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Colobne, Arnoldus Birckmannus, 1576. 4to. Lovely contemporary full richly blindstamped pigskin binding over wooden boards. Raised bands to spine and rich ornaments to baords. With the original brass/leather clasps fully preserved. Spine a bit worn, and with contemporary hand-written title. Lower edge of front board a bit sooted and a black stain to front board. Internally very fine and clean with only very minor occasional browning. A single, small, non-disturbing wormhole fron beginning to end. A few old underlinings. Woodcut title-vignette and woodcut initials throughout. (8), 179, (1) pp. The extremely scarce second edition of Toletus' hugely important commentary, with the equally important questions, on Aristotle's "On the Soul", being one of the most important Renaissance commentaries on one of the most influential and commented on philosophical works of all times. The work was of great importance to late Renaissance thought and the theories presented here widely influenced seventeenth-century scholasticism.This highly influential and extremely popular work originally appeared in 1575 and was reprinted twenty-two times by 1625. The 1570'ies editions of the work are of the utmost scarcity. No auction records have been noted within the last 40 years, the only one being the 1583-edition, which is also the most commonly found in library-holdings; only two copies of the first edition from 1575 are in libraries worldwide, and likewise merely two copies of this second edition. Apart from those four copies, the earliest edition listed by OCLC is that from 1580. Franciscus Toletus (Francisco de Toledo Herrara) (1532-1596) was a highly important Spanish Jesuit theologian, Biblical exegete and the first Jesuit Cardinal. After receiving a master of arts at Valencia, he studied theology at Salamanca under the famous Domingo de Soto. He was ordained a priest in 1556 and was already teaching philosophy at Salamanca when he became a Jesuit in 1558. In the following year he was sent to Rome where he taught philosophy and then theology, bringing with him the Thomistic outlook emphasized at Salamanca by Francisco de Vitoria and his disciple, Soto. In 1593 he became the first Jesuit cardinal. Toletus was an independent, clear thinker with a fundamentally Thomistic outlook. In philosophy his most important works were his commentaries on Aristotle's logic and treatise on the soul, which were widely read and discussed in his time. In these, he drew upon the whole previous scholastic tradition to raise and answer the most important philosophical questions of his time. His works are especially interesting, as he was neither a slavish follower of Aristotle nor limited to defend any medieval scholar of his own community, as were many other commentators of the period. Governed by reason, he respectfully and clearly analyzes the key text of the greatest philosopher of all times and draws out his own philosophical theories. "Although Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Society (the Jesuits), had established Aristotle as the basic philosophical authority and Thomas as the guide to philosophy as well as theology, the Thomism of the Jesuits turned out to be a rather moderate one, which neither closed the doors on differing positions, such as those of the Scotists and the nominalists in psychology, nor prevented its members from developing new positions of their own. An early example of this attitude was Franciscus Toletus. His commentary on "De anima", first published at Cologne in 1575, followed the traditional division of Averroes, but also gave the Greek division of the text into chapters and had the third book begin according to Greek tradition. The authors upon whom Toletus depended were the Latin commentators, especially Thomas, as well as the Greeks and Arabs, with special attention given to Averroes. However rich his commentary, the major philosophical discussion is found in the more than seventy "quaestiones", which resemble a systematic treatise." (Schmitt, Skinner, Kessler, "The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy", p. 511).If one question is to be pointed out as the main philosophical one of the Renaissance, it is that of the soul's relation to reason or intelligence. " "Anima" and "Intellectus" were then the watchwords of the schools: their relation, or the nature of "anima intellective", was the point round which discussion moved and on which was invoked the authority of Averroes, Alexander or St Thomas. When the audiences in the Italian class-rooms called out "Quid de anima?" this was the subject which they desired to hear treated." (Douglas, p. 74).For Toletus, intellectual abstraction is simply a precision from accidents and a consideration of the substance of anything. In his great "De anima"-commentary, he allowed for a direct intellectual cognition of a singular material thing. And although he thinks it more probable that an agent intellect is necessary, he regards it as probable that there is no agent intellect or that the two intellects distinguished by Aristotle are one and the same. "Toletus followed a Thomistic line, but departed from Thomism in some details. He held that individuals are directly apprehended by the intellect and that the agent intellect is the same power as the possible intellect. He rejected the Thomistic doctrines of the real distinction between essence and existence and of individuation by designated matter; for Toletus individuation results from form." (Cambr. Dict. of Phil.). "Having already stated that the basic psychological positions of the church were identical with those of true philosophy, Toletus was less anxious in philosophical argument itself to adhere to the faith and more open to strictly philosophical values. This applied particularly to the problem of immortality. Citing the volitional aspects of the human soul as well as the intellectual ones, he argued that immortality could be demonstrated by natural means, while admitting that Aristotle himself was unclear on the question…." (Schmitt, Skinner, Kessler, "The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy", p. 511).Toletus stands at the very centre of 16th century Spanish scholarship and counts as one of the most important Aristotle scholars of this tradition. His works formed the basis of Jesuit teaching in logic until the end of the 1600s.Only two copies in libraries world-wide (Berlin, Gotha) (and likewise only two of the first, 1575-edition). Not in Adams, which only has the 1581, 1582, 1583, and 1594 editions.

