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London, Archibald Constable and Co, 1818. 8vo. Bound uncut in a nice recent half calf binding with five raised bands with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. A very nice and clean copy. (6), (I)-LXXIV, (2), 439, (1) pp. First appearance of Well's important work, which constitutes the first clear pioneering statement about natural selection. He applied the idea to the origin of different skin colours in human races, but from the context it seems he thought it might be applied more widely. Charles Darwin said: "[Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated". (Darwin, Charles 1866. The origin of species by means of natural selection. 4th and subsequent editions, in the preliminary 'Historical sketch')In 1813, Wells read a paper to the Royal Society of London, occasioned by a white female patient with splotches of dark skin. In his paper, Wells speculated about the origin of skin color variations in humans. He suggested that long ago, there might have arisen in equatorial regions a variety of humans that were better able to resist diseases such as malaria, perhaps aided by darker skin, and they survived where other variations perished. Similarly, lighter-skinned humans might have been variations that were better able to survive in temperate and arctic regions."Wells' paper was not printed in the Philosophical Transactions, but after he died in 1817, two of his treatises, "On Single vision with Two Eyes," and "On Dew", were published posthumously, and Wells' brief "Account of a white female, part of whose skin resembles that of a negro" was added on at the very end. No one noticed, certainly not Charles Darwin, who was 9 years old at the time.Time went by, Darwin discovered natural selection on his own in the late 1830s, and he sprang it on the world in On the Origin of Species in 1859. During the year after publication, various readers noticed that certain aspects of Darwinian evolution had been anticipated by such naturalists as Étienne Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Patrick Matthew, and the anonymous author of the Vestiges. So in 1861, for the third edition of the Origin, Darwin added an "Historical Sketch" in which he discussed his precursors and to what extent they anticipated his own work (third image). Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Matthew, and the Vestiges all merited a paragraph in the "Historical Sketch." But there was still no mention of William Wells.Then, sometime before 1866, an American, Robert Rowley, drew the attention of an Englishman, Charles Loring Brace, to Wells' paper, and Rowley conveyed the information to Darwin. Darwin was apparently impressed. For the fifth edition of the Origin, he revised the "Historical Sketch", and he added a paragraph about Wells, in which he commented: "In this paper he [Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated." Darwin also pointed out, quite correctly, that Wells used natural selection only to account for human races, not to explain the origin of species. But still, Wells was the only precursor of natural selection that Darwin took seriously."( William B. Ashworth, Linda Hall Library)

(London, Taylor and Francis, 1911). 8vo . In recent half cloth with cloth title-label with gilt lettering to front board. Extracted from "The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science" Sixth Series, Vol. XXI. A fine and clean copy. [Rutherford's paper:] pp. 669-688. [Withbound:] Pp. 585-696. First appearance of one of the most influential papers in physics in the 20th Century, describing the discovery of the ATOMIC NUCLEUS, and suggesting that the atom consists of a small central nucleus surrounded by electrons. This view of the atom is the one accepted today, and it replaced the concept of the featureless, indivisible spheres of Democritus, which dominated atomistic thinking for twenty-three centuries. Rutherford's 'nuclear atom' was a few years later by Niels Bohr, combined with the quantum theory of light to form the basis of his famous theory of the hydrogen atom.Hans Geiger (Rutherford's assistant in his work on alpha particles) tells "One day (Rutherford) came into my room, obviously in the best of moods, and told me that now he knew what the atom looked like and what the strong scatterings signified." - On 7 March 1911, Rutherford presented his principal results to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. The definitive paper came out in the May issue of "Philosophical Magazine" (the paper offered here)."After the first five or sic years of intense activity following the discovery of radioactivity, there was a brief lull untill 1911, when a new series of fundamental discoveries was made. These began with the discoveries of the nucleus and of artificial atomic transmutations by Rutherford. By 1811 it was known that electrons entered into the constitution of atoms, and Barkla had shown that each atom has approximately A/2 electrons (where A is the atomis weight). J.J.Thomson had conceived of a model of an atom according to which the electrons were distributed inside a positively charged sphere. To verify this hypothesis, Rutherford had the idea of bombarding matter using alpha-radiation of radioactive bodies and measuring the angles through which the rays were deflected as they passsed through matter. For the Thomson model of the atom the deflections should rarely be more than 1 or 2 degrees.However, Rutherford's experiments showed that deflections of more than 90 degrees could occur, particularly with heavy nuclei."(Taton (Edt.) Science in the Twentieth Century, p. 210).

Amsterdam, Rotterdam, E. van Harrevelt, Henry Beman, 1774. 4to. Bound in 4 cont. full mottled calf. 6 raised bands, gilt titlelabels. Backs a little rubbed, some cracking to leather along hinges, but covers not detached. Corners bumped. Ocasionally somewhat brownspotted, a few tears in plates (no loss). A few corners dampstained. With all 4 halftitles. (8),XXXII,388 - (6),536 - (6),394 - VIII,367,(3) pp. and 52 engraved plates, mostly large and folded, among these are 28 folded maps. (all). First French edition of Cooke's first travel, a title-issue identical with the Paris-edition from the same year, only with a different title-page and a printed Privilege in Dutch for the Dutch publisher. It is the 4to-edition, not one of the 8vo -editions published the same year. - Sabin 30941.

