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[No place], 1792 & 1802. Folio. 2 volumes uniformly bound in contemporary half calf with five raised bands and with gilt lettering and gilt stamp to spine. Small paper-label pasted on to pasted down front end-papers and stamp to first front free end-paper and two stamps to title-pages. Light wear to extremities. Written of thick paper. Fine and clean. LLXIII, (1), 307, (4) pp.; 15, (6), 344, (4) pp Danish manuscript translation of Tofino's famous description of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. "Vincente Tofiño was a rear-admiral in the Spanish navy. He was a renowned astronomer and mathematician and near the close of his career was the King’s hydrographer. Between 1783-1788, Tofiño charted the ports and coasts of Spain as well as the shore of North Africa. He eventually was elected as correspondent of the Spanish Academy of History and of the French and Portuguese Academies of Sciences." Translator De Løwenørn (Kommandør-Kaptajn Friderich de Løwenørn) n 1784, captain lieutenant Poul de Løwenørn assisted the Danish crown in establishing the Royal Danish Nautical Chart Archive. He was appointed the institution’s first Director. At this time, only France had a similar institute."In the first instance, the Danish Admirality requested Løwenørn to collect all existing nautical charts and navigational details in the country, for both Danish and international waters. He was to develop accurate and reliable charts for both the Navy and Merchant Marine.In addition to these formidable tasks, Løwenørn also took the initiative to establish a Lighthouse Authority, a Buoy Authority and a Pilot Authority as well as improve the country’s harbours." (Danish Geodata Agency).Hansen, Sources of the History of North Africa, Asia and Oceania in Denmark, p. 459.

Kiöbenhavn, Schultz, 1797. 8vo. Uncut, partly unopened, in contemporary (original?) marbled boards. Part of spine missing and wrappers very loose. Internally with very light occassional brownspotting. 84 pp. + four folded plates, each with the accompanying "Plan"-leaf (complete). First edition of Oxholm's early and important work on the state of the West Indies in which he describes the government loans to planters to buy slaves in the ten years from 1792 until abolition of the trade in 1802 and the effects of British imports on the price and quality of slaves. "Denmark acquired St. Croix from France in 1733. Oxholm was a young Danish officer sent to the Danish West Indies in 1778 to map all the fortifications in the islands, suggest improvements, and estimate their cost. He was also to create topographic maps of the islands of St. Thomas and St. John. He mapped only St. John, but presented numerous drawings and maps at the Danish court where his work was approved and rewarded. Having married into a St. Croix family, he returned there and became a sugar planter. In 1794 he privately published a detailed map of St. Croix that he had created." (John Russell Bartlett Collection)"Lieutenant Oxholm was a promising young man of 24 when he was sent to the Danish possessions in The West Indies. Oxholm’s task was to examine the ability of the colony to defend itself against attack and draw new maps of St. Thomas and St. John. But Oxholm was an enterprising man and he also examined a number of issues that he had not been tasked to deal with at all. The political situation of the colony, conditions for soldiers and enslaved laborers, health care and conditions for prisoners and lepers, organization of the sugar trade and the schools were all described. Oxholm became an advocate of slavery that he believed was necessary for the economy of the colony. But he was critical of the miserable living conditions of enslaved laborers, soldiers, and the sick.Oxholm’s maps were of high quality and impressively accurate. Some have been in use almost up until the present day. Today, his maps and drawings are considered by the Danish Ministry of Culture to be of “unique national importance”. Oxholm also left behind a number of reports and books about conditions in the Danish colony in the West Indies. The most important one is his book on the state of the West Indies, De danske vestindiske Øers Tilstand i Henseende til Population, Cultur og Finance-Forfatning ("The State of the Danish West Indian Islands with Respect to Population, Culture and Financial Condition") from 1797, containing both descriptions and illustrations of plantation operations in the colony. Oxholm also wrote several debate pieces where, among other things, he defended the slave trade as late as 1806. Oxholm’s energy did not diminish, and right up until his death he continued making maps and drawings and suggesting improvements to conditions in the Danish colony in the West Indies." (Danish State Archive, The Danish West-Indies - Sources of history).

London, Macmillian and Co, 1958 & 1960. Roayl8vo. 2 volumes, bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spines. Stamps to front free end-paper and first leaf of each issue. In "Nature", vol. 181 & 185, 1958 & 1960, entire volumes offered. A fine set. [Nature 181, 1958:] pp. 662-666. [Nature 185, 1960:] pp. 422-27. [Entire volumes. CXLII, (2), 936 pp; LXXV, (1), 952 pp.]. First appearance of both papers in which the first three-dimensional model of a protein was presented, essential knowledge for progress in curing human diseases, thus laid the foundation for all structural biology. Kendrew was furthermore one of the first to use a computer in analyzing the data produced by x-ray diffraction. For his essential discovery Kendrew was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962. The discovery is widely regarded as being one the most important in the second half of the 20th century within biology and chemistry. "The first dramatic but hard-won success of the approach [in understanding molecules], the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a protein called myoglobin, was announced in 1958 [in the present paper]. The findings laid the foundation for the age of structure in biology: [.] the paper was the outcome of a truly Herculean task. (Garwin, A century of Nature: twenty-one discoveries that changed science and the world, 2003, Pp. 87-88). The papers they produced (both offered here) are "the outcome of a truly Herculean task. When the project began, there were no automated instruments or digital computers for generating or analyzing the huge amounts of data necessary. Every step had to be carried out by hand. many repeated thousands of times" (A Century of Nature, p. 89) “After the war, John Kendrew, a physical chemist who had occupied high offices in operational research during the war and, while on a common mission in Ceylon, had been convinced by Bernal of the promises of protein crystallography, joined Perutz to do a PhD. (Although working closely with Perutz, Kendrew was officially supervised by William T. Taylor, head of the crystallography division at the Cavendish; like most professional crystallographers Taylor regarded protein crystallography as a hopeless undertaking, but still accepted the formal agreement.) Kendrew first embarked on a comparative analysis of fetal and adult hemoglobin, but later switched to the simpler protein myoglobin, the oxygen carrier in muscle.” (DSB) Perutz now managed to attach a heavy atom (mercury) to the hemoglobin molecule. From the difference produced in the diffraction pattern he was able to deduce the phase of the reflections. The method had been known since the 1930s, but it had only been used for small molecules. Although the suggestion to apply the method to proteins dated from the same period, its applicability had not been proved. “The problem consisted, firstly, in finding a heavy metal compound that could be attached to a specific site without altering the arrangement of the other atoms in the molecule and, secondly, in estimating with sufficient accuracy the overall changes in intensity produced by the heavy atoms. In Bragg’s judgment, Perutz’s skill in this last respect was “probably unique” at the time (Bragg, 1965, p. 12). To this day, the isomorphous replacement method is considered the key method to determine the crystal structure of proteins. Kendrew, working on the smaller myoglobin molecule, was the first to take full advantage of the new method. In 1958, he presented the first model ever of a globular protein derived by direct structure determination. The model showed the general outline of the molecule; a second model at atomic resolution followed two years later. In the same year Perutz presented the first model of hemoglobin at 5.5 Ångstrøm. Its four subunits proved to be closely related to the myoglobin molecule. The white-and-black disk model built of thermosetting plastic is still widely reproduced.” (DSB) The determination of any of these protein structures could not have been contemplated without the use of ever more powerful electronic computers. Perutz initially distrusted the new calculating devices and resisted resorting to the experimental digital computers developed at the nearby Mathematical Laboratory. Eventually he came around to recognize their usefulness, but he freely admitted that he was always hopeless at computing. He never made use of the machine himself and rather left this part of the work to the younger people in his group. Perutz and Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their work on the structure of proteins.” (DSB) Garrison & Morton: 6911 & 6912