(Berlin, Julius Springer, 1922-24). 8vo. In: "Zeitschrift für Physik", Vol. 10 (pp. 377 ff.),Vol.11 (pp.326), vol.16 (pp.228), vol.21 (pp.326-332). The entire four volumes offered here. Contemporary half cloth bindings. Two landmark papers in the history of cosmology: All first editions. In 'Über die Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the non-stationary solutions to Einstein's field equations. Einstein quickly responded in a short comment ('Bemerkung'), in which he expressed his suspicion of such a model of the Universe and apparently pointed out an error in Friedman's calculations. However, Friedman now wrote a letter to Einstein, in which he enclosed his full calculations. Shortly after this, Einstein submitted a short notice (Notiz), in which he admitted that he himself had performed a calculation error and that Friedman's solutions, which shed new light on the matter, were valid. Friedman's expanding universe model was corroborated by Edwin Hubble's red-shift observations in 1929. In 'Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the Friedman-equations and demonstrated that he had command of all three Friedman-models describing positive, zero and negative curvature respectively, nearly a decade before the independent discoveries of the same models by Lemaître, Robertson, and Walker.

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1922-24. 8vo. 4 contemporary half cloth binding: two in uniform half green cloth and two en uniform grey/blue half cloth. In "Zeitschrift für Physik", Bd. 10, 11, 16 & 21. Entire volumes offered. All volumes with stamp to title page and front free end paper, otherwise a fine and clean set. [Friedmann:] Bd. 10: Pp. 377-386; Bd. 21: P.p. 326-332. [Einstein:] Bd. 11:P. 326; Bd. 16: P. 228. First printing of these four landmark paper in which Friedman "introduced into cosmology two concepts of revolutionary importance, the age og the world and the creation of the world" (Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy). "In his paper of 1922, Friedmann offered a complete analysis of the solutions of Einstein's cosmological field equations that went beyond the earlier solutions of Einstein and de Sitter as it also included nonstatic solutions. Friedmann did so clearly and explicitly: "The purpose of this note," he wrote, "is firstly to show that the cylindrical [Einstein]and spherical [de Sitter] worlds are special cases of more general assumptions, and secondly to demonstrate the possibility of a world in which the curvature of space is independent of the three spatial coordinates but does on time".(Ibid.).In 'Über die Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the non-stationary solutions to Einstein's field equations. Einstein quickly responded in a short comment ('Bemerkung'), in which he expressed his suspicion of such a model of the Universe and apparently pointed out an error in Friedman's calculations. However, Friedman now wrote a letter to Einstein, in which he enclosed his full calculations. Shortly after this, Einstein submitted a short notice (Notiz), in which he admitted that he himself had performed a calculation error and that Friedman's solutions, which shed new light on the matter, were valid. Friedman's expanding universe model was corroborated by Edwin Hubble's red-shift observations in 1929. In 'Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the Friedman-equations and demonstrated that he had command of all three Friedman-models describing positive, zero and negative curvature respectively, nearly a decade before the independent discoveries of the same models by Lemaître, Robertson, and Walker. "Friedmann made a valuable contribution to Einstein's general theory of relativity. As always, his interest was not limited simply to familiarizing himself with this new field of science but led to his own remarkable investigations. Friedmann's work on the theory of relativity dealt with one of its most difficult questions, the cosmological problem. In his paper "Über die Krümmung des Raumes" (1922), he outlined the fundamental ideas of his cosmology: the supposition concerning the homogeneity of the distribution of matter in space and the consequent homogence of "world" time for which, at any moment in time, the metrics of space will be identical at all points and in all directions. This theory is especially important because it leads to a sufficiently correct explanation of the fundamental phenomenon known as the "red shift." This solution of the Einstein field equations, obtained from the above propositions, is the model for any homogeneous and isotropic cosmological theory. It is interesting to note that Einstein thought that the cosmological solution to the equations of a field had to be static and had to lead to a closed model of the universe. Friedmann discarded both conditions and arrived at an independent solution. Einstein welcomed Friedmann's results because they showed the dispensability of the ad hoc cosmological term Einstein had been forced to introduce into the basic field equation of general relativity". (DSB). Weil 122 & 130.

Moskau - Moskva (Moscow), 1764. 8vo. Nice contemporary brown half calf ith 5 raised bands and gilt title-label to spine. A bit of minor wear to corners and spine. A very nice and clean copy, with almost no brownspotting or soiling. (8), 268 pp. The extremely scarce first Russian edition of this classical text-book which served as the basis for the basic teaching of science to the youth in Russia for decades, printed in Moscow in 1764, 19 years before the freeing of the book printing in Germany, which later led to numerous German works being widely distributed in Russia. The work was originally published in French with German translations following shortly after. This is the first Russian-German edition and the first Russian edition of the text at all. Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey (1711 - 1797) was a German author who wrote in the French. He is now primarily remembered for his educational science-work for the youth, which was highly popular throughout Europe and which became an educational standard-work. He also worked with Diderot and wrote about Rousseau.

London, 1913. Without wrappers, but stitched. In "Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science", Vol. 26, No. 156. December 1913. Pp. 937-1058 a. 6 plates.(= the whole issue No 156). Moseley's paper: pp. 854-860 a. 1 plate. Fine and clean. First edition of this groundbreaking paper which Rutherford considered A WORK ON PAR WITH THE VERY DISCOVERY OF THE PERIODICAL TABLE, introducing the concept 'Atomic Number'.Moseley notes a regularity in the shifting of spectral lines when the elements (he examines 50 elements) are arranged according to atomic weight. He finds that bombardments of the various elements with cathode rays yeilds a systematic sequence of vibration frequencies, and from this he derives the concept of atomic number, which he recognizes as equal to the nuclear charge."Moseley, working under Rutherford at Manchester, used the method of X-ray spectroscopy devised by the Braggs to calculate variations in the wave-lenght of the rays emitted by each element. These he was able to arrange in a series according to the nuclear charge of the element. Thus if the nuclear charge of hydrogen is 1, in helium it is 2, in lithium 3, and so on by regular progression to uranium as 92. These figures Moseley called atomic numbers.he pointed out that they also represented a corresponding increase in extra-nuclear electrons and that it is the number and arrangement of these electrons rather than the atomic weight that determines the properties of an element. It was now possible to base the periodical table on a firm foundation, and to state with confidence that the number of elements up to uranium is limited to 92. When Moseley'stable was completed, six atomic numbers had no corresponding elements; but Moseley himself was able to predict the nature of four of the missing elements."(Printing and the Mind of Man No. 407). Another paper on the same subject was published by Moseley the next year (1914).An important paper by Rutherford and Richardson is withbound: Analysis of the gamma rays of Thorium and Actinium Products. Pp.937-948 and 1 plate.