Moscow, izdanie V. P. Plemânnikova, 1876. 8vo. 3 parts bound in 2 uniform contemporary full cloth bindings with blind stamped titles to spines. Some soiling to extremities and part of cloth around hinges worn of. Internally with occassional brownspotting. (4), 168, (2), 393, (1), VII, (2) pp. + 4 folded plates. Rare first Russian translation of Darwin’s Insectivorous Plants published only one year after the English original. Freeman F1244OCLC only locates one copy (in Poland), Huntinton in Pasadena also holds a copy.

Kjøbenhavn, P. G. Philipsens Forlag, (1862). 8vo. Bound in the original cardboard binding. With minor wear to capitals, otherwise almost completely fresh. Neatly restored tear to title page. Small ink stain to outer right margin of the last leaves. With a long gift inscription by H. C. Andersen to front free endpaper. Internally clean. A beautiful copy of Julius Exner's and Christian Winther's "Billeder og Vers" with a charming dated gift inscription from H. C. Andersen to a young boy, Jørgen: "Til Tak for hvert Smiil jeg fik i det / gamle Aar af min lille Ven Jørgen, / bringer jeg ham her en Billedbog og den / vil han engang læse i og tænke paa / sin gamle Ven / H. C. Andersen / Kjøbenhavn Nytaars Ugen 1862." (Translation: As thank for every smile I recieved in the old year from my small friend Jørgen, I bring him here a picture-book and in this he will in due time read and think of his old friend H. C. Andersen. Copenhagen new-year week 1862). Julius Exner (1825-1910) was a Danish painter known for his romantic paintings of the life of the peasants. Christian Winther (1796-1876) was one of the greatest Danish poets of the 19th century. Winther is best known for his poem "Hjortens Flugt" which is considered to be one of the classics of Danish literature. The inscription is written to Jørgen Hansen Koch (1861-1935). Jørgen, who was only 1 year old at the time the inscription was written, later became president of the Maritime and Commercial Court and Det Classenske Fideicommis. Jørgen and his family had a close relationship with H. C. Andersen and they are mentioned frequently in his diaries. H. C. Andersen wrote in his diary that he visited the Koch family January 2 1862. It was presumably during that visit that he gave Jørgen this copy. Works of other authors inscribed by H. C. Andersen are very rare.

Christiania, Lehmann & Grøndahl, 1814. 8vo. Six parts uniformly bound in two contemporary half calf bindings with red leather title-label and gilt lettering to spines. Previous owner's names to front free end-papers and title-pages. Previous owner's stamp (N. M. Bugge) to title-pages. Wear to extremities, boards with scratches. Leaf A1 in the fifth part with reapir in inner margin, slightly touching text, otherwise internally very nice and clean. Part 1-2: (2), 67, (2), 104, 104 pp. Part 3-6: (2),108, (2), 107, (2), 128 pp. Scarce first edition of all the minutes from Norway's Constitutional Assembly, immediately leading to the first Norwegian Constitution of May 17, 1814. It was adopted on 16 May and signed on 17 May 1814 by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll. The latter date is the National Day of Norway. It is the fourth oldest written single-document national constitution in Europe after the Constitution of Poland, the French constitution of 1791, and the Spanish Constitution of 1812. The document is also the second oldest working national constitution in the world, after the Constitution of the United States. “On 10 April 1814 a national assembly consisting of 112 elected representatives met together at Eidsvoll, convened by the Regent of Norway, Christian Frederik. Their task was to draw up a new constitution, since Norway had become an independent kingdom and no longer part of Denmark.It soon became obvious that the assembly was divided: one party favoured union with Sweden and the other favoured independence. The advocates of union, led by Count Wedel Jarlsberg, felt that it would not be possible for Norway to retain its independence without the support of the major European powers. They argued that it would be better to negotiate with Sweden on the best possible conditions for union.The independence party supported Christian Frederik, who maintained that Norway should be an independent nation. It was this party, led by Christian Falsen and Professor Georg Sverderup, that held the majority in the assembly.” (The Royal House of Norway) On April 12, a special committee led by Christian Falsen was established to draft the new constitution. The committee presented its proposal outlining the core principles to the assembly just four days later, where the majority of provisions were widely accepted.The constitution defined Norway as a free and independent. It assigned executive power to the King, legislative authority to a popularly elected national assembly and judicial power to independent courts. Freedom of religion and freedom of the press were also included.On May 17, 1814, the Constitution was formally adopted, and the assembly unanimously elected Christian Frederik as Norway’s first king in nearly 500 years. “However, the Swedish Crown Prince, Carl Johan, refused to accept Norway’s independence since under the Treaty of Kiel Denmark had ceded Norway to Sweden. On 29 July Swedish troops marched into Norway and rapidly put down the Norwegian resistance. On 14 August both parties signed the Convention of Moss, under the terms of which Christian Frederik had to surrender the Norwegian throne. The King of Sweden agreed to accept the Eidsvoll constitution, amended only to take account of the union with Sweden. On 4 November, after the Norwegian national assembly had adopted the amended Constitution, Carl XIII of Sweden became Carl II of Norway.” (Ibid.). The constitution was a very radical one for its time. Instead of being concentrated in the person of an autocratic king, power was divided between the king, the courts and a popularly elected national assembly. The king had the executive power and the national assembly the legislative power. Almost half the male population had the right to vote.

