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Stockholm, Grefing, 1757. Small 8vo. In the original blank wrappers. Dampstain to upper part of spine and upper part of back wrapper, affecting last blank leaf. Old owner's name to title-page. First blank leaf with comments in recent hand in pencil. From the library of Swedish crime author Henning Mankell. Text printed in two columns. Title-page with lovely engraved vignette, depicting a putti with a spyglass (symbolising the Enlightenment) and lovely woodcut vignettes. Untouched and unrestored in completely original condition. A magnificent copy. (16), 256 pp. Exceedingly scarce first edition of the first Scandinavian translation of Machiavelli's "Il Principe", namely the first Swedish translation. Through its Scandinavian translation, the work came to have an immense impact on Scandinavian politics and philosophy and was considered a breakthrough work of political thought, albeit highly controversial and not at all acceptable at the time. Even though antedating some other European versions by more than two centuries, the first translation into a Nordic language came to signify substantial changes in the political climate of the Nordic countries and sparked a debate that was to last another century, until Machavelli was finally accepted in the North. ""The Prince" was not to be translated in Scandinavia until more than two centuries later, partly because in the meantime it could be read in Latin - in the versions of Tegli, Conring and Langenhert - and later in French, but also because at that time a work which established, among other things, the superiority of the Reason of State to moral values was unacceptable, at least formally. The first translation of "The Prince" into a Nordic language is by Carl von Klingenberg, together with the translation of "The Anti-Machiavel" by Frederick II of Prussia ("Machiavels Prins, med Undersökningen deraf. Öfversatt ifrån Hufvudspråken", Grefing 1757).Klingenberg's work, however, remained an isolated fact for more than a century. Actually "The Prince" as a separate work, was translated only in 1867 by Rudolf August Helfrid Afzelius…; by that time the debate over Machiavelli had been settled, and the value of "The Prince" finally Acknowledged... The first Danish translation of the whole work dates back to only 1876...Therefore the first Scandinavian translation of "The Prince" was completed in Sweden around the middle of the eighteenth century, during the "frihetstid" (The "Age of Liberty", 1721-72), a period full of political, social and cultural turmoil: These are the years of the making of a political conscience and of the spread of new political theories, of the development of rhetoric, of the foundation of reviews and literary associations, as well as of scientific and cultural academies; these years marked a new openness to foreign cultures and the diffusion of Enlightenment ideas. The "Age of Liberty" is also a period full of political and cultural conflicts and uncertainty." (Roberto de Pol, pp. 248-250). "The Prince" constitutes the beginning of modern political philosophy and one of the most influential works in the history of modern thought. It founded the science of modern politics on the study of mankind, and even today no political thinker can disregard the importance of this masterpiece of political theory. For more information about the first Scandinavian translation and about the translator, see: Roberto de Pol: The First Translations of Machiavelli's "Prince", pp. (247-278). The work is of the utmost scarcity and we have been able to locate no more than three copies of it world-wide: 1: National Library of Sweden; 2: National Library of Denmark; 3: Brown University (the Machiavelli Collection). This makes it one if the very scarcest Machiavelli-translations in the world.

Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel and Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, 1727-1739. Folio. (372x239mm). Two parts in one volume. Contemporary vellum, two cuts in spine, modern slip case. Provenance: Book plates of Arnaud de Vitry and Andras Gedeon. Stamps to half-title and title-page, from Stadtbibliothek Augsburg - sold as duplicate. First part: (14], 200, (4) pp. and 45 plates, numbered I-XLIII (plate III with volvelle). Second part: (12), 100, (94) pp. and 40 plates on 36 sheets, numbered I-XL. All plates intact. An exceptionally fine copy. The scarce first edition of the of the eighth and tenth volumes (each volume being a complete work in itself) of Leupold's magnificent ten-volume "Theatrum Machinarum" - one of the first encyclopedias of technology, being the most complete and the most extensively illustrated work on mechanical engineering published hitherto. Complete sets of Leupold's Theatrum are virtually never found and Ferguson stated in his bibliography of technology that he had never seen a complete set. Each volume is complete in itself. The eighth volume is of particular interest in the history of computers, as it deals mainly with calculating machines. This volume contains detailed descriptions of the calculating machines of Schott (1668), Grillet (1673), Leibniz (1674), Poleni (1709), and Leupold himself. The tenth volume is a supplement to the series published after Leupold's death by Ernst Scheffler. It deals with odometers, gyrometers, step counters and other devices for the measurement of distances. This volume is furthermore of importance, because it contains the 90 page general index to the entire series. Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, no. 6 (volume 8 only).Honeyman Sale, lot 1997 (volume 7 and 8).Macclesfield Sale, lot 1242 (volume 8 only).Ferguson: Bibliography of the History of Technology, pp.45-46.Wolf: A History of Science, Technology, & Philosophy in the 18th Century, pp.657-8.

(Luxembourg), Jacques le Sincere (and later:) Andre Chevalier, 1704 - 1723. 8vo. Bound almost uniformly in 38 contemporary full calf bindings with five raised bands and richly gilt spines. Paper-label pasted on to top of spines and ex-libris pasted on to pasted down front end-papers. Light wear to extremities, boards with scratches, occassionally with loss of leather, and spines with light miscolouring and occassional loss of the gilt ornamentation. Vol. 1-18, 20-30, 32-38 and the 2 supplement volumes (both 1713). The exceedingly rare first edition of Luxembourg’s first newspaper, and periodical in general, which appeared for the first time in July 1704. It was then published monthly, without interruption, until July 1794. The early volumes of the journal are rarely found in trade and we have not been able to trace a single multiple-volume set with the supplement included. Behind the newspaper were initially the librarian, printer and journalist Claude Jordan (born around 1659) from Valence, and the printer André Chevalier (1660-1747), a Frenchman from Bourg-en-Bresse, who had a printing press in Luxembourg city. Jordan had previously published the Gazettes de Hollande in Leyden and Amsterdam. In 1704, the two joined forces to produce a newspaper from Luxembourg aimed at the Lorraine region (which was then independent of France) and the French market, following the model of the Gazettes de Hollande.

Berlin, S. Fischer Verlag, 1912. Royal 8vo. Volumes 1 and 2 (i.e. the entire year) of "Die neue Rundschau, 1912" present, in the original half vellum bindings with gilt title to spines. A few pencil annotations on flyleaf. An exceedingly nice and clean set. The true first printing of Thomas Mann's masterpiece, "The Death in Venice". Contrary to what is generally believed, the actual first appearance of "The Death in Venice" was not the extremely scarce de luxe-edition that appeared in 100 numbered copies in 1912. In fact the work originally appeared (and in its entirety) in the October and November issues (i.e. in the second volume, on pp. 1368-1398 + 1499-1526) of "Die Neue Rundschau", 1912.Simultaneusly with this first appearance, Poeschel und Trepte in Leipzig were preparing the luxury edition of the work for Hans von Weber's Hyperionverlag in Munich, as one of his "Hundertdrucke". Probably due to the controversial theme of the work, Thomas Mann was hesitant to immediately handing over the manuscript to his regular publisher S. Fisher for him to publish it directly and had settled on the bibliophile edition already before finishing the work. He did give Fischer the work to publish, though, and thus it came to appear both in Fischer's "Neue Rundschau", over two months, and with Weber's Hyperionverlag. While the first part of the work was being published in "Die neue Rundschau", the luxury edition was being prepared, and in the end, the luxury edition was only issued (shortly) after the second and final part had appeared in "Die neue Rundschau" in November 1912. Shortly after the famous luxury edition, in 1913, Fischer published the first trade edition in book form. By 1924, 50.000 copies of the work had appeared in this form. Thomas Mann's disturbing masterpiece, probably the most famous story of obsession ever written, is considered one of the most important literary productions of the 20th century.