Prag [Prague], 1843. 4to. Uncut in the original printed light pink wrappers, with a dicreet new black cloth back-strip. A bit of brownspotting and minor chipping to edges pf wrappers, but overall a very nice copy of this fairly fragile publication. 15, (1) pp. The very rare first edition, off-print (separately paginated), of this important treatise on space and time, which constitutes an important part of Bolzano's philosophical-logical theory. The present paper constitutes the first public formulation of these controversial ideas on time and space, with which Bolzano sets out to establish a foundation of mathematics which is non-empirical. By uniting mathematics and philosophy and applying both to the question of space and time, Bolzano here brings both sciences to a higher level of completeness, acknowledging that his theories depart from the those of Hegel, Kant, Schelling, etc. As always, Bolzano grabs the essence of the question and the terms that he is treating and retraces the concepts that must be used, establishing their original inner connection. In the present paper, the question of space, time, and thought are treated in order to establish the precise and full nature of space, a theme which Bolzano had apparently been working on for many years but previously only discussed with a very small number of intimate acquaintances, and now publishes on for the first time. The concept of space plays an important rôle in Bolzano's ontology and is closely linked to his mathematical and philosophical logic, in which the "space-position" plays a part in the demarcation of that which is purely mathematical and logical. Furthermore, for Bolzano, truth is constituted by true propositions (which state things as they are), and his canonical form of all propositions entails that "[a] proposition is true iff the object has the property (the attribute) which belongs to the subject of the proposition. Moreover, empirical propositions must contain determinations of space and time. Without these determinations, the sentence "It is snowing" has no truth value, it is just a propositional form which does not correspond to a complete proposition; "in order to be true, [such propositions] require the addition of such specifications as to time (and often place as well), 'It is snowing today, in this place'" (SEP).

London, Taylor & Francis, 1910. 8vo. Bound with the original wrappers in recent full blue cloth with black lettering to spine. In "The Philosophical Magazine" for February 1910, vol 19, no. 110. The entire issue offered. Wrappers reinforced in margin, otherwise a fine copy. Pp. 209-228 [Entire issue: pp. 209-336]. First edition of Millikan's landmark experiment in which he first provided the definitive proof that all electrical charges are exact multiples of a definite, fundamental value, namely the charge of the electron which in essence made possible the measurement of the electrical charge. In this paper, Millikan makes "the important discovery that individual drops always carried an exact multiple of the smallest charge measured - this being the first accurate measurement of the charge of the electron" ( Davis, Science in the Making, Volume 3, 10-11). Today it is primarily known as the 'oil-drop experiment'. "By 1909 Millikan was deeply involved in an attempt to measure the electronic charge. No one had yet obtained a reliable value for this fundamental constant, and some antiatomistic Continental physicists were insisting that it was not the constant of a unique particle but a statistical average of diverse electrical energies. Millikan launched his investigation with a technique developed by the British-born physicist H. A. Wilson; it consisted essentially of measuring, first, the rate at which a charged cloud of water vapor fell under the influence of gravity and then the modified rate under the counterforce of an electric field. Using Stokes's law of fall to determine the mass of the cloud, one could in principle compute the ionic charge. Millikan quickly recognized the numerous uncertainties in this technique, including the fact that evaporation at the surface of the cloud confused the measure of its rate of fall. Hoping to correct for this effect, he decided to study the evaporation history of the cloud while a strong electric Held held it in a stationary position.But when Millikan switched on the powerful field, the cloud disappeared; in its place were a few charged water drops moving slowly in response to the imposed electrical force. He quickly realized that it would be a good deal more accurate to determine the electronic charge by working with a single drop than with the swarm of particles in a cloud. Finding that he could make measurements on water drops for up to forty-five seconds before they evaporated. Millikan arrived at a value for e in 1909 which he considered accurate to within 2 percent. More important, he observed that the charge on any given water drop was always an integral multiple of an irreducible value. This result provided the most persuasive evidence yet that electrons were fundamental particles of identical charge and mass.Late in 1909 Millikan greatly improved the drop method by substituting oil for water. Because of the relatively low volatility of this liquid, he could measure the rise and fall of the drops for up to four and a half hours. Spraying the chamber with radium radiation, he could change the charge on a single drop at will. His overall results decisively confirmed the integral-multiple values of the total charge. As for the determination of e itself, Millikan found that Stokes's law was inadequate for his experimental circumstances because the size of the drops was comparable with the mean free path of the air. Using the so-called Stokes-Cunningham version of the law, which took this condition into account, by late 1910 he had computed a charge for e of 4.891×10-10 e.s.u. Realizing that the accuracy of this figure was no better than that of the key constants involved in the computation, Millikan painstakingly reevaluated the coefficient of viscosity of air and the mean-free-path term in the Stokes-Cunningham law. In 1913 he published the value for the electronic charge, 4.774±.009×10-10 e.s.u., which would serve the world of science for a generation." (DSB). In 1923 Millikan became the first American-born Nobel laureate for his work on determination of Planck's constant on the basis of Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect.