Paris, Briasson, 1727 - 1740. 8vo. Uniformly bound in 41 nice contemporary Cambridge-style mirror bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spines. Boards with scratches, occassionally with loss of leather. Internally nice and clean. Vols. 1-37 (vol. 10 in two bindings), 39-41. First edition of this large and extensive bio-bibliography of European authors from the Renaissance to the 18th century. The earliest author is John Dee (d. 1607) and the latest being Guillaume Delisle (d. 1720). Jean-Pierre Nicéron was “A French lexicographer, born in Paris, 11 March, 1685, died there, 8 July, 1738. After his studies at the Collège Mazarin, he joined the Barnabites (August, 1702). He taught rhetoric in the college of Loches, and soon after at Montargis, where he remained ten years. While engaged in teaching, he made a thorough study of modern languages. In 1716 he went to Paris and devoted his time to literary work. His aim was to put together, in a logically arranged compendium, a series of biographical and bibliographical articles on the men who had distinguished themselves in literature and sciences since the time of the Renaissance. It required long research as well as great industry. After eleven years he published the first volume of his monumental work under the title of "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des hommes illustres de la république des lettres avec le catalogue raisonné de leurs ouvrages" (Paris, 1727). Thirty-eight volumes followed from 1728 to 1738. The last volume from his pen was published two years after the author's death (Paris, 1740).”(Catholic Encyclopedi) “It has been often repeated that this work lacks method, ana that the length of many articles is out of proportion to the value of the men to whom they are devoted. This criticism, however true it may be, does not impair the genuine qualities and importance of the whole work. Even now, these "Mémoires" contain a great amount of information that could hardly be obtained elsewhere. Moreover, they refer to sources which, but for our author, would be easily overlooked or ignored.” (Ibid) A German translation was published in 1747-1777 Brunet IV, 55.

Paris, Crochard, 1820. Recent hcloth. Some repairs to inner margin of titlepage to "Annales". In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago" Tome XIV pp. 417-25. The whole volume present: 448 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. First French translation and the first translation of Oersted's epoch-making announcement in his Latin pamphlet "Extperimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acun magneticam. Hafniæ, 1820" (privately printed in a very small number, and only distributed to colleques in Europe). This discovery and confirmation of the connection between 2 forces, electricity and magnetism, must be considered one of the happiest events in the history of science, both with regard to scientific and practical results. - "From the moment that Ørsted's discovery became known it created an enormous sensation. The results communicated were so astounding that they were received with a certain distrust, but they were stated with such accuracy that it could hardly be permitted to entertain any doubts. In the course of a short time the treatise was translated into all the chief languages." (Kirstine Meyer). - Dibner:61 - PMM: 282 - Horblitt: 3 b. - Sparrow: 152.

(Amsterdam, 1584-1605). 35x52 cm. Kobberstukket søkort med de danske landsdele som omgiver Storebælt og Lillebælt. Bælterne er omkranset af den østlige del af Jylland (fra Djursland til Holsteen), Fyn (som er gengivet meget fortegnet), Nordlangeland, nordlige del af Lolland og Sjælland. Stor kompasrose, skibe i søen. Kortet "ligger ned" med nord til højre. Brede marginer, fin stand. Yderst sjældent søkort over danske farvande af "den første store søkorttegner af internationalt format" Det pragtfulde kort her er fra en fransk udgave (fransk tekst på bagsiden) af Waghenaer's berømte søkortatlas i lille folio "Spieghel der Zeewart" som udkom 1583-85.Bramsen p. 63.

London, Harrison and Sons, 1888. 8vo. In later full blue cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London", vol. XLIV. Entire volume offered. Soiling to extremities, endges of front board torn and upper front hindge with small tear. Library label pasted on to front free end-paper. Vague blindstamp to title-page of volume. Internally fine and clean. [Darwin's orbituary;] I-XXV pp. [Entire volume: viii, 464, XXXV, (1) pp.]. First appearance of Huxley's famous obituary of Darwin. "While Huxley was composing this and other expositions of technical education in the late 1880s, he was also writing an obituary notice on Darwin for the Proceedings of the Royal Society. Though he undertook this piece in 1883, he did not complete it until five years later. In letters to Foster and Hooker in early 1888, Huxley remarked that he was still rereading Origin of Species, trying to separate the "substance" of the theory from its "accidents," with the aim of warding off a generation of "hostile comments and would-be improvements.". Even though he had written at least a half-dozen abstracts of the work and was reading it, he said, "for the nth time," he was "getting along slowly" and finding it "one of the most difficult books to exhaust that ever was written." At this juncture in his life, it seemed that Huxley had difficulty concluding what he had always concluded previously about Darwin's theory: that its points of central importance were the facts of variation, the Malthusian principle of overpopulation, and its consequence, universal struggle. As Huxley finally came around to saying once again the obituary article , it was immaterial how organisms differed from each other or why." (White, Thomas Huxley: Making the 'Man of Science, P. 152)Darwin-Online A344.

