En dansk bogsamler og ekspert på danske 1500-tals tryk (Jørgen Jark) har bidraget til opklaringen af de monumentale illustrationers ophav. Han anfører, at signaturen CE (i Thesaurus og Birkelund fejllæst som CF) - ifølge Nagler "Die Monogramisten" - sandsynligvis står for kunstneren, mester Endele. Han var af Wittenbergskolen, og denne serie af billeder var tidligere anvendt i en tysk udgave af Luthers Postil. Et par af billederne er mærket med årstallene 1561 og 1562. Efter lånet til Danmark må de være returneret, da de ikke optræder senere i noget andet dansk tryk. Træskæreren har markeret sig med en træskærerkniv og et 4tals-agtigt tegn, der er et i tiden og tidligere ofte anvendt laugsmærke. Et par af billederne tilhører en helt anden serie, f.eks. Del I, blad 71b. De tilskrives Hans Brosamer og hele denne serie blev brugt af Matz Vingaard i hans Lutherpostil 1577.Lauritz Nielsen: 886. - Thesaurus I, 100. - Bibl. Danica I:499. - Birkelund, 31. The exceedingly scarce first edition of the first Danish edition of Hemmingsen’s Postil. Only two complete copies are known on private hands, one that was owned by Thore Virgin up until 1947, and another copy that appeared in France some years back and which is now in a Danish private collection. According to Lauritz Nielsen, merely four complete copies are registered in libraries world-wide (Royal Library in Danmerk, Linköping’s Stifts- og Landbibliotek, Karen Brahe in Odense, and Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel). The copy in the University Library in Denmark is defective, as are the three other copies that The Royal Library owns, all very incomplete. Hemmingsen’s Postille first appeared in Latin in 1561, followed by another 15 Latin editions, all in 8vo. All 16 editions are considered exceedingly rare. Carl S. Petersen calls Niels Hammingsen ”the greatest theological scientist that has ever lived in our country” (i.e. Denmark). As a pupil of Melanchthon, he is rightfully considered the most significant thinker during the Danish/Norwegian Reformation. His Postil does not cosntitute actual sermons, but ”dispositions for such, prepared with the goal of forcing the priest into serious contemplation of the holy Text.” (Own translation from Danish). By his contemporaries, Hemmingsen was known as “The common teacher of Denmark”. THE ILLUSTRATIONS: A Danish bibliophile and expert on 16th century printings (Jørgen Jark) has contributed to solve the question of the origin of the monumental illustrations. He states that according to Nagler in “Die Monogramisten”, the signature CE (in Thesaurus and Birkelund erroneously read as CF) most likely refers to the artist Master Endele. Endele was part of the Wittenberg School, and this series of illustrations had previously been used in a German edition of Luther’s Postil. A few of the illustrations bear the years 1561 and 1562. After having been lent to Denmark, they must have been returned, as they appear in no other Danish printing. The woodcutter has marked himself with a woodcutter’s knife and a sign resembling “4”, which was a commonly used guild mark of the period. A few of the illustrations belong to a completely different series, e.g. Part 1, f. 71b. They are attributed to Hans Brosamer; his enire series was used by Mats Vingaard in his Luther’s Postil from 1577. Lauritz Nielsen: 886. - Thesaurus I, 100. - Bibl. Danica I:499. - Birkelund, 31.

Kopenhagen, Nicolaus Møller, (1761) 1766-1770. Folio. (37 x 25 cm.). Indbundet i 3 samtidige ensartede hldrbd. Rygforgyldning med blomsterstempler i rygfelterne. Forgyldt titeletiket på rygge. 2 kapitæler slidte med lidt skindtab. Lettere slidspor på rygge. Med 3 titelblade trykt i rødt og sort, hvert hefte med heftetitelblad samt indholdsfortegnelse (fra 8-10 sider) samt 537 (af 540) kobberstukne plancher- ikke kolorerede. (I første bind mangler 3 plancher: No. 112, 113 og 139). De 3 titelblade med tab af nederste venstre hjørne (kun lidt papirtab). Tekstblade og plancher rene og friske med kun ganske få mindre brunpletter. Originaltrykket af Flora Danicas 3 første bind (= planche I-DXL) i ukoloreret stand med de tyske titel- og hefteblade. De enkelte 9 fascikler er dateret 1761-70 1763. Titelbladene of fascikelhefterne til Flora Danica udkom på tre sprog: dansk, latin og tysk. Her i den tyske version.First edition of the 3 first volumes of Flora Danica with the title-pages in German. With 537 of 540 engraved plates in the uncoloured version.Carl Christensen II, 2c. - Bibl. Danica II,190. - Hunt,594. - Pritzel,6799. - Nissen,2249.