London, J. Wilkie, 1766. 4to. In the original printed wrappers. Lacking backstrip and with a small stain to back wrapper, otherwise a very fine and clean copy. 119 pp. First edition of Thomas Whately's "important and extremely rare" (Higgs) work on British trade and finance primarily in the New World. This is the first thorough and first full description and defense of the the first direct tax ever levied by Parliament upon the colonies. The implementation of this tax resulted in the Boston Massacre and the formation of the Boston Tea Party and, eventually, in the expulsion of the British in 1776. By publishing the present defense, Thomas Whately earned himself a prominent place in the events that led to the American Revolution."Thomas Whately, the most influential British official in colonial policy in his time, published a work on British trade and finances in 1766 [the present work] with this as his opening sentence: "That the wealth and power of Great-Britain depend upon its trade is a proposition, which it would be equally absurd in these times to dispute or prove". In the same year, Edmund Burke asserted that "liberty and commerce" were "the true basis of its [Britain's] power." (Draper, A Struggle for Power: The American Revolution].This policy eventually became fatal: In 1765 the Stamp Act was the first direct tax ever levied by Parliament upon the colonies. All newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets and official documents had to have the stamps. All 13 colonies protested heavily, as popular leaders like Henry in Virginia and Otis in Massachusetts rallied the people in opposition. Thomas Whately (1726-1772), an English politician and writer, was a Member of Parliament, who served as Commissioner on the Board of Trade, as Secretary to the Treasury under Lord Grenville, and as Under- secretary of State under Lord North. "Important and extremely rare. Reprinted in "Scarce Tracts", 1787, and there attributed to T. Whately." (Higgs)Higgs 3757Goldsmith 10157Sabin 103122 Hollander 1987Kress 2489 (erroneously ascribed to William Knox)

London, Nicholas Okes, 1622. Folio. In contemporary full calf with five raised bands to spine. Boards with triple blind rule to boarders. Traces from paper-label to upper compartment of spine. Title-page soiled and with waterstain throughout, primarily affecting first and last leaves. (XXXVI), 68, 99-362 pp. First and only edition, posthumously published, of this important work in which Fotherby refuted atheism. Fotherby's approach involves using natural reasoning and secular authorities rather than relying solely on Scripture and Church Fathers, as was common, to convince skeptics of Christian truths. He understood the limitations of appealing only to divine revelation and therefore added arguments with references from classical literature and early modern travel accounts, aiming to persuade through credible sources rather than religious dogmatic authority. “Fotherby, Martin (1549?–1619), bishop of Salisbury, son of Maurice Fotherby, a resident at Grimsby, Lincolnshire, was born about 1549. He entered at Cambridge, and eventually became a fellow of Trinity. He became prebendary and archdeacon of Canterbury in 1596, and in 1615 was presented to the deanery. He had married some years before his first promotion; for on 9 Sept. 1609 Lady Cooke wrote to Lord Salisbury asking him to promote the marriage of her eldest daughter with the archdeacon's eldest son, to which Fotherby objected, and in the following year, after the marriage had taken place, begged for a knighthood at the creation of the Prince of Wales for her son-in-law, because her daughter's worth and birth had been much disgraced by the match. Three years afterwards, being chaplain to James I, he was appointed to the bishopric of Salisbury. He was consecrated by Abbot, assisted by the bishops of London, Coventry, and Lincoln, 19 April 1618, and protested at his consecration that he had given nothing for his promotion. He died 29 March 1619, aged 70, and was buried in Allhallows Church, Lombard Street. In the epitaph on his tomb he is described in very high-flown terms of praise. He left an imperfect work against atheism, which was published after his death in 1622 in folio, under the title ‘Atheomastix: clearing foure Truthes against Atheists and Infidels.’ Four sermons were published together in 1608 in quarto, having been written in 1604. Copies of both these works are in the British Museum.” (DNB) Not in Lowndes.

Halae Sailcae [i.e. Stockholm]: Apud Io. Gottl. Bierwirth, 1747. 8vo. Contemporary marbled paper binding with handwritten paper label to spine. Occational signs of wear. Overall a very nice copy. [XIV], 124, [8] pp. Second edition of Linnaeus' important "Bibliotheca Botanica" (without the Fundamentorum Botanica, which appeared simultaneously), his highly important, elaborate classification system for his catalogue of books. This significant work constitutes the first botanical bibliography arranged by subject and the work in which the term "methodists" is coined. "The Bibliotheca is a concise history of botany in a dry, enumerative, but very efficient style. Linnaeus describes the development of botanical science by subdividing the authors in various categories and by adding several statements on the main events in human affairs without which the growth of botany as a science cannot be understood. The often enlightening and amusing names for the various categories of botanists show not only a good knowledge of the literature, but also an awareness of the fact that botanical history is human history." (Frans Stafleu).The "Bibliotheca Botanica" is complete in itself. It was contemplated as the first part of a planned Bibliotheca medica (which he never wrote). It first appeared in 1736, and the present second edition constitutes a reprint of the first edition of the text, with the addenda and errata of Linnaeus inserted in their place. The work appeared again in 1751. Soulsby: 251.

London, printed for the Author, 1720. Small8vo. (115 x 80 mm) Bound in a contemporary full calf with three raised bands and gilt margins to front and back boards. Extremities with wear and hindges weak. Previous owner's names to end paper and verso of title-page. Authors name in contemporary hand (in Castaing's own hand?) to upper part title-page. Internally fine and clean. [Blank], 88 ff, [Blank]. (A-I*8, K-L*8). Scarce fourth edition of edition this earliest example of what came to found the London Stock Exchange, Castaing's famous pocket book for calculating interest. The book, which was advertised to be: "very exact, and convenient, not much bigger than a Spectacle-Case" quickly became immensely popular and was published in a total of nine editions. Despite of the many editions, all editions of the book are of the utmost scarcity, most likely due to the fact that it was intended to be a practical tool for merchants and bankers who daily had to look up interest rates, which will have caused the majority of the copies to be worn out. We have been able to locate another copy with Castaing's name in a similar handwriting which could suggest it is either by the author himself or the publisher. We have, however, not been able to have this confirmed. "This eighteenth-century version of Reuters, and its competitors were the sine qua non for the development of London into the major world financial center that it later became. For subsequent scholarly research,Castaing’s publication also has proven highly valuable. If one event can be said to mark the completion of England’s transformation, however, it is the development of London to the point where it eclipsedAmsterdam as an international financial center." (Lothian, Financial Integration over the Past Three Centuries).During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their lack of manners. They had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity, such as Jonathan's Coffee-House. At that coffee house, in 1698, Casting began listing the prices of a few commodities, exchange rates as well as certain key provisions such as salt, coal, and paper. Originally, this list was not daily and was only published a few days of the week. This constitutes the earliest initiative of what later became the London Stock Exchange. (Goldsmiths' 6376 (1725 edition)); (Kress 2778 (1712 edition)). ESTC records 6 copies of this edition.