Guelppherb (Wolfenbüttel), Gottlieb Henrich Grenzius, 1689. 4to. In contemporary vellum with title in contemporary hand to spine. Small paper-label to upper part on spine indicating the inventory number in an estate library. Extremities with some marks and light miscolouring. Title-page with stain to upper outer corner, otherwise a very nice copy. (14), 232, (14), 48 pp. + frontispiece and 5 folded maps. Fourth edtion of Heidmann’s early work on Palestine’s history and topography. His work on the Holy Land, which he had never visited, was published during the 17th century in a large number of editions, the first being published in 1655. Heidmann never visited Palestine and his description is to a large extent based on ancient authors such as Flavius Joseph.

Preveo M. Pijade (Belgrad), Biblioteka Marksizma-Lenjinizma, 1945. 8vo (195 x 145 mm). In the original printed wrappers. A few small nicks to wrappers and a few occassional light markings in margin. Otherwise a fine and clean copy. 64, (3) pp. First Croatian translation of the Communist Manifesto, translated by Moša Pijade (1890 – 1957), a Yugoslav communist, politician and Tito’s close friends. Pijade also translated the introductions to previous translations to other languages, to help the reader to understand the importance of the work. Pijade, artist, art critic and author, was born in Belgrade and of Sephardic Jewish parentage. He joined the Communist party in the 1920s, in which he was active as a writer for various newspapers and magazines. After having translated ‘Das Kapital’ in 1924, Pijade was arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison because of his ‘revolutionary activities’, a sentence, for which he served 14 years. In the prison Moša Pijade befriended Josip Bros-Tito, who was also imprisoned for his illegal communist activities, and the two men became good friends. During WWII, Pijade became one of the leaders of Tito’s partisans and after the war the President of the Yugoslavian Parliament between 1954 and 1955. In 1948, Pijade convinced Tito to allow the Yugoslav Jews to immigrate to Israel.

Nürnberg, Johann Michael Seligmann, 1756-57. 4to. Bound in one cont. hcalf. Back somewhat worn, hinges with tears so cords are seen, but not loose. Corners bumped. Titlelabel on back. (8),3-136,(6);(4),208,(12) pp. and 100 (50+50) fine engraved botanical plates (P.L. Feuille ad viv.del - I.M. Seligmann excud) and 2 unnumbered engraved plates (1 with an Owl, 1 with a Tortoise). In all 102 plates. Printed on thick fine paper, and internally fine and clean, plates as well as text. Scarce first German edition of Feuillée's important work on the medical flora of Chile and Peru and the West Indies by which he laid the ground for the scientific study of Latin American medical plants. This German edition is a translation of the volume on plants from the author's "Histoire des Plantes Medicales de Perou et Chili (as volume III of his "Journal des observation physique, mathematique et Botanique", Paris 1714-25).This German edition was supplied with finely plates reengraved by Seligmann. Feuillée describes, illustrates and records the uses of 100 medical plants from these areas. Hunt II:No 433 "Plates, many of plants. Especially interesting are those in vol. III (published 11 years after the other two) made after or on voyages to South America, the West Indies, and New Spain. Feuillée is honoured properly in Fevillea Linn., a genus of tropical American Cucurbitaceae." (Hunt does not have the German edition). - Junk Rara p. 50: "Le seul botaniste qui a écrit avant Feuillée sur la Flore de l'Amerique non-septentrionale maisqui ne s'est occupé que de la Flore des Fougères des Indes Occidentales est Ch. Plumier." - Pritzel No 2882. - Nissen ZBI: 633 - Sabin No 24226 (only mentions 100 plates). - BMC(NH) II:569 recording only the second German edition from 1766.