London, Hodgson & Son, 1939. Royal8vo. In a recent nice red full cloth binding with gilt lettering to spine. Entire volume 45 of "Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series". Small white square paper label pasted on to lower part of spine, covering year of publication stating: "A Gift / From /Anna Wheeler". A very nice and clean copy without any institutional stamps. Pp. 161-240. [Entire volume: (4), 475 pp.]. The rare first printing of Turing's Ph.D.-thesis, which "opened new fields of investigation in mathematical logic". This seminal work constitutes the first systematic attempt to deal with the Gödelian incompleteness theorem as well as the introduction to the notion of relative computing. After having studied at King's College at Cambridge from 1931 to 1934 and having been elected a fellow here in 1935, Turing, in 1936 wrote a work that was to change the future of mathematics, namely his seminal "On Computable Numbers", in which he answered the famous "Entscheidungsproblem", came up with his "Universal Machine" and inaugurated mechanical and electronic methods in computing. This most famous theoretical paper in the history of computing caught the attention of Church, who was teaching at Princeton, and in fact he gave to the famous "Turing Machine" its name. It was during Church's work with Turing's paper that the "Church-Turing Thesis" was born. After this breakthrough work, Newman, under whom Turing had studied at Cambridge, urged him to spend a year studying with Church, and in September 1936 he went to Princeton. It is here at Princeton, under the guidance of Church, that Turing in 1938 finishes his thesis [the present paper] and later the same year is granted the Ph.D. on the basis of it. The thesis was published in "Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society" in 1939, and after the publication of it, Turing did no more on the topic, leaving the actual breakthroughs to other generations. In his extraordinary Ph.D.-thesis Turing provides an ingenious method of proof, in which a union of systems prove their own consistency, disproving, albeit shifting the problem to even more complicated matters, Gödel's incompleteness theorem. It would be many years before the ingenious arguments and striking partial completeness result that Turing obtained in the present paper would be thoroughly investigated and his line of research continued. The present thesis also presents other highly important proofs and hypotheses that came to influence several branches of mathematics. Most noteworthy of these is the idea that was later to change the face of the general theory of computation, namely the attempt to produce an arithmetical problem that is not number-theoretical (in his sense). Turing's result is his seminal "o-machines"; he here introduces the notion of relative computing and augments the "Turing Machines" with so-called oracles ("o"), which allowed for the study of problems that could not be solved by the Turing machine. Turing, however, made no further use of his seminal o-machine, but it is that which Emil Post used as the basis for his theory of "Degrees of Unsolvability", crediting Turing with the result that for any set of natural numbers there is another of higher degree of unsolvability. This transformed the notion of computability from an absolute notion into a relative one, which led to entirely new developments and in turn to vastly generalized forms of recursion theory. "In 1939 Turing published "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals,"... This paper had a far-reaching influence; in 1942 E.L. Post drew upon it for one of his theories for classifying unsolvable problems, while in 1958 G. Kreisel suggested the use of ordinal logics in characterizing informal methods of proof. In the latter year S. Feferman also adapted Turing's ideas to use ordinal logics in predicative mathematics." (D.S.B. XIII:498). A part from these groundbreaking points, which Turing never returned to himself, he here also considers intuition versus technical ingenuity in mathematical reasoning, does so in an interesting and provocative manner and comes to present himself as one of the most important thinkers of modern mathematical as well as philosophical logic."Turing turned to the exploration of the uncomputable for his Princeton Ph.D. thesis (1938), which then appeared as "Systems of Logic based on Ordinals" (Turing 1939). It is generally the view, as expressed by Feferman (1988), that this work was a diversion from the main thrust of his work. But from another angle, as expressed in (Hodges 1997), one can see Turing's development as turning naturally from considering the mind when following a rule, to the action of the mind when not following a rule. In particular this 1938 work considered the mind when seeing the truth of one of Gödel's true but formally unprovable propositions, and hence going beyond rules based on the axioms of the system. As Turing expressed it (Turing 1939, p. 198), there are 'formulae, seen intuitively to be correct, but which the Gödel theorem shows are unprovable in the original system.' Turing's theory of 'ordinal