Paris, Crochard, 1816-25. Bound in 2 fine recent hmorocco. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Redigées par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago", Tome I, IV, IX, X, XI, XV, XVII, XX, XXI, XXIII, XXVIII and XXIX. Some memoirs with scattered brownspots. All but volume 15 with the orig. titlepages to the volumes. Vol. XV having instead of the titlepage, a sample of the orig. printed wrappers, December issue 1820. Bound at end of volume 2. The memoir, no. 25a below is inserted at the end of volume 2. Some of the memoirs having textillustrations. Some versos of titlepages with stamps. First appearances of this groundbreaking series of papers and memoirs in which Fresnel established the scientific basis for the wave theory of light and gave the theoretical framework for explaining, in the context of his theory of the transversal nature of lightwaves, the phenomena of double refraction, refraction, dispersion, polarization, interference, diffraction patterns, diffraction fringes as light spreads around objects, etc. He developed mathematically the hypothesis of the wave nature of light and he demonstrates its conformity with experience. His study of light was a dynamic interplay between theory and observation, between mathematics and experiment. - The offered series also comprises the contributions from Arago and the rapports from The French Academy's committees by Ampère, Biot and Fourier - see below nos. 6,11,14,15,a.nd 18."From the point of view of method, his investigations extended from the manual operations of the laboratory to the most abstract mathematical analyses. Few physicists since Newton had been so versatile."(Silliman in "Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences", vol. 4, p. 155.)."The wave-thory at this time was still encumbered with difficulties. Diffraction was not satisfactorily explained; for polarization no explanation of any kind was forthcoming; the Huygenian construction appeared to require two different luminiferous media within double refracting bodies; and the universality of that construction had been impugned by Brewster's discovery of biaxial crystals. The upholders of the emission theory, emboldened by the success of Laplace's theory of double refraction, thought the time ripe for their final triunph; and as a step to this, in March 1817 they proposed Diffration as the subject of the Academy's prize for 1818. Their expectation was disappointed; and the successful memoir afforded the first of a series of reverses of which, in the short space of seven years, the corpuscular theory was completely owerthrown. The author was Augustin Fresnel..."(Whittaker "A History of the Theories of Aether & Electricity", vol. 1, p.107 ff.)."This concept of transverse waves met with the greatest hostility from the scientists of the day, who could not imagine an extremely fluid and rarified ether which at the same time possessed the mechanical properties of a rigid body. Even Arago admitted that he could not follow the exuberant engineer in his ideas. ButFresnel was convinced that at last he had the key to many mysteries, and with his model of waves he gave a full clarification of the phenomena of polarization. With insuperable precision he explained a long series of extremely complicated experiments, such as those of chromatic polarization that Arago himself had discovered by chance in 1811, and which the followers of Newton could not explain in spite of all their efforts. Following this line Fresnel reached the synthesis which is his masterpiece....we must recall the final interpretation that he gave of the famous phenomenon of partial reflection by transparent surfaces, that simple phenomenon which until then had puzzled Grimaldi, Newton, and Huygens, and which in Malus's experiments had unexpectedly acquired a special importencee as it had been compared to the great mystery of double refraction."(Ronchi "The Nature of Light", p. 255 ff.).Comprising:1. Mémoire sur la Diffraction de la lumière, où l'on examine particululièrement le phénomène des franges colorées que présentent les ombres des corps éclairés par un point lumineux. "Ann.Chim.P." Tome 1. 1816. With titlepage to vol. 1. Pp. 239-281 and 1 folded engraved plate.2. Extrait d'une Lettre de M. Fresnel à M. Arago, sur l'influence de la chaleur dans les couleurs développées par la polarisation.Tome 4. 1817. With titlepage to vol. 4. Pp. 298-300.3. Lettre de M. Fresnel à M. Arago, sur l'influence du mouvement terrestres dans quelques phénomènes terrestres dans quelques phénoménes d'optique. Tome 9. 1818. With titlepage to vol. 18. Pp. 57-70.4. Note additionelle à la Lettre de M. Fresnel à M. Arago, insérée dans le dernier Cahier des Annales. Tome 9. 1818. Pp. 286-287.5. FRESNEL & ARAGO. Sur l'Action que le rayons de lumiére polarisés exercent les uns sur les autres. Tome 10. 1819. With titlepage to vol. 10. Pp. 288-305. - Also with "Extrait d'un ouvrage du P. Grimaldi intitulé: Traité physico-mathérmatique de la lumiere des couleurs et de l'iris". Pp. 306-312.6. ARAGO. Rapport par M. Arago à l'Academie des Sciences, au nom de la Commission qui avait été chargée d'examiner les Mémoires envoyés au concours pour le prix de la diffraction. Tome 11. 1819. With titlepage to vol. 11. Pp. 5-30.7. Mémoire sur la Diffraction de la Lumiere. (Extrait). (This importent Price-Memoir was only printed in full in 1826). Tome 11. 1819. Pp. 246-296.8. Suite Du Mémoire sur la Diffraction de la Lumière. Tome 11. 1819. Pp. 337-378. + Note sur des Essais ayant pour but de décomposer l'eau avec un aimant. Pp. 219-222.9. Note sur des Essais ayant pour but de décomposer l'eau avec un aimant. Tome 15. 1820. Pp. 219-222. No titlepage to vol. 15.10. Résume d'un Mémoire sur la Reflexion de la lumière. Tome 15. 1820. Pp. 379-386. Tome 15 is here represented with the last issue of the year (Decembre 1820, pp. 337-448) and instead of the titlepage having the orig. printed wrappers (bound at end of the second volume).11. ARAGO & AMPÈRE. Rapport fait à l'Academie des Sciences, le lundi 4 juin 1821, sur un Mémoire de M. Fresnel relatif aux couleurs des lames cristallisées douées de la double réfraction. Tome 17. 1821. Titlepage to vol. 17. Pp. 80-102.12. Note sur le Calcul des teintes que la polarisation développe dans les lames cristallisées. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 102-111.13. IIe Note sur la Coloration des lames cristallisées. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. (167-)196.14. BIOT. Remarques de M. Biot sur un Rapport lu, le 4 juin 1821, à l'Academie des Sciences, par MM. Arago et Ampere. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 225-258.15. ARAGO. Examen des Remarques de M. Biot. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 258-273. 16. Addition à la IIe Note insérée dans le Cahier précédent, par M. Fresnel. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 312-315.17. Note sur les remarques de M. Biot, publiées dans le Cahier précédent. Tome 17. 1821. Pp. 393-403.18. FOURIER, AMPÈRE ET ARAGO. Rapport fait à l'Academie sur un Mémoire de M. Fresnel, relatif à la double réfraction. Commission: Fourier, Ampère et Arago. Tome 20, 1822. With titlepage to vol. 20. Pp. 337-344.19. Note sur la double réfraction du verre comprimé. Tome 20. 1822. Pp. 376-383.20. Explication de la Réfraction dans le système des ondes. Tome 21, 1822. Titlepage to vol. 21. Pp. 225-241. + LAGRANGE. Sur la Théorie de la lumière d'Huygens. Pp. 241-246.21. Sur l'Ascension des nuages dans l'atmosphère. Tome 21, 1822. Pp. 260-263.22. Réponse de M. Fresnel à la Lettre de M. Poisson insérée dans le tome XXII des Annales, p. 270. Tome 23, 1823. Titlepage to vol. 23. Pp. 32-49.23. Note sur le Phénomène des anneaux colorés. Tome 23, 1823. Pp. 129-134.24. Suite de la Réponse de M.A. Fresnel à la Lettre de M. Poisson. Tome 23, 1823. Pp. 113-122.25. Extrait d'un Mémoire sur la double Réfraction particulière que présente le cristal de roche dans la irection de son axe. Tome 28, 1825. Titlepage to vol. 28. Pp. 147-161. + (25 a) Extrait d'un Mémoire sur la double Réfraction. Tome 28, 1825. Pp. 263-279. (According to Buchwald "The Rise of the Wave Theory opf Light" , p. 462, these 2 extracts composes the entire memoire.26. Note sur la Répulsion que des corps échauffés exercent les uns sur les autres à des distances sensibles. (Lue à l'Institut le 13 juin 1825). Tome 29, 1825. Titlepage to vol. 29. Pp. 57-62.27. Extrait d'un Mémoire sur la Loi des modifications imprimées à la lumière polarisée par sa réflexion totale dans l'intérieur des corps transparens. Tome 29, 1825. Pp. 175-187. (This paper was never printed in full).