Paris, Michel Lévy Frères, 1863. Bound totally uncut w. the orig. wrappers, also the back, in a near cont. green marbled cardboardbdg. w. red gilt title- and tome-labels to back. Capitals w. traces of use and back a bit faded, but otherwise nice and solid. Wrappers lightly soiled. Woodcut portrait of Renan inserted as frontispiece (not called for). W. half-title ("Histoire des Origines du Christianisme. Livre premier"). A very nice and clean copy, -only a couple of leaves w. very minor brownspotting. (4), LIX, 462 pp. + (1) leaf (colophon). True first edition of this seminal classic on the life of Jesus, which caused an immediate scandal when it appeared. Rare with the original wrappers. Renan's masterpiece, which constitutes the first attempt to write a biography of Jesus the man and strongly puts forth the notion that the Bible too can be subject to historical investigation and critical scrutiny. The work enraged the Roman Catholic Church but was an immediate success in most of Europe. "In six months sixty thousand copies of the French edition had been sold and edition succeeded edition. Renan regarded the book as the first of a series on the "Origins of Christianity", which he continued with "The Apostles" (1866), "Saint Paul" (1869), "The Anti-Christ" (1873), "The Gospels" (1877), "The Christian Church" (1879) and "Marcus Aurelius" (1881) but none of these emulated the success of the "Life of Jesus"... Immediate success was partly a "succès de scandale" but this would not have kept the book alive. It is Renan's approach to the subject and his beautiful prose that gave it lasting eminence." (PMM 352). This groundbreaking work analyses the personality of the man Jesus, -a figure created by Renan out of his mind, but based on historical sources. "It is a pastoral idyll with the central figure a gentle, albeit oracular visionary, his power to work miracles a part of his unique personality -the son of man, but not the Son of God... In this great work it seems clear that the audience he has found was the one he sought: the general reading public rather than the limited coterie of scholars; and there is no doubt of the fact or the degree of his success." (PMM 352). "C'est le livre plus célèbre d'Ernest Renan (1823-1892) et le premier volume de l'Hisoire des origines du Christianisme"... on peut considérer cette "Vie de Jésus" comme une oeuvre de vulgarisation: l'auteur cherche à déterminer ce qui, au point de vue "scientifique", est de créance dans la vie du Nazaréen?" (Laffont-Bompiani IV:681). Apart from causing a world-wide scandal, the work was also a world-wide success, and no matter how many harsh words can be said about the historical and religious contents of the work, there is no doubt about the fact that it influenced the destiny of Catholicism decisively and that it is a masterpiece of 19th century French literature. It is very elegantly written and is renowned for its description of the historical setting, charming descriptions of sceneries, its penetrating psychological analysis and its overall style and class. "Il faut ajouter que la "Vie de Jésus" compte au nombre des livres les mieux écrits de son temps; le charme de la peinture des paysages, le pittoresque géneralement exact des évocations historiques, l'analyse pénétrante de l'âme des personnages, des seductions du style enfin, n'ont pas été pour rien dans le succès universel de cette oeuvre." (Laffont-Bompiani IV:681). Ernest Renan (1823-1892) was a French philologist, philosopher and historian. His father died when he was aged five, and his mother wanted him to become a priest. Until he was about 16 years old, he was trained by the Church, but due to his investigative and truth-seeking nature as well as his studies (e.g. Hebrew), he was in doubt as to the historical truth of the Scriptures, and with the help of his sister he chose his own path in life. "He studied intensively the languages of the Bible and filled a number of minor academic positions, frequently encountering difficulties because of the heterodoxy and outspokenness of his religious opinions." (Printing and the Mind of Man 352). In 1840 he began studying philosophy and later philology, in 1847 he took his degree as Agrégé de Philosophie and became master at the Lycée of Vendome. After having returned from a mission to Italy in the year 1850 where he gathered material for his historical-philosophical masterpiece, "Averroës et l'Averroisme", he was offered employment at the "Bibliothèque Nationale" (at the manuscript department). In 1861 he was chosen to become professor of Hebrew at the Collège de France, but because the emperor refused to ratify the appointment (inspired by the Clerical party), he was not established in the chair untill 1870. In 1878 he was elected for the Academy. Renan is considered a scholar of the greatest excellence and an impressive writer.

(London, Royal Meteorological Society, 1956). 8vo. Extracted and with a nice marbled paper-backstrip (kind of representing the elements). Damp-staining to lower part of leaves. Pp. 123-164. Illustrated. First printing of Phillips' seminal paper, in which he presents for the first time his mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere. This became became the first successful general circulation model of climate (GCM). "Numerical models (General Circulation Models or GCMs), representing physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and land surface, are the most advanced tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. While simpler models have also been used to provide globally - or regionally-averaged estimates of the climate response, only GCMs, possibly in conjunction with nested regional models, have the potential to provide geographically and physically consistent estimates of regional climate change which are required in impact analysis...GCMs depict the climate using a three dimensional grid over the globe, typically having a horizontal resolution of between 250 and 600 km, 10 to 20 vertical layers in the atmosphere and sometimes as many as 30 layers in the oceans." (IPCC - International Panel on Climate Change). In 1956, Norman Phillips developed a mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere, thus revolutionizing weather and climate change predition. It became the first successful climate model. Following Phillips' work, several groups began working to create GCMs that are now essential to predict climate change. "Steady improvements to short-range NWP accrued during the early 1950s, in large part due to more realistic models that accounted for energy conversion in extratropical cyclones. Encouraged by the success of these forecasts, IAS team member Norman Phillips began to contemplate longer-range prediction using the IAS computer. His work took the form of a numerical simulation of the atmosphere's general circu lation for a period of 1 month. The work was completed in 1955 and Phillips communicated the results to von Neumann, who immediately recognized their significance. Von Neumann hastily arranged a conference in October 1955, Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to the Problem of the General Circulation, held at Princeton University. In his opening statement at the conference, von Neumann said I should like to make a few general remarks concerning the problem of forecasting climate fluctuations and the various aspects of the general circulation that cause such fluctuations. Specifically, I wish to point out that the hydro-dynamical and computational efforts which have been made in connection with the problem of short-range forecasting serve as a natural introduction to an effort in this direction . . . With this philosophy in mind, we held our first meeting nine years ago at the Institute for Advanced Study to discuss the problem of short-range weather prediction. Since that time, a great deal of progress has been made in the subject, and we feel that we are now prepared to enter into the problem of forecasting the longer period fluctuations of the general circulation. (von Neumann 1955, 9-10) Following this conference, which highlighted his numerical experiment, Phillips entered the research into competition for the first Napier Shaw Memorial Prize, a prize honoring England's venerated leader of meteorology, Sir Napier Shaw (1854-1945), on the occasion of the centenary of his birth (the competition was announced in April 1954). The subject for the first competition was "the energetics of the atmosphere." On 20 June 1956, "the adjudicators recommended that the prize be given to Norman A. Phillips of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. for his essay 'The general circulation of the atmosphere: a numerical experiment,' which had been published in the Quarterly Journal [of the Royal Meteorological Society] (82, p. 1230) [April 1956] ..." (Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 1956b)" (Lewis: Clarifying the Dynamics of the General Circulation: Phillips's 1956 Experiment).