logics' was an attempt to 'avoid as far as possible the effects of Gödel's theorem' by studying the effect of adding Gödel sentences as new axioms to create stronger and stronger logics. It did not reach a definitive conclusion.In his investigation, Turing introduced the idea of an 'oracle' capable of performing, as if by magic, an uncomputable operation. Turing's oracle cannot be considered as some 'black box' component of a new class of machines, to be put on a par with the primitive operations of reading single symbols, as has been suggested by (Copeland 1998). An oracle is infinitely more powerful than anything a modern computer can do, and nothing like an elementary component of a computer. Turing defined 'oracle-machines' as Turing machines with an additional configuration in which they 'call the oracle' so as to take an uncomputable step. But these oracle-machines are not purely mechanical. They are only partially mechanical, like Turing's choice-machines. Indeed the whole point of the oracle-machine is to explore the realm of what cannot be done by purely mechanical processes...Turing's oracle can be seen simply as a mathematical tool, useful for exploring the mathematics of the uncomputable. The idea of an oracle allows the formulation of questions of relative rather than absolute computability. Thus Turing opened new fields of investigation in mathematical logic. However, there is also a possible interpretation in terms of human cognitive capacity." (SEP).Following an oral examination in May, in which his performance was noted as "Excellent," Turing was granted his PhD in June 1938.

Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen), Steens Forlag, 1834. 12mo (15 x 9,5 cm). Lovely contemporary brown half calf with gilt ornamentation to spine. General wear along hinges and edges of boards. But overall a very nice copy. Tight and fine. Book-plate of Kaj Christensen (1960'ies) to inside of front board and and ownership signatures to front free end-paper ("W. Unsgaard" and "N. Neiidendam / 1900") along with blindstamped ovnership stanp of Johan G. Melbye. Later pencil-annotation to inside of front board (stating that only tow copies are said to be preserved on private hands). VI, (2) pp. + 48 engraved and finely handcoloured plates. All the blank leaves inbetween the plates preserved as well. Exceedingly scarce - one of only a handful of copies knwon to exist - first, and only, edition of Bruun’s “Collection of Costumes From the Danish Scene” from 1834, which contains 48 wonderful, engraved and handcoloured plates of costumes from some of the most famous plays and operas performed at the height of the Danish stage, including nine costumes to three of Mozart’s operas: La Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, and Seraglio. These 48 magnificent plates showcase the wonderful diversity of the Danish stage at the time, the strong Gothic influence, the great influences of both German and French romanticism, and the influence of the Orient upon costumes of the Danish stage as well (eg. Seraglio, Lulu). In addition to the costumes for the operas by Mozart and for some of the most cherished Scandinavian plays (primarily Holberg), we have costumes for a wonderful array of other plays and operas that showcase the great influx upon Danish performance from many parts of Europe – Austria, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom. We have for instance Cinderella (Cendrillon), Monteverdi’s The Combat of Tancredi and Clorinda, La Dame Blanche, Beckford’s Azemia, Weber’s Der Freischutz and his Preciosa (which is based upon a novella by Cervantes). The full list of costumes is as follows: 1: Saft - i Sovedrikken. 2 & 3: Salomon Goldkalb & Brant – i Kong Salomon og Jörgen Hattemager. 4-6: Anna, Casper & Samiel - i Jaegerbruden. 7: Pantsatte Bondedreng – i Stykket af samme Navn (i.e. in the play by the same name). 8. Joseph – i Joseph og hans Brödre. 9 & 10: Montefiascone & Cendrillon - i Cendrillon. 11: Wenceslaus - i Herman von Unna. 12: Roux – i Röverborgen. 13: Hans Mortensen - i Aprilsnarrene. 14: Amenaide - i Taneredo. 15: Geert Westphaler - i Stykket af samme Navn (in the play by the same name). 16: Geske - i Den politiske Kandestöber. 17: Barthel - i Viinhösten. 18: Azemia - i Stykket af samme Navn (in the play by the same name). 19: Don Juan - i Stykket af samme Navn (in the play by the same name). 20 & 21: Jane & v. Thyboe - i Jacob v. Tyboe. 22 & 23: Preciosa & Pedro - i Preciosa. 24: Ariel - i Alfen som Page. 25 & 26: Valborg & Erland - i Axel og Valborg. 27 & 28: Hvide Dame & Georg Brovn – i Den hvide Dame. 29 & 30: Syvald & Rödhætten - i Deodata. 31-33: Almaviva, Bazile & Figaro - i Figaros Giftermaal. 34. Trampel - i Fugleskydningen. 35 & 36: Constance & Blonde - i Bortförelsen af Serailet. 37-39: Dilfeng, Barka & Lulu - i Lulu. 40 & 41: Mad. Voltisubito & Ledermann - i Recensenten og Dyret. 42: Zoe - i Væringerne i Miklagard. 43-45: Papageno, Monostatos & Papagena - i Trylleflöjten. 46 – 47: Mad. la Fleche & Arv - i Jean de France. 