[Leipzig, 1930). 8vo. Stapled extract. Some flossing to inner margin, probably from when extracted, far from affecting text. Handwritten indication of the journal, from which it is extracted, in pencil, on top of first page. Pp. (349) - 360. The scarce first printing of this seminal paper, in which Gödel, the greatest logician since Aristotle, proves for the first time the compactness theorem, which is of the greatest importance to the development of model theory, as it provides a useful method for constructing models of any set of sentences that is finitely consistent. The compactness theorem is used by Gödel to derive a generalization of the completeness theorem. The present highly important and influential paper constitutes a revised and shortened version of Gödel's doctorial dissertation, published the same year, in which he showed that every valid formula of first-order logic is provable and, moreover that each axiom of first-order logic is independent (the first of which is referred to as Gödel's completeness theorem). In this journal version he, in addition to that proved in the dissertation, also proved his highly influential compactness theorem (which states that a set of first-order sentences has a model if and only if every finite subset of it has a model). "G settled the [problem] of completeness (positively) in the summer and wrote up the result as his dissertation, which was finished by July. A revised version was received by the editor of "Monatshefte" on 22 October and published 1930; a main addition was what is now known as "Compactness theorem". G received his doctoral degree on 6 February 1930. He presented his result in Menger's colloquium on 14 May and in Königsberg on 6 September 1930." (Wang, Reflections on Kurt Gödel). "The Compactness Theorem was extended to the case of uncountable vocabularies by Maltsev in 1936, from which the Upward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem immediately follows. The Compactness Theorem would become one of the main tools in the then fledgling subject of model theory." (SEP).From the library of the highly important Danish logician and philosopher Jørgen Jørgensen (1894-1969), who was an active collaborator with the logical positivists from the Vienna Circle. After Hans Hahn's death he became editor of the series of the Vienna Circle, the "Einheitswissenchaft" ("Unified Science"), and later he collaborated on the International Encyclopedia, to which he contributed with the essay "The Development of Logical Empiricism", 1951. Jørgensen is also widely recognized for his three volume work "Treatise of Formal Logic; Its Evolution and Main Branches, with its Relations to Mathematics and Philosophy", 1931.Apart from the paramount importance of the paper, it is also of the utmost rarity, as evidenced by the fact that it is neither present in the collection of Honeyman, Barchas, Haskell Norman, nor Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, and furthermore, the paper has not been up for sale on any of the major auction houses for at least the last 50 years.

London, T. Bensley, for John Stockdale, 1810. Large folio-oblong. (44x58 cm.). Fine later full calf. 6 raised bands, richly gilt compartments. Titlelabel with gilt lettering. Broad gilt borders on covers. Engraved handcoloured frontispiece. (28),22 pp., 20 fine handcoloured engraved plates and 1 engraved handcoloured map. All plates with tissue-guards. Frontispiece with a repaired tear in lower left corner far from image. A closed tear in one plate, only marginal, not effecting image. A small piece of cornerpaper on one plate gone, far from image. Clean and fine. On heavy paper, and with broad margins. Second edition but in a contemporary HANDCOLOURING. Swinburne's "Travels through Spain" were issued in a quarto volume by Peter Elmsly of London in 1779, then reprinted in a pirate edition in Dublin the same year; a second edition in two octavo volumes came out in 1787. The title was then turned into a picturesque set of engravings entitled Views in Spain, from the drawings of Henry Swinburne (1794), in turn recycled as the Picturesque Tour through Spain in 1806, 1810 and 1823, with brief texts in French and English facing the plates followed by a 22-page abridged version of the Travels. These edition are normally published uncoloured.

(Wien, K.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1877). 8vo. In the original orange-brown printed wrappers, uncut and unopened. Near mint. (16), 13, III pp + 1 folded lithographic plate by Schuma, after Freud. First edition, in the scarce offprint, of Freud's first publication, which documents the early beginnings of the scientific thought that came to found psychoanalysis. In 1873 Freud entered the University of Vienna to study medicine. He chose to study medicine, not because he wanted to be a practitioner, but because he wanted to study the human condition with scientific rigor. In his early career, he modeled himself on Ernst von Brücke. "He spent an increasing amount of time in Brücke's Physiological Institute from 1876 through 1882. His first studies were on the connection of a large nerve cell (Reissner's cell) that had been discovered in the spinal cord of a primitive genus of fish, and his observations made it possible to fit these cells into an evolutionary scheme." (D.S.B. V:172).In the background of this task - of studying this nerve cell of a primitive fish - lay a greater question; a question that arguably became formative for the greatest revolutionizer of the human mind, namely the question about the nervous system of higher animals - including human beings - differing in kind from the lower ones. "Freud's precise observation revealed that the presence of Reissner cells in the primitive spinal cord was because of the incomplete development of the embryonic neural tube to the periphery, and that this demonstrated an evolutionary continuity between the two. Having successfully solved this problem, he then continued his histological research on nerve cells, but also decided independently to work on crayfish... [h]e was beginning to show himself to be a creative scientist, heuristically positing a conception on the basis of empirical evidence, something that would reappear in his psychoanalytic method..." (Thomas Dalzell, "Freud's Schreber Between Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis...", p. 156). "Years later Freud found this evolutionary-anatomical parallel to his phychoanalytic findings of important didactic use in his "Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis." (Sulloway, "Freud, Biologist of the mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend", p. 268). "To this vast and exciting field of research [the composition of nerve cells and the question whether the nervous system of higher animals is made up of elements different from those of lower animals] belonged the very modest problem which Brücke put before Freud. In the spinal cord of the Amoecetes (Petromyzon), a genus of fish belonging to the primitive Cyclostomatae, Reissner had discovered a particular kind of cell. ... Brücke wished the histology of these cells clarified. After a few weeks Freud came to him with the quite unexpected discovery that non-myelinated fibres of the posterior (sensory) nerves originated in some of Reissner's cells. Other fibres, probably also sensory, coming from these cells passed behind the central canal to the opposite side of the spinal cord ... Brücke pressed for publication [and] presented the study at the Academy of Sciences meeting of january 4, 1877. It appeared in the January Bulletin of the Academy. It was the first paper of Freud's to be actually published, since the one on his first piece of research, on the eel, did not appear until 3 months later." (Jones, Life and Work, vol. I, pp. 51 - 53).

(Unsigned, and no date, but penned between 1746 and 1751). 1 leaf 4to (25,5 x 19 cm), off-white paper in fine condition. Fully penned on both recto (24 lines) and verso (5 lines). This magnificent manuscript leaf in Rousseau's hand constitutes notes on marriage rituals taken from "Rituel des Chartres", which was printed in Paris in 1531. This manuscript leaf is part of a grandiose project that Rousseau was working on with his employer Madame Dupin during his years as her secretary. The project was that of writing the history of womankind. With its focus on gender equality, the work is nothing less than pioneering and would no doubt have been a work of seminal importance in the history of feminism and women's rights, had it ever been published. The manuscript ended up comprising more than 2.000 pages, but was never printed. Louise Marie Madeline Fontaine Dupin (1706-1799) was one of the most famous salonnieres of the 18th century, renowned for the beauty as well as her intelligence. Rousseu met her in 1743 and took an instant liking to her. In 1745, she offered him the position as her private secretary and tutor to her son. During his six years in her employment, he spent most of the time working on the grandiose project of the history of women, until it was abandoned in 1751. "In the years between 1745 and 1749 Jean Jacques Rousseau was employed by Louise Marie Madeline Dupin as a research assistant on her ambitious project to delineate in print the history of women. After years of labor by Rousseau and Madame Dupin her "Ouvrage sur les Femmes" was shelved, unfinished. The research notes, drafts, and fair copies written by Rousseau and his employer were stored at the chateau of Chenonceaux, essentially forgotten, until their sale at a series of auctions held between 1951 and 1958." (Harry Ranson Center, University of Texas)

Berlin, Hayn, 1851. 8vo. Uniformly bound in two uniform, contemporary - possibly original! - embossed full cloth bindings. Embossed lettering and ornamentation to spine. Spines and borders of boards slightly faded. Spines with repairs. Front free end-paper in vol. 2 with repair. Previous owner's label (Julius Kotrtsch) pasted on to lower margin of title-pages. Previous owner's name in contemporary hand to upper margin of title-pages. Verso of last leaf in vol. 2 annotated in pencil. Vol. 1 with light occasinal marginal browspotting. (6), 465, (1) pp.; IV, 531 pp. The scarce first edition of Schopenhauer's most influential work, his final masterpiece, which consists in his seminal philosophical reflections. The Parerga and Paralipomena was the first of his works to gain recognition and the work that propelled the then obscure figure into lasting philosophical prominence. Seeing that all of Schopenhauer's previous publications had been complete failures, it was only with great difficulty and reluctance that Hayn of Berlin was pesuaded to print the work, which they then only did in a small printrun of merely 750 copies, which now makes the first edition very difficult to find. The work is is two parts with the first "parerga"-part consisting in six extended essays intended as supplementary to the author's thought whereas the second "paralipomena"-part consists in shorter elaborations divided by topic into thirty-one subheadings that cover material hitherto unaddressed by Schopenhauer, but complementary to the "parerga". In spite of the poor reception of his earlier works, somehow, the “Parerga and Paralipomena attracted the attention of John Oxenford, a noted observer and translator of German literary culture, who contributed a favourable review of the work in 1852 and in 1853 wrote an article on Schopenhauer's philosophy entitled "Iconoclasm in German Philosophy", which, through its German translation in Vossische Zeitung sparked in immediate interest of Schopenhauer's work in Germany and propelled him into philosophical fame. “The effect was dramatic and almost overnight Schopenhauer in his own country passed from obscurity to fame and from then till his death in 1860he basked in the sunshine of belated recognition and eminence.” (Payne, in the Preface to his translation of Parerga and Paralipomena into English, Oxford, 2000p. xii) The work greatly influenced later philosophers, most notably Nietzsche, whose fondness of aphorism is directly inspired by “Parerga and Paralipomena”. “One of the most significant and fascinating works of the great philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). The Parerga (Volume 1) are six long essays; the Paralipomena (Volume 2) are shorter writings arranged under thirty-one different subject-headings. These works won widespread attention with their publication in 1851, helping to secure lasting international fame for Schopenhauer. Indeed, their intellectual vigor, literary power, and rich diversity are still extraordinary even today.” (Payne).