Berlin, 1842. 4to. Entire volume of "Abhandlungen"... and "Mathamatische Abhandlungen"... 1840 present. Contemporary yellow boards with a vellum-like spine. Handwritten title to spine. A bit of wear and soiling to extremities, and corners bent. Internally fine and clean. Stamp to title-page (Dom-Gymnasium Magdeburg, also stamped out). Pp. (187)- 257 + 6 plates, two of which are folded. Text very nice, bright, and clean, plates with a bit of brownspotting. [Entire volume: (6), XVII, (5), 400 pp. + 10 plates, 4 of which are coloured + (4), 137 pp.]. First printing of this foundational work, which established the acceptance, by the modern world, of Aristotle as the founder of biological science. It is due to the present work that modern encyclopaedias will now conclude that "Aristotle is properly recognized as the originator of the scientific study of life." (SEP). Apart from its importance to the modern view of Aristotle, the present paper was also central to Müller's construction of a natural system of the fishes. For centuries, the authority of Aristotle in matters of science and biology was unrivalled, but with modern science, the advancement of exact knowledge, and modern man's ability to investigate the smallest of details, Aristotle's scientific and zoological works increasingly came to be viewed as not properly belonging to the exact sciences. Many biologists would claim that his observations were fanciful and incorrect, not constituting any real scientific value. This view completely changed with the publication of the present paper, by the renowned zoologist Müller.In his "Historia Animalium", Aristotle had described a phenomenon in a shark, which no modern zoologist believed to be true. Had it been true, our classification among sharks and fish would need to be different, as this fanciful observation would completely alter our view of the shark as such. Müller, in the present treatise, was the first to actually prove Aristotle's observation to be true, thereby altering the modern conception of Aristotle, earning him the respect that he truly deserved as the first scientific biologist and as the originator of the scientific study of life. "Müller placed the Cyclostomata among the fishes. He was thus led to study the sharks... A further product of this investigation was "Über den glatten Hai des Aristoteles" (1842). In "Historia animalium", Aristotle had reported that the embryos of the "so-called smooth shark" are attached to the uterus of the mother by a placenta, as is the case among mammals. Rondelet had described such a shark in 1555 and Steno had observed one in 1673 off the coast of Tuscany, but it had not been referred to in more recent times. Müller was the first who was able to corroborate the earlier testimony.In conjunction with the study of the shark, Müller constructed a natural system of the fishes based on work as painstaking as it was perceptive." (DSB).Johannes Peter Müller (1801-58) was one of the most important physiologists and zoologists of the 19th century. He made a vast number of important discoveries, and his unusual and empirical approach to his subjects made him one of the most influential scientists of the century. "Müller introduced a new era of biological research in Germany and pioneered the use of experimental methods in medicine. He overcame the inclination to natural-philosophical speculation widespread in German universities during his youth, and inculcated respect for careful observation and physiological experimentation. He required of empirical research that it be carried out "with seriousness of purpose and thoughtfulness, with incorruptible love of truth and perseverance." Anatomy and physiology, pathological anatomy and histology, embryology and zoology-in all these fields he made numerous fundamental discoveries. Almost all German scientists who achieved fame after the middle of the nineteenth century considered themselves his students or adopted his methods or views. Their remarks reveal his preeminent position in medical and biological research. Helmholtz, one of his most brilliant students, termed Müller a "man of the first rank" and stated that his acquaintance with him had "definitively altered his intellectual standards"." (DSB).

Göteborg (S. Norberg) 1804. 8vo. In contemporary grey blank wrappers. Stamp to front wrapper, verso of front wrapper, title-page and p. 17. Otherwise fine. (12), (1)-51, (1) pp. The exceedlingly rare second part of the Swedish Bodell-translation of Adam Smith's 'Wealth of Nations' book IV. . Bodell published translations of excerpts of Smith's landmark work in 1800 and 1804. A more lengthy translation was made in 1909 - 1911 but to this day a full Swedish translation has not been made.Despite the comparatively late translation into Swedish, it still had a profound influence, not on economists since they were well aware of the original work in English, but upon politics and public opinion in general: "There are few things more striking to the modem student of the history of ideas in Sweden than the negative phenomenon that Sweden was almost entirely uninfluenced by this fact and thus remained almost unaffected by English economic thought during a period when its superiority was most evident. As far as I am acquainted with the Swedish economic discussion and our popular economic literature of the 1860's and 1870's, there is almost no trace of any influence from English writers. [...]Of Adam Smith we have still only one abbreviated translation of his famous work and that was published as late as during this century; and, as far as I know, nothing of Ricardo's or Malthus' exists in Swedish, nor do any of the major economic works of J.S. Mill." (Heckscher, A survey of economic thought in Sweden, 1875-1950).Cheng-chung Lai, A17, 2. Vanderblue p. 33.

(London), Journal of Physiology, 1902. Offprint from the Journal of Pysiology. Vol. XXVIII. No. 5, 1902. Pp. (325-) 353, 17 textfigs. Small staples in inner margin, also sewn. A very small stain in lower blank margin. First edition of the scarce offprint of the paper that fully described the discovery of the first hormone, a milestone in the history of physiology and medicine. The discovery was announced in the Proccedings of the Royal Society in Janauary 1902, on 2 pages. The offered item constitutes the first printing of the paper in full, in which the authors described their milestone discovery, which introduced an entirely new field in physiology and medicine, namely the discovery of the FIRST HORMONE, which they named "Secretin". A few years later Sterling coined the word 'hormone' (1905) from the Greek 'hormon', meaning to exite or set into motion. Up until Baylis' and Starlings' discovery, it was thought that the glands, here specifically the pancreas, were controlled by the nerves (e.g. Pavlov and others), but Bayliss and Sterling discovered that the intestine was in fact signaling the pancreas, thereby presenting a COMPLETELY NEW MECHANISM involving a new kind of body or substance functioning as a chemical messenger. "If nerves are the sprinters of biology, Bayliss & Starling had discovered the marathon runners. In doing so, they also founded the science of hormones, called endocrinology" (Alan Lightman "The Discoveries", p. 34 ff). "With the discovery of hormones, Bayliss & Starling had found the internal command and control centers - and in this, their discovery was much larger than a new communication system. The mechanism of response and control was chemical: atoms and molecules. Now, with hormones, there was a mechanism for a living thing to regulate itself. Furthermore, with hormones, an organism could not only be studied, but also controlled from the outside... Never had the living body come closer to a machine, a self-regulating machine governed not only by physics, but also by chemistry. And not only a machine, but a machine that we humans could willfully control. At the start of the new century, we still have not come to terms with the implications of this idea." (Alan Lightman).Parkinson "Breakthroughs", 1902 B. - Leicester "Source Book in Chemistry 1900-1950", pp. 312-13.