48: Jeppe - i Jeppe paa Bjerget. Many of the costumes with depiction of the actors and actresses are important in themselves and not only in a broader perspective - setting the tone for how to depict the characters in some of the most famous plays and operas for decades to come. An example of an individually highly significant illustration in the present work is the drawing of Christine Zrza in Constanze’s costume in Seraglio, wearing a so-called “Turkish” costume as a woman of the harem of Selim Pasha’s palace. Zrza herself was a significant figure in the foundation of Mozart’s operas on the Danish scene, playing also the first Countess Almavira in Figaro’s Marriage, the first Sextus in Titus, and the first Queen of the Night in The Magic Flute. The work is of immense scarcity, with only very few copies known to exist. Apart from the copy in the Royal Library in Copenhagen, OCLC list merely one copy, at Harvard. This copy only collates as having merely 1f. in addition to the 48 plates, where as our copy has all the four leaves in front consisting in title-page, contents-leaves and half-title. We have been able to locate one copy sold at auction, that having merely 43 plates. It is said that merely two copies are knbown on private hands. The great book collector Oscar Davidsen had a copy in his collection (nr. 5 in his auction catalogue (1940), where it is said of it that "this collection is of great scarcity). Krohn:1482.

London, New York, Melbourne (printed in Great Britain), Published on behalf of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (1943). 8vo. Stapled as issued. Title-page printed in red. Stapels with rust, slightly affecting surrounding paper. A very fine, near mint, copy. 16 pp. The scarce first printing of this hugely important publication, which constitutes one of the very first official reports on Holocaust and one of the most accurate accounts that had been presented to the West, changing their knowledge of what was actually going on. This seminal pamphlet consists of 1) Raczynski's account of the ongoing Holocaust, based among other reports, on the eye-witness-report by Jan Karski, a Polish Government emissary in occupied Poland, who bribed his way into a German concentration camp and witnessed the mass extermination of Jews, 2) the seminal "Joint Declaration" by members of the United Nations, in which "The above-mentioned Govenments and the French National Committee condemn in the strongest possible terms this bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination. They declare that such events can only strengthen the resolve of all free-loving peoples to overthrow the barbarous Hitlerite tyranny. They reaffirm their solems resolution to ensure that those responsible for these crimes shall not escape retribution, and to press on with the necessary practical measures to this end." (p. 12), 3) an extract of Deputy Prime Minister Mikolajczy's statement on behalf of the Polish Government, and 4) the text of Raczynski's broadcast of December 1942, in which pleaded for action, wishing to make the public and the Allied nations "understand how real is the tragedy which is taking place not so very far from the shores of this island, on the continet of Europe - on the soil of Poland. For more than three years the Germans have consistently done everything they could to hide from the eyes of the world the martyrdom of the Polish nation, the like of which has never been known in the history of humanity. But "when we would keep silence the very stones will cry out"." (p. 15).While the details were neither complete nor wholly accurate, the Allies were aware of most of what the Germans had done to the Jews at a relatively early date. The mass murder of the Jews was of such dimensions, however, that, at first, they could not believe the reports that reached them. This quickly changed, though.In February of 1942 Jacob Grojanowski, an escaped prisoner of the Chelmno extermination camp, provided the Oneg Shabbat group with detailed information about what went on at the Chelmno camp. His report became known as the Grojanowski Report. It was smuggled out of the Warsaw Ghetto via the Polish underground and reached London in June of 1942. It is not known exactly what happened to the report at that point, but by February of 1942, the United States Office of War Information had decided not to release information about the extermination of Jews (thinking that there was a risk of the public viewing the war as only being a Jewish problem). Thus, the Grojanowski Report was not released. By at least October of 1942 British radio had broadcast news of the gassing of Jews to the Netherlands, and in December 1942, the Western Allies released their Joint Declaration [which is printed in the present publication], describing and condemning in the strongest manner Hitler's violent attempts at exterminating the Jews of Europe. In 1942 Jan Karski (1914-2000), a Polish World War II resistance movement fighter and later professor at Georgetown University gave his first report to the Polish, British, and U.S. governments on what was going on in the German extermination camps in Poland.Karski reported to the Polish government in exile (i.e. Raczynski, who was the Ambassador and one of its most prominent