Petrograd, 17-ya Gos. tip., 1920. 8vo. Original printed wrappers with a color lithograph by Malevich on each wrapper. Wrapper detached and bookblock and wrappers displayed, seperatly, in a frame. Spine restored, wrappers slightly faded, otherwise a good copy. 84 pp. First edition of this influential work by Punin with Malevich’s famous ‘Suprematist’ wrappers, being the only color lithographs by Malevich. Punin was twice arrested for anti-Soviet activities and finally sent to Siberia where he died. Kazimir Malevich (1878-1935) famously declared in the catalog for the Tenth State Exhibition in 1917: “I have shattered the blue shade of color boundaries and emerged into white. Behind me, comrade pilots float in the whiteness. I have established the semaphore of Suprematism.” However, Nikolai Punin did not view Malevich's Suprematism as a new foundation for national artistic tradition, finding it too individualistic for such a purpose. Despite this Punin remained intrigued by Malevich's work, a fact emphasized by Malevich designing the cover of this book. Nikolai Nikolaevich Punin (1888-1935), a Russian art scholar and writer, was part of a circle that included figures like Mayakovsky, Malevich, Tatlin, and Lebedev. Renowned for his captivating lectures, Punin drew large audiences of progressive-minded individuals from Soviet Academia and his numerous students. "During the 1920s he [Punin] was one of the most widely read of Russian writers on art. He believed that modern art criticism should be scientific and even tried to reduce the creative process to a mathematical formula: S(Pi + Pii + Piii…)Y = T, where S is the sum of the principles (P), Y is intuition, and T is artistic creation. It is therefore not surprising that Punin preferred the ‘engineer’ Tatlin to the artist Malevich, concluding that Malevich was too subjective to examine material in a scientific and impartial manner. Even so, Punin was a keen supporter of many different members of the Russian avant-garde. He also did valuable research on earlier Russian art. His formalist views were opposed to the ideals of Socialist Realism demanded by Stalin, and after the Second World War he was one of a number of critics who were persecuted for their ‘cosmopolitan’ views (the campaign against them was led by Alexander Gerasimov). In 1949 Punin was arrested and sent to a prison camp in Siberia, where he died." (Oxford Dictionary).

Soræ, Joachim Moltke, Henrik Kruse,1644-45. Folio. (31,5 x 20,5 cm.). Samtidigt helpergamentsbind med håndskreven rygtitel. Kobberstukket titelblad med Chr. IV, Valdemar I, Absalon og Saxo. (6), 384, (20), 252, (22) pp. samt talrige træsnitillustrationer i kommentardelen. Stephanius' kommentar har selvstændigt titelblad. Stort, rent og velbevaret eksemplar. Luxdorphs elefant på forpermen, hans egenhændige navnetræk på indersiden af fribladet og 5 blade (friblade m.v.) fyldt med - sandsynligvis i egen hånd - sirligt skrevne optegnelser med sidehenvisninger, et slags register til bogen. Hertil er yderligere indsat på forpermens inderside Luxdorphs, i sort trykte, våbenskjold. Brugt som exlibris udtaler Elberling "som Ex-Libris er det saare hæsligt, og det er vist kun meget sjældent benyttet paa denne Maade (af Luxdorph)" (Breve fra en Bogelsker, p. 112-13). Originaludgaven af den berømte "Sorø-udgave" som skulle afløse Chr. Pedersen's "Pariserudgave". Stephanius' tekst er filologisk set fremragende og udgaven er banebrydende for Saxo-forskningen.Bibl. Danica III,9. - Thesaurus II, 668. - Birkelund, 48.

London, Taylor and Francis, 1864. 4to. In plain white paper-wrappers with title-page of journal volume pasted on to front wrapper. In "Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", Volume 10. Fine and clean. Pp. (27)-83, (1) + the pasted on title-page. First appearance of Maxwell's landmark - and his very first published on electromagnetism - paper in which he anticipates many of the fundamental ideas presented in his famous four-part paper "On Physical Lines of Force" (1861-2) in which he derived the equations of electromagnetism. The present paper ushered in a new era of classical electrodynamics and catalyzed further progress in the mathematical field of vector calculus. Because of this, it is considered one of the most historically significant publications in the field of physics and of science in general.Maxwell began his researches on electromagnetism following the completion of his studies at Cambridge in 1854. They were aimed at constructing, at a theoretical level, a unified mathematical theory of electric and magnetic phenomena that would express the methods and ideas of Faraday as an alternative to the theory of Weber." This programme was announced in his first article, 'On Faraday's lines of force', in 1856, and continued in two other major texts, 'On physical lines of force' in 1861-1862 and 'A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field' in 1865. According to a famous passage in its preface, the Treatise (1873) represented the outcome of this programme" (Landmark Writings, p. 569). "Maxwell's first paper, "On Faraday's Line of Force" (1855-1856), was divided into two parts, with supplementary) examples. Its origin may he traced in a long correspondence with Thomson, edited by Larmor in 1936. Part 1 was an exposition of the analogy between lines of force and streamlines in an incompressible fluid. It contained one notable extension to Thomson's treatment of the subject and also an illuminating opening discourse on the philosophical significance of analogies between different branches of physics. This was a theme to which Maxwell returned more than once. His biographers print in full an essay entitled "Analogies in Nature," which he read a few months later (February 1856) to the famous Apostles Club at Cambridge; this puts the subject in a wider setting and deserves careful reading despite its involved and cryptic style. Here, as elsewhere, Maxwell's metaphysical speculation discloses the influence of Sir William Hamilton, specifically of Hamilton's Kantian view that all human knowledge is of relations rather than of things. The use Maxwell saw in the method of analogy was twofold. It crossfertilized technique between different fields, and it served as a golden mean between analytic abstraction and the method of hypothesis. The essence of analogy (in contrast with identity) being partial resemblance, its limits must be recognized as clearly as its existence; yet analogies may help in guarding against too facile commitment to a hypothesis. The analogy of an electric current to two phenomena as different as conduction of heat and the motion of a fluid should, Maxwell later observed, prevent physicists from hastily assuming that "electricity is either a substance like water, or a state of agitation like heat. "The analogy is geometrical: "a similarity between relations, not a similarity between the things related."" (DSB)The 1856 paper has been eclipsed by Maxwell's later work, but its originality and importance are greater than is usually thought. Besides interpreting Faraday's work and giving the electrotonic function, it contained the germ of a number of ideas which Maxwell was to revive or modify in 1868 and later an integral representation of the field equations (1868),the treatment of electrical action as analogous to the motion of an incompressible fluid (1869, 1873), the classification of vector functions into forces and fluxes (1870), and an interesting formal symmetry in the equations connecting A, B, E, and H, different from the symmetry commonly recognized in the completed field equations. The paper ended with solutions to a series of problems, including an application of the electrotonic function to calculate the action of a magnetic field on a spinning conducting sphere.

