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Paris, 1880. 8vo. Original printed green wrappers. Spine worn and to small nicks to back wrapper. A (vague) fold down the middle. Overall in excellent condition. 35 pp. The rare first edition thus, being the scarce separate printing from Revue Socialiste, in excellent original condition, of Engel's highly popular Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism. With this influential pamphlet, Engels set out to make the definitive introduction to scientific socialism. Basing it on the three chapters from his book "Herr Dühring's Revolution in Science", he here wished to reproduce the most topical excerpt from the theoretical section of the book, that of strictly scientific socialism. Engels put them together himself and asked Paul Lafargue, Karls Marx' son-in-law, to translate the work into French and add some extra remarks. "I put them together for my friend Paul Lafargue for translation into French and added a few extra remarks. The French translation revised by me appeared first in the Revue socialiste and then independently under the title: Socialisme utopique et socialisme scientifique, Paris, 1880." (Engels, from the preface to the German translation, 1882). The French translation proved to be extremely popular and gained a widespread audience. So much so that Engels considered it important to translate it into other languages as well, turning it into a veritable propaganda pamphlet. "The surprising success of the Lafargue translation in the Frenchspeaking countries and especially in France itself forced me to consider the question whether a separate German edition of these three chapters would not likewise be of value. Then the editors of the Zurich Sozialdemokrat informed me that a demand was generally being raised within the German Social-Democratic Party for the publication of new propaganda pamphlets, and they asked me whether I would not apply those three chapters to this purpose. I was naturally in agreement with that and put my work at their disposal. It was, however, not originally written for immediate popular propaganda. How could what was in the first place a purely scientific work be suitable for that, What changes in form and content were required?" (Engels, from the preface to the German translation, 1882). From the original manuscript of the work, we know that Marx too was involved in the coming-to-be of this original pamphlet. The last page of the manuscript contains a postscript in Marx's handwriting: "Dear Lafargue, here is the fruit of my consultation (of yesterday evening) with Engels. Polish the phrases, leaving the gist intact." The three-page introduction to the work, which is written by Lafargue and signed P.L. at the end, is important in itself, as it gives an introduction to the history of Marx and Engels as the founders of socialism, culminating with the present pamphlet that epitomizes scientific socialism. Paul Lafargue (1841-1911), Karl Marx's son-in-law, was a leading member of the French socialist movement and played an important rôle in the development of the Spanish socialist movement. A close friend of Friedrich Engels in his later years, he wrote and spoke from a fairly orthodox Marxist perspective on a wide-range of topics including women's rights, anthropology, ethnology, reformism, Millerandism, and economics. The work became extremely popular and was translated into numerous languages, exercising profound influence upon the theory of socialism throughout Europe. "At the request of my friend, Paul Lafargue, now representative of Lille in the French Chamber of Deputies, I arranged three chapters of this book as a pamphlet, which he translated and published in 1880, under the title: "Socialisme utopique et Socialisme scientifique". From this French text, a Polish and a Spanish edition were prepared. In 1883, our German friends brought out the pamphlet in the original language. Italian, Russian, Danish, Dutch, and Roumanian translations, based upon the German text, have since been published. Thus, the present English edition, this little book circulates in 10 languages. I am not aware that any other Socialist work, not even our Communist Manifesto of 1848, or Marx's Capital, has been so often translated. In Germany, it has had four editions of about 20,000 copies in all. (Englas in the preface to the English translation from 1892).

Augsburg, Johann Andreas Pfeffel, 1744-48. Folio. Bound in 4 uniform cont. full calf, 5 raised bands, titlelabels. Compartments richly blindtooled. Lower compartments of spines with a paperlabel pasted on. A stamp on title-pages. A few scratches on covers, corners slightly bumped. Monogram of King Frederik V tooled in blind on red leather on both covers.4 engraved frontispieces (one of which double-page), 1 engraved portrait. (12),164,(5);(22),182,(13);(12),122,(11);(8),102,(9) pp., 4 engraved vignettes and 30+51+70+86 fine engraved plates ( a total of 237, of which many double-page). The two first leaves in volume IV with some dampstaining. A few plates brownspotted. Clean and fine, on good paper. First edition. - Poggendorff II,400. - Graesse V,195.

