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(New York), American physical Society, 1965. Lex8vo. In the original printed blue wrappers. In "Physical Review Letters", Volume 15, No. 17, November 15, 1965. Small white paperlabel pasted on to top to back wrapper. Small blue line in ballpoint pen to back wrapper, not affecting text. A nice and clean copy externally as well as internally. P. 689. [Entire issue: Pp. 687-720]. Rare first appearance of Hawking's first published paper, published a year before his Ph.D. was approved. It signposted the beginning of the area of research in black holes and singularities in general. Shortly after the present paper was published, Hawking followed up with three other seminal papers, in which he applied the Penrose-singularity (that a gravitationally collapsing star will inevitably end in a space-time singularity) to the whole universe. This resulted in his famous conclusion that: "Yes, a universe governed by the classical (i.e., nonquantum) general theory of relativity must necessarily have started in a space-time singularity" (Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy).When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and Steady State theories. Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe and during 1965, he wrote his thesis and the present paper on this topic. "Hawking [in the present paper] realized that closed trapped surfaces, in its past version, will be present in any expanding Universe close to be spatially homogeneous and isotropic. This started a series of papers by him, Ellis, Geroch and others on the question of the inevitability of an initial singularity in our past if GR is assumed to hold and some reasonable conditions are met." (Senovilla, The 1965 Penrose singularity theorem)

Hamburg, Excud. Iac. Wolffius, impens Paulus Brachfeldus, 1591. 4to. Senere halvpergament med mønstret papir over permerne. Professionelt restaurerede revner ved de først to blade, intet tab. Titelblad jævnt brunet, ellers blot en smule lettere brunpletning i margin af nogle blade. (28), 176, (7) pp. Pp. (76)-(77) udgør den kobberstukne planche (lidt tæt beskåret ved marginerne), der afbilder Jellingstenen. Tre store træskårne illustrationer i teksten. Træskårne initialer og vignetter. 4to. Later nice half vellum vith patterned paper over boards. Neatly repaired tear to first two leaves, no loss. Title-page evenly browned, otherwise only a bit of occasional minor marginal brownspotting. (28), 176, (7) pp. Pp. (76)-(77) constituting an engraved plate (a bit shaved at margins). Three large woodcut illustrations (ab. 1/2-page) in the text. Woodcut initials and vignettes. The exceedingly rare first edition of the work in which we find the first depiction of the Jelling Stone, also known as "Denmark's birth certificate", and its famous rune inscription for the first time in print. The work is of exceptional importance to Danish history and specifically important to our current knowledge of the Jelling Stone and where it was placed. The Jelling stone is a massive carved runestone from the 10th century, found at the town of Jelling in Denmark. It was raised by King Gorm's son, Harald Bluetooth in memory of his parents, celebrating his conquest of Denmark and Norway, and his conversion of the Danes to Christianity. The runic inscriptions on these stones are considered the best known in Denmark and are of the utmost importance to the history of the country. The seminal Jelling Stone is often called "Denmark's birth certificate", because Denmark is named in the inscription and also because the stone is a clear material proof of the change in religion - from paganism to Christianity. Furthermore, it is strongly identified with the creation of Denmark as a nation state. The inscription translates thus: "King Harald ordered these kumbls made in memory of Gorm, his father, and in memory of Thyra, his mother; that Harald who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian". Not in Brunet ; Graesse: IV:218 (note); Adams: 731 (erroneously lists three plates).DANSK BESKRIVELSE:Den yderst sjældne originaludgave af dette værk om "De mærværdige Begivenheder, som har fundet Sted i Europa mellem 1586 og 91", i hvilket vi finder den første afbildning af Jellingstenen samt sammes indskrift for første gang på tryk. Værket er således af største betydning for dansk historie og endog af konkret betydning for vor nuværende viden om Jellingstenen og dens placering."1586 endelig blev Jællinge-Runestenene en almindeligere Gjenstand for bevarende og undersøgende Opmærksomhed, hvilket baade var en Frugt af de tidligere Bestræbelser, - der dog ganske vist ikke havde indskrænket sig til blot ovenstaande, som er det nu derom bekjendte - og en Opfordring til mere, og navnlig blev det Anledningen til, at der skete en god Begyndelse med at føre vore Runestenes Indskrifter ind i Litteraturen. Det var Lensmanden paa Koldinghus , den navnkundige Kaspar Markdanner, der har den Fortjeneste at have ført Jællinge-Stenene frem af set Skjul, hvori de, om ikke saa lige glemte, vare hensunkne. Ifølge en i Jællinge Kirke indsat Tavle lod han 1586 den store Runesten "opgrave paa Kirkegaarden" og opsætte. Den mindre Sten nævnes just ej ved den Lejlighed med Hensyn til, hvad Markdanner lod foretage, men Grunden er vistnok, at den ikke var större eller tungere, end at den ikke ved sin egen Vægt kunne være dybt sunket i Jorden, og at den til samme tid har tildraget sig Opmærksomhed. I nogle endnu bevarede samtidige Optegnelser af Ar. Huitfeldt kaldes den, i det dens Indskrift der er blevet optaget, "Stenen ved Kirkedören", og begge Indskrifter, baade den store Stens og den "in parvi lapide", blev strax meddlete i et Skrift, som paa den lærde Henr. Rantzaus Foranstaltning blev udgivet 1591 af P. Lindeborg, angaaende de mærkelige Begivenheder, der havde fundet Sted i Europa 1586-91. Der er forsøgt en Fortolkning af Indskrifterne, og der er tilföjet en vel udført Afbaldning af Höjene med Kirken og Omgivelserne i det hele. Denne er endnu ikke uden Værd, da den viser os en Udstyrelse med omgivende Stene, som tidenikke har bevaret, og navnlig ovenpaa den mindre Höj en meget stor Sten, som udtrykkelig siges ikke at være synderlig mindre end den store Indskrift-Sten... Lindeberg indførte ogsaa ovennævnte Afbildning af Jællinge-Stenene med de nødvendigste didhørende Oplysninger i et Skrift, som han kaldte "Hypotyposisarcium, palatiorum... - dog ikke i sammes 1. Udgave 1591, men da det anden Gang blev trykt..." (P. G. Thorsen, De danske Runemindesmærker, 1864, Bd. 1, pp. 30-32).Ikke nævnt i Thesaurus, som fejlagtigt hævder, at den første afbildning af Jellingstenen forekommer i andenudgaven af samme forfatters "Hypotyposis" fra 1592 (se Thesaurus 216).

Wien & Leipzig, Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1929. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Very light wear to extremities. First and last leaf with light brownspotting. A very fine and clean copy. XII, (1)-147, (1), [Blank] pp. First edition of Hayek's first book, famously stating that there is a business cycle and that it is caused by the organization of the monetary system - it was later to be known as the Austrian Business Cycle. The present work established Hayek's ideological position within the economic community and laid the foundation for his future career. Here, he wrote of the necessity of the trade cycle and that all economic phenomena present that regular wave-like appearance that we observe in cyclical fluctuations. "For Hayek, the cycle was a virtually unavoidable consequence of a credit economy"; "Hayek's fundamental point is that the business cycle is an unfortunate but unavoidable concomitant of a credit economy". (Bruce Caldwell, Hayek's Collected Works).Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money and the business cycle. Ludwig von Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912) in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the Austrian theory of the business cycle.This work was translated into English in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. In 1974 Hayek shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal.Masui p.1277 Cohen 184