London, 1913 & 1914. 8vo. 2 volumes, uniformly bound with the original wrappers in recent full blue cloth. In "The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine", Sixth Series, Vol. 26, no. 156, December 1913 & vol. 27, no. 160, April 1914. Lower part of index (pp. 1059-1064) in vol 26 with horisontal repair to lower part, affecting last three line (but legible). A fine and clean set. Moseley's papers: pp. 703-13; pp. 1024-1034. [Entire issues: pp. 937-1064; pp. 541-756]. First edition of these groundbreaking papers, in which the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table was based on the atomic number and which thus placed the atomic table on a firm scientific foundation. "Moseley, working under Rutherford at Manchester, used the method of X-ray spectroscopy devised by the Braggs to calculate variations in the wave-lenght of the rays emitted by each element. These he was able to arrange in a series according to the nuclear charge of the element. Thus if the nuclear charge of hydrogen is 1, in helium it is 2, in lithium 3, and so on by regular progression to uranium as 92. These figures Moseley called atomic numbers.he pointed out that they also represented a corresponding increase in extra-nuclear electrons and that it is the number and arrangement of these electrons rather than the atomic weight that determines the properties of an element. It was now possible to base the periodical table on a firm foundation, and to state with confidence that the number of elements up to uranium is limited to 92. When Moseley'stable was completed, six atomic numbers had no corresponding elements; but Moseley himself was able to predict the nature of four of the missing elements."(PMM 407). “In a very short time, Moseley produced the first of his two famous papers in which he showed the spectra of K radiation of ten different substances … Moseley arranged the spectra, one below the other in a step-like fashion, in such a way that a given wavelength was in the same position for all spectra. It then became clear by simple inspection of this ‘step ladder’ that the spectrum of K radiation of each element contains two strong lines (which Moseley called Ka (for the longer wavelength) and Kß (for the shorter) and that this pair of lines moves to shorter and shorter wavelengths in a monotonic fashion if one moves step by step from calcium to zinc Moseley's work made it clear once and for all that indeed the position number in the Periodic Table is equal to the number Z of positive elementary charges in the nucleus of an atom. It also showed that Z is more important for the spectroscopic and chemical properties of an atom than the atomic mass number A. This is evident in the case of the elements cobalt (Z = 27, A = 58.9) and nickel (Z = 28, A = 58.7), where even the order in A differs from that in Z.” (Brandt, The Harvest of a Century: Discoveries in Modern Physics in 100 Episodes) PMM 407Evans 62Norman 1599

London, Chapman & Hall, 1840-1841. A complete run of the 20 monthly parts, uncut in the original blue green pictoral wrappers. Two parts with previous owner's name to top of front wrapper. A few of the parts with brownspots to wrappers. An overall fine set. Housed in a slipcase. Collation corresponds to Hatton and Cleaver with the following exceptions: Part 1, lacking first advertisement (out of 3), beginning with "Rippon & Burton; Part 10, lacking advertisements; Part 11, lacking advertisements. A fine set of first printings of the 20 monthly parts of Dickens' famous short-lived periodical, including the novels "The Old Curiosity Shop" and "Barnaby Rudge". Master Humphrey's Clock was first issued in weekly parts before being collected into monthly issues and finally into book format. Master Humphrey's Clock was one of the first works to appear in weekly as well as monthly installments. Eckel, Pp. 67-69.Hatton and Cleaver, 161-182Gimbel, A50

Kjöbenhavn, Ernst Henrich Berling, 1743. Folio. Samtidigt dansk hellæderbind med spejl og blindtrykte rammer. Smal forgyldt bort på permer. Ophøjede bind på ryg. Rig rygforgyldning. Forgyldt titelfelt. Marmoreret snit. Kapitæler reparerede. Lille stempel på titelbladet. Kobberstukket titelkobber.(10),130 pp. samt 68 kobberstukne plancher, hver med talrige figurer. Indvendig ren og frisk, trykt på svært skrivepapir. Visse læg med svagheder i heftningen. Originaltrykket, "Trykt af Ernst Henrich Berling og er et af de første store arbejder han udførte. Som Brødskrift er anvendt en temmelig stor Fraktur, og som Udsmykning er brugt store, ret grove Friser og Vignetter samt Stregslyngninger, alt i Træsnit. Bogens Titekobber og de 68 Helsides-Kobbere med instruktive Opstillinger er tegnet og stukket af en Amatør, Søløjtnant H.C. Ullrich (der modtog en kgl. Dusør paa 200 Rdl. for Arbejdet), og Resultatet er da også ret ringe, dog er flere af Tavlerne med Flaadeformationer og sirligt udførte Skibstegninger af en vis dekorativ Virkning. Oversættelsen til Dansk er foretaget af C.F. Wadskiær." (Birkelund nr. 87).