Kiøbenhaffn, (Andreas Gutterwitz og Hans Stockelmann), 1576. Folio. (27 x 19 cm.). Senere velbevaret hellæderbind i flammet kalv fra omkring 1850. Ryg med svagt ophøjede ægte bind, smalle forgyldte borter langs bindene. Forgyldt rygtitel: HUUSPOSTIL. Eksemplaret er næsten komplet, idet der kun mangler titelbladet til 1. del og det sidste blanke blad. Del.1: 13 (af 14) unummererede blade + 214 nummererede blade. Del 2: 234 nummererede + 13 unummererede. Med talrige monumentale halvsides træsnit i teksten illustrerende Jesu levnedsløb, hvis kunstner indtil for nylig var uidentificeret. (Se noten neden for). Nogle fejlpagineringer i begge Dele. 2 signaturer (læg) ombyttede (i 1. Del og i registeret). Trykt på svært papir og med lettere brugsspor, mest blandt de første blade i 1. Del. Ca. 20 blade omkantede, ca. 15 blade kantforstærkede i højre margin, 3 blade reparerede med teksttab. Enkelte blade reparerede i kanter med tab af bogstaver i marginalierne. Kolofonbladet repareret i alle kanter, men uden tab af tekst. Enkelte blade med svage skjolder og brunpletter. Et læg i registeret løsnet. Alt i alt et usædvanligt velbevaret eksemplar af dette monumentalværk i dansk teologisk litteratur. Folio. (27 x 19 cm.). Later well preserved full mottled calf binding from ca 1850. Slightly raised real bands to spine, slim gilt borders along the bands. Gilt title to spine. The copy is nearly complete, as its is only lacking the title-page for part 1 and the final blank. Part 1: 13 (of 14) unnumbered leaves + 214 numbered laeves. Part II: 234 numbered leaves + 13 unnumbered leaves. Some paginational errors in both parts. Two quires have been swapped (in part 1 and the index). With numerous half-page woodcuts in the text depicting the life of Jesus. Until recently, the artist had remained unidentified (please see note below for clarification). Printed on thick, heavy paper. Signs of use, mostly to the first leaves of part 1. Ca 20 leaves re-margined, and ca 15 leaves re-inforced at outer margin. Three leaves repaired with loss of text. A few leaves restores at edges with marginal loss of lettering. All edges of colophon repaired, but no loss of text. A few leaves with light damp staining and brownspotting. One quire of the index loose. All in all an unusually well preserved copy of this extremely rare monument of Danish theology. Den uhyre sjældne første danske udgave af Hemmingsens Postil, ja faktisk findes kun 2 komplette eksemplarer på private hænder, nemlig det som var ejet af Tore Virgin indtil 1947 og et eksemplar som for nogle år siden dukkede op i Frankrig, og som nu er i en dansk privatsamling. Lauritz Nielsen anfører, at der alene er registreret 4 komplette eksemplarer i offentlige biblioteker (KB, Linköping, Stifts-og Landsbibliotek, Karen Brahe, Odense og Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel). Universitetsbibliotekets eksemplar er defekt, ligesom KB ejer 3 defekte eksemplarer ud over det komplette, som alle 3 er med mange mangler.Postillen udkom først på Latin i 1561 og blev fortsat med ialt 16 Latinske udgaver - alle i 8vo-, og om alle kan man vist sige, at de er af største sjældenhed. Carl S. Petersen kalder Niels Hemmingsen "den største teologiske Videnskabsmand, der har levet i vor Fædreland", og som elev af Melancton må han nok betegnes som den mest betydelige tænker i Reformationstidens Danmark og Norge. Hans Postil er ikke egentlige prædikener, "men dispositioner til saadanne, udarbejdede med det formål at tvinge præsten til alvorlig gennemtænkning af den hellige Text". Samtiden tildelte ham navnet "Danmarks almindelige Lærer". AN ILLUSTRATIONERNE: En dansk bogsamler og ekspert på danske 1500-tals tryk (Jørgen Jark) har bidraget til opklaringen af de monumentale illustrationers ophav. Han anfører, at signaturen CE (i Thesaurus og Birkelund fejllæst som CF) - ifølge Nagler "Die Monogramisten" - sandsynligvis står for kunstneren, mester Endele. Han var af Wittenbergskolen, og denne serie af billeder var tidligere anvendt i en tysk udgave af Luthers Postil. Et par af billederne er mærket med årstallene 1561 og 1562. Efter lånet til Danmark må de være returneret, da de ikke optræder senere i noget andet dansk tryk. Træskæreren har markeret sig med en træskærerkniv og et 4tals-agtigt tegn, der er et i tiden og tidligere ofte anvendt laugsmærke. Et par af billederne tilhører en helt anden serie, f.eks. Del I, blad 71b. De tilskrives Hans Brosamer og hele denne serie blev brugt af Matz Vingaard i hans Lutherpostil 1577.Lauritz Nielsen: 886. - Thesaurus I, 100. - Bibl. Danica I:499. - Birkelund, 31. The exceedingly scarce first edition of the first Danish edition of Hemmingsen’s Postil. Only two complete copies are known on private hands, one that was owned by Thore Virgin up until 1947, and another copy that appeared in France some years back and which is now in a Danish private collection. According to Lauritz Nielsen, merely four complete copies are registered in libraries world-wide (Royal Library in Danmerk, Linköping’s Stifts- og Landbibliotek, Karen Brahe in Odense, and Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel). The copy in the University Library in Denmark is defective, as are the