Amsterdam, Abraham Wolfgank, 1676. 4to (190 x 165 mm). In contemporary marbled paper covered boards. Extremities with wear, boards with scratches, corners bumped. Missing top 5 cm of spine. Frontispiece closely trimmed with loss to upper and lower margin. Plate no. 19 with repair in outer margin, with loss of plate. Internally generally nice and clean. (18), 476, (6) pp. + 58 plates and 1 frontispiece. Uncommon later edition – printed in Amsterdam for the first time - of Michel de Marolles' adaptations of classical fables beautifully illustrated with 58 full-page plates by Cornelis Bloemaert after Abraham van Diepenbeeck’s design depicting scenes from classical mythology and ancient fables. The prints were of exceptional quality and became an inspiration for artists and printmaker in the following decades. “In 1655 the print collector and classicist abbé Michel de Marolles (1600–81) published a book titled Tableaux du Temple des Muses (fig. 1).1 It was a folio edition illustrated with a series of engravings of 58 wellknown myths from classical antiquity, for which he wrote detailed commentaries. The prints, most of which were designed by Abraham van Diepenbeeck (1596–1675), are extraordinarily virtuosic and original for their day. Remarkably, the identity of the engraver or engravers is not known for certain. De Marolles’s publication was an international success. New editions in different languages continued appearing until well into the eighteenth century, and copies of the print series were also published. Although the engravings are still well-known, their printing history remains a little obscure. Sources relating to the patrons and artists involved are sparse. In addition, the available material has been interpreted in different ways in the past, sometimes giving rise to incorrect conclusions.” (Altena, The Tableaux du Temple des Muses) The Tableaux du Temple des Muses was protected by a 15-year privilege. In 1665 Nicolas Langlois published an edition with the illustrations only, and in 1676 Abraham Wolfgank published Le Tableaux du Temple des Muses in quarto format in Amsterdam. Brunet III, 1443: “Les beaux exemplaires ens ont peu communs”. Graesse IV, 409.

Kopenhagen, Nicolaus Möller, 1774-78. 4to. Bound in 2 contemporary similar but not uniform half calf bindings. Vol. 2 with gilt lettering to spine and having slightly wider margins compared to vol. 1. Wear to extremities of both volumes and hindges weak. Stamp and previous owners names to half titles. Stamp to verso of plates. Vol. 1 split in innner margin in a few places. A few occassional brownspots and first few leaves in both volumes with light dampstaining, but generally internally fine. XVI, (6), 501, (1);(16),479 pp. 1 large folded map, "Tabula Iteneraria... Terrae Yemen... 1763." and 124 engraved maps and plates (complete). First edition of Niebuhr's great travel account of Arabia being a testament to one of the most significant and captivating exploratory journeys of the 18th century. Through meticulous mapping, cultural documentation, and scientific observations, Niebuhr's travelogue provided invaluable insights into Arabia, expanding geographic knowledge and influencing the field of Orientalism.Like his "Beschribung von Arabien", his "Reisebeschreibung von Arabien" "provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years.""Despite its tragic course, the expedition was a complete success with regard to its scientific and scholarly results. It was especially due to Niebuhr's efforts to preserve and continue his and his collegues' , that the Royal Danish Library was eventually equipped with a host of oriental manuscripts, maps, and drawings, as well as many botanical and zoological specimens... It was Niebuhr who edited and published Forskåll's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica (1775) and Descriptiones Animalium (1775), together with the drawings of Bauerfeind. In 1772 he had alredy published his systematic and geographically organized beschreibung von Arabien, which was followed between 1774 and 1778 by the first two volume of his three-volume chronologically arranged Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien. (the item offered, the third volume was published many years later, 1837). Both works, written in a clear and sober language and illustrated with numerous precise drawings, maps, and plans, provided a mass of new geographical, regional, and historical information... Among is many exact maps and plans, the map of the Red Sea and of Yemen served as the most reliable information for more than 50 years."(Josef Wiesehöfer).

Paris, Jacques Collombat, 1695. 12mo. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine, titlelabel with giltlettering (lettering weak). A bit rubbed. Title-page in red and black. 213,(21) pp., 1 folded engraved maps and 5 folded engraved plates. A few brownspots to outer margins. Stamps on verso of title-page. Scarce first edition recounting Le Maire's voyage to West Africa and the Atlantic islands off the coast of Africa. Le Maire, a physician in the service of the Compagnie d'Afrique, describes the inhabitants, customs, and places that he visited. Le Maire’s work remains an important source for the study of 17th-century West Africa, interactions between Africans and Europeans, and aspects of the transatlantic slave trade.

London, Taylor and Francis, 1919. Recent full cloth. Titlelabel in leather on spine with gilt lettering. In: "The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science" Sixth Series, Vol. XXXVII. Pp. VIII,616 pp. a. 6 plates. A stamp to top of p. 537. Rutherford's paper: pp. 537-587. First appearance of this seminal paper which contains Rutherford's discovery of artificial transmutation. He here discovered, that the atomic nucleus (discovered by him in 1911) itself had a structure, when, by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, he produced THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL TRANSFORMATION OF AN ELEMENT INTO ANOTHER, and what was left after the bombardment had to be those of oxygen atoms. - Thus thus began the age of nuclear physics."Rutherford was .. the first man ever to change one element into another as a result of the manipulations of his own hands. He had achieved the dream of the alchemists. He had also demonstrated the first man-made "nuclear reaction". By 1924 Rutherford had managed to knock protons out of the nuclei of most of the lighter elements." (Asimov)."A few years before, Marsden had noticed scintillations on a screen placed far beyond the range of alpha particles when these particles were allowed to bombard hydrogen. Rutherford repeated the experiment and showed that the scintillations were caused by hydrogen nuclei or protons. This was easily understood, but when he substituted nitrogen for the hydrogen, he saw the same proton flashes. The explanation he gave in 1919 stands beside the transformation theory of radioactivity and the nuclear atom as one of Rutherford’s most important discoveries. This, he said, was a case of artificial disintegration of an element. Unstable, or radioactive, atoms disintegrated spontaneously; but here a stable nucleus was disrupted by the alpha particle, and a proton was one of the pieces broken off." (DSB).PMM: 411.