New York, Macmillan, 1924. 8vo. In the original cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Ownership inscription to pasted down front end paper. Minor wear to extremities and hindges a bit weak, otherwise a fine copy. (blank), X, (1), 394, (blank) pp. First edition of Commons' landmark work, in which he developed his 'theories of the evolution of capitalism and of institutional change as a modifying force alleviating the major defects of capitalism' (New Palgrave). Together with Thorstein Veblen and Wesley Clair Mitchell, Commons was one of the three founders of American Institutionalism.'He sought to demonstrate the importance for economic theory of collective action in all its varieties. These included not only the state but also a host of voluntary associations, such as the corporation and the trade union; in fact, collective action conceptually embraced all institutions, since Commons defined an institution as "collective action in control of individual action"' (IESS)'Although Commons' institutionalism had different emphases from that of Thorstein Veblen, for example, in that Commons stressed reform of the capitalist framework, they shared a view of economics as political economy and of the economy as comprising more than the market' (The New Palgrave, vol.1, p.506).John Rogers Commons (1862-1945) was an institutional economist and labor historian who became a significant contributor to most pieces of social and labor legislation in the 20th century. He was the first American economist and social scientist to dedicate himself to improving labor conditions, believing that labor injustice not only impacted workers, but also the stability of society.

Paris, Tresse & Stock, 1892. 8vo. Contemporary red half calf with lovely gilt ornamentation to spine and gilt library-lettering to bottom of spine. Spine slightly soiled. Binder's stamp to front free end-paper. Evenly browned throughout. Title-page closely shaven at outer margin, but not affecting print. XV, (1), 297, (1) pp. + (1, contents) f. The very rare first edition of Kropotkin's main work, "The Conquest of Bread", the great constructivist work of the libertarian tradition and the greatest modern work of anarchism. By 1880, Kropotkin had broken with the Bakunist idea of remuneration for labour in the post-revolutionary society. While Bakunin and the Federalist wing of the First International suggested a period of economic transition between Capitalism and Libertarian Communism, Kropotkin believed it necessary to leap from one to the other, from day one of the revolution. Any retention of the wages system in whatever form, such as labour cheques or time coupons, would only result in further exploitation and injustice. The revolution has to consist in the belief that all things are the common inheritance of humanity and should also be held in common; therefore, Kropotkin states in his magnum opus, collectivists merely tinker with the wages system in stead of destroying it, and the only way forward is to get rid of it completely. Kroptkin's groundbreaking "The Conquest of Bread" constitutes a work of anarcho-communist economics and history rather than a mere text book on revolutionary organization. "[I]n "The Conquest of Bread", [h]e doesn't seem to see anarchism as a political ideology on a par with, say Marxism, but rather he sees it as a constantly present tendency within human groups. Anarchism, then, is more of an anthropological category than a political one for Kropotkin... He highlights events from the French revolution where associations of labourers sprang up to till the soil together. He looks at aspects of Russian and Swiss peasant communal land use as well as the English lifeboat crews who voluntarily aid seamen in distress. This is where Kropotkin's real worth is - in the field of history and ethics. Of course some of his historical conclusions can be criticised: medieval cities were not as democratic and peaceful as he would have us believe. But he did illuminate an aspect of human history which had been completely neglected. Academics of the nineteenth century were heavily under the influence of neo-Darwinist ideas which sought to justify both capitalism and imperialism. Kropotkin was one of the very first to attempt to refute the 'survival of the fittest' idea. The basic point that humanity has made most progress under conditions of co-operation runs through the length and breadth of "The Conquest of Bread".The book contains much of interest for present day libertarians. Kropotkin touches on "integral education", agricultural production in cities, international trade, the decentralisation of industry and much else of importance currently. It is, to reiterate, one of the great constructivist anarchist works". (Gary Heyter, A Review of Kropotkin's "The Conquest of Bread"). Prince Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (1842 -1921) was a Russian activist, scientist, and philosopher, who advocated decentralized government and anarchism. Kropotkin was a proponent of a communist society free from central government and based on voluntary associations between workers. He wrote many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent being his groundbreaking "The Conquest of Bread" from 1892. He also contributed the article on anarchism to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition."The Conquest Of Bread" first appeared in Paris in 1892, after having been serialized in the anarchist journals "La Révolté" and "Le Révolte". After the appearance of the book, it became extremely influential and was serialized again, though only in part, between 1892 and 1894 in the London journal "Freedom". It quickly reached an extremely large audience and was translated an reprinted numerous times. It was translated into Norwegian already in 1898, and in Japanese in 1909."The Conquest of bread" came to play an enormous role in the modern development of anarchism and is the most significant modern work of the libertarian tradition.