three other copies that The Royal Library owns, all very incomplete. Hemmingsen’s Postille first appeared in Latin in 1561, followed by another 15 Latin editions, all in 8vo. All 16 editions are considered exceedingly rare. Carl S. Petersen calls Niels Hammingsen ”the greatest theological scientist that has ever lived in our country” (i.e. Denmark). As a pupil of Melanchthon, he is rightfully considered the most significant thinker during the Danish/Norwegian Reformation. His Postil does not cosntitute actual sermons, but ”dispositions for such, prepared with the goal of forcing the priest into serious contemplation of the holy Text.” (Own translation from Danish). By his contemporaries, Hemmingsen was known as “The common teacher of Denmark”. THE ILLUSTRATIONS: A Danish bibliophile and expert on 16th century printings (Jørgen Jark) has contributed to solve the question of the origin of the monumental illustrations. He states that according to Nagler in “Die Monogramisten”, the signature CE (in Thesaurus and Birkelund erroneously read as CF) most likely refers to the artist Master Endele. Endele was part of the Wittenberg School, and this series of illustrations had previously been used in a German edition of Luther’s Postil. A few of the illustrations bear the years 1561 and 1562. After having been lent to Denmark, they must have been returned, as they appear in no other Danish printing. The woodcutter has marked himself with a woodcutter’s knife and a sign resembling “4”, which was a commonly used guild mark of the period. A few of the illustrations belong to a completely different series, e.g. Part 1, f. 71b. They are attributed to Hans Brosamer; his enire series was used by Mats Vingaard in his Luther’s Postil from 1577. Lauritz Nielsen: 886. - Thesaurus I, 100. - Bibl. Danica I:499. - Birkelund, 31.

London, Hodgson & Son, 1939. Royal8vo. In a recent nice red full cloth binding with gilt lettering to spine. Entire volume 45 of "Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series". Small white square paper label pasted on to lower part of spine, covering year of publication stating: "A Gift / From /Anna Wheeler". A very nice and clean copy without any institutional stamps. Pp. 161-240. [Entire volume: (4), 475 pp.]. The rare first printing of Turing's Ph.D.-thesis, which "opened new fields of investigation in mathematical logic". This seminal work constitutes the first systematic attempt to deal with the Gödelian incompleteness theorem as well as the introduction to the notion of relative computing. After having studied at King's College at Cambridge from 1931 to 1934 and having been elected a fellow here in 1935, Turing, in 1936 wrote a work that was to change the future of mathematics, namely his seminal "On Computable Numbers", in which he answered the famous "Entscheidungsproblem", came up with his "Universal Machine" and inaugurated mechanical and electronic methods in computing. This most famous theoretical paper in the history of computing caught the attention of Church, who was teaching at Princeton, and in fact he gave to the famous "Turing Machine" its name. It was during Church's work with Turing's paper that the "Church-Turing Thesis" was born. After this breakthrough work, Newman, under whom Turing had studied at Cambridge, urged him to spend a year studying with Church, and in September 1936 he went to Princeton. It is here at Princeton, under the guidance of Church, that Turing in 1938 finishes his thesis [the present paper] and later the same year is granted the Ph.D. on the basis of it. The thesis was published in "Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society" in 1939, and after the publication of it, Turing did no more on the topic, leaving the actual breakthroughs to other generations. In his extraordinary Ph.D.-thesis Turing provides an ingenious method of proof, in which a union of systems prove their own consistency, disproving, albeit shifting the problem to even more complicated matters, Gödel's incompleteness theorem. It would be many years before the ingenious arguments and striking partial completeness result that Turing obtained in the present paper would be thoroughly investigated and his line of research continued. The present thesis also presents other highly important proofs and hypotheses that came to influence several branches of mathematics. Most noteworthy of these is the idea that was later to change the face of the general theory of computation, namely the attempt to produce an arithmetical problem that is not number-theoretical (in his sense). Turing's result is his seminal "o-machines"; he here introduces the notion of relative computing and augments the "Turing Machines" with so-called oracles ("o"), which allowed for the study of problems that could not be solved by the Turing machine. Turing, however, made no further use of his seminal o-machine, but it is that which Emil Post used as the basis for his theory of "Degrees of Unsolvability", crediting Turing with the result that for any set of natural numbers there is another of higher degree of unsolvability. This transformed the notion of computability from an absolute notion into a relative one, which