London, W. Bulmer & Co. for Peter Elmsley, 1800. 4to. In recent marbled paper wrappers. Extracted from "Philosophical Transactions", volume 90, part II. Including title-page of volume. Leaves reinforced in margin. Light offsetting from folding plate as usual. Plate trimmed with loss of right margin. (4), 403-431 pp. + folded plate. First edition of "the first announcement of the voltaic 'pile,' or electric battery" (Grolier/Horblit). It was a breakthrough in physics, and led to the development of electrotechnology and is today regarded as being one of the major milestones in the history of science. "The voltaic pile revolutionized the theory and practice of electricity, so that within one hundred years of Volta's invention, more progress was made than in the two thousand four hundred years between the tentative experience of Thales and the publication of Volta's letter addressed to Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society ... The indispensability and ubiquity of electricity, in one form or another, in western civilization today emphasize sharply the fact that before 1800 human environment and existence were closer to life in ancient Egypt than to our own. Volta's invention is one of the earliest and most important causes of the change" (PMM)."The paper, in French, was sent by Volta to his friend Cavallo in London for communication to the Royal Society. In it Volta describes the pile of alternating dissimilar metals (silver and zinc) which, when moist, generated a flow of constant-current electricity. With this new force water was decomposed, metal was electro-deposited, the electro-magnet was created and the electrical age was begun."(Dibner Heralds of Science, no. 60).Horblit 37b Norman 2164 PMM 255Sparrow 168Dibner 60Barchas 2092

Torino, Unione Tipografico-Editrice, 1886. Royal8vo. Bound uncut and largely unopened with the original printed wrappers in a very nice recent red half calf binding with marbled paper covered boards. Half-title and title-page browned. Published as "Biblioteca dell'Economista", Third Series, volume 9. An unusually fine copy. Il Capitale: 685 pp. [Entire volume: (4), 903, (1) pp.]. First full Italian translation of Marx' landmark work, constituting what is arguably the greatest revolutionary work of the nineteenth century. The work proved immensely influential in both communist and fascist circles. Antonio Gramsci, founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI), based much of his theoretical and practical work on the present translation of Marx' work and Ezra Pound read this Italian translation (which is among the most heavily marked annotated volumes in his personal library) and was horrified by the accounts of the exploitation of labor given by Marx which eventually grew into his sympathy for fascism and Mussolini's socialist roots. (Rainey, Textual Studies in the Cantos).The translation was done in nine installments beginning in 1882 but was not published until 1886. The translation, however, remained relatively unknown: "It was difficult in Italy during that period [late 19th century] to obtain Marx's works. With the exception of Cafiero's hard to find summary and some other summarizing pamphlets published by another Southern scholar, Pasquale Martiguetti of Benevent, those Italians who sought to consult Marx were forced (unless they could read the original German) to have recourse to the French translation of the first volume of 'Capital', published in 1875. True, in 1886 Boccardo had published in Biblioteca dell'Economista, an Italian translation of 'Capital', but this was inaccessible to those of modest means." (Piccone, Italian Marxism).The first edition of the work originally appeared in German in 1867, and only the first part of the work appeared in Marx' lifetime.Bert Andréas 154Einaudi (not numbered, between no. 3769 and 3770)Mattioli 2287 (a reprint from 1916).

Varna, 1900. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with four raised bands to spine. Extremities with wear. Frontboard missing parts of cloth. Two bands on spine missing some of the leather. Verso of front free end paper with notes in contemporary hand and previous owner's name to title-page of all three works. A few occassional marginal lignings in pencil, otherwise internally good and clean. [Predpostavkit na sotsializma i zadachitu...:] XII, 257, (1), XIV pp. [Marksovata Istoricheska Teoria:] 86, (2) pp. [Kapitalutu:] IV, (5)-284 pp. The exceedingly scarce first Bulgarian edition of the most important abridged version of Marx's Capital ever to have appeared, published five years before the first partial translation and whole 9 years before the first full Bulgarian translation. Translator Christian Rakovsky later became head of Soviet Ukraine and leader of the left opposition in the Soviet Union after 1928 was one of Trotsky's few intimate friends."The epitome, here translated, was published in Paris, in 1883, by Gabriel Deville, possibly the most brilliant writer among the French Marxians. It is the most successful attempt yet made to popularize Marx's scientific economics. It is by no means free from difficulties, for the subject is essentially a complex and difficult subject, but there are no difficulties that reasonable attention and patience will not enable the average reader to overcome. There is no attempt at originality. The very words in most cases are Marx's own words, and Capital is followed so closely that the first twenty-five chapters correspond in subject and treatment with the first twenty-five chapters of Capital. Chapter XXVI corresponds in the main with Chapter XXVI of Capital, but also contains portions of chapter XXX. The last three chapters-XXVII, XXVIII, and XXIX-correspond to the last three chapters-XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII-of Capital." (ROBERT RIVES LA MONTE, Intruductory Note to the 1899 English translation).Translator Christian Rakovsky dominated the socialist movement in the Balkans during the two decades before the first world war and was probably the most influential character in spread of socialism in Europe. Trotsky wrote of him: " Ch.G. Rakovsky is, internationally, one of the best known figures in the European Socialist movement" and G.D.H. Cole wrote in The Second International "No other Socialist spans the Balkans in the same way as Rakovsky, nor is there any of comparable importance."In 1913 Rakovsky was an organizer and leader of the Rumanian Socialist Party, which later joined the Communist International. The party was showing considerable growth. Rakovsky edited a daily paper, which he financed as well."He received his initial education at Kotel. At the age of fourteen in a period when (as he says in his Autobiography in this volume) "even the youngest students were passionately interested in politics", he was excluded from all Bulgarian schools after organizing a school riot which it took a company of soldiers to suppress. After a year in his father's house, "reading indiscriminately everything that came to hand", he was readmitted to school, only to be expelled again after a year, this time for good. The occasion this time was his collaboration with his friend and mentor, E. Dabev, one of the veterans of the Bulgarian revolutionary movement. Dabev (1864-1946) edited the first marxist weekly in Bulgaria in 1886. He published in it Marx's Wage Labour and Capital. In 1890, already a marxist, Rakovsky aided Dabev in preparing the publication of Engels's Development of Scientific Socialism, in particular in adapting Vera Zasulich's introduction to Bulgarian conditions. In this final year in school Rakovsky also produced with a friend a clandestine newspaper called Zerkalo ("Mirror"), which his Autobiography describes as having "something of everything: Rousseau's educational ideas, the struggle between rich and poor, the misdeeds of teachers, etc. ..." He was now seventeen years old. That same year he left Bulgaria to study medicine in Geneva."In Geneva in 1892 Rakovsky began to edit and publish the Bulgarian journal Social Democrat which, not only in its title but also in its contents, resembled the Russian journal. Jointly with his companion Savva Balabanov, and with the active collaboration of Plekhanov, Rakovsky continued the journal for two years. Social Democrat grouped around itself in Bulgaria the supporters of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Union. This group opposed itself to the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party founded in 1891 by Dimitar Blagoev who led the left wing of the movement and later, in 1919, the Bulgarian Communist Party and made the full translation of Das Kapital in 1909. (Fagan, Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky).OCLC list no copies.