London, C. Davis and A. Lyon, 1733. 8vo. Lovely contemporary full Cambridge-style binding with five raised bands to spine and blindstamped ornamental borders to boards. . Double gilt line-borders to boards. All edges of boards with gilt borders. Gilt title to spine. Hinges neatly and professionally re-inforced. Internally very nice, clean, and fresh. A lovely, crisp, and large copy with good margins, printed on heavy, fine paper. (16, -including preface, contents, advertisements), 253, (1), (18, -Index) pp. The important actual first edition of this highly celebrated key work of the Enlightenment, in which the anecdote of how Newton discovered gravity (the story about Newton and the falling apple) appeared for the first time, together with the description of the difference between the physical world view of the English and the French (the "plenum" and the "vacuum"). This seminal work, in which Voltaire famously depicts British philosophy, science, society and culture, in comparison to French, can be viewed as the Enlightenment equivalent to Tocqueville's "Democracy in America". This series of essays, which is based on Voltaire's experiences when living in England, was actually written by Voltaire mostly in English, which he mastered to perfection. It has often been presumed that the first edition of the work was that published in French in 1734, but actually, the present English edition constitutes the actual first appearance of the work as well as the version that is closest to Voltaire's intention, as the French language version is the re-written one, and the English version the original. Curiously, almost all modern English versions are translations into English of the French edition, instead of the original English version, making this edition of the utmost importance.After the original English edition of 1733, two French editions soon followed (the first in 1734). Unlike the British, the French resented the book, and already in 1734, the French Parliament issued an order for the author's arrest and condemned the work, causing the impact of it in France to be delayed. The book was burned for being "dangerous to religion and civil order". At the same time, the work became a bestseller in Britain, and as much as 14 editions of the work were published in the eighteenth century. "Inspired by Voltaire's two-year stay in England (1726-8), this is one of the key works of the Enlightenment. Exactly contemporary with Gulliver's Travels and The Beggar's Opera, Voltaire's controversial pronouncements on politics, philosophy, religion, and literature have placed the Letters among the great Augustan satires. Voltaire wrote most of the book in English, in which he was fluent and witty, and it fast became a bestseller in Britain. He re-wrote it in French as the Lettres philosophiques, and current editions in English translate his French." (Nicholas Cronk, Introduction to the Oxford's Classics edition from 1999).The great French philosopher Voltaire was greatly impressed by the philosophical and scientific achievements of the English, especially those of Newton, Locke, and Bacon. As a disseminator of scientific knowledge, Voltaire came to play a great rôle in the popularization of Newtonian science and its discoveries, the present work being a prime example. Although the work was condemned by the French authorities, it still came to play a great rôle in the spreading of Newtonian ideas in France. The present work generally came to play a dominant rôle in Enlightenment accounts of the history of science and philosophy. The work focuses on British science and thought and uses the accounts of these to emphasize what is lacking in French society and French thought. The work is generally very critical towards the French "ancient régime", and when Voltaire here discusses the emergence of empiricism, it is viewed as an English tradition that stands in opposition to the French rationalist tradition (with Descartes as the prime example). This view is taken over by the following Enlightenment historians of science and philosophy, e.g. d'Alembert (see for instance his "Preliminary Discourse" of 1751). Some of the most influential passages of the work are probably those on Bacon (who Voltaire sees as the founder of modern experimental science), Newton, and Descartes. Letters XIV, on Descartes and Newton, XV, on attraction, and XVI, on Newton's Optics (from 1704), are among the most influential essays of the work. In XVI Voltaire reflects upon Newton's "Optics" and the way that he rejected Descartes' theory and set out his own account of the properties of light. In XV he presents the first account of Newton and the falling apple: "As he was walking one Day in his Garden, and saw some Fruits fall from a Tree, he fell into profound Meditation on that Gravity, the Cause of which had so long been sought, but in vain, by all the Philosophers, whilst the Vulgar think there is nothing mysterious in it. He said to himself, that from what height soever, in our Hemisphere, those Bodies might descend, their Fall wou'd certainly be in the Progression discover'd by Galileo; and the Spaces they run thro' would be as the Square of the Times. Why may not this Power which causes heavy Bodies to descend, and is the fame without any sensible Diminution at the remotest Distance from the Center of the Earth, or on the Summits of the highest Mountains; Why, said Sir Isaac, may not this Power extend as high as the Moon?..." (pp. 127-28).But perhaps the most famous passage in the volume is the opening of Letter XIV: "A Frenchman who arrives in London, will find Philosophy, like every Thing else, very much chang'd there. He had left the World a "plenum", and he now finds it a "vacuum". At Paris the Universe is seen, compos'd of Vortices of subtile Matter; but nothing like it is seen in London. In France, 'tis the Pressure of the Moon that causes the Tides; but in England 'tis the Sea that gravitates towards the Moon; so that when you think that the Moon should make it Flood with us, those Gentlemen fancy it should be Ebb, which, very unluckily, cannot be prov'd..." (pp. 109-10).

(Unsigned, and no date, but penned between 1746 and 1751). 1 leaf 4to (25,5 x 19 cm), off-white paper in fine condition. Penned on both recto (21 lines) and verso (6 lines) in columns taking up half the pages. This magnificent manuscript leaf in Rousseau's hand constitutes notes taken from the seminal work of Dionysos Halicarnassos, on the foundation of Rome, more particularly on the story of Rome herself, the alleged mother of Romulus and Remus and how they named the city after their mother. This manuscript leaf is part of a grandiose project that Rousseau was working on with his employer Madame Dupin during his years as her secretary. The project was that of writing the history of womankind. With its focus on gender equality, the work is nothing less than pioneering and would no doubt have been a work of seminal importance in the history of feminism and women's rights, had it ever been published. The manuscript ended up comprising more than 2.000 pages, but was never printed. Louise Marie Madeline Fontaine Dupin (1706-1799) was one of the most famous salonnieres of the 18th century, renowned for the beauty as well as her intelligence. Rousseu met her in 1743 and took an instant liking to her. In 1745, she offered him the position as her private secretary and tutor to her son. During his six years in her employment, he spent most of the time working on the grandiose project of the history of women, until it was abandoned in 1751. "In the years between 1745 and 1749 Jean Jacques Rousseau was employed by Louise Marie Madeline Dupin as a research assistant on her ambitious project to delineate in print the history of women. After years of labor by Rousseau and Madame Dupin her "Ouvrage sur les Femmes" was shelved, unfinished. The research notes, drafts, and fair copies written by Rousseau and his employer were stored at the chateau of Chenonceaux, essentially forgotten, until their sale at a series of auctions held between 1951 and 1958." (Harry Ranson Center, University of Texas)

Kiøbenhavn (i.e. Copenhagen), Ernst Henrich Berling, 1746-49. Folio (485 x 325 mm). Uniformly bound in two beautiful contemporary Cambridge-style mirror bindings with eight raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to front board. Spine with repairs. Wear to extremities, scratches to boards and spine, corners bumped and front hinge on both volumes weak. Edges of boards with some loss of leather. Ex-libris (Einar Christiansen, renowned Danish book collector) pasted on to pasted down front end-paper in both volumes. First 50 ff. (all text leaves) with dampstain to upper half of leaves. Otherwise internally nice and clean. Engraved frontispiece, (10), 96 pp. + 120 engraved plates pp; (2), 267 pp. + 161 engraved plates. Fully complete with the engraved frontispiece and all 281 full-page engraved plates (a few folded) of prospects, designs and drawings. First edition of the only extensive Danish work of architecture, a Baroque masterpiece that is of great international importance.No-one has done as much for the understanding of Danish architectural heritage and building construction as Lauritz de Thura (1706-1759), one of the most important Danish architects ever to have lived. His magnificent magnum opus is not only of national importance but is also internationally significant, as much of his inspiration came from his travels abroad. He is responsible for bringing the Baroque style to Denmark, where he let it flourish for longer than it did in other countries. He kept developing it, in spite of the fact that it was losing terrain to the new rococo style that so quickly became so popular; also therefore, his great work constitutes one of the most important sources of Baroque style. In 1735, Thura received a royal grant that enabled him to travel around both Denmark and Europe to collect the necessary information for writing the most comprehensive work on architecture in Denmark. It took him more than a decade to gather all the information necessary for the monumental work, and finally, in 1746, he could publish the first part of the work, with the second following in 1749. The work contains 281 drawings, measurements, designs and prospects of Danish buildings, including, of course, the royal castles.Biblioteca Danica II, 602Graesse VII, 153 Brunet V, 851Katalog over Ejnar Christiansens efterladte bogsamling, no. 477 ("beautiful copy").