led to entirely new developments and in turn to vastly generalized forms of recursion theory. "In 1939 Turing published "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals,"... This paper had a far-reaching influence; in 1942 E.L. Post drew upon it for one of his theories for classifying unsolvable problems, while in 1958 G. Kreisel suggested the use of ordinal logics in characterizing informal methods of proof. In the latter year S. Feferman also adapted Turing's ideas to use ordinal logics in predicative mathematics." (D.S.B. XIII:498). A part from these groundbreaking points, which Turing never returned to himself, he here also considers intuition versus technical ingenuity in mathematical reasoning, does so in an interesting and provocative manner and comes to present himself as one of the most important thinkers of modern mathematical as well as philosophical logic."Turing turned to the exploration of the uncomputable for his Princeton Ph.D. thesis (1938), which then appeared as "Systems of Logic based on Ordinals" (Turing 1939). It is generally the view, as expressed by Feferman (1988), that this work was a diversion from the main thrust of his work. But from another angle, as expressed in (Hodges 1997), one can see Turing's development as turning naturally from considering the mind when following a rule, to the action of the mind when not following a rule. In particular this 1938 work considered the mind when seeing the truth of one of Gödel's true but formally unprovable propositions, and hence going beyond rules based on the axioms of the system. As Turing expressed it (Turing 1939, p. 198), there are 'formulae, seen intuitively to be correct, but which the Gödel theorem shows are unprovable in the original system.' Turing's theory of 'ordinal logics' was an attempt to 'avoid as far as possible the effects of Gödel's theorem' by studying the effect of adding Gödel sentences as new axioms to create stronger and stronger logics. It did not reach a definitive conclusion.In his investigation, Turing introduced the idea of an 'oracle' capable of performing, as if by magic, an uncomputable operation. Turing's oracle cannot be considered as some 'black box' component of a new class of machines, to be put on a par with the primitive operations of reading single symbols, as has been suggested by (Copeland 1998). An oracle is infinitely more powerful than anything a modern computer can do, and nothing like an elementary component of a computer. Turing defined 'oracle-machines' as Turing machines with an additional configuration in which they 'call the oracle' so as to take an uncomputable step. But these oracle-machines are not purely mechanical. They are only partially mechanical, like Turing's choice-machines. Indeed the whole point of the oracle-machine is to explore the realm of what cannot be done by purely mechanical processes...Turing's oracle can be seen simply as a mathematical tool, useful for exploring the mathematics of the uncomputable. The idea of an oracle allows the formulation of questions of relative rather than absolute computability. Thus Turing opened new fields of investigation in mathematical logic. However, there is also a possible interpretation in terms of human cognitive capacity." (SEP).Following an oral examination in May, in which his performance was noted as "Excellent," Turing was granted his PhD in June 1938.

Paris, Charles-Antoine Jombert, 1752. Folio. (47,5 x 32 cm.). Bound uncut in 2 contemp. hcalf. (Text and plates bound separately). Gilt spines. Titlelabels with gilt lettering. Light wear to spine-ends. A few small nicks and minor scratches. A paperlabel pasted on upper part of spines. Stamps on title-page. 2 engraved title-vignettes, 2 large engraved textvignettes. (IV) V-IX,(3),298,(2);(4),164 pp., 307 engravings on 302 engraved sheets (152 and 148 +), many double-page and folding. Some engraved textillustrations. Wide-margined. A few quires with light browning. A few plates with light marginal brownspotting. Printed on good paper. First edition. The first volume concerns Fauburg Saint-Germain, volume II: Luxembourg, Cité, Fauburg Saint-Antoine et Marais."In his clear and rational Architecture françoise, a four-volume work published from 1752 to 1756, he covered the past century and more of French buildings in and near Paris, setting them in their historical context and providing a wealth of detailed information that would otherwise have been lost. In the preface, he remarked, "I have used simple terms and a popular style with the intention of being understood by layman and artist alike; having noticed that recent books about architecture are either badly organised or overlong."He originally planned eight volumes, but only the first four were published. The work brought him to official notice; he was inducted into the Académie Royale d'Architecture in 1755 and appointed architect to Louis XV." (wikiwand.com)."Le grand mérite de ce livre est de nous conserver les dessins de nombre d'édifices qui sont oujourdhui ou entièrement détruits ou tout à fait dénaturés; malheureusement l'ouvrage, qui devait avoir 8 vol. et renfermer 1200 pl., n'a pas été terminé..."(Brunet I,977).