London, 1885. 8vo. Bound in a recent grey paper binding with printed paper label to front board. Old library stamp on the title-page (Royal Medical Society Edinburgh). A faint vertical crease down the middle of the block. A nice and sound copy. (2), 33 pp. Illustrated. Extremely scarce privately printed offprint, done by the authors themselves, of this landmark work, which led to the advent of modern neurosurgery, namely the original report on the first primary brain-tumor operation. ""The 25th of November 1884 is to be remembered as an historical date in the annals of surgery for it was upon this day that a brain tumor was first removed by surgery...." These were the words of Edwin Bramwell... References have often been made to this important surgical achievement by Dr. Rickman Godlee but of truly historical impact was the successful diagnosis and localization of the tumor based on neurological findings alone by the physician in charge of the case, Alexander Hughes Bennett. Together, Bennett and Godlee presented their report on A Case of Cerebral Tumor before the Royal Society of Medicine on May 12, 1885." (From "Classics in Oncology" in: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 24, Issue 3). Before this landmark operation that came to shape the future of neurosurgery, all previously recorded intracranial surgery depended on external evidence of injury. This, however, was to change with the publication of the present paper."Some prominent surgical personalities of the nineteenth century led to some major advances in surgical technology, particularly in neurosurgery. Until the end of the nineteenth century, neurosurgery was not a subspeciality; general surgeons, typically with a large top hat, bewhiskered, and always pontifical, performed brain surgery!Sir Rickman Godlee (1859-1925) removed one of the most celebrated brain tumors, the first to be successfully diagnosed by cerebral localization, in 1884. The patient, a man, by the name of Henderson, had suffered for 3 years from focal motor seizures...A neurologist, Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848-1901), basing his conclusions on the findings of a neurological examination, localized a brain tumor and recommended removal to the surgeon. Godlee made an incision over the rolandic area and removed the tumor through a small cortical incision. The patient survived the surgery with some mild weakness and did well, only to die a month later from infection. Bennett, the physician who made the diagnosis and localization, along with J. Hughlings Jackson and David Ferrier, two prominent British neurologists, observed this landmark operation. All of these physicians were extremely interested in whether the cerebral localization studies would provide necessary results in the operating theater. The results were good; this operation remains a landmark in the progress of neurosurgery." (Richard G. Ellenbogen, Saleem I. Abdulrauf, Laligam N Sekhar: Principles of Neurological Surgery, p. 3). "On November 25, 1884, Mr. Rickman J. Godlee performed the first recognized resection of a primary brain tumor. This operation was carried out at the suggestion of Dr. A. Hughes Bennett, a neurologist at The Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, Regents Park, London, England. Other operations for intracranial tumor had been performed but were for extracerebral meningeal or osseous tumors. The "first" operation for a primary cerebral tumor by Godlee was meticulously described and well documented in the medical and popular press of the day and stimulated both professional and lay discussions of the topic that directly and indirectly led to further surgery on the cerebrum itself and the advent of modern neurosurgery. The original patient of Mr. Godlee died on the 28th postoperative day of apparent meningitis and secondary complications, but postmortem examination revealed no remnant of the excised glioma...Godlee was the first to remove an intracranial brain tumor of cancerous origin and deserves historical recognition in his own right." (Kirkpatrick, 1984).A short, unillustrated, preliminary report was published in the Lancet.G&M: 4858.

Leipzig, 1721. 4to. Both entire volumes (Acta Eruditorum 1721 + Supplementa VII, 1721) present, in uniform contemporary full vellum bindings with handwriting to spines. A small later label to top of spines. Old handwritten ex libris-inscription to top of both title-pages as well as a small stamp. The supplement-volume with an additional stamp to title-page, and both volumes with library label (Archiv des k.k. militär.-geograf Institutes) to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual some brownspotting. A nice set. pp. 500-514 (Supplement-vol.) + pp. 94-95. [Entire volumes: (2), 537, (39) pp. + three plates (Suppl.-vol.) + (4), 547, (42) pp. + five plates]. The highly important first Latin translation of Leibnitz' seminal "The Monadology" - his main philosophical work and the work that stands as the epitomization of anti-materialism - which was not published in the original French until 1814, and which only appeared in a German translation (exceedingly scarce) in 1720 and in a Latin translation, by Christian Wolff, in 1721, as it is here. Up until then, Leibnitz' key philosophical text had only circulated in manuscript form (written in 1714). - Here sold together with Wolff's anonymously written review of (the German version of the) "Monadology", which had great impact upon the reception of the seminal philosophical text that is the "Monadology"."Until the XXth century, criticism about Leibniz's "Principles of Nature and Grace" and "Monadology" has been characterised by a number of mistakes and misunderstandings, which have roots in the circumstances surrounding the genesis of these manuscripts. As a consequence, erroneous information about these texts was included in an anonymous review, published in 1721 in the "Acta eruditorum" of Leipzig. Research on primary sources proves that the author of this review (who was in fact the author of the latin translation of the Monadology, published immediately afterwards) was Christian Wolff, who was in possession of a copy of Leibniz's manuscript as early as 1717. Wolff's initiative of translating the Monadology can be seen as part of a cultural strategy aiming to prevent any idealistic interpretation of Leibniz's monadological thought. From this point of view, to consider the theory of pre-established harmony as based on a system of strictly dualistic metaphysics was an essential element of Wolff's philosophical strategy."(Antonio Lamarra: Contexte génétique et première reception de la "Monadologie". Leibniz, Wolff et la doctrine de l'harmonie préétablie"). During his last stay in Vienna from 1712 to September 1714, Leibniz wrote two short texts, which were meant as concise expositions of his philosophy, namely the "Principes de la Nature et de la Grace fondés en raison" (written as a letter to Prince Eugene of Savoy) and the work we now know as the "Monadology" (which he had been asked to write by Nicolas Redmond, Duke of Orleons) - the latter being the work that established Leibnitz' fame as a philosopher and which has gone down in history as, not only as one of the most important philosophical texts of the 18th century, but also, arguably the most important work of immaterialism. After his death "Principes de la Nature et de la Grace fondés en raison" appeared in French in the Netherlands. Without having seen this publication, Christian Wolff and collaborators had assumed that it contained the French original of the "Monadology" as well, although this in fact remained unpublished until 1840. Thus it happened that Leibnitz' key philosophical text, which came to be known as "The Monadology", was printed in German and Latin ab. 120 years before it appeared in the original French. The German translation appeared in 1720 as "Lehrsätze über die Monadologie" and the following year the Latin translation appeared, in Acta Eruditorum, as "Principia philosophiae". Three manuscript versions of the text exist: the first written by Leibniz and overcharged with corrections and two further emended copies with some corrections appearing in one but not the other. "Leibniz was one of the last "universal men" of the type which the Italian Renaissance had ideally postulated: philosopher, historian, mathematician, scientist, lawyer, librarian, and diplomat. In all these fields either all his actual achievements or his seminal suggestions have become part and parcel of European thought. Although trained for the law, mathematics was his favourite subject. Independently of Newton he worked out the infinitesimal calculus, introduced a number of mathematical symbols now in general use, and constructed an early calculating machine, the ancestor of our computers. Mathematical conceptions also determine his philosophy. In it, Leibniz tried to combine physics and metaphysics and to reconcile philosophy and theology. The "essay on a Theodicy" is the only larger philosophical work published by himself; but his fame as a philosopher rests on his "Theory of Monads". The original French text of this was published for the first time in 1840; but it had circulated in manuscript in its initial form of a letter addressed to Prince Eugene of Savoy (1714) and it was printed in German (1720) and Latin (1721) translations. Leibniz proclaimed a "pre-established harmony" of the universe which he explained as composed of hierarchically ordered "monads", i.e. the ultimate substances of mind as well as matter. This concept clearly reflects the ideal of the properly organized absolutist state of the baroque period and derives partly from the "idées simples" of Descartes whom Leibniz greatly admired. A generation later, Voltaire ridiculed the "pre-established harmony" in "Candide"; but modern nuclear science has vindicated Leibniz's basic ideas, albeit from different presuppositions." (Printing and the Mind of Man, pp. 105-6). The "Monadology" is an extremely condense work that consists of 90 (in this Latin version, 93) numbered sections/paragraphs, which outline a metaphysics of a single substance. The Monadology ends the dualistic mind-body-problem of Descartes and offers a new solution to the question of the interaction between mind and matter, by explaining the pre-established harmony and the synchronous (not causal) relationship between the realm of final causes and that of efficient causes. Leibniz' groundbreaking work came to profoundly influence not only 18th century thought, but also much later philosophy and logic. For this we have to thank Christian Wolff, the translator of the "Monadology" into Latin and the first reviewer of the work. It is through Wolff and his elaboration of the development of Leibniz' speculative and metaphysical views that Leibniz becomes a recognized figure of importance, particularly in Germany from the 1720'ies onwards, where Wolff's writings were standardly studied. "Notably, Wolff's Leibnizianism made a deep impact on Kant, in whose "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781) Leibniz himself came to figure as one of the main targets of Kant's anti-metaphysical programme. In particular, Kant saw Leibniz as pretending to "a priori" knowledge of the world as it is in itself and presented his own claim that the only knowledge we can have is of the world as it appears in our experience as sharply opposed to the Leibnizian vision. [...] today shows that his thought has survived even the extreme empiricism of the Vienna Circle in the 1930s, which would have viewed its principal doctrines as unverifiable and hence utterly meaningless. Although not in evidence in the "Monadology" itself, one of Leibniz' preoccupations was with the philosophy of logic and language, and the twentieth-century's concern for those topics has discovered in what he had to say about them a treasure house of good sense and wisdom which can be detached from the less appealing of his metaphysical speculations. Then, more recent writers who have been interested in the metaphysics of possibility and necessity have found inspiration in the Leibnizian image of possible worlds, and that too has helped keep his name alive for us." (Savile, "Leibniz and the Monadology", pp. 6-7). "The long span of Leibniz' intellectual life and his early involvement with philosophy made for engagement with a wide variety of philosophical traditions and issues. Early studies at home exposed him to the thought of the Scholastics; during his university years he was something of a materialist, influenced by the atomism of Bacon and Gassendi. In his mid-20s and early 30s, becoming disenchanted with the intellectual prospects for materialist thought, he turned towards the sort of immaterialism that came to shape his mature thinking after the decade between 1675 and 1685 when he was more narrowly concerned with mathematics than philosophy. It is this anti-materialism that is epitomized in the "Monadology" itself...Although Leibniz produced a prodigious quantity of philosophical writing very little of it was published in his lifetime; indeed, very little was intended for publication. For the most part..., his philosophical thoughts were prepared for individual scholars he had met, or with whom he corresponded, and were never presented as a worked-out system... it was not until the last period of his life that he found the time and the impetus to set down the whole, which he did in two condensed papers written in French during a visit to Vienna.The more popular and less taxing of these was the "Principles of Nature and Grace Founded on Reason", which he prepared for Prince Eugène of Savoy, and the second, which he had been asked to write by the councellor of the Duke of Orleans, Nicolas Remond, but never sent off, was the "Principles of Philosophy" or, as he called it "Elucidation Concerning Monads" ... The title by which that work is known today, "Monadology", was not one that Leibniz ever gave it, but was invented by the work's first editor, Henrich Kohler, who published it in a German translation under that title in 1720." (Savile, "Leibniz and the Monadology", pp. 3-4). "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was one of the great thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and is known as the last "universal genius". He made deep and important contributions to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of religion, as well as mathematics, physics, geology, jurisprudence, and history. Even the eighteenth-century French atheist and materialist Denis Diderot, whose views were very often at odds with those of Leibniz, could not help being awed by his achievement, writing in his entry on Leibniz in the Encyclopedia, "Perhaps never has a man read as much, studied as much, meditated more, and written more than Leibniz... What he has composed on the world, God, nature, and the soul is of the most sublime eloquence. If his ideas had been expressed with the flair of Plato, the philosopher of Leipzig would cede nothing to the philosopher of Athens." ("Oeuvres complètes", vol. 7, p. 709) Indeed, Diderot was almost moved to despair in this piece: "When one compares the talents one has with those of a Leibniz, one is tempted to throw away one's books and go die quietly in the dark of some forgotten corner." ("Oeuvres complètes", vol. 7, p. 678) More than a century later, Gottlob Frege, who fortunately did not cast his books away in despair, expressed similar admiration, declaring that "in his writings, Leibniz threw out such a profusion of seeds of ideas that in this respect he is virtually in a class of his own." ("Boole's logical Calculus and the Concept-script" in "Posthumous Writings", p. 9)." (SEP).Ravier: 357(PMM 177b - being the Latin translation)