(Paris), 1959. 4to. No wrappers. Fine and clean. The paper: Pp. 1721-22. Entire issue offered pp.: (1597)-1732. First printing of the seminal paper that first described the cause of Down's Syndrome, trisomy-21, or the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. "Currently, Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common birth defects, affecting about one in every 750 live births. John Langdon Down first described this condition in the medical literature in 1866, documenting the various symptoms associated with the syndrome but failing to determine their cause. In fact, the cause of DS remained unknown for nearly 100 years following Down's work. Then, in the 1950s [i.e. in the present paper], researchers finally determined the source of DS: the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, a condition often referred to as trisomy 21.Since the discovery of trisomy 21, scientists have made great strides in Down syndrome research." (Clare O'Connor, in: Nature Education)."As previously mentioned, almost 100 years elapsed between Down's medical description of DS and the discovery of the cause of this condition. But why was this the case? It was certainly not for lack of trying. Many theories for the cause of DS were put forth in the century after Down's publication. Some physicians even made the key observation that older mothers had a higherfrequency of DS babies, and they postulated that the condition was caused by what they termed "uterine exhaustion." Gradually, researchers narrowed in on the real cause of DS: achromosomal abnormality. In fact, researchers now realize that older mothers have more babies with DS because the frequency of meiotic nondisjunction increases in women with age.The reason that cytologists in the early twentieth century failed to correctly diagnose DS is almost certainly due to technical limitations. Chromosome 21 is the smallest human chromosome, and procedures for examining human chromosomes were still being developed during the first part of the century. Many early cytologists had, in fact, studied chromosomes from DS patients, but none had been able to detect a supernumerary copy of chromosome 21. A breakthrough finally occurred in 1956, when Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan described a set of experimental conditions that allowed them to correctly identify the number of human chromosomes as 46. Within three years of the publication of this groundbreaking work, Jerome Lejeune in France and Patricia Jacobs in the United States were able to identify a supernumerary copy of chromosome 21 in karyotypes prepared from DS patients. Trisomy 21 is now accepted to be the major cause of DS, accounting for about 95% of cases." (Clare O'Connor, in: Nature Education).Garrison & Morton: 4962.5

Napoli, Dalla Tipografia di Gennaro Palma, 1840. 8vo. In contemporary full blue cloth with blindstamped title to spine. Remains of paper-label to to lower part of spine. Extremities with a few bumps and light soiling. Internally with light brown-spotting throughout. 379, (1) pp. The exceedingly rare first edition of Scialoja's seminal first publication. Scialoja - by Schumpeter characterized as a person of "conspicuous brilliance" - here presents himself as a follower of Say; to a large extend, his work is a tribute to French though. Scialoja published his work at the age of 23 and "I principj" is today being regarded as one of the landmark works of 19th century Italian economics. It anticipated many of the thoughts presented by Keynes in the first half of the 20th century and it was instrumental in the economic development of the Resorgimento. For Scialoja the main cause of underdevelopment and imbalances that prevent a balanced growth of the economy must be sought in the undeveloped agricultural sector and lack of capital. According to Scialoja you can still talk about underdevelopment if economic growth is not used to make further developments in the agrarian sector. Because of the need of continuous development (economic and techinically) Scialoja consider the business owner the most important part in the healthy growth. Public intervention is particularly wanted - and in this regard he anticipates Keynes by almost a century - to correct and guide the country's economy to prevent instabilities. Antonio Scialoja (1817 - 1877) graduated in law at Naples in 1841 and became a professor of political economy at University of Turin in 1846. Antonio Scialoja is considered a leading figure in the economic policy of the Risorgimento. As a close ally of Cavour he was one of the chief archictects of the economic aspect of the Risorgimento and functioned as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the Liberal government of Carlo Troja, finance minister in the interim government of Garibaldi, Secretary General of the Ministry of Agriculture in the first Ricasoli Government of the Kingdom of Italy, counselor of the Court of Auditors and senators from 1862, Minister of Finance in the Government of La Marmora, second Government of Ricasoli and finally Minister of Education in Government Lanza and in the second Government Minghetti.In 2006 the work was republished with a new introduction. Goldsmiths 31364Carl-Menger=Bibliothek 720The catalogue of Mattioli holds several later works by Scialoja but not the present. The catalogue of Einaudi lists the second edition (1846) and the first French translation (1844) but not the present first.

Stuttgart und Tübingen, Cotta, 1827. 4to. In the original patterned paper boards, with contemporary handwritten paper-title to spine and old handwritten library paper-label to lower spine. Wear to extremities and lacking some paper at spine. Stamp to first title-page (general title-page for the wntire year) and stamp to verso of title-page for the front wrapper of the January-issue. A damp stain to the first two leaves, otherwise internally quite good. Bound with the general title-page for the entire year and with some of the original wrappers for the individual months (among these that of January). 1856 colomns (i.e 928 pp.). The extremely rare first printing of all twelve issues, constituting the entire first year, of the seminal organ for the philosophical school that developed around Hegel, namely the "Yearbooks for Scientific Critique", issued by Hegel himself, constituting the starting-point of this greatly influential journal of the Hegelian right. This entire first year, with its 12 issues, contains a wealth of highly important contributions, one being Hegel's own highly important review of Humboldt's lectures on the Bhagavad-Gita (delivered in June 1825 and 1826), "On The Episode of the Mahabharata Known by the Name Bhagavad-Gita", in which Hegel puts this Indian work in his large context of world history. Hegel's review, which appeared in two parts in the present publication for the first time (Jan., nos. 7-8, pp. 51-63 + Oct., nos. 181-88, pp. 1441-92) is now considered an extremely important document dealing with India. Humboldt's lectures had praised the Gita as the greatest, most beautiful, and presumably, the only real philosophical poem of all known literatures; Hegel's review was meant as a critical assessment of the Hindu world-view in toto in a comparison with European Weltanschauung.In 1818 Hegel took over Fichte's chair at the University of Berlin. With his great lectures on the different fields of philosophy, he soon became widely famous and an important school formed around him. This Hegelian school grew to be extremely influential from the 1820'ies and onwards. From 1827, "the Jahrbücher", founded by Hegel himself, began appearing, working as the official organ for this seminal school.