Tokyo, Kaizosha, 1927-1928. Small4to. 5 volumes all in publisher's original full red cloth with gilt lettering to spine, all five volumes house the original slipcases. Free end-papers browned and only very light sporadic brownspots throughout. A very fine and clean copy. Rare first complete Japanese translation of Marx's 'Das Kapital'. In response to the Russian October Revolution young Marxists produced in rapid succession partial translations of Marx's works and secondary accounts of the same. Japanese translations of Marx's works were comparatively late compared to those in Europe. Japanse translations, however, did exercise a great influence in Asia and especially in China where several of the early translations were made from the Japanese. "Similarly, Takabatake Motoyuki, the first to produce a complete Japanese translation of the three volumes of 'Capital', created a system of Marxist national socialism. Asserting the "Marxism was originally statism", Takabatake cited Thomas Hobbes and other western state theorists to support the notion that the state preceded class society and would not wither away after a proletarian revolution. To guard against external threats and to organize economic activity at home - against the possibility of proletarian imperialism on the part of Soviet Russia, for eksample - a socialist Japan would require a powerful state" (Hoston, Marxism and the Crisis of Development in Prewar Japan).

Kiøbenhaffn, (Melchior Martzan og Salomon Sartor), (1632-) 1633. Folio. (37,5 x 24,5 cm.). Nær samtidigt hellæderbind over svært træ. De ægte bind markeret i blindtryk på ryggen. Permerne er begge forsynet med talrige mindre stifter med store hoveder i messing til beskyttelse af permerne ved opslag. 2 lukkestroppe med blanke messingbeslag hvor den lille klo på det ene er bortslidt. Bindet er antageligt fra sidste halvdel af 1600-tallet og ganske velbevaret. Blokken er noget løs, men heftesnorene, som er intakte skal fastgøres på permernes inderside, hvilket kræver noget lim og måske en fornyelse af forsatsbladene. Halvtitelblad, 2 deltitelblade. Kobberstukket titelblad, kobberstukket portræt af Christian IV. (24),353,226,157 blade (af 159 - sidste tekstblad og registerbladet mangler til Ny Testamente). Teksten med talrige træsnit. Halvtitelbladet, som næsten altid mangler, er løst og kantflosset. Et blad løs i heftningen. Enkelte blade i Fortalen med smårifter og lettere kantflossede. En del af de sidste blade i Ny Testamente med slid i ydre marginer. Enkelte blade kantforstærkede. Med talrige træsnit i teksten. Originaltrykket af den sidste af de danske foliobibler, trykt af den første kongelige bogtrykker Melchior Martzan og for 2. dels vedkommende af Salomon Sartor. De træskårne illustrationer er de samme som anvendtes i Frederik II's Bibel fra 1589. De 4 kobbere (portrættet og de 3 titelblade) er stukket af Simon de Pas.The scarce first edition og the last (the third) of the Danish folio-bibles, known as "Christian IV's Bible", being a slightly revised edition of the Bible of 1589.Bibl. Dan.I,9 - Thesaurus II, 378. - Birkelund, 41. - Darlow and Moule, 3160.

Paris, Didot le jeune, 1773. Large 12mo (167 x 98 mm). In a nice contemporary full mottled calf binding with five raised bands. Spine richly gilt. Boards with gilt frame and edges of boards gilt. Occassional very light browning and a very vague damp-stain in lower outer corner affecting some pages. An overall very nice copy. XXIV, 248, (4) First edition of Parmentier's groundbreaking work that revolutionized the understanding of potatoes and their biological and chemical properties. Published in 1773, Parmentier's work sheds light on the scientific aspects of potatoes, their nutritional value, and their potential to address food scarcity and malnutrition. Permentier aimed at dispelling myths about and prejudices against potatoes, which were considered as food for livestock and were largely neglected as a human food during that era. His discoveries eventually caused Louis XVI, the French Monarch to declare: “La France vous [Parmentier] remerciera un jour d’avoir trouvé le pain des pauvres” (i.e. France will thank you one day for having found the bread of the poor). Parmentier's work on potatoes was a significant scientific breakthrough. By applying principles of chemistry and experimental analysis, he revealed the rich nutritional content and potential health benefits of this versatile crop. Parmentier's experiments showcased the potato's high water content, carbohydrate content, and its impressive array of vitamins and minerals. He also explored the potato's medicinal properties, using it to treat various ailments such as dysentery and scurvy. The publication of "Examen Chymique des Pommes de Terre" had a profound impact on society. Parmentier's research highlighted the importance of potatoes as a sustainable food source capable of supporting large populations. In an era plagued by famine and general food shortages, Parmentier's findings played a vital role in combating hunger and malnutrition. His efforts to promote potatoes as a staple food contributed to their acceptance and eventual integration into European diets. Parmentier's book had a lasting legacy shaping the fields of botany and chemistry. His meticulous observations and experiments on potatoes laid the groundwork for further scientific studies into plant chemistry and nutrition. Parmentier's work inspired subsequent researchers to explore the chemical composition of various crops, ultimately expanding our understanding of the fundamental building blocks of life. Moreover, his promotion of potatoes as a reliable and nutritious food source has left an permanent mark on agricultural practices worldwide. Not in Vicaire, Cagle, or Oberlé.

Paris, Impremerie du depot des lois, An II (1793). 4to. In contemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Wear to extremities. Upper part of back hinge split, with minor loss of letters. Small dampstain to upper inner margin, otherwise a nice copy. (2), VII, (2)-116, 100, 8 pp. Exceedingly rare first edition of this highly interesting document being the Code of the Committees of Surveillance containing 106 regulations and guidelines for the functioning of these committees during the French Revolution. The Committees of Surveillance were established during the Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 - July 27, 1794), as part of the revolutionary government's efforts to identify and suppress counter-revolutionary activities. These committees were tasked with monitoring individuals' behavior, enforcing revolutionary laws and ensuring loyalty to the revolutionary government. The document outlines the powers, duties, and procedures of these committees, as well as the penalties for those found to be opposing the revolution, providing a unique and fascinating insight into the legal and administrative framework of revolutionary France – arguable one of the most profound and radical moments in modern European history. The Committee of Surveillance in France during 1793 was established as a part of the radical phase of the French Revolution. Its function was to oversee and monitor the activities of suspected counter-revolutionaries and enemies of the Revolution, as well as to enforce laws related to internal security and revolutionary principles. The committee was tasked with identifying individuals or groups deemed to be a threat to the revolutionary government, often leading to arrests, interrogations, and, in some cases, executions by the Revolutionary Tribunal. It played a significant role in the Reign of Terror, a period marked by extreme political violence and repression in France. The present work is of the utmost scarcity. We have not been able to trace a single copy at auction, and OCLC only lists one copy (in Paris). Nadaillac, Catalogue d’une Collection Importante Sur la Revolution Francaise 724