leaders) and the Western Allies on the situation in German-occupied Poland. Karski personally met with Franklin Roosevelt and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to explain what went on in Poland, and Raczynski wrote up the report. Eventually, the American Government confirmed the reports to Jewish leaders in late November 1942, and shortly thereafter they were publicized [i.e. in the present publication]. Karski's report (through Raczynski) became one of the most important reports in the history of the Holocaust, being a major factor in informing the West. It sparked one of the first official publications from the Allies on the mass extermination of Jews in Poland and resulted in the official reports and condemnations from the Allied countries, i.e. the "Joint Declaration" [also published here]."The purpose of this publication is to make public the contents of the Note of December 10th, 1942, addresses by the Polish Government to the Governments of the United Nations concerning the mass extermination of Jews in the Polish territories occupied by Germany, and also other documents treating on the same subject. [...] In the hope that the civilized worlds will draw the appropriate conclusions, the Polish Government desire to bring to the notice of the public, by means of the present White Paper, these renewed German efforts at mass extermination, with the employment of fresh horrifying methods." (From the Introductory Note, p. 3)."Most recent reports present a horrifying picture of the position to which the Jews in Poland have been reduced. The new methods of mass slaughter applied during the last few months confirm the fact that the German autorities aim with systematic deliberation at the total extermination of the Jewsih population of Poland and of the many thousands of Jews whom the German authorities have deported to Poland from Western and Central European countries and from the German Reich itself.The Polish Government consider it their duty to bring to the knowledge of the governments of all civilized countries the following fully authentical information received from Poland during recent weeks, which indicates all too plainly the new methods of extermination adopted by the German authorities." (p. 4).

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925-26. Bound in 4 nearly uniform contemp. hcloth. Edges a little rubbed. Stamp on title-pages. In "Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrsg. von Karl Scheel", Vols 33,34,35 and 36. VII,950;VII,953;VIII,954;VII,951 pp. The offered papers: pp. 879-893 (vol.33), pp. 858-888 (vol.34), pp.557-615 (vol.35) and pp.336-363 (vol. 36). Internally fine and clean. First printings of these four absolutely fundamental papers, which together MARK THE TURNING POINT IN THE FABRICATION OF A NEW PHYSICS, Quantum Mechanics, also called "Matrix Mechanics"."In May 1925, Heisenberg took on a new and difficult problem, the calculation of the line intensities of the hydrogen spectrum. Just as he had done with Kramers and Bohr, Heisenberg began with a Fourier analysis of the electron orbits. When the hydrogen orbit proved too difficult, he turned to the anharmonic oscillator. With a new multiplication rule relating the amplitudes and frequencies of the Fourier components to observed quantities, Heisenberg succeeded in quantizing the equations of motion for this system in close analogy with the classical equations of motion.....in June Heisenberg returned to Göttingen, where he drafted his fundamental paper [the first paper offered], which he completed in July. In this paper Heisenberg proclaimed that the quantum mechanics of atoms should contain only relations between experimentally observable quantities. The resulting formalism served as the starting point for the new quantum mechanics, based, as Heisenberg's multiplication rule implied, on the manipulation of ordered sets of data forming a mathematical matrix....Born and his assistant, Pascual Jordan, quickly developed the mathematical content of Heisenberg's work into a consistent theory with the help of abstract matrix algebra [the second paper offered].Their work, in collaboration with Heisenberg, culminated in their "three-man paper" ["Dreimännerarbeit" - the third paper offered] that served as the foundation of matrix mechanics. Confident of the correctness of the new theory, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born, Dirac, and others began applying the difficult mathematical formalism to the solution of lingering problems." (DSB).In the last paper offered, the Pauli-paper, he shows that the hydrogen spectrum can be derived from the new theory. His starting-point constitutes, due to Lez, a method for integrating the classical equations of motion of a particle in a Coulomb field. Pauli's paper was received on January 17, 1926, but the main result must have been obtained before November 3, 1925, for on that date, Heisenberg writes Pauli: "..Ich brauche Ihnen wohl nicht zu schreiben, wie sehr ich mich über die neue Theorie des Wasserstoffs freue..." Pauli's paper convinced most physicists that Quantum Mechanics is correct. (Van der Waerden).