Nürnberg, Johann Joseph Fleischmann, (1740) - 61. 4to. 4 contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Tome-and titlelabels with gilt lettering. Small tears to upper compartments on 2 volumes. A crack to leather at fronthinge on one volume (covers not loose). Richly gilt spines. Bindings a bit rubbed. 4 engraved frontispieces, of which 3 are handcoloured, the portrait plain. Name cut from title-pages and crudely repaired, no loss. A small hole in title-page on volume 3 after an inkspot with loss of a few letters. A bit of dampstaining (to some leaves in volume 2) and scattered browning. With 286 finely handcoloured engraved plates (some large folded). One plate in volume 2 with 2 tears (no loss). First edition of this highly praised entomology with the scientifically correct plates drawn by Roesel himself and the fine colouring supervised by him. Cuvier called him "L'un de plus ingénieux observateurs et de plus habiles dessinateurs d'histoire naturelles."W. Junk "Rara", Vol. II, p. 159. - Nissen ZBI: 3466.Nissen ZBI: 3466.

Paris, Michel Lévy Frères, 1872. Lex 8vo (24,8 x 16 cm). Bound uncut and with the original front wrapper in a nice early/mid 19th century green half morocco binding with five raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Very light wear to edges and to raised bands. Front wrapper a little dusty and partly mounted on a piece of paper. Two small nicks to outer blank margin and with handwritten pencil-annotation to blank top as well as pencil-inderlining of the author, title, and year and with the publisher information lightly crossed out, also in pencil (all indicating layout-corrections, perhaps for following issues). A nice and clean copy. (4), 177 pp. 4-line Handwritten presentation-inscription to half-title, "à Regnière", dated 12 Febryary 1873 and signed "A Dumas." Scarce first printing – presentation-copy and one of 31 large paper copies, being no. 20 of 25 numbered copies on Hollande (out of a total of 31 numbered copies - 1 on vélin, 5 on Chine, and 25 on Hollande) - of the seminal work that coined the word "feminist", to refer to liberated women. Written as a response to an article by Henry d’Ideville, where he poses the question “should the adulterous woman be killed?”, Dumas’ l’Homme-Femme (“The Man-Woman”), which advocates the right of a man to kill his adulterous wife (something legal under the Napoleon Civil Code of 1804) stirred intense controversy across Europe and became an instant bestseller, with 50,000 copies sold in 3 weeks, 49 reprints, and several subsequent translations. “The feminists (excuse this neologism) say .... all the evil rises from the fact that we will not allow that woman is the equal of man”, Dumas writes in the present work, coining the word “feminist” and at the same time indicating a lack of sympathy with the emerging women’s rights battle. Generally, he saw life "as a battle between the woman and the man", although his views on the subject were nor black and white. In spite of his reactionary views, he did respect what women might become, and even helped a few gifted young women to achieve their intellectual potential. "The words feminism and feminist are used today throughout the Western world to connote the ideas that advocate the emancipation of women, the movements that have attempted to realize it, and the individuals who support these goals. Few people in the English-speaking world realize, however, that the origin of these terms can be traced to nineteenth-century French political discourse. The earliest origins of the French word “féminisme” and its derivatives are still obscure. Their roots should be traceable to the political agitation of the 1830s, during which time the related words socialisme and individualisme made their appearance in the political vocabulary of French-speaking peoples. … The term “féministe” has a less problematic history. The Robert dictionary gives the date as 1872 and attributes first usage to the French playwright and essayist, Alexandre Dumas fils. This usage can be verified; indeed, the word does appear in Dumas's L'Homme-femme (1872).” (Karen Offe, On the French Origin of the Words Feminism and Feminist, pp. 45-47). “In his work, Dumas probably coined the term “feminists” for the first time to refer to people who claimed 'that women are equal to men, and should be given the same education and rights as men.” (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München). The few numbered copies of this seminal work are extremely rare. We have not been able to trace a single copy apart from the present, neither at auction nor in libraries. The normal issue is in 12mo and significantly smaller than the 31 copies on large paper. The first issue of that is not common either.