Stuttgart, J.F. Cast'schen Buchhandlung, 1840. Later red hcloth (ca. 1870). Nice copy w. minor traces of use to capitals and faint brownspotting to a few leaves. Corner of front free endpaper cut away. Rare first German edition (and probably first translation into any foreign language) of one of Pushkin's important prose works. Translated from the Russian Istorija Pugachevskago Bunta, printed in St. Petersburg only six years earlier, in 1834. Pushkin is probably the most important and beloved Russian of writers and is generally accepted as the founder of modern Russian literature. What Shakespeare is to the English and Goethe to the Germans, Puschkin is to the Russians. He is universally accepted as Russia's greatest writer. Early prose works by this great writer are scarce. It is exceedingly rare to find translations printed before 1850. This is probably one of the earliest translations of any of Pushkin's prose works. Pushkin had long been interested in the bloody peasant- and Cossack-rebellion under the surveillance of Pugacóv in the time of Katharina the 2nd. This rebellion was the first organized revolution in the history of Russia and was thus of immense importance to the country and its people. This work is said to be one of the greatest Russian historical novels, as it unites Pushkin's literary abilities with his thorough investigations of the event (he was the emperor's historiographer). Due to the fact that the writing of the novel was so close in time to the actual event, the novel was of high actuality when it appeared. It was thus exceedingly popular on all fronts, as it, apart from it marking the triumph of realism in Russian literature, also clearly reflected the daily life of Russian provinces in the 18th century.The foreword by the translator is interesting, as it gives phonological reasons for altering the usual way of transcribing Russian letters into Latin ones.With the ex-libris of Staehlin/ Stæhlin/ Stählin.

Paris, Ch. J.B. Delespine, 1745. 4to. Contemp. full mottled calf. Raised bands, richly gilt spine. Titlelabel with gilt lettering. Small stamps on title-page. Free endpapers gone. (6),254,(2) pp. Occassionally light marginal browning, but a fine copy. First edition. The work comprises Mannevillette's observations and collected data to explain his maps in his famous "Le Neptun oriental", also published 1745.

Kiøbenhavn, Daniel Paulli, 1677 og Uden trykker og år. Sambundet i et 1700-tals helldrbd. med rig rygforgyldning. Skindtitel fornyet. Øverste kapitæl med et indhak. Lettere brugsspor, men ganske velbevaret, trykt på svært trykpapir. 1. Part: (16),134,(2). På bagsiden af smudstitelbladet er trykt "Samtykke til Trykken". II. Part: 134,(2) pp. incl. smudstitelbladet. Yderst sjælden samlingsbind af de tvende parter. "Thomas kingos Aandelige Sjungekor's tvende Parter, som udkom henholdsvis 1674 og 1681, er de første lyriske Digtsamlinger af blivende Værd i det danske Sprog. N.M. Petersen har det kønne og rigtige ord om dem, at fra det Tidspunkt var det "umuligt at Poesi kunne uddø i Danmark."" Her foreligger for første parts vedkommende et eftertryk af 2. udgaven. Ligledes er 2. part et eftertryk af originaludgaven. Som eftertryk har ingen af parterne kobbesrtukket portræt eller kobberstukket titelblad. Blandt de talrige varianttryk og eftertryk (ikke-autoriserede Paulli-tryk) ser dette bind ud til at indeholde det, som bibliografien (Kingos Samledes Skrifter Bd. VI, p. 385 og 387) identificerer som "Pirattryk" (nær samtidige, men efter 1681). Den første part har 2. udgavens sideantal (1677) - den anden part har afvigende sideantal (fra originaludgaven 1681), da piratudgaven udelader dedikationsbladene og privilegiet. Så vidt vi kan konstatere er værket komplet som pirattryk.

Paris, Crochard, 1816, 1819. Bound in 2 contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettering to spines. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" Series 2, Tome 1 a. Tome 11. Entire volumes offered.(4),452 pp. a. 3 engraved folded plates. + 448 pp. a. 3 folded engraved plates. Fresnel's papers: pp. 239-281 a. pp. 246-296 a. pp. 337-378. Arago's paper: pp. 5-30. Some scattered brownspots. First appearance of Fresnel's landmark papers on the phenomena of diffraction, presenting Fresnel's first priinted paper on the subject. These two papers won the Academy's prize for 1818 and were later expanded and published as a long memoir in 1826. The first paper offered initiated the attack on the corpuscular theory of light, which was completely owerthrown by a series of succesfull papers by Fresnel the next few years. In the second paper Fresnel summed up all his work prior to this date in completed form. The paper is called "extract", but the longer memoir was not published until 1826. The paper is A CLASSIC IN PHYSICS."In broad context Fresnel's work can be viewed as the first successfull assault on the theory of imponderables and a major influence on the development of nineteenth-centurty energetics." (DSB V, p. 171).Diffraction arises because of the way in which waves propagate; this is described by the Huygens-Fresnel principle. The propagation of a wave can be visualized by considering every point on a wavefront as a point source for a secondary radial wave. The subsequent propagation and addition of all these radial waves form the new wavefront. When waves are added together, their sum is determined by the relative phases as well as the amplitudes of the individual waves, an effect which is often known as wave interference. The summed amplitude of the waves can have any value between zero and the sum of the individual amplitudes. Hence, diffraction patterns usually have a series of maxima and minima. (Wikipedia)-The volumes contains many other importent papers by Arago & Petit, Vaugelin, Humphrey Davy, d'Arcet, Laplace, Gay-Lussac, Alex. v. Humboldt, Thenard, Will. Prout, Stromeyer, Berzelius, Brewster, Theod. de Saussure, Ampère etc.