Duisburg, Falk & Lange, 1866. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed wrappers with author's presentation inscription: "Geschenk des Verfassers / Freitag, d. 13. April 1866.". Spine expertly restored and wrappers reinforced on verso. A few light underlignings in pencil, a fine copy. VIII, 256 pp. First edition, presentation-copy given by the author shortly after publication, of Lange's highly influential work, which Karl Marx read extensively. The work served served as a great source of inspiration to Marx, especially in regard to rent theory and soil exhaustion (chapter 4 in the present work).Lange was furthermore seminal in the spreading of Darwinism in Germany. It was through Lange that Nietzsche was introduced to Darwin, an introduction which was to become pivotal in the construction of his theory of the Übermensch. "[Lange], elucidates his critique against the Leibig school in the 1866 book [the present], the title which ironically mocks Dühring's book. Marx made some excerpts from this book in the beginning of 1868 and possessed a copy in his library. These excerpts are important because Marx focused on chapter 4 in which lange criticizes Carey's and Dühring's view on agriculture. Marx documented a passage in which Lange rejects Carey's idea of the harmonious development; especially the latter's treatment of a "protective tariff" as "panacea" which should automatically lead to the establishment of an autarchic." (Karl Marx's Ecosocialism)."Thus in 1868 Marx began reading the work of authors who took a more critical stance toward Liebig's Agricultural Chemistry. He was already familiar with arguments such as Roscher's, which held that the robbery system should be criticized from the point of view of "natural science" but could be justified from an "economic" standpoint insofar as it was more profitable. According to Roscher, it was only necessary to stop the robbery just before it became too expensive to recover the original fertility of the soil - but market prices would take care of that. Adopting Roscher's arguments, Friedrich Albert Lange, a German philosopher, argued against Dühring's reception of Liebig and Carey in his J. St. Mill's Views of the Social Question [J. St. Mills Ansichten über die sociale Frage] published in 1866. Marx read Lange's book at the beginning of 1868, and it is no coincidence that his notebook focuses on its fourth chapter, where Lange discusses the problems of rent theory and soil exhaustion. Specifically, Marx noted Lange's observation that Carey and Dühring denounced "trade" with England as a cause of all evils and regarded a "protective tariff" as the ultimate "panacea," without Lange's recognizing that "industry" possesses a "centralizing tendency," which creates not only the division of town and country but also economic inequality. Similar to Roscher, Lange argued that "despite the natural scientific correctness of Liebig's theory," robbery cultivation can be justified from a "national economic" perspective." (Saito, Marx's Ecological Notebooks).Lange is a significant figure among the mid-nineteenth century German intellectuals who were concerned to digest the impact of developments in natural science on philosophy, pedagogy, and politics."Lange was one of the originators of "physiological neo-Kantianism" and an important figure in the founding of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism. He played a significant role in the German labour movement and in the development of social democratic thought. He articulated a socialist Darwinism that was an alternative to early social Darwinism." (SEP)Die Bibliotheken von Marx und Engels (MEGA IV.32).