Stockholm, 1849-52. Bound with the original blue back wrapper (for the second part?) in a very nice recent greenish moiré-like half cloth with marbled paper over boads. Gilt lettering to spine. First and last leaf of the first part evenly browned. A vague, marginal damp stain to the second part. Overall very nice and clean. Possibly washed when bound. (6), VIII, (2), 194 pp. + (4), II, (IV), 215, (1), (, -errata) pp. Exceedingly scarce first edition of this pioneering classic in alcohol-literature, the first work systematically classifying the physical and mental damages attributed to alcohol, thus for the first time treating alcoholism scientifically, and the work in which the word "alcoholism" is coined. “Magnus Huss… was a pioneer in alcohol research, and his most famous work “Alcoholismus Chronicus” in two parts is an international classic.” (Ars Medica Svecana – own translation from Swedish). As leading physician at the “Serafimerlasarettet”, Huss had ample opportunity of studying the physical, mental, moral, and social effects of alcohol abuse. These are the consequences that he scientifically both describe, analyze, and classify in the present treatise. “Alcoholismus Cronicus” provides the first scientific classification of the damage done by alcohol and constitutes a pioneering breakthrough that turned the field of alcohol research into a scientific one. Magnus Huss (1807-1890) occupies the same pioneering status within alcohol-research as Pasteur in bacteriology. Huss was professor of medicine at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm (Sweden) and physician to the Swedish king. In 1853, he received the Monthya Price from the French Academy for his research in alcoholism. Andral, who was one of the people who had awarded Huss with this prestigious prize, said on the occasion: "Magnus Huss has collected a great deal of material relating to chronic alcoholism, a condition rarely seen in France", a quotation well describing the lack of scientific research of the field before Huss' work. With his thorough research, Huss succeeded in placing the treatment of alcohol addiction within the medical field and completely altered the way we view and treat the illness. The second part of the work begins with a bibliography of more than 100 works related to alcoholism , the first being from 1531. This clearly shows that Huss is not the first to describe physical and mental symptoms connected to alcohol abuse; but these earlier treatises are not systematic, and none of them provide the actual causes for the symptoms. Huss’ “Alcoholismus Chronicus”, however, for the first time systematically classifies the various kinds of damage done by alcohol, coins the term “alcoholism, and is the single most important treatise in the history of alcohol research. Waller 5011. - Ars Medica Svecana pp. 156-57

Modena, Nicola Zanichelli e. Soci, 1864. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Reinforced in inner margins and plate with waterstains to lower margin. An unusually fine and well preserved copy, internally as well as externally. XV, 403 pp + 1 plate. Rare first edition of the first Italian translation of Darwin's seminal "Origin of Species", quite unusually, authorized by Darwin himself. The work was very well received and - compared to France and Spain - Darwinism was quickly adopted by Italian biologist and zoologist and meet only little catholic opposition. "The impact of Darwinism on Italian naturalists was powerful; the logic and rigorous treatment of the problem of the origin of species as Darwin had presented it, forced zoologists and anthropologists to reconsider those passages of Lamarckisms that they had agreed to with excessive enthusiasm". (Capanna, Darwinism and the Italian academies). The reception of Darwin's work in France (1862) and Spain (1877) were characterized by a strong chatolic opposition, which also had a strong suppressing effect on the spread of his ideas to academic institutions.Despite of Italy being a catholic stronghold the reception of Darwinism was very favourable and meet very limited criticism from the church:"In contrast to the power Catholicism was able to exert against Darwinism in Spain, it was practically impotent in Italy. Neither could the Italian Catholic intellectual establishment draw upon a repertory of anti-Darwinism arguments from the Italian scientific establishment, as was done in France. As in France under the Third Republic and as was the case sporadically in Spain, the advent of Darwinism in Italy provided a source of ideology for the anticlerical movement. Although Darwinism enjoyed a number of close connections with the English source, the peculiarities of the Italian situation set Darwinism in Italy apart from other situations. Italy was in the forefront in recognizing Darwin, electing him to various academies and societies and awarding him the famous Bressa Prize in 1875. In Italy the translation of the Origin "1864" was given an impeccable scientific presentation by Giocanni Canestrini and Leonardo Salimbeni, which avoided the type of situation that arose from the presentation of Darwinism in France by Clémence Royer as a new scientific basis for a secularistic Weltanschauung. As a general explanation, of course, it is reasonable to accept Cermenati's arguments that the favorable receptivity of the scientific community and the general indifference to ecclesiastical objections to Darwinism are the chief factors explaining the quick spread of Darwinism in Italy". (Glick, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism).Emma Darwin, Darwin's wife, wrote publisher John Murry on the 17th of December: "Mr Darwin desires me to say that as you have never hesitated to authorize a foreign translation he has taken upon himself to authorise a translation into Italian without consulting you." When Darwin was informed that his work was being translated into Italian he wrote to his close friend J. D. Hooker: "There is an Italian Edit. of Origin preparing!!! This makes fifth foreign Edit, ie in five foreign countries. Owen will not be right in telling Longmans that Book wd be utterly forgotten in ten years. Hurrah!".Freeman no. 706

Leipzig, (Vögelin), 1560. Folio (323 x 220 mm). In contemporary blindstamped pigskin over wooden boards with four raised bands. With two catches and one of two clasps. Wear and discolouration to extremities. Wormholes to boards. A few wormtracts throughout, primarily affecting first and last 30 leaves. Short annotation in contemporary hand to title-page. A few marginal annotations throughout. Last blanks heavily annotated in contemporary hand. (20), 982 pp. First edition of Melanchthon's last work (published just three months before his death), in which he consolidated a lifetime of learning into the remarkable Body of Christian Doctrine (often referred to as Corpus Doctrinae Philippicum). Melanchthon had conceived the notion of assembling his most important theological writings, along with the ecumenical creeds, into one single book. The writings served as the authoritative declaration and instruction within that particular Christian group or denomination. In the mid-16th century Lutheranism crafted these compilations for the diverse duchies and principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. These anthologies laid the groundwork for the Book of Concord, recognized historically by Lutherans as their ultimate Body of Doctrine." The 16th Century Reformation and the contemporary face of Christianity owe much to Philipp Melanchthon. Endowed with profound knowledge of the Greek language, Melanchthon played a crucial role in assisting Martin Luther in translating the Bible. Adams M1105BLSTC German p.610

Rostock, Johann Hallervord, 1639. 4to. In contemporary full vellum. Title in contentemporary hand to spine. Gilt ornamentation to spine and gilt frames to boards. All edges gilt. Extremities with light soiling and a few dots and marks. Two previous owner's names in near contemporary hand to title-page. Three small worm-tracts affecting first few leaves, otherwise internally very nice and clean. (16), 80, 184, 19, (17), (32), (16) pp. Exceedingly rare first edition of Paulli’s first substantial botanical work - and the first botanical university textbook in Denmark - which laid the foundation for his magnum opus, the greatest illustrated work in Danish book-production, and the largest Flora ever produced, namely that of Flora Danica. The present work deals with the medicinal properties of various substances and is considered one of Paulli's most important contributions to the field of medicine. In the preface to Flora Danica, Simon Paulli writes that the plant descriptions are drawn from Dodoens but organized into four groups based on the flowering time. One might think that this was meant as a simple and understandable system for laypeople, but the system was not specifically created for this work. In Flora Danica, Paulli employed a classification that he had already developed and presented in the present work, the same year he arrived in Copenhagen. Since Simon Paulli originally wrote Flora Danica in Latin and had it translated with the help of a Danish student, it is reasonable to assume that he drew much of the material directly from this book. (See Bjerke, “De Lærdeste Lægers Urtegaarde”). Simon Paulli (1603–1680) was a Danish physician and naturalist and made significant contributions to the fields of medicine and botany during the 17th century. Paulli was born in Rostock, Germany, and later moved to Denmark. He served as a professor of medicine at the University of Copenhagen and became the personal physician to King Christian IV of Denmark. In the botanical realm, Paulli is particularly known for his work "Flora Danica,". Published in the mid-17th century, "Flora Danica" was one of the earliest works of its kind and contributed to the scientific understanding of plant life in Denmark. Apart from his botanical contributions, Simon Paulli made important strides in the field of medicine, and he is recognized for his studies on human anatomy. Simon Paulli's impact on botany and medicine, particularly in Scandinavia, has left a lasting legacy in the history of science.

Frankfurt: Wilhelm Serlin, 1668. 12mo (140 x 85 mm). In contemporary full calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Small paper label pasted on to top of spine indicating the inventory number in a estate library. A few worm holes to boards. Closely trimmed, a few leaves with slight loss of text to upper margin. Leaf pp. 389/390 with repair in margin, with loss of text, otherwise a nice copy. (20), 31, (3), 430, (14); (12), 514 pp. + frontispiece and 45 plates (as called for by Sabin). Rare first German edition, here with the often lacking second part (“the second, which is generally lacking” – Sabin) of this early and important work on the Antilles Islands describing the customs and manner of the inhabitants - "The work is an important and valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Antilles... " (Sabin 72321). Rochefort's book was written for the principal purpose of convincing other Huguenots to emigrate to the Caribbean. It described the islands and the natives in glowing terms, to make the Antilles seem a desirable destination for Protestants living in a France that didn't want them and barely tolerated them. The first part of the text, beautifully illustrated with copperplates, showcases the flora of the New World, including pineapple, indigo, ginger, cocoa, coconut, palm trees, and tobacco. Additionally, depictions of various fish, birds, animals, and traditional costumes are also included. Notably, it includes a chapter on the Apalachee Indians of the southwestern United States and a Carib language glossary by Raymond Breton. “Charles de Rochefort, a French Huguenot minister and missionary, was born in 1605 and died in 1683. He spent at least a decade in the Caribbean, from 1636 to the mid- 1640s, on Tobago and what we now call St. Kitts, before returning to take up a post as minister at a Huguenot Church in Rotterdam, a position that he held the rest of his life. In 1658, a book was published in Rotterdam, called Histoire naturelle et morale des iles Antilles de l'Amerique. The only name mentioned in the preface was “M. de Rochefort”. For a long time, this was suspected to be either Cesar de Rochefort or the comte de Rochefort. But in 1992, a scholar convincingly demonstrated that the author was Charles de Rochefort, the Huguenot minister of Rotterdam. The missionary purpose notwithstanding, Rochefort was very good at describing the flora and fauna of the Antilles, especially the plants. And he provided attractive engravings of many of the tropical plants he described. We show several of those illustrations here. You will notice that Rochefort, unlike Piso, liked to depict natives interacting with the plants, which makes his engravings even more attractive, from an ethnological point of view.” (Linda Hall) This German translation is based on the second edition of the original French edition. Sabin 72321