Genff, Widerhold, 1681. Folio (340 x 210 mm). Recently bound in a magnificent pastiche-binding of brown half calf with gilt red leather title-label to elaborately gilt spine. Vellum corners. Title-page with stains. A few marginal repairs, not affecting text. (8), 82 pp. Exceedingly rare first German translation of Chardin’s “Le Couronnement de Soleimaan troisieme” (1671) - his report on the coronation of the new Persian king and what happened during the first years of his reign. Returning to Persia on the way home to Europe, Chardin witnessed the coronation of Suleiman III in 1669. Chardin’s works are considered some of the finest works of early Western scholarship on Iran and the Subcontinent in general, and the present work offered Europe a rare glimpse into the customs of the Royal house of Persia. “Chardin details the ceremonies in [the present work], with a preface that laid out the parallels between the French and Persian monarchies. Chardin portrays a filial bond between the two monarchies. The Persian shah, he declares, calls “Your Majesty [Louis XIV] his brother” due to their shared grandeur. Chardin proclaims, “The Kind of France is the greatest Emperor in Europe as he [the shah] is the most powerful Prince in Asia.” He emphasizes his admiration for Persia and its likeness to France: “Of all the vast Empires of the Orient … there is not one that should not yield to Persia, for the temperature of the air, for genius that is more reasonable than other places and is closest to our own, and for all the excellent and rare things that are found there in abundance.” (Mokhberi, The Persian Mirror) Born in Paris in a Hugenot (Protestant) family, Jean Chardin (1643-1713) undertook his travels to Persia because of his father's position as a jeweler and shareholder in the French East India Company. Chardin set out in 1664, traveling through Turkey, the Black Sea, Georgia and Armenia. Soon after his arrival in Persia he received a commission to create jewelry for Shah Abbas II, who died in 1666 and was succeeded by Shah Safi. After witnessing the latter's coronation [Described here], Chardin went on India and finally returned to Paris in 1670. In 1671, he published an account of the coronation and in the same year set off for Persia again, arriving in Isfahan in 1673 and remaining there for several years, before once more visiting India and returning home in 1677. With the persecution of the Hugenots in France, he moved to England in 1680. "Travel restarted with 17th-century missionaries, whose medical and pedagogical expertise helped counterbalance Orthodox (or pagan) reservations. Dominican Prefects Dortelli D'Ascoli and Giovanni da Lucca (1630s) extended Giorgio Interiano's description of Circassia (and Abkhazia). Theatine proselytisers targeted Mingrelia/western Georgia (Capuchins the eastern provinces) - the Vatican's Fide Press further contributed by printing the first Georgian books (Chikobava/Vateishvili). Many, including mission-head Don Pietro Avitabile (1626-1638), recounted their experiences. Prefect to Mingrelia, Joseph Marie Zampi, a 23-year denizen from approximately 1645, contributed a third significant source in his description of Mingrelian religious practice. This he handed to Jean Chardin (1643-1713) in 1672. A French traveller who became English(!) ambassador in Holland, Chardin translated and incorporated it as a substantial part of his own description of a sometimes perilous journey through Transcaucasia (1672-3), which reflects Ottoman and Persian influence in western and eastern parts, respectively - a Turkish organized slave-trade flourished from various Mingrelian ports. Linguistically, Zampi revealingly observed that the ecclesiastical language, Georgian, was as difficult for even the Mingrelian priesthood to understand as Latin was for Italian peasants!" (Speake, The Literature of Travel and Exploration, 1, 199-202). (Brunet I, 1802 – A later French edition). (Graesse II, P. 121).

Copenhagen, Joachim Schmitgen, 1709. Folio (398 x 260 mm). In a magnificent full brown morrocco binding with five raised bands, richly gilt spines, elaborate gilt borders to boards, inner gilt dentelles, gilt capitals and gilt ornamentation to edges of boards. All edges gilt. Binding signed by Anker Kyster. Sunning to spine and a few scratches to boards. A very nice wide margined copy. (10), 112, (11), (2), 36, (29) pp. + 7 large folded plates (including the frontispiece). Plates numbered A-F, by Andreas Reinhardt after Gottfrid Fuchs. The frontispiece was drawn by J.S. Ebert. Five of the plates bear dates, which range from 1704 to 1707. The frontispiece and plate C incorporate a portrait of Gyldenlöve. Plate A shows the casket being taken off an illuminated ship at night. Plate B, the procession through Copenhagen (4 joined sheets, 1850 mm). Plate C, closely trimmed with professional repair to inner margin, shows the laying in-state, Plate D (3 joined sheets 1470 mm) shows the funeral ceremony with the catafalque. Plate E (3 joined sheets, 1600 mm), shows the procession leaving the church with the casket. Plate F, closely trimmed with minor loss of text, shows the casket. The very scarce first appearance of one the most magnificent of all funeral books and one of the finest examples of Danish book production in general. In a grandiose baroque-style, the work documents the funeral procession of King Christian V’s young son Christian Gyldenløve’s, Count of Samsø. The procession through Copenhagen and final burial in Church of Our Lady took place in the evening, which is why the plates were printed in dark tones. Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsø (1674-1703), was a Danish nobleman and military officer. He was the illegitimate son of King Christian V of Denmark and his mistress Sophie Amalie Moth. Christian Gyldenløve was born on November 28, 1674, in Copenhagen, Denmark.Gyldenløve had a military career and achieved the rank of colonel. He participated in various military campaigns and battles, including the Scanian War (1675-1679) against Sweden. He commanded his own regiment and gained a reputation as a skilled and brave officer.In addition to his military duties, Christian Gyldenløve held several noble titles. In 1698, he was appointed Count of Samsø, which is a Danish island located in the Kattegat Sea. He also held the title of Lord of Rosenborg. Tragically, Christian Gyldenløve's life was cut short at the age of 28. He died on July 16, 1703, during the Battle of Thorn (modern-day Torun) in Poland, while fighting in the service of the Polish king against the Swedish forces. His premature death was a source of sorrow for his family and the Danish court to which this lavishly printed book is a testament to. The work was printed in 275 copies. Dansk Boghåndværk gennem Tiderne 75. Bibliotheca Wegeneriana 2189

Venice, Bartholomaeus de Zanis, April 16, 1505. 8vo (19x13,5 cm). Bound in a lovely 20th century full calf binding with three raised bands to spine. Blindstamped ornamentations to spine and simple, elgant blindstamped ornamention to boards and "BUR/LAMAC/CHI" in blindstamped lettering to lower back board. Spine darkened and leather at hinges worn. A nice, charming, and solid binding, presumably from the collection of Maurizio Burlamacchi. Light soiling to first and last leaves and a small repair to lower blank margin of final leaf and tiny restoration to blank margin of AIII and AIIII. Overall nice and clean. First three leaves with a few later annotations. Beautifully printed, on good paper, with numerous lovely woodcut ornamental capitals throughout. 82 ff. Exceedingly scarce, beautifully printed post-incunable. This "Mirror of Prudence" by the hermit monk Beltrame da Ferrara was seemingly printed for the first time around 1490 (at least according to Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke), but be have not been able to trace a single copy of that edition anywhere. It is not listed at all on OCLC and is seemingly not in any libraries anywhere. We have also not been able to find it sold at auction ever, and we have not found mention of it in any other bibliographies. The present edition printed in 1505 is of the utmost scarcity with only four copies in libraries worldwide and no other copy listed in auction records. We have also not been able to find it mentioned in any bibliographies (apart from Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke - 03807). This moral work that teaches the importance of careful consideration, thoughtful planning, and the ability to learn from experience in order to make wise and ethical decisions in all aspects of life was written some time between late 14th century and ca. 1440, when Beltrame da Ferrara died. He was a monk in the congregation of San Piero in Pisa, and in 1404, he took over the leadership of the hermit convent of S. Felicitatis de Romano. The Burlamacchi family is an ancient family from Lucca. Mauritzio Burlamacchi (1930-2016) was a known bibliophile and collector, specialised in early printed works. He is the author of a book on the spas of Lucca and historical lecturer. In 2006, he was accepted into the Order of Malta as a Knight of Honour and Devotion.