Paris, Arnould Seneuze, 1687. 4to. Two contemporary uniform full calf bindings with five raised bands to richly gilt spines. All edges of boards gilt. Hinges and capitals worn, with some loss, but still tight. A damp stain to first and last leaves of both volumes (affecting about 17 leaves in all, mostly marginal). Otherwise a nice and clean copy with just the occassional brownspotting. Engraved frontispiece in vol. 1, engraved title-vignettes, large engraved vignette to verso of title-page of vol. 1, engraved portrait in vol. 1, woodcut vignettes and initials. Printed on good paper and with wide margins. (48), 621, (3) pp. + frontispiece and portrait; (4), 197, (3) pp. The very rare first edition of the first French translation of Grotius' groundbreaking magnum opus, "De Jure Belli ac Pacis", the founding work of international law. The profoundly influential masterpiece - written during the Thirty Years' War, in the hope that rational human beings might be able to agree to legal limits on war's destruction - "made him famous throughout Europe... [t]he questions which he put forward have come to be the basis of the ultimate view of land and society. This was the first attempt to lay down a principle of right, and a basis for society and government, outside Church or Scripture... Grotius's principle of an immutable law, which God can no more alter than a mathematical axiom, was the first expression of the "droit naturel", the natural law which exercised the great political theorists of the eighteenth century, and is the foundation of modern international law." (PMM 125). This magnum opus of legal philosophy played a tremendous role in French law and politics and in the entire development of international law in general. "It is on the DIB (De Iure Bellis) that the bulk of Grotius' reputation rests. It consists of an introduction and three books, totaling more than 900 pages in translation. As with DIP, the introduction or "Prolegomena" holds the greatest interest for philosophers, for it is here that Grotius articulates and defends the philosophical foundations of the DIB. While philosophers are naturally attracted to the "Prolegomena," the body of the DIB is also redolent with themes of philosophical interest. Book One defines the concept of war, argues for the legitimacy of war, and identifies who may legitimately wage war. Book Two deals with the causes of war, the origins of property, the transfer of rights and more, while Book Three is dedicated primarily to the rightful conduct of belligerents in war. After the initial publication in 1625, Grotius ushered several more editions to press during his life, each time adding more references without substantially changing the arguments." (SEP).Living in the times of the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands and the Thirty Years' War between Catholic and Protestant European nations (Catholic France being in the otherwise Protestant camp), Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations and religions. His magnum opus was a monumental effort to restrain such conflicts on the basis of a broad moral consensus. It was begun in prison and published during his exile in Paris. "In the dedication of his great work, "De Jure Belli ac Pacis", to Louis XIII of France, Grotius addresses the king as "everywhere known by the name Just no less than that of Louis ... Just, when you call back to life laws that are on the verge of burial, and with all your strength set yourself against the trend of an age which is rushing headlong to destruction; ... when you offer no violence to souls that hold views different from your own in matter of religion; ... when by the exercise of your authority you lighten the burden of oppressed peoples."When writing this dedication and the Prolegomena to "De Jure Belli ac Pacis" (originally published in Paris in 1625), Grotius was living in exile. Europe was war-torn and depression and suffering from hunger and cold prevailed in many regions, justifying Grotius' description of international law as such: "in our day, as in former times, there is no lack of men who view this branch of law with contempt as having no reality outside of an empty name." The treaty of peace, embodying many of the universal and permanent principles which Grotius abstracted "from every particular fact" in those dark days of the early part of the Thirty Years' War, was not concluded till 23 years later. The year 1624 was, in the negotiation of the treaty, assumed to be the norm year for restoration of the "Status quo".The more than three centuries since Grotius wrote his magnum opus seem to bear witness to his views upon war peace, in spite of the fact that many a state has not yet realized that the state is "Truly fortunate which has justice for its own boundary line." In 1625 Grotius famously stated: "there is no state so powerful that it may not sometime need the help of others outside itself, either for the purposes of trade, or even ward off the forces of many foreign nations united against it."Grotius's paramount influence upon international law is widely acknowledged worldwide. For instance, since 1999 the American Society of International Law holds an annual series of Grotius Lectures. Because of his theological underpinning of free trade, he is also considered an "economic theologist"."To those desirous of understanding the fundamental principles which have motivated some of the greatest statesmen of modern time and the bases upon which a state which is to remain essentially sound must rest, a reading of Grotius' Prolegomena to the "Law of War and Peace" is commended." (George Grafton Wilson: "Grotius: Law of War and Peace.", p. 1. In: The American Journal of International Law, vol. 35, nr. 2, 1941).