Paris, Jean Boudot et Jean Boudet fils, 1707. 4to. Contemporary full calf. A bit of cracking to front hinges, so that cords are seen, but cover not loosening. Spine with 6 raised bands, richly gilt compartments. Wear to top of spine. Two small old paperlabels, one to upper compartment, one to frontcover. Covers slightly rubbed. (4),459,(5) pp. Large woodcut vignette on titlepage, 2 other vignettes, one engraved , one in woodcut. 32 folded engraved plates and one smaller folded plate (Fig. A). An old owners stamp on flyleaf. Internally clean and fine. A few tiny brownspots. Wide-margined and printed on good paper. Scarce first edition of l'Hôspital's second book - his second successfull textbook - the manuscript of which was left completed at his death in 1704. His first book "Analyse des infiniment petits pour l’intelligence des lignes courbes", 1696 was the first textbook of the differential calculus, and his name lives on in the name of the rule for finding the limiting value of a fraction whose numerator and denominator tend to zero. His mathyematical teacher was Jean Bernoulli.The year in which Newton published the anti-Cartesian "Arithmeticus" there appeared in France a conspicuously successfull textbook on Cartesian geometry along the lines of that of Guisnée. This was the "Traité Analytique des Sections Coniques".... a book which contains less original material than that of Guisnée, but which is more extensive and closer to the modern manner of treatment. The work had been intended for publication at the time the authors famous calculus textbook appeared in 1696, but l'Hospital's illness apparently led to delay and it appeared posthumously in 1707. It is Cartesian in emphasis and although it consists of but one volume, follows generally the tripartite plan of Lahire and Ozanam: first an algebraic quasi-analytic treatment of the Conic Sections along the lines of Apollonian theory; then an analytic study of the loci, and finally a long section on the customary construction by conics of the roots of cubic and quartic polynominal equations... LHospital sometimes used two axes and seems to have recognized the interchangeability of these, but he betrays some hesitation... In general, L'Hospital (like Descartes) was more interested in analytic geometry as a measure of ecpressing loci algebraivcally than as a method of deriving the properties of a curve from its equation." (Carl B. Boyer "History of Analytic geometry", pp. 150-154.

Kiøbenhaffn, Peter Hake, 1648. 4to. Nydeligt hldrbd. i flammet kalv med rygforgyldning og rygtitel i indfarvet skind (fra omkr. 1850). (7),(213)(=pagineret 130-342),(10) pp. Enkelte ark lidt tæt beskåret foroven. Enkelte tilskrifter i gl. hånd. I udmærket stand, men p.g.a. af trykpapiret gennemgående noget brunet. Et bladhjørne repareret uden tab af tekst. 4to. Nice full binding of mottled calf w. coloured leather title-label to spine (ab. 1850). A few leaves a bit shaved at top. A few marginal notes in old hand. In pretty good condition, but due to the paper-quality somewhat brownspotted. One corner of a leaf repaired, without loss of text. (7), (213) (= paginated 130-342), (10) pp. Denne 2. kogebogsudgivelse på dansk indgår i Jørgen Holsts samling "Oeconomia Nova", som indeholder 9 værker med egne titelblade, der hver for sig også blev solgt separat. Den danske udgave er oversat efter den tyske original fra 1598 med titlen "Ein köstlich new Kochbuch.." - Vegenfeldt og Kornerup: 1248 - Bibl. Danica II:232-33 - Thesaurus: 492.First edition of the second cook book to appear in Danish, translated from the German original "Ein köstlich new Kochbuch" from 1598.

Hafniae, Joachim Moltken, 1640. 4to. Contemp. full calf. Gil t spine. Wear to top of spine. Blindtooled lineborder on covers. Some wear to spine, corners and along edges. Engraved bookmark on inside frontcover "North Library... (1860". (8),111,(1) pp. and 1 engraved plate with 6 illustrations. A bit of browning to one quire. A few annotations in a contemporary hand. Otherwise internally clean. Originaludgaven af en af de allerførste lærebøger udgivet i Danmark vedrørende læren om de hele tal i mathematikken. Bogen var tiltænkt som lærebog i aritmetik for de studerende på Christian den IV's Akademi i Sorø. Bogen er på latin og indeholder 61 opgaver, som han indpakker - for at være pædagogisk og fastholde studenternes interesse - i latinske hexametre med historisk, mytologisk og anekdotisk indhold. De her indeholdte historier giver L. anledning til at fremsætte opgaver som studenterne skulle løse aritmetisk. I forordet fortæller han selv, at han har bestræbt sig på at gøre sin matematik smagelig for den adelige ungdom ved praktiske opgaver og ved anekdoterLauremberg (1590-1658) var både mathematiker, filolog og digter. Han blev af Chr. IV indkaldt til professoratet i matematik ved det adelige Akademi i Sorø, hvor han forlod sin stilling i Rostock som det Filosofiske Fakultets dekan. I Sorø virkede han som professor i matematik og ingeniørvidenskab fra 1623 til sin død i 1658. Han var en ikke ubetydelig matematiker og foregangsmand, særlig kendt er han for sin indførelse af logaritmerne i Danmark. Det er oså velkendt, at Chr. IV havde udset Lauremberg til at udføre det første danske kartografiske værk ved opmåling af landet. Hans virksomhed som korttegner var allerede begyndt i Mecklenburg og det ses, at han i en del år var optaget af denne virksomhed i Danmark. Kortværket blev imidlertid aldrig til noget til kongens store fortrydelse. Herefter overtog Johannes Meyer kortlægningen. Lauremberg er yderligere kendt som en af tidens mest fremragende latinske poeter, således indeholder hans "Satyra" fra 1636 spirene til de senere plattyske "Skjæmtedigte".The very scarce first edition of one of the first textbooks in number theory published in Denmark The work should be used teaching mathematcs at the University in Sorø founded by the king Chr. IV in 1623. In 61 cases, using latin epigrams of historical and mythological content, he proposed 61 mathematical problems to be solved, thus introducing pedagogical means in the teaching of mathemtics in Denmark.Bibl. Danica Supplement spalte 195. - Niels Nielsen. Matematikken i Danmark 1528-1800, p. 127 No. 5.