Rio de Janeiro, 1946. Uncut in the original printed wrappers. Wear to extremities. Upper part of spine with loss of paper and brownspotting to wrappers. Marginal brownspotting throughout. The rare first edition of Clarice Lispector's enigmatic second novel, her haunting O Lustre (“The Chandelier”), now recognized as a foundational work of modern Brazilian literature and a daring exploration of inner consciousness. In spite of now being considered one of the greatest modern authors, Clarice Lispector is a fairly recent discovery for most, and many of her most famous novels have only recently been translated into English for the first time. "Written in 1946, The Chandelier is a mesmerizing journey into the mind of a young woman struggling to make sense of her inner world. Clarice Lispector’s second novel, long overshadowed by her debut, is finally emerging as a key work in her development." (From the first English translation, 2018) Clarice (1920-1977), as she is usually called by her many fans worldwide, is one of the most intriguing and revolutionizing authors of the 20th century. After having been re-discovered in Europe, she is now compared to the likes of Joyce, Kafka, and Steinbeck. She was born in Ukraine, to Jewish parents, and moved to Brazil as an infant, amidst the disasters following WWI. She grew up in Recife and moved to Rio de Janeiro when she was in her teens. She was merely 23, when she published her first novel, "Near to the Wild Heart", which catapulted her into fame in her own country (Brazil). Following her marriage to a Brazilian diplomat, she left the country in 1944 and spent the next 15 years in Europe and the United States. She continued, however, to publish all of her writings in Brazil. Although immensely famous in Brazil, it was only after the Amrican writer Benjamin Moser published a biography of Clarice Lispector in 2009 that her works have become the object of an extensive project of retranslation, published by New Directions Publishing and Penguin Modern Classics, being the first Brazilian to enter the prestigious series. Moser characterizes Lispector as "the most important Jewish writer in the world since Kafka" and O Lustre—with its stream-of-consciousness narrative, recursive prose, and philosophical intensity—fully supports that claim. It is a novel that resists categorization, one that explores the flickering boundaries between self and world, light and shadow, thought and sensation. First published in Rio de Janeiro in 1946, O Lustre was initially met with bewilderment by critics, who found its nonlinear structure and experimental language difficult to digest. But today it is hailed as a milestone in Lispector’s literary evolution, a raw and luminous expression of her singular voice. "Her second novel is darker, denser, more abstract. But it is also the book in which her voice truly begins to break free, a shimmering, difficult, and uncompromising work." (From the English introduction, 2018) "The legendarily beautiful Clarice Lispector, tall and blonde, clad in the outspoken sunglasses and chunky jewelry of a grande dame of midcentury Rio de Janeiro, met our current definition of glamour. She spent years as a fashion journalist and knew how to look the part. But it is as much in the older sense of the word that Clarice Lispector is glamorous: as a caster of spells, literally enchanting, her nervous ghost haunting every branch of the Brazilian arts. Her spell has grown unceasingly since her death. Then, in 1977, it would have seemed exaggerated to say she was her country's preëminent modern writer. Today, when it no longer does, questions of artistic importance are, to a certain extent, irrelevant. What matters is the magnetic love she inspires in those susceptible to her. For them, reading Clarice Lispector is one of the great emotional experiences of their lives. But her glamour is dangerous. "Be careful with Clarice," a friend told a reader decades ago, using the single name by which she is universally known. "It's not literature. It's witchcraft." The connection between literature and witchcraft has long been an important part of the Clarice mythology. That mythology, with a powerful boost from the Internet, which magically transforms rumors into facts, has developed ramifications so baroque that it might today be called a minor branch of Brazilian literature. Circulating unstoppably online is an entire shadow oeuvre, generally trying, and failing, to sound profound, and breathing of passion. Online, too, Clarice has acquired a posthumous shadow body, as pictures of actresses portraying her are constantly reproduced in lieu of the original. If the technology has changed its forms, the mythologizing itself is nothing new. Clarice Lispector became famous when, at the end of 1943, she published "Near to the Wild Heart." She was a student, barely twenty-three, from a poor immigrant background. Her first novel had such a tremendous impact that, one journalist wrote, "we have no memory of a more sensational debut, which lifted to such prominence a name that, until shortly before, had been completely unknown." But only a few weeks after that name was becoming known she left Rio with her husband, a diplomat. They would live abroad for almost two decades. Though she made regular visits home, she would not return definitively until 1959. In that interval, legends flourished. Her odd foreign name became a subject of speculation-one critic suggested it might be a pseudonym-and others wondered whether she was, in fact, a man. Taken together, the legends reflect an uneasiness, a feeling that she was something other than she seemed. ... New subjects require new language. Part of Clarice's odd grammar can be traced to the powerful influence of the Jewish mysticism that her father introduced her to. But another part of its strangeness can be attributed to her need to invent a tradition. As anyone who reads her stories from beginning to end will see, they are shot through by a ceaseless linguistic searching, a grammatical instability, that prevents them from being read too quickly. ... "In painting as in music and literature," she wrote, "what is called abstract so often seems to me the figurative of a more delicate and difficult reality, less visible to the naked eye." As abstract painters sought to portray mental and emotional states without direct representation, and modern composers expanded traditional laws of harmony, Clarice undid reflexive patterns in grammar. She often had to remind readers that her "foreign" speech was not the result of her European birth or an ignorance of Portuguese. Nor, needless to say, of the proper ways women presented themselves. As a professional fashion writer, she reveled in her characters' appearances. And then she dishevelled their dresses, smudged their mascara, deranged their hair, enchanting well-composed faces with the creepier glamour Sir Walter Scott described. With overturned words, she conjured an entire unknown world-conjuring, too, the unforgettable Clarice Lispector: a female Chekhov on the beaches of Guanabara." (Benjamin Moser in The New Yorker). All of Clarice Lispector's works are scarce in the first editions - which were all printed in Rio de Janeiro - and hardly every appear on the market.

London, W. Richardson, 1793. Cont. hcalf, professionally rebacked in old style with raised bands. orig. gilt title-label preserved. XVI,208 pp. Light yellowing to leaves, scattered brownspots. Front-and end-papers brownspotted. First edition of Dalton's first book. In chemistry Dalton was the founder of "The Atomic Theory" (A New System of Chemical Philosophy 1808-27) and with his "Meteorological Observations" and supplementary lectures he laid the foundation of modern meteorology, establishing the cause of air's homogeneity and formulating the law of partial pressures. In the attempt to give solid experimental bases for his studies, Dalton laid the foundation of future atomic theory, beginning an experimental inquiry into proportions of different gases in the atmosphere. (PMM p.157). - A.L. Smyth No. 1.