Paris, Francois Regnault, (1520). 8vo. Bound in a splendid contemporary full goatskin binding with raised bands to richly blindstamped spine. Remains of paper title-label to spine. Boards with blindstamped double line-borders and oval kamé-centre-pieces with the famous Apollo and Pegasus. The clouds are in relief, the wheel of the carriage has four spokes, Apollo's clothing covers almost the entire body, the front of the whip is above the head of the horses, and the top front leg of the horse is close to straight. Boards covered in rich ornamental gilding and with gilt Greek lettering around the kamés. Neat professional restoration to spine and hinges and renewed cords. A lovely contemporary full goat binding from Venice with later elaborate ornamentation over the original. First and last leaves with a bit of soiling and brownspotting. (16), 396 ff. With the woodcut printer's device of Regnault to title-page and verso of final leaf. A lovely copy of one of the so-called pseudo-Canevari-bindings. In the 1870'ies, the name Demetrio Canevari started appearing in connection with a certain style of Renaissance bindings that all contained books printed before 1520, many from the 1540'ies. They all have certain traits in common: olive green or brown or dark red morocco, a certain type of gilding and an oval centre-piece depicting Apollo in his chariot and Pegasus on a cliff. In the 1930'ies, about 90 volumes of these bindings were known and they were all paid for with extremely high prices. Demetrio Canevari was born in 1559 and became the life doctor of Pope Urban VII. He ammassed a library of 5.000 volumes and died in Rome in 1625. The Jesuits ended up inheriting most of the remaining library in 1844, and by 1891, two librarian could conclude that there were 2.000 volumes left. Amongst those 2.000 volumes, there was not a single one bound in what we now call the Canevari-style. How they have come to be detremined as such has been somewhat of a mystery. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the mystery was solved by the librarian and professor Fumagalli - the alleged provenance of the bindings was simply made up by a daring antiquarian bookseller, who was also a book thief, the famous Count Libri Carrucci. He invented a provenance and a story for what he wanted to sell. In his catalogue from 1859, he had three books with the Apollo-centrepiece, all described with an unknown provenance. In his catalogue from 1862, these bindings were now described as coming from either Mecenate or Demetrio Canevari. This was quickly picked up by other antiquarian booksellers, and by 1883, Quaritch announced that these bindings presumably came from Demetrio Canevari's father Mecenate. It soon became a stable fact in the book world that these poetic bindings wth the "super ex-libris" came from Canevari's collection. They became a matter of mythical status and the Canevari-bindings were mentioned with the same awe at the collections of kings and popes. These magnificent bindings stamped with the distinctive Apollo and Pegasus medallion were thus celebrated long before their original Renaissance owner was correctly identified, namely as Genoese Giovanni Battista Grimaldi. This also opened the path for a highly skilled book-binder to make forgeries that would long be misten for originals. It turned out, as Fumagalli woud unravel, that a bookseller (M.) and a book binder (Villa) had set up a business together forging old book bindings, among them the so-called Canevari-bindings. Several dealers, among them Quaritch in London, bought these, not knowing they were forgeries, and sold them on. The crave for so-called Canevari-bindings did not die, however, and even the forgeries are now highly sought after. Due to extensive research, they are now fairly easy to distinguish from the originals (that still have nothing to do with Canevari) as they vary in size and stamping manner, but are still of very high quality and are utterly charming. The myth surrounding these magnificent bindings make them even more desired, as they occupy a central place in the history of book binding and book collection. The original Canevari-bindings are extremely rare on the market, as are the forgeries. In all, 144 bindings with the Apollo and Pegasus medaillion have been identified to be original, whereas Wittock 1998 lists 45 falsified ones. These are all of great interest to the serious binding collector. This book is nr. 57 in Fumagalli's register. It has belonged to the director of applied art in Frankfurt, F. Luthmer, who bought it in 1885 in Milan. It was sold in 1921 by David and Orioli in London. In 1922 it featured in Ernst Fischer: The History of the Binding, described as a book from Canevari's library. It is depicted and described as nr. 3. in Anker Kyster's study of fake Canevari-bindings from 1934.

(London, Harrison & Sons, 1909). Large 4to. Original printed wrappers; wrappers loose and with lack of paper, mostly to back wrapper, which is quite chipped and nicked, with tears, and lacking a bigger part of the upper right corner. Front wrapper merely lacking a few smaller pieces at the top, not affecting the presentation inscription. Pp. 281-317. Extremely scarce first edition, off-print issue with presentation-inscription, of Bohr's first published paper, constituting his only ever work in experimental physics. "His first research project, a precision measurement of the surface tension of water by the observation of a regularly vibrating jet, was completed in 1906, when he was still a student, and it won him the gold medal from the Academy of Sciences. It is a mature piece of work, remarkable for the care and thoroughness with which both the experimental and theoretical parts of the problem were handled." (DSB).The work is inscribed to renowned Danish physicist and meteorologist Dan la Cour (1876-1942), son of the great Poul la Cour (1846-1908), who is considered the "Danish Edison". The inscription reads as thus: "Hr. Docent D. la Cour/ ærbødigst/ fra/ Forfatteren." [In Danish, i.e.: "Mr. Assistant Professor D. la Cour/ with great respect / from/ the author."].Dan la Cour was the assistant of Niels Bohr's father, Christian Bohr, and a well known scientist. From 1903, he was head of the department of the Meteorological Institute, and from 1923 leader thereof. From 1908 he was Associate Professor at the Polytechnic College. His original scientific works are highly respected, as are his original apparati for measuring earth magnetism which are considered highly valuable. "His original intelligence, which in many ways resemble that of his father, also bore fruit in his patenting of various inventions: the "Pyknoprobe", developed to quickly determine the different layers of the sea; a use of termite in quickly heating food and drinks out in the open under unfavourable weather conditions." (From the Danish Encyclopaedia - own translation). He wrote a number of important and esteemed works and was member of the Danish Scientific Academy as well as many prominent international scientific commissions of meteorology and geophysics (i.e. president of the International Geodetical and Geophysical Union). He was also honorary Doctor at the George Washington University. This Bohr's fist paper grew out of a work which Bohr did in 1906, and for which he won a gold medal from the Academy of Sciences. The subject was to experimentally investigate a method, proposed by Lord Rayleigh, for measuring the surface tension of water by the observation of a regularly vibrating jet. "Bohr [...] included in his work essential improvements on Rayleigh's theory by taking into account the influence of the liquid's viscosity and of the ambient air, and by extending the earlier theory from infinitesimal to arbitrary large vibration amplitudes. In order to execute his experiments he had first of all to cope with one complication. The university had no physics laboratory." (Pais, p. 101). Bohr thus constructed many of the instruments himself using his father's laboratory. ""I did the experiments completely alone alone in the physiological laboratory... it was a great amount of work", which was technically demanding." (Pais, p. 102). In spite of being Bohr's only ever work in experimental physics, it documents his deep understanding of the methods of experimentalists."On 23 February 1907 the Academy notified him that he had won its gold medal. In 1908 he submitted a modified version to the Royal Society in London. It was his first and last paper on experiments he himself performed. His second publication was his last to deal with surface tension of liquids; it was purely theoretical. Both papers were favorably referred to in later literature.The manuscript of the prize essay, never published in its original form, is preserved in the Bohr Archives. It is handwritten, by Harald Bohr [i.e. his brother]." (Pais, p. 102), Rosenfeld, Bohr Bibliography No. 1. Rosenfeld, Dictionary of Scientific Biography II, pp. 239. Pais, Niels Bohr's Times, pp. 101-02.

Paris, Buisson, (1796/97) - An Cinquième De La République. 8vo. Very nice contemporary half calf with gilt spine. Minor, barely noticeable repair to upper capital and slight bumping to corners. A very nice and clean copy, with only very minor brownspotting. Printed on good paper. With the half-title (bearing the "Décret concernant les Contrefacteurs" on verso). Book plate of Guy de Portuales to inside of front board. (4), 411, (1) pp. The very rare first edition of Diderot's famous novel, "The Nun", which was actually begun as an elaborate practical joke, but which ended up as one of the most famous novels of the period. A great succes-de-scandale, "The Nun" has both fascinated and unsettled the vast reading public since its first appearance. It started out as a series of letters from a fictitious character, the nun Suzanne, to one of Diderot's friends, the Marquis de Crosmare (who Diderot was trying to lure back to Paris), describing her intolerable life in the convent and imploring him to help regain her freedom and her renounce her vows. The fictitious letters were later revised and written in to the novel that we know today. The work was completed in ab. 1780 and was published posthumously in 1796/97, attracting enormous attention and bringing to light a number of issues that had not previously been publically addressed. It focuses on the then-current practice of forcing young women into convents in order to get them out of the way, on the unnatural life of the convents, and on the corruption in religious institutions and among the clergy. As such, it caused an outrage when it appeared and and became an instant succes-de-scandale. "A novel mingling mysticism, madness, sadistic cruelty and nascent sexuality, it gives a scathing insight into the effects of forced vocations and the unnatural life of the convent. A succes de scandale at the end of the eighteenth century, it has attracted and unsettled readers ever since. For Diderot's novel is not simply a story of a young girl with a bad habit; it is also a powerfully emblematic fable about oppression and intolerance. This new translation includes Diderot's all-important prefatory material, which he placed, disconcertingly, at the end of the novel, and which turns what otherwise seems like an exercise in realism into what is now regarded as a masterpiece of proto-modernist fiction." (From the Oxford University Press edition, 2005). Tchemerzine IV:471