London, Richard and John Taylor, 1844. Contemp. hcalf. Gilt lettering to spine "Philosophical Magazine" - Vol. XXV. In: "The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Conducted by David Brewster et al.". Vol. XXV. A stamp to titlepage and a few other pages. Entire volume offered (July-December 1844). VIII,552 pp., textillustr. Hamilton's paper: pp. 10-13, 141-145 and 241-246. First printing of this landmark paper in which Hamilton published his creation of a new algebra of quaternions (a noncommunicative algebra), a turning point in the development of mathematics and a discovery which made possible the creation of the general theory of relativity. His algebra was later to form the basis of quantum mechanics and for the proper understanding of the atom."Gauss had treated imaginary numbers in combination with real ones as representing points on a plane and showed the methods by which such complex numbers could be manipulated. Hamilton tried to extend this to threee dimensions and found himself unable to work out a self-consistent method of multiplication, until it occurred to him that the cummutative law of multiplication need not necessarily hold. It is taken for granted that A times B is equal to B times A... and this is an example of what seems to be an eternal and inescapable truth. Hamilton, however, showed that he could built up a logical algebra for his quaternions only when B times A was not made to equal - A times B. This seems against common sense but, like Lobachevski, Hamilton showed that the truth is relative and depends on the axioms you choose to accept."(Asimov).The creation of quaternions is one of the famous moments in the history of mathematics. "The quaternions came to Hamilton in one of those flashes of understanding that occasionally occur after long deliberation on a problem. He was walking into Dublin on 16 October 1843 along the Royal Canal to preside at a meeting of the Royal Irish Academy, when the discovery came to him. As he described it, "An electric circuit seemed to close."18 He immediately scratched the formula for quaternion multiplication on the stone of a bridge over the canal. His reaction must have been in part a desire to commemorate a discovery of capital importance, but it was also a reflection of his working habits. Hamilton was an inveterate scribbler. His manuscripts are full of jottings made on walks and in carriages. He carried books, pencils, and paper everywhere he went. According to his son he would scribble on his fingernails and even on his hard-boiled egg at breakfast if there was no paper handy."(DSB).Hamilton later developed his invention in his book from 1853 "Lectures on Quaternions" - see PMM: 334 and Grattan-Guiness "Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940", pp. 460 ff.In this volume other importent papers by Gassiot, Sylvester, Joule, Draper.

(Slesvig, Nic. Wegener, 1596). 4to. Samt. helpergamentsbd., antageligt udfærdiget af pergamentet fra et tidligere bind. 141 blade (af 144). Titelbladet mangler og 2 blade af registeret mangler. Blad 2 med Jacob Seefelts store træskårne våben, til hvem bogen er dediceret. Nogle få bladkanter repareret. Lettre brugsspor, lidt brunpletter og nogle svage skjolder. Den yderst sjældne originaludgave. Kun ganske få eksemplarer har været udbudt de sidste 50 år. I første del af bogen redegør Bartskær for medicinens teoretiske fundament, nemlig Galens humoralpatologi efterfulgt af en næsten ordret oversættelse af tyskeren Ortolff von Bayerlaudts tyske medicinkompedium. Anden del bygger for størstedelen på den første danske lægebog ved Christian Pedersen fra 1533, men indeholder også en del originalobservationer og kure, ligesom han introducerer danske navne for medicinske planter hovedsageligt fra Slesvig. - Lauritz Nielsen Nr. 493 - Thesaurus: 273 - Bibl. Danica II: 799-800.

Amsterdam, Louys Elzevier, 1648. Folio. (31 x 22 cm) Contemp. full mottled calf. Raised bands. Gilt compartments. Glit lettering. Upper joint strenghtened, leaving small nicks to leather along joint. Gilt lineborders on covers. Corners neathly repaired. Engraved title-page (depicting the author showing a geometrical drawing to William Prince of Orange). (10),547 pp., 4 unnumb. leaves with tables and 70 double-page engraved plates fortifications, towns etc.). Some leaves in the middle of the book with faint dampstaining in upper margin, otherwise clean. A stamp in right margin of the first leaf. First French edition. This was the largest work hitherto published on fortification, and it is specially interesting for containing 41 plans of European fortresses. It was originally published in Latin the year before (1647) and a German translation appeared the same year as this French edition."Magnifique publication, orné de 29 figures de fortifications et de 41 plans de villes, en tout 70 grandes planches hors texte. L Elzevier a tiré parti de ces planches en publiant dès l'année suivante des traductions de l'ouvrage en francais et en allemand." (Willems, Les Elzevier No 1064). - Sotheran Second Suppl. No 20981 (French edition) - Brunet II:788. - Klaus Jordan No 910.