(Colophon:) Hagenau, Thomas Anshelm, 1518. Small folio. Bound in a recent full vellum binding with gilt lines and gilt lettering to spine. Title-page re-hinged, affecting neither printing nor woodcut. First leaves with light dampstaining to lower blank margin, far from affecting text. Last portion of leaves with small single worm-holes, mostly marginal, but touching the woodcut at the end. Neat marginal annotations. All in all a very nice copy. Magnificently printed, with three pages with the terms of the Hebrew cantillation printed in red and black, nine pages of musical scores (printed from right to left), extensive use of distinctive Hebrew type, large title-woodcut, and Anshelm's magnificent, large woodcut Printer's device at the colophon (presumably by Anshelm himself, after Dürer). 83, (5) ff. Scarce first – and only edition – of this groundbreaking work in Jewish musical tradition, being the first work with printed Hebrew music - Reuchlin’s last work of Hebrew grammer, considered a masterpiece of Hebrew typography. Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522), the important German humanist from the city of Pforzheim, might not be a famous name today, but he played a significant role in his time and was greatly admired by thinkers such as Erasmus, Münster and Melanchthon. He was known as the father of Christian Hebrew studies as well as for his controversial fight against the Dominicans and their attempt to confiscate and burn Jewish books in the early 16th century. Thus, he became a symbol of interreligious tolerance during a period of growing anti-Semitism in Germany. The “De Accentibus” contains a transcription of Hebrew cantillation for four voices. There are 9 pages of musical notes with Hebrew text for Tenor, Discantus, Altus, and Bassus, and the notes are to be read from right to left. Scholars believe the notation was provided by the eminent Christian Hebraist Johann Boschenstein (1472-1540). “In his last work of Hebrew grammar, De Accentibus... (1518), Reuchlin published the first example of notated Ashkenazi Torah cantillation, presenting thirty-four tropes set to four voices. Although this setting is often regarded as a misunderstanding of Jewish monophonic tradition, it gives us an insight to a phenomenon that goes beyond liturgical practice. This musical experiment was meant to serve Hebrew students in their learning of a long lost language among Christians. It combines Jewish and German musical traditions, but also two of Reuchlin's mystical passions: the secrets found in the Hebrew words and letters as proposed in the Kabbalah and the magical effect of harmonies and proportions of Phythagoreanism.” Adams: R:380.

[London, Taylor & Francis], 1913. 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Excellent, very fresh copy, with only a two small marginal tears to front wrapper, no loss. Spine and cords completely fresh and fully intact. Pp. (1) +506-525. Scarce first edition, off-print issue with presentation-inscription, of Bohr's first paper on the Stark-effect, being the seminal paper in which Bohr for the first time applies his theory to electric effect and expresses his widening interest in quantum theory. The work is inscribed to the famous Danish physicist "Hr. Mag. scient. A.W. Marke/ med venlig Hilsen/ fra Forfatteren" ("Mr. Master of Sciences A.W. Marke/ with kind regards/ from the author"). Axel Waldbuhm Marke (1883 - 1942) was professor of Physics in Copenhagen. His scientific works were originally centred around magnetic investigations, for which he was trained by P. Weiss in Zürich, in 1914. Due to WWI, he had to return, however, and during the difficult journey back, he lost all of his records. In 1916 he published an important work on the thermomagnetic qualities of water, and he has written a number of highly praised text books on physics, optics, meteorology, and climatology. He was renowned for his great skills in popularizing difficult scientific results and was famous for his lectures. The Stark-effect (the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to presence of an external static electric field) is named after Johannes Stark, who discovered it in 1