S.-Peterburg, Typografiya M.M. Ctasiulevitsa, 1882. 8vo. Bound in an elegant recent red half calf binding, in pastiche, with five raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Heavily underlined thoughout in blue and red. Title-page repaired at inner hinge, far from affecting text. No stamps. (4), 312 pp. The exceedingly scarce first edition of this landmark work of Russian economics, being Vorontsov's seminal pre-revolutionary book "The Fate of Capitalism in Russia", which constitutes, not only the first serious attempt at analyzing Russian capitalism, but also one of the earliest (and the first Russian) theoretical statements of the assumption of economic development along non-capitalist lines. Vorontsov, together with Danielson - who was greatly inspired by the present work - is considered the major exponent of Narodnik (and pre-revolutionary) economics, of which the present work is essentially the epitome. "In the 1880's, after the revolutionaries had clearly abandoned their indifferences to political forms, legal Populism became a distinctly separate movement with its own ideology. The common denominator linking the often very different members of this movement was the postulate of noncapitalist industrialization to be initiated and directed by the state, which would safeguard the interests of the small producers. The leading and most characteristic representative of this trend was V. P. Vorontsov (1847 - 1918). His book [the present] was the first ambitious attempt to analyze the specific features of Russian capitalism; at the same time, it was an original statement of the theoretical assumptions of economic development along noncapitalist lines." (Walicki, A History of Russian Thought)Vorontsov argues that that Russia's lack of an adequate internal market and the continued vitality of the peasant commune in Russia precluded any possibility that capitalism could ever supplant the agrarian economy that existed there; the process of industrialization had been initiated in Russia but the backwardness compared to the rest of Europe meant that the industrialized mode of production would be kept in Europe, meaning Russia would have to import instead of export goods and thereby be kept on a comparatively low industrialization level due to the lack of internal market. Vorontsov, however, saw this as a not necessarily negative development. He wrote: "The countries which are latecomers to the avenue of history have a great privilege in comparison with their foregoers, a privilege consisting in the fact that the accumulated historical experience of other countries enables them to work out a relatively true image of their next step and to strive for what others have already achieved not instinctively but consciously, not groping in the dark but knowing what should be avoided on the way." [From the present work].Vorontsov was one of the first Russian economists to study the works of Karl Marx, the historical materialism of whom he was strongly influenced by. Vorontsov, inspired by Marx, maintained that crises are caused by production of surplus value, which becomes the real purpose of the economy under capitalist relations. The "problem of the home market" and the excess of production over consumption are manifestations of the fact that the capitalist class is not in a position to consume the entire surplus value produced. Vorontsov had therefore worked out a Marxist version of the underconsumption approach, which converged with the one first introduced by Malthus: Crises emanate from "over-saving," or, in Marxist terms, from the inability of the capitalists to consume surplus value."The views of the other Marxist theoreticians of the Narodnik current, first and foremost Nikolai Danielson, who in 1891 presented his theses in comprehensive form in his "Outlines of our Social Economy after the Reform" converged with the basic conclusions of Vorontsov's analysis: inability of the economy to absorb the product generated owing to capitalism's inherent tendency to increase production beyond society's ability to consume. Within this framework, Danielson is nevertheless to be distinguished from Vorontsov as regards the factors that cause underconsumption: contraction in the purchasing power of the popular masses (and not the inability of capitalists to consume the surplus value)." (MILIOS, Tugan-Baranowsky and Effective Demand)The present work had a profound influence upon the Narodnik movement and is considered the movements economic background. It is commonly rendered as "populism" or "peopleism", an ideology which took "peasant collectivism as a vehicle for non-capitalist development in Russia. The Narodnik movement developed along two paths: The intellectual, media based approach (The most influential and to which Vorontsov belonged) and the revolutionary agitation against the Tsardom. Though their movement achieved little in its own time, the Narodniks were in many ways the intellectual and political forebearers of the socialist revolutionaries, who went on to greatly influence Russian history in the 20th century.

Tübingen, J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1916. Lex 8vo. Uncut and unopened in the original printed wrappers. A stain to the front wrapper, from the removal of a bookplate on verso, which has also removed some of the advertisement-print to the top of the inside of front wrapper. Apart from this removed book plate the only real flaw that the copy has is a vertical break down the middle of the spine, from opening the block. Otherwise there is just minimal edgewear and slight brownspotting to the title-page. Inscribed by Heidegger "Vom Verfasser/ M.H." to top of title-page. (8), 245 pp. The scarce first edition, extremely rare presentation-copy, of Heidegger's Habilitationsschrift, in which he introduces his "Hermeneutik der Fakticität". In 1913 Heidegger was given a Ph.D. for his work "Die Lehre vom Urtheil im Psychologismus". Already in 1915 he had written his Habilitation on Duns Scotus, which was published the following year, in 1916. These two works, together with a few articles from the same period, constitute the beginning of Heidegger's path towards the question of being - the subject because of which he later became the most famous philosopher of the 20th century, establishing the philosophy that has dominated Western thinking ever since. Heidegger's Habilitation was supervised by Heinrich Rickert, and as the title indicates, it dealt with the categories of theory of meaning of Duns Scotus. The work, around which the dissertation revolved, was the "Grammatica Speculativa", which was then ascribed to Duns Scotus but which is now considered a work by Thomas von Erfurt. The "Grammatica Speculativa" is a work about types of ways of expressions in language and the corresponding ontological categories. Heidegger's interest in this shows an early interest in the relationship between language and being. Here, he attempts to unite a Medieval signification theory with neo-Kantian logical theory and the intentionality of Husserl, which was then in the beginning of its influence. It is generally accepted that Heidegger already in his Habilitation anticipates his seminal account of Dasein later fully developed in "Sein und Zeit". Though Heidegger's Habilitation has been overlooked for many years, it is now widely believed that there is a very direct connection between Scotus, Thomas of Erfurt, Husserl and Heidegger, leading the young Heidegger directly towards his "hermeneutical intuition" and being closely connected to the ideas that he develops fully in "Sein und Zeit".The work itself is very rare in the first printing, and when seen, it is often in bad condition and/or lacking the wrappers. Inscribed copies are of the utmost scarcity.