(Paris), Gallimard, (1957). Bound with the original printed wrappers in beautiful, elegant emerald green full morocco binding with gilt line-decoration in various heights and distances to boards and spine as well as vertical gilt lettering to spine. Top edge gilt. Binding signed A. Coutret. Wrapper a bit soiled, mostly the back wrapper. Otherwise very nice and clean. Paper evenly browned due to the paper quality. Gilt super ex-libris to inside of front board. First edition, Service de Presse-copy ("S. P." punctured to bottom of back wrapper) - with signed presentation-inscription for Henry Hell to half-title - of Camus' great collection of stories, which are considered among the best of his works. Together, these stoires cover the entire variety of existentialism - or absurdism. There is general consensus that the clearest manifestation of the ideals of Camus can be found in the present work. Henry Hell, a psudonym for José-Henri Lasry, was a law student in Algiers, where he met Camus and acted for the Théatre du Travail. He was a literary critic for several periodicals, and he reviewed sevearl of Camus' works. He is the author of "Francis Poulenc, musicien francais", and he later worked for a publishing house in Paris.

(Kbh, (Phoenixberg ?), 1720). Smukt senere marmoreret helldrbd. (ca. 1900) i gl. stil m. 4 oph. bd. på ryg og rig tidstypisk rygforgyldn. og rødt forgyldt skindtitelfelt på ryg. Indvendig ganske pæn. Usædvanligt fint ekspl. på tykt papir. m. portr. og alle 14 træskårne plancher, frontispieceportrættet opklæbet og med lille reparation i nederste højre hjørne (med tab af 9 bogstaver, tilføjet i hånden), ellers særdeles nydeligt ekspl. Den uhyre sjældne udgave, som indeholder førstetrykket af fjerde bog, den såkaldte "tredie edition", som tillige udgør den første komplette udgave af "Peder Paars".Retmæssigt må dette siges at være anden udgave af Peder Paars og første samlede udgave. Eftertrykket af de første tre bøger var ikke besørget af Holberg selv, men solgte bedre end originalen og regnedes i forordet til denne udgave af Holberg selv tilsyneladende som anden udgaven, således at denne blev "tredie edition". Den udgave, der af Holberg må regnes som "anden edition" var altså et pirattryk, en ikke autoriseret udgave, og det er således mest rimeligt at regne dette for anden udgave, om ikke andet er det anden autoriserede udgave. Det er ligeledes "den sidste autentiske af Holberg selv besørgede Udgave af Peder Paars." (Ehr.-M. XI:16).Af originaludgaven (som kun indeholder de tre første bøger) fra 1719 findes der sandsynligvis kun to komplette eksemplarer, og ingen eksemplarer kendes i privateje. Af pirattrykket, det såkaldte eftertryk fra 1720, kendes også kun to eksemplarer.Nærværende første komplette udgave med fjerde bog i originaltrykket er med undtagelse af de to ovennævnte udgaver uden tvivl den sjældneste og mest interessante udgave af Peder Paars. Denne udgave er den mest originale udgave af Peder Paars, men kan håbe at få fat på. "Denne 3. Edition blev hurtigt udsolgt og derfor sjælden; det ses saaledes, at da Pragtudgaven skulde udkomme, kunde man ikke faa fremskaffet noget Exemplar, men maatte nøjes med 3. Eftertryk, der helt igennem blev rettet efter denne Holbergs egen retmæssige Edition." (Ehr-M. XI:21).Ehr-M. XI:15-22. P. Johansen 4,2 (p. 22).An excellent copy of the very scarce first complete edition of Holberg's higly famous satirical masterpiece-poem in a beautiful later (about 1900) pastiche binding of full mottled calf with richly gilt back in contemporary style. W. the woodcut frontispiece-portrait (mounted and with small repair) and all 14 woodcut plates.

(Københaffn, Hans Vingaard), 1557. 4to. Senere helpergamentsbd. Titelbladet med bred træskåren ramme bestående af fire dele. Flere gl. ejernavne på titelbladet. (7),20 blade. lidt spredte brunpletter. Sidste blad med nogle skjolder i indre og ydre marginer. Den yderst sjældne udvidede udgave af "Pestbogen". De fleste overlevende eksemplarer findes sammen med Smiths andre medicinske værker fra 1557 og er her i selvstændig form af største sjældenhed, da der ifølge Thesaurus kun eksisterer 2 eller 3 eksemplarer i privateje. Ifølge forfatterens egen oplysning på titelbladet, skulle dette tryk være anden udvidede udgave. Imidlertid er den udgave som siges at være udkommet 1535, ikke kendt i noget bevaret eksemplar.Lauritz Nielsen Nr. 1505. - Thesaurus Nr. 264. - Bibl. Danica I:798-99.

(Stockholm, 1816-23). Tvær-folio. (39 x 51 cm.). Samtidigt hldrbd. med rygforgyldning. Lidt slidt ved kapitæler. Ryg med lettere brugsspor. (6, Smudstitel, Dedikation til Kongen,Företal) pp. Graveret titelblad, Innehåll (2 blade) samt 60 plancher i kobberstik eller aquatintetryk, tegnet af Thersner og graverede af S.H. Petersen eller C.F. Akrell. Med 60 blade beskrivende tekst (fra 1-4 pp. pr. planche). Med svensk/fransk parallelltekst. Plancherne forestiller vuer og herregårde. Enkelte blade med kantforstærkninger, 1 blad med repareret revne. Som altid med lidt brunpletter, dog mest marginale. Et ganske udmærket eksemplar af det første bind (omhandlende Skåne) af Thersners stort anlagte topografiske mesterværk, som udkom i 12 dele i årene 1816-67. Inspirationen til værket, som blev fortsat af hans datter Thora Thersner, fik han fra Dahlbergs Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna og fra Skjöldebrands Voyage Pittoresque au Cap Nord.Swedish Books 1280-1967, no.57.