Copenhague, 1876. Folio-oblong. In contemporay half calf. White paper label pasted on to upper right left corner of front board. Title-page a some maps with marginal repairs and reinfocements, otherwise fine. Two title-page + 203 maps. Rare first printing of Meteorologist Niels Hoffmeyer's massive work depicting surface synoptic observations in Europe and the North Atlantic - At the time considered one of the most ambitious meteorological undertakings. "Starting in 1876, Hoffmeyer began to collect all available observations from the North Atlantic (Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and ships) for the three previous years (1873-75), plot them on maps, and analyse them by drawing isobars. These maps were then published annually. Five years later, when the printing of the maps became too expensive for the Danish state, the "Deutsche Seewarte" (German Marine Weather Service) in Hamburg took over the work until the first world war. The analyses continued, as before, to be made in Copenhagen. The "Hoffmeyer maps" are thus another nice example of European scientific cross-fertilization." (Niels Hoffmeyer - a great but forgotten Danish meteorologist, EMS)"Unread still are Danish daily weather maps for the NATL listed in a catalogue published by Bibliothek der Deutchen Seewarte (1890). These maps were also a joint effort between the Danish Meteorological Institute and Deutsche Seewarte and depict the weather at 0800 local time for ships at sea. The maps were published from 1876 to 1880 and run from September 1873 to November 1876. The series is entitled "Cartes synoptiques journalières embrassant l'Europe et le Nord de l'Atlantique " and authored by Hoffmeyer. Contact with Danish Meteoroloigcal Institute confirmed that the maps have been moved to the Danish State Archive" (Chenoweth, New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851-98)

Berlin, C. F. Henning, 1751. 8vo. Two parts bound in one contemporary half calf binding with four raised bands and blind stamped ornamentation to spine. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Wear to extremities, boards with scratches and lower part of front hinge with loss of leather. Front free end-paper with four line annotation in contemporary hand. Internally nice and clean. (12), 488, (4), 466, (4) pp. First edition of one of Voltaire’s greatest historical works, arguably one of the most important political and cultural histories of this era - a monument of eighteenth-century historiography, paving the way not only for modern historiography but also literary history in general. In accordance with other Enlightenment authors and philosophers, Voltaire saw the age of Alexander the Great and Pericles, the age of Caesar and Augustus and the Italian Renaissance as "great ages". In the present work he presented the age of Louis XIV as the fourth and greatest. “The Age of Louis XIV was the most thoroughly and conscientiously prepared of Voltaire’s works. He had planned it in 1732, begun it in 1734 put it aside in 1738, resumed it in 1750. For it he read two hundred volumes and reams of unpublished memoires, consulted scores of survivors from le grand Siecle, studied the original papers of protagonists like Louvois and Colbert, secured from the Due de Noailles the manuscripts left by Louis XIV, and found important documents, hitherto unused, in the archives of Louvre.” (Durant, The Age of Voltaire: The Story of Civilization, Volume IX). The period covered in this work spans from the later years of Cardinal Richelieu to the aftermath of Louis XIV's death. Voltaire characterized this era as a pinnacle of artistic and philosophical achievement, contrasting it with what he viewed as a decline during the reign of Louis XV. Voltaire's approach to history diverged from traditional accounts focused on great leaders and events. He aimed to capture the essence of the era like a painter, emphasizing broader historical and cultural movements over specific individuals or battles. He valued developments such as artistic progress, the decline of medieval superstitions and the end of sorcery and witch trials as significant markers of advancement.

Toulouse, Pierre Bosc, 1628 & 1639 & 1638. 8vo. In contemporary vellum with yap edges. Title in contemporary hand to spine. Light soling and miscolouring to extremities. Small repair to title-page, not affecting text. Light occassional brownspotting throughout. "Hydrographum spagyricum" evenly miscoloured. A good copy. 352; (8), 260, (12); (14), 276, (14); 132, (2) pp. Myrothecium spagyricum: 352 pp. only (lacking the second part of the work, "Insignes curationes variorum morborum, quos medicamentis chymicis jucundissima methodo curavit..."). An interesting sammelband of four of Fabre’s most important works. “Myrothecium Spagyricum” (Part 1 only as usual) being the first edition and the remaining three works being later editions. “Myrothecium Spagyricum” opens with an overview of Paracelsian spagyric medicine, which involves the chemical separation of substances into their fundamental elements, the first part of the book explores the essence of medicaments and their distinction from poisons. Subsequent chapters cover the quintessence of blood and the flesh of various animals like vipers, worms, toads, and crabs for distillation. Parts II and III elaborate on the extraction of the spirit from plants and minerals, including substances such as sulfur, vitriol, and antimony, detailing their characteristics and applications. Part IV delves into the utilization of chemical oils derived from simples and animals through the alchemical art of pyrotechnics. The succeeding sections address specific preparations. Part V concentrates on herbal waters, Part VI on syrups, Part VII on pills crafted from mercury, antimony, vitriol, and others, Part VIII on ointments, and finally, Part IX on electuaries. "Fabre, a native of Castelnaudary in Languedoc, was born in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and lived until 1650. He was a physician at his native place at Montpellier. He was also a voluminous writer, but his work has been judged unfavourably by different critics" (Ferguson).

Brunswick, F. Vieweg und Sohn, 1844. 8vo. 2 volumes bound in one contemporary half calf binding with gilt lettering to spine. Previous owner's stamp to front free end-paper. Light brownspotting throughout, especially to first and last leaves. XVI, 319, VIII, 301, (3) pp. + 1 folded map. Rare first German translation of Darwin's Journal of researches, now known as Voyage of the Beagle, constituting the very first translation of any of Darwin's works into any language. As Darwin later recalled in his autobiography 'The voyage of the Beagle has been by far the most important event in my life and has determined my whole career'. "On its first appearance in its own right, also in 1839, it was called Journal of researches into the geology and natural history etc. The second edition, of 1845, transposes 'geology' and 'natural history' to read Journal of researches into the natural history and geology etc., and the spine title is Naturalist's voyage. The final definitive text of 1860 has the same wording on the title page, but the spine readsNaturalist's voyage round the world, and the fourteenth thousand of 1879 places A naturalist's voyage on the title page. The voyage of the Beagle first appears as a title in the Harmsworth Library edition of 1905. It is a bad title: she was only a floating home for Darwin, on which, in spite of good companionship, he was cramped and miserably sea-sick; whilst the book is almost entirely about his expeditions on land." (Freeman)Freeman 176

London, Lockyer Davis, and Peter Elmsly, 1782. 4to. In recent marbled paper wrappers. Extracted from "Philosophical Transactions", vol. 71, read April 26, 1781. Including title-page of volume. Leaves reinforced in margin. (2), V-VII, 492-501 pp. + three folded plates. First edition of Herschel's seminal paper being the first recorded discovery of a new planet. Herschel's "discovery [was] unprecedented in human history. [...] Herschel's "new" planet demonstrated that there is much more to the universe - even to our tiny solar system - than the eye can discern on its own." (Lemonick, The Georgian Star).British astronomer William Herschel commenced "his first review of the heavens, in which he examined stars down to the fourth magnitude. In August of that year he began a second review, more systematic and extensive than the first, and concentrated on the discovery of double stars" (Dictionary of Scientific Biography)In March 1781, during his search for double stars, Herschel noticed an object appearing as a disk. Herschel originally thought it was a comet or a stellar disc, which he believed he might actually resolve. He reported the sighting to Nevil Maskelyne the Astronomer Royal. He made many more observations of it, and afterwards Russian Academician Anders Lexell computed the orbit and found it to be probably planetary. Herschel agreed, determining that it must be a planet beyond the orbit of Saturn. He called the new planet the "Georgian star" (Georgium sidus) after King George III, which also brought him favour; the name did not hold. In France, where reference to the British king was to be avoided if possible, the planet was known as "Herschel" until the name "Uranus" was universally adopted. The same year, Herschel was awarded the Copley Medal and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1782, he was appointed "The King's Astronomer" (not to be confused with the Astronomer Royal). Dibner 13Sparrow 157Norman 1058.