St. Petersburg, 1868 [but in fact 1867-1869]. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with renewed spine. Inner hindges with repairs and boards with soiling and a few marks and holes to volume 1. Light foxing throughout, primarily affecting margins and plates. Overall a good copy. IV, 443, (1): ill; V.2: 462, (I)-VI pp. The very first publication of Darwin's 'Variation under Domestication' in any language. The title-page states 1868 but they two volumes were in fact published, respectively in November 1867 and 1869."In August, 1867, Darwin wrote to Lyell that he was visited by a young Russian "who is translating my new book into Russian.". The book was the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication', and the youngRussian was Vladimir Kovalevsky, who subsequently became a well-known evolutionary palaeontologist. At that time the 'Variation' was not yet published, and it seems most probably that the translation was made from a set of proofs given to Kovalevsky by Darwin. Thanks to Kovalevsky's rapid work, the first section of the Russian translation of the Variation was published several months prior to the publication of the English original." (Glick, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism, p. 235)"The first Russian edition, which is dated 1868 on the volume title page, is of particular interest. It is the only work, in his lifetime, of which any part appeared in foreign translation before it appeared in English. Correspondence at Cambridge shows that the translator was sent copies of corrected proofs as they were ready. It was published in seven parts of which four, perhaps to the end of Chapter XV, appeared in 1867; the next two appeared in 1868, and the last not until 1869, because he had been away in Russian Asia. The title is given in full, in English translation, under No. 925 and has been discussed above" (Freeman).Vladimir Kovalevsky (1842-1883), the translator of this book, was a Russian biologist and the founder of evolutionary palaeontology. His own scientific works were printed between 1873 and 1877, and according to Henry Osborn (Osborn, H. The rise of Mammalia in North America // Proc. Amer. Assoc. Sci. 1894. vol. 42, pp. 189-227) they ''dare away'' all traditional and dry European paleontology. That was mainly because Kovalevsky was a devoted Darwinist and adapted Darwin's ideas to palaeontology. Luis Dollo, the Belgian palaeontologist, a contemporary of Kovalevsky's, described him thus: ''No palaeontologist embodies so perfectly our epoch, as the brilliant and miserable Vladimir Kovalevsky, friend and guest of the immortal Charles Darwin''. Indeed, Kovalevsky was a friend of Darwin's and they corresponded extensively. When visiting Darwin in 1877, the Russian botanist, Timiryazev, asked Darwin about his views on Russian science and Darwin surprised him with an answer that Vladimir Kovalevsky (little known at the time) was the bright hope of palaeontology.Kovalevsky was very eager to translate Darwin into Russian as soon as possible so he asked Darwin to send him the proofs of his book chapter by chapter as soon as Darwin finished them. Kovalevsky translated with great speed (the complete book contains 900 pages) and he began to print the chapters from July 1867 (the first English edition appeared on 30th January 1868). The chapters were printed one after another as the translation went on. It is unclear whether any part of it appeared before the English edition.Vladimir Kovalevsky translated another of Darwin's books, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals [O vyrazhenii emotsyi u cheloveka I zhyvotnikh] that appeared the same year as the English edition (1872).Kovalevsky committed suicide at the age of forty after the breakdown of his marriage to the celebrated mathematician, Sophia Kovalevskaya who became the first female professor of mathematics in the world.OCLC finds only three complete copies worldwide (Cornell, American Philosophical Society (US) and Thomas Fisher Library, (Canada)). Freeman 925

Stockholm, Anders J. Nordström, 1783. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine, titlelabel with gilt lettering. A very small nick to foot of spine. XV,766 pp., 9 folded engraved plates, 1 large folded engraved map. A fine clean copy. The scarce first edition (the first part only, but alone-standing) of Sparrman's famous travelling account which has been called the '"most trustworthy account of the Cape Colony and the various races of people then residing in it" that had been published in the 18th century. The work is one of the most important investigations of the South African fauna in the second half of the 18th century. He sailed for the Cape of Good Hope in January 1772 to take up a post as a tutor. When James Cook arrived there later in the year at the start of his second voyage, Sparrman was taken on as assistant naturalist to Johann and Georg Forster. After the voyage he returned to Cape Town in July 1775 and practiced medicine, earning enough to finance a journey into the interior.Du Reitz, Bibliotheca Polynesia, 1218 Mendelssohn 4, p. 360

S.-Peterburg, 1864. 8vo. Bound in a beautiful half calf recent pastiche-binding with marbled papers over boards and elegant gilding to spine. End-papers renewed. Stamp to half-title, title-page and first leaf of text. First leaves evenly browned and dampstain to outer margin affecting last 50 ff. A few occassional brownspots throughout. XIV, 399, (1) pp. + 1 plate with genealogical tree (between pp. 92/93). First edition of the first Russian translation of Darwin's "Origin of Species", a main reason for the widespread effect of Darwinism in Russia, where the theory met less resistance in the 1860'ies than it did in Western Europe. In Russia, Darwinism had a profound influence not only upon the different sciences, but also on philosophy, economic and political thought, and the great literature of the period. For instance, both Tolstoy and Dostoevsky referenced Darwin in their most important works, as did numerous other thinkers of the period."In 1864, S.A. Rachinsky, professor of plant physiology at St. Petersburg University, produced the first Russian translation of the "Origin". Although not a masterpiece of translation art, the book sold out so quickly that in 1865 it went through a second printing. By this time Darwin's ideas were discussed not only by scientists but also by such popular writers as Dmitri Pisarev and M. A. Antinovich." (Glick, p. 232). Rachinsky began translating the "Origin" in 1862 and wrote an important article on the theories presented in it, while working on the translation. This article and the translation of the "Origin" into Russian were responsible for the great success and rapid, widespread knowledge of Darwinian theory of evolution in Russia. "Darwin was concerned that the "Origin of Species" reach naturalists across the world, but translations of that complicated work raised problems for Darwin. If he found it difficult to make the reader "understand what is meant" in England and America, at least in those two countries he and the reader were discussing the "Origin of Species" in the same language. Foreign language editions raised not only the thorny question of translating Darwinian terms, but also the problem of translators, who often thought it proper to annotate their editions to explain the "significance" of Darwinism. The first Russian translation of the "Origin of Species" (1864) appeared, however, without any comment whatever by the translator, Sergei A. Rachinsky, professor of botany at the University of Moscow. Rachinsky had begun the translation in 1862 and published an article on Darwinism while continuing work on the translation in 1863." (Rogers, p. 485). In the year of publication of the translation, 1864, Pisarev wrote a long article in "The Russian Word", which purports to be a review of this translation; the critic complains about the absence of notes and commentaries by the translator. Pisarev furthermore points to several errors in the translation and to numerous infelicities of expression. Acknowledging the importance of the work, however, and of the spreading of Darwinism in Russia, he goes on in his own essay to provide a much more popular account of Darwin's theory and to impress upon his readers its revolutionary significance.Nikolai Strakhov also reviewed the translation immediately upon publication, acknowledging the effect it would have. Strakhov, however, recognized potential dangers inherent in the theory and expressed them in his review of Rachinsky's translation. He praised the work for its thoroughness and rejoiced in the evidence that man constituted the highest stage of organic development; but then he went on to argue that by moving into questions of philosophy and theology, the Darwinists were exceeding the limits of scientific evidence. Like Pisarev, Tolstoy enthusiastically embraced Darwinism. "The first mention of Darwin in Tolstoy's literary "Nachlass" is found in one of the drafts to "War and Peace". There Darwin is listed, apparently quite favorably, among leading thinkers "working toward new truth" [...] Thus by the late 1860's the name of Darwin as a leading scientist was already familiar to Tolstoy and duly respected." (McLean, p. 160). A fact which is often overlooked is that Tolstoy actually knew Rachinsky quite well. Interestingly, it was in a letter to Rachinsky, in reply to a question about the structure of "Anna Karenina", that Tolstoy made the famous statement (that all Tolstoy scholars and lovers know by heart): "I am proud of the architecture - the arches are joined in such a way that you cannot discover where the keystone is". Like Strakhov, however, Dostoevsky, acknowledging the significance of the "Origin", saw the dangers of the theory. In the same year as the publication of Rachinsky's translation, he lets the narrator in "Notes from Underground" (1864) launch his attack on Darwinism , beginning: "As soon as they prove you, for instance, that you are descended from a monkey, then it's no use scowling, you just have to accept it."In "Crime and Punishment" (two years later, 1866) the Darwinian overtones inherent in Raskolnikov's theory of the extraordinary man are unmistakable. He describes the mechanism of "natural selection," where, according to the laws of nature, by the crossing of races and types, a "genius" would eventually emerge. In general, Darwinian themes and Darwin's name occur in many contexts in a large number of Dostoevsky's works.Freeman 748. See: James Allen Rogers: The Reception of Darwin's Origin of Species by Russian Scientists. In: Isis, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp. 484-503.Thomas F. Glick: The Comparative Reception of Darwinism. 1974.Hugh McLean: In Quest of Tolstoy. 2008.

Erevan, Armenia, Gosizdat, 1936. 8vo. In publisher's original full cloth with title in silver lettering to spine and front board. A picture of Darwin embossed to front board. Hindges weak. "75" in ink to spine and front board. Stamp and a few annotations to title-page, otherwise nice and clean. (2), 765 pp. + frontiespiece and plate with genealogical tree. The exceedingly rare first Armenian translation of Darwin's landmark work.Only two Armenian translations of 'Origin of Species' has been made. The present first a second from 1963, both translations are of the upmost scarcity. Due to the relatively low number of people speaking Armenian (approximately 3 million in Armenia and 7 million outside) books in Armenian were printed in comparatively low numbers. OCLC locates no copies. Freeman 630.R.B. Darwin Online, F630.

Paris, 1903. 8vo. Nice contemporary half calf with raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Inner hinge a bit weak, but still tight. 3 leaves with a tear, no loss. Otherwise a nice and clean copy. Inscribed by the author to half-title, to the preeminent Russian Byzantinist F.I. Uspenky. (6), II, 399 pp. First edition, first issue, presentation-copy, of the groundbreaking work, in which Metchikoff coins "gerontology" and establishes the field, which today is considered more important than ever, namely the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging.Earlier on, Metchnikoff had made pioneering studies in immunology, and these led him on to the problems of biological ageing. His first work on the subject is the present, in which he coins the term "gerontology" and advances the idea that senile changes result from the toxins produced by bacteria in the intestine. In order to prevent these "unhealthy fermentations", Metchnikoff advocates the inclusion of sour milk on one's diet. As his ideas of "right living" were so closely connected with the consummation of large amounts of fermented milk or yoghurt made with a Bulgarian bacillus, his name actually came to be associated with a popular commercial preparation of yogurt (although he received no royalties). His studies into the potential life-lengthening properties of lactic acid bacteria, inspired Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota to begin investigating the causal relationship between bacteria and good intestinal health, which eventually led to the worldwide marketing of Kefir and other fermented milk drinks or probiotics, still extremely popular today.Apart from the consummation of yoghurt, Metchnikoff warned of eating uncooked foods, claiming that the bacteria present on them could cause cancer. Metchnikoff claimed he even plunged bananas into boiling water after unpeeling them and passed his silverware through flames before using it."In his "Nature of Man" Metchnikoff argued that when diseases have been suppressed and life has been hygienically regulated, death would come only with extreme old age. Death would then be natural, accepted gratefully, and robbed of its terrors." (D.S.B. IX: 334-35).He continued writing on ageing and death until 1910. In 1908 he shared the Nobel Prize for medicine with Ehrlich for his work on immunity.The interesting presentation-inscription reads: "Dorogim Naste I Fedoru/ Ivanovich Uspenskim/ na dobruyu panijat ot Il. Metchnikova." [In Russian, i.e.: For dear Nastya and Fyodor/ Ivanovich Uspenski/ in good memory from Il. Metchnikov." Fyodor Ivanovich Uspensky or Uspenskij (1845-1928) was the preeminent Russian Byzantinist in the first third of the 20th century. His works are considered to be among the finest illustrations of the flowering of Byzantine studies in Tsarist Russia.Uspensky was educated at the University of St. Petersburg, with his first thesis (1872) dedicated to Nicetas Choniates. For two decades (1874-94) he read lectures at the Novorossiysky University in Odessa. This position allowed him to spend considerable time abroad.Uspensky's doctoral thesis (1879) dealt with the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Although he specialized in the Byzantine-Bulgarian relations and investigated the Slavic influence on the Byzantine economy, Uspensky also researched and wrote extensively on the Crusades.In 1894 Uspensky, who shared Slavophile ideals, decided to move to Constantinople in order to study and protect the surviving monuments of Byzantine antiquity, which had been neglected by the Ottoman authorities for centuries. He founded the Russian Archaeological Institute (headquartered at Studion) and presided over its pioneering archaeological research in Constantinople, Asia Minor, Macedonia and Bulgaria. In 1900, he was elected into the Russian Academy of Sciences. With the outbreak of World War I, Uspensky was forced to abandon his work and flee Turkey.Back in Petrograd, the 70-year-old professor was invited to edit the organ of Byzantine studies, "Vizantiysky Vremennik". After the October Revolution, he delivered lectures at the Leningrad University (1922-27) and, enduring criticism of the Bolshevik authorities, prepared for publication the results of a lifelong study - a monumental three-volume account of the history of the Byzantine Empire.Uspensky died in Leningrad in 1928. The posthumous publication of his magnum opus, based on numerous unpublished sources and unprecedented in scope, demonstrated the wide range of his scholarship. His book about the Trapezuntine Empire also appeared posthumously.

Amsterdam, Jacob van Meurs, 1665. Folio. Contemp. full mottled calf. Richly gilt spine. 6 raised bands. Gilt lineborders on covers. Cracking to leather on hinges, externally repaired with thin leather-strips. Corners reinforced. Engraved title-page and printed (in red/black). (10),208,258,(10) pp., Engraved portrait, large folded engraved map, 2 engraved plates with coat of arms, 34 double-page engraved views, 110 large engraved textillustrations. A faint dampstain to upper margin of the last few leaves. The 2 plates with coat of arms a bit frayed in right margins and a faint dampstain in upper margin. A bit of browning to the first 5 leaves. otherwise internally clean. First edition of Nieuhof's famous travel round China, a trip of 2,400 km from Canton to Peking, in 1655-1657, which enabled him to become an authoritative Western writer on China. He wrote this "An embassy from the East-India Company", the written account of this journey which he undertook for the Dutch-Indian Compagny. He deals with nearly all aspects of Chinese life, folklore, religion, crafts, topography, architecture, zoology, geography, geology etc. etc. The work is one of the first illustrated books to describe China, and it profoundly influenced the Western view on China.Brunet IV, 77. - Cordier, 2344.

Christiania, Chr. Gröndahl, 1835-64. 4to. Indbundet i 6 senere hshirtbd. (Hefte 6 afvigende indbundet) med rygforgyldning, alle med det originale blå blanke foromslag. Stempel på titelbladene. Velbevarede eksemplarer. Disse kortbeskrivelser er forløberne for "Den Norske Los". Omfatter: 1. Fra Haltenöe til Leköe. 1835. VIII,18 pp. - 2. Fra Leköe til Dönnaesöe. 1836. 19 pp. - 3. Fra D¨nnarsöe til Fleina og Sandhornet. 1837. 18 pp. - 4. Fra Fleina og Sandhornet til Tranö med den sydlige Deel af Lofoten... 1839. 27 pp. samt 1 foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 5. Fra Tranö til Gisund. 1841. 28 pp. samt 1 foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 6. Fra Andö til Gisund. 1842. 23 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 7. Fra Kvalö og Grötsund til Söröen. 1844. 19 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 8. Fra Söröen til Nordkap. 1845. 14 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 9. Fra Nordkap til Tanahorn. 1847. 11 pp. - 10. Fra Tanahorn til grændsen mod Russisk Lapland. 1848. 11 pp. - 11a. Fra Christiania til Tönsberg, Torgersö Fyr og Rauö. 1852. 17 pp. - 11b. Fra Rauö til Idefjorden med den tilgrændsende Kyst. 1852. 14 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 11c. Fra Tönsberg og Torgersö Fyr til Jomfruland. 1853. 23 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 12a. Fra Jomfruland og Kragerö til Arendal. 1855. 36 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 12b. Fra Arendal til Christiansand. 1856. 67 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 13a. Fra Christiansand til Lindesnæs. 1857. 57 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 13b. Fra Ekersund til Lindesnæs. 1858. 36 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 14a. Fra Hvidingsö og Stavanger til Ekersund. 1860. 66 pp. samt 2 foldeplancher (landtoninger). - 14b. Fra Espevær ved Bömmelö til Hvidingsö og Byfjorden ved Stavanger. 1863. 126 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger). - 15. Fra Espevær ved Bommelö til Korsfjord. 1864. 56 pp. samt foldeplanche (landtoninger).