Gera-Untermhaus, (1896-1905). Folio. 12 orig. hcloth, gilt backs. Backs with light traces of use. Textillustr. and 449 plates of which 439 are fine chromolithographed plates. Volume 12 with a faint dampstain to inner corners of leaves and plates, mostly seen on the egg-plates. Bookplate of Lorenz Ferdinand. Anker no.356. The old text from the edition in 1822-60 has been preserved unaltered, corrections in footnotes. The figures for all the plates have been re-drawn and show the birds in their natural surroundings. Among the many artists are O.Kleinschmidt, J.G. Keulemans, O. van Riesenthal and others. The eggs are figured in a series of special plates, based on Eugene Rey's Collection.

Lund, C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, 1909 & 1911. 8vo. Bound with the original wrappers of volume 1 in one contemporary half blue cloth binding with red leather titel label with gilt lettering to spine. A fine and clean copy. XVI,191, (4), 179 pp. First edition of the first Swedish translation of Adam Smith's ground-breaking main work, the "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations". Smaller parts of the book had previously been translated into Swedish (in 1800, 1804 and 1869), but the present translation is considered the first actual translation of the work (even though some parts have been excluded by translator Emil Sommarin, who based his translation the 5th English edition, the last edition to be supervised by Adam Smith himself). It is to this date the only Swedish translation of the work, which tells us a lot about the history of Swedish economics. Despite the comparatively late translation into Swedish, it still had a profound influence, not on economists since they were well aware of the original work in English, but upon politics and public opinion in general: "There are few things more striking to the modem student of the history of ideas in Sweden than the negative phenomenon that Sweden was almost entirely uninfluenced by this fact and thus remained almost unaffected by English economic thought during a period when its superiority was most evident. As far as I am acquainted with the Swedish economic discussion and our popular economic literature of the 1860's and 1870's, there is almost no trace of any influence from English writers. [...]Of Adam Smith we have still only one abbreviated translation of his famous work and that was published as late as during this century; and, as far as I know, nothing of Ricardo's or Malthus' exists in Swedish, nor do any of the major economic works of J.S. Mill." (Heckscher, A survey of economic thought in Sweden, 1875-1950).Translator Emil Sommarin (1874-1955) was a student of Knut Wicksell, arguably the most influential Swedish economist, and Sommarin succeeded Wicksell's professorship in national economics. Wicksell "came to know his classics very well and became and remained an admirer of Adam Smith. Around 1910 he also assisted his former student and successor as economics professor in Lund, Emil Sommarin, with the translation of WN, still the most complete we have in Sweden. In this connection he wrote to a friend in Uppsala, "It is almost unbelievable that we have been denied this masterpiece for 125 years and our economic policy is a result of the omission" (Cheng-Chung Lai, Adam Smith Across Nations, p. 384).

Leipzig, Carl B. Lorck, [1848?]. 12mo. Bound in the original richly gilt and blindstamped full cloth binding. All edges gilt. Minor wear to outer hinges, neatly restored. Inscribed by Andersen to front free endpaper: "Kunstnerinden / den elskværdige Madam / Rosenkilde / bringer jeg denne Bouquet / fra min Digterhave / Nytaarsmorgen / 1852. / H. C. Andersen." ('To the artist, the amiable Madam Rosenkilde, I bring this bouquet from my garden of poetry / New Year's Morning / 1852. / H. C. Andersen'). (8), 448 pp. A beautiful copy of the rare pocket edition, without Vilhelm Pedersen's illustrations, of Carl B. Lorck's German edition of Andersen's collected fairy tales. The edition is undated, but according to the Hans Christian Andersen Centre, it was printed in 1848, a year after the first volume of the first German edition of Andersen's collected works. The present copy is inscribed by Andersen to the renowned Danish actress Julie Weber Sødring, born Rosenkilde (1823-1894). Rosenkilde was a dear friend of Andersen and is mentioned frequently in his diaries. The copy once belonged to the Danish historian Theodor Alfred Müller (1865-1950), who passed it on to Kamma Roos (1886-1973), wife of the prominent literary historian Carl Roos (1884-1962). In 1968, Kamma gifted it to the distinguished Danish librarian and Andersen collector Erik Dal (1922-2006).

(Bucharest), National Academy, 1957. Folio. With the original printed wrappers in publisher's full cloth with gilt lettering to spine and gilt ornamentation to spine forming 6 compartments. A fine copy. (2), LXXXIV, 398, (2) pp. [plate with genealogical tree included in the pagination]. Rare first complete Romanian translation of Darwin's "Origin of Species". A preliminary and incomplete translation was made and published in 1950 (48 pp,. which also included a biography of Darwin [Freeman 746]).Freeman 747.