London, Printed for J. Johnson, by T. Bensley, 1803. Large 4to. Later brown hcalf w. four raised bands, single gilt lines and red leather title-label on back. First three and last 14 leaves a bit brownspotted, t-p. and last two leaves marginally repaired at hinge, otherwise a very nice, clean and solid copy. VIII, (4), 610 pp. The Great Quarto-edition, being the second edition of this first and most influential book on population. The work was first printed anonymously in 1798. This edition, though being the second, may be considered as a new work, which Malthus himself also claimed; -it is thoroughly revised and much enlarged (nearly four times the length of the original essay), the title has been changed (the title of the first is merely: "An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society with Remarks on the Speculation of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers"), and with this edition, Malthus does accept authorship of the work (by not publishing it anonymously). All the later editions were minor revisions of this second one. "In the course of this inquiry, I found that much more had been done, than I had been aware of, when I first published the essay. The poverty and misery arising from a too rapid increase of population, had been distinctly seen, and the most violent remedies proposed, so long ago as the times of Plato and Aristotle. And of late years, the subject had been treated in such a manner, by some of the French economists, occasionally by Montesquieu, and, among our own writers, by Dr. Franklin, Sir James Steuart, Mr. Arthur Young, and Mr. Townsend, as to create a natural surprise, that it had not excited more of the publick attention" (Preface to the second edition, p. IV). The controversial views, because of which the work became so influential, are most provocative and eyeopening in the second edition, in which he for instance for the first time advocates moral restraint (meaning sexual abstinence and late marriage) and elaborately explains his comparison between the increase of population and food. "The "Essay" was highly influential in the progress of thought in the early nineteenth-century Europe.... "Parson" Malthus, as Cobbett dubbed him, was for many, a monster and his views were often grossly misinterpreted.... But his influence on social policy, whether for good or evil, was considerable. The Malthusian theory of population came at the right time to harden the existing feeling against the Poor Laws and Malthus was a leading spirit behind the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834." (PMM 251).Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), called the "enfant terrible" of the economists, was an English demographer, statistician and political economist, who is best known for his groundbreaking views on population growth, presented in his "Essays on the Principle of Population", which is based on his own prediction that population would outrun food supply, causing poverty and starvation. Among other things this caused the legislation, which lowered the population of the poor in England. Malthus actually turned political, economic and social thought upside down with this work, which has caused him to be considered one of the 100 most influential persons in history (Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the most Influential Persons in History, 1978). Of course, he was condemned by Marx and Engels, and opposed by the socialists universally, but the work was of immense impact on not only politics, economics, social sciences etc, but also on natural sciences. For instance both Darwin and Wallace considered Malthus a main source in their development of the theory of natural selection, quoting him as being a great philosopher and his Essay on Population as being one of the most important books ever. "Malthus’s idea of man’s "Struggle for existence" had decisive influence on Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. Other scientists related this idea to plants and animals which helped to define a piece of the evolutionary puzzle. This struggle for existence of all creatures is the catalyst by which natural selection produces the "survival of the fittest"... Thanks to Malthus, Darwin recognised the significance of intraspecies competition between populations of the same species (e.g. the lamb and the lamb), not just interspecies competition between species (e.g. the lion and the lamb). Malthusian population thinking also explained how an incipient species could become a full-blown species in a very short timeframe." (Wikipedia). The second edition must be considered the most important of all the editions. This is far more a work on the problems of over-population than it is a response to Godwin and Condorcet on their works (as is mainly the first edition). "Not so much shocked by his own conclusions, in his "Essay on Population" (first ed. 1798), as driven by a naturally inquiring mind, he travelled for three years through Europe gleaning statistics and then published a second edition (1803)." (Catlin, A History of the Political Philosophers, 1939, p. 377). Printing and the Mind of Man 251 (first edition).

Lugduni (Lyon), Apud Matthiam Bonhomme, 1554 + 1555. Folio. Bound in one cont. worn full calf w. blindstamped title-label to back. Wormholes to lower front board and back. Capitals defect, lacking leather. Corners bumped, extremities worn, but bdg. tight. First t-p. in facsimile, otherwise complete. Last leaf of index of the second work w. repair to upper right corner, affecting a few letters. Internally very fine and clean, except for a later backstrip to the first and the second-last leaf. Numerous beautiful woodcut initials and vignettes. Woodcut portrait of Rondelet in both volumes, woodcut illustration to second t-p, in all about 430 woodcut illustrations of all aquatic animals, i.e. fish, marine mammals, arthropods, mollusks, riverine amphibians, beavers etc. Scarce first edition. This work is rarely seen complete, often index or illustration-leaves are missing. In Latin w. Greek text. The rare, influential first edition of this work of seminal character, likewise the first French work ever published on fish. A French edition was published, also in Lyon, in 1558. As professor of medicine and eager student of anatomy, G. Rondelet (1507 - 1566) was also the personal physician of Francois Cardand Tournon, whom he accompagnied on many trips to towns along the coast. Here he was able to make observations of interest to natural history, for example by studying whaling."Although he was active in several branches of biology, Rondelet's reputation effectively depends on his massive compendium on aquatic life, which covered far more species than any earlier work in that field. Despite its theoretical limitation, it laid the foundations for later ichthyological research and was the standard reference work for over a century." (D.S.B., XI:527).Rondelet was a very popular teacher (both of anatomy and zoology), who had a great deal of influence on his students, among whom we find the two great zoologists Aldrovandi and Gesner.This his work on aquatic life is without doubt his main work, the work for which he claimed so great fame and because of which he is now referred to as "the grandfather of modern ichthyology" (Wood, p. 541).This work was groundbreaking in many ways, as it first of all went beyond Aristotle, and actually proved him wrong. Rondelet applies the device of observing the animals themselves, and his great anatomical knowledge enables him to present the world with entirely new material and discoveries; for example this is the first published work containing zoological accounts of the sperm whale and the manatee. Never before had the world seen a structered compilation of zoology like this, -profusely illustrated, giving account of every known species!"He is best known by his work on sea fishes - "De Piscibus marinis" - which included whales, eeals, cephalopods, crustacae, and vermes. He was especially noted for his dissection of these animals, which led him to contradict many of the assumptions of Aristotle." (Wood, p. 12).In this work many species are depicted for the first time, and with it the foundation of modern zoology is established. Nissen ZBI 3474, Wood, p. 541.

London, Taylor and Francis, 1844. 8vo. In a nice later half morocco binding with five raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Blind stamped to upper outer corner of first leaf of table of contents. In "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History", volume 14. A very fine and clean copy. [Darwin's paper] pp. pp. 241-251.. [Entire volume:] vii, [1] - 472 + 12 plates. First edition of Darwin's paper on flatworms collected by him during the Beagle voyage, one of the important early papers by Darwin on invertebrates originally intended for publication in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle. This is Darwin's first publication on taxonomy: illustrated with a plate drawn by Darwin, it describes a new genus and 15 new species of flatworm. Extremely rare on the market."The paper on flatworms [...] was Darwin's first venture into taxonomy. In it, he described a new genus and 15 new species; most of the latter are still recognised as valid. He took a great deal of interest in these animals, making extensive notes on their morphology and behaviour" (Porter, Darwin's Sciences).Previously familiar only with marine species, Darwin was astounded to discover two new species of flatworm living on dry land in Brazil. He was intrigued by their close resemblance to snails, and evolutionary questions may well lie behind his strong interest in them. PROVENANCE: From the collection William Pickett Harris, Jr. (1897 - 1972) (pencil note on p. iii). American investment banker and biologist. Following a career in banking, Harris was appointed Associate Curator of the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan in 1928. "[Harris] played a highly important role in developing mammalogy and systematic collections of mammals at the University of Michigan" (Hooper p. 923).Freeman 1669