Kiel, Schmers'sche Buchhandlung, 1848. 8vo. In the original blank blue wrappers. Provisional repair with tape to spine. Front-wrapper missing upper inner corner. Two stamps to half-title, title-page and verso of title-page. Upper outer corner of half-title missing, far from affecting text. Occassional brownspotting throughout. 34 pp. with a blank leaf inserted between every printed leaf (giving a total of 33 ff., including the blanks). The rare first printing of the drafting of the constitution by the provisional government for the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein. In 1848 the Schleswig-Holsteiners decided to establish a provisional government and oust the Danish king. The subsequent war (1848-1851) achieved a status quo until a permanent solution between Denmark and Germany was reached in 1920. The 1848-1852 events in Schleswig-Holstein were a Danish-German confrontation. The underlying issues were complex: The kingdom of Denmark and the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were component parts of the Danish Monarchy and were united in the person of the king/duke. Schleswig was a Danish fief, Holstein a member of the German Confederation. A 1665 law introduced succession through the female line in Denmark, with the survival of Salic law in the duchies held in abeyance. Schleswig had a strong Danish element in the north, Holstein was German. "With the extinction of the male royal line in the offing, Christian VIII declared in 1846 that the 1665 law applied to Schleswig and (with some reservation) to Holstein. Protests in the duchies had not been resolved, when in the wake of the February revolution the liberals in Copenhagen took over and moved toward the annexation of Schleswig. In defiance, the estates of Schleswig and Holstein set up a provisional government on March 24. Being composed of liberals and conservatives it obtained popular and official support in Germany, and with Prussian military support gained control of most of the duchies by midsummer. But then Britain and Prussia intervened, pressuring Prussia to make a truce with Denmark (at Malmö, August 26, 1848), a truce which caused a parliamentary crisis in Frankfurt. In a short time Schleswig-Holstein had become the national issue, and by acceding to the Malmö truce the Frankfurt Assembly severely damaged its political credit.Fighting resumed in 1849 and was ended by a July truce. After losing German military support, the duchies were defeated in the 1850 campaign. The government abdicated on February 1, 1851, and the Danish authorities took over a year later. In the final settlement the powers restored the Danish monarchy with the succession in the duchies to follow that of the kingdom (Second London Protocol of May 8, 1852). In separate notes the Danish government agreed to preserve the status of Schleswig and to abstain from steps leading to its incorporation. While the agreements restored the balance of power, the relations between Danes and Germans suffered, eroding popular sentiment for the Danish monarchy. Also Schleswig became a matter of outside concern, permitting Prussian intervention in the case of Danish non-compliance." (Ohio Univerty; Lawrence D. Steefel, Sleswig-Holstein Question).

Amsterdam, Hendrik en de Weduwe van Dirk Boom, 1681, 1664 & 1665. 4to. In contemporary full calf with four raised bands and richly gilt spine. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. A bit of wear to extremities. Back-boards with a few worm-tracts. Internally with a few worm-tracts in last part, overall a nice and clean copy. (4), 37, (3), 188, (4), 188, (4), 195, (5), 187, (5), 186, (6), 185, (11) pp. + portrait and 21 plates (out of 25). Rare dutch translation of Dalle Valle’s famous travel-account to Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land, Syria, Iraq, Persia and India, being one of the earliest printed sources for the early history of the United Arab Emirates. Della Valle's writings and collections have made significant contributions to the understanding of the cultures and societies he encountered during his journeys and his account of his travels is today regarded as being of seminal importance not only for the history of the Middle East but of travel-literature in general.“His perceptive and detailed letters, enriched by the romance and poignancy of his devotion to his wife, together create one of the finest works of travel literature” (Howgego).The present copy being the second Dutch edition of part 1 (1681) and last 5 parts (1664 & 1665) all being first Dutch translations. Pietro della Valle embarked on his travels in 1614, departing from Venice, Italy. Over the course of his journey he visited numerous countries and regions, including the Middle East, India, and Persia. Della Valle's initial travels took him to the Middle East, where he visited places such as Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), Aleppo, Baghdad, and Jerusalem. He explored various cultural and historical sites documenting his experiences in letters and journals. After returning to Italy, Della Valle set out on a second journey in 1623, this time traveling to India. He visited cities such as Goa, Surat, and Agra, where he met with local rulers and learned about the culture and customs of the region. Della Valle also visited the court of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and witnessed the construction of the Taj Mahal. Following his time in India, Della Valle traveled to Persia (modern-day Iran). He visited cities such as Isfahan, Shiraz, and Persepolis, where he studied Persian language and culture. Della Valle's travels in Persia provided him with insights into the Safavid Empire and its society. Della Valle returned to Italy in 1628, bringing back with him a vast collection of artifacts, manuscripts, and cultural items. He spent the remaining years of his life in Italy, where he continued to write about his travels and share his experiences with scholars and intellectuals. Throughout his travels, Pietro della Valle documented his experiences through letters, journals, and other writings, which have provided valuable insights into the regions he visited during the 17th century. His accounts have since become important historical sources for scholars studying the cultures, societies, and geopolitics of the Middle East, India and Persia during that time period.

Geneve, Barrilot & Fils, 1748. 8vo. Contemporary full calf binding with gilt crowned monogram to centre of boards. Five raised bands and gilt title-label to richly gilt spine. All edges of boards gilt. A bit of wear to extremities. Very light browning to the first leaves and to the plates, the edges of which are also a bit bent, otherwise fine. Printed on good paper. A very nice copy indeed. XII,304 pp., 1 folded table and 3 folded engraved plates. First edition of this groundbreaking work, which describes for the first time the use of electricity for treatment of paralysis, laying the foundation for the use of electricity in medicine and for what was later to be known as electroconvulsive therapy. By applying electroshocks with a Leyden jar, Jallabert discovered that he could stimulate muscle regeneration and blood increase in a paralyzed limb, describing this breakthrough discovery for the first time in the present work. "After a succint account of what is known about electricity, Jallabert describes his observatuions on how electricity can stimulate muscles and reverse paralysis. Together with Guiot, a leading surgeon, he examines a locksmith called Nogues, and finds him paralysed on the right side as a result of an accidental blow to the head fourteen years before. The man could not move his arm, he had no sensation in it and he had no control over the fingers in his hand. Holding a Leiden jar in his healthy hand and touching it with his paralysed hand, Noguesd was treated with electric shocks for over an hour every day. Within two weeks an astonishing improvement in his condition was noted and three months later the patient had regained full use of his arm." (Gedeon, Science and technology in Medicine, No. 19)."This comprehensive work embraces the knowledge of the time on electric phenomena and theory; it has been frequently quoted. The author considers electricity to be a subtile, elastic fluid." (Wheeler Gift No 349). Wellcome IV:342 (but only having the second edition, 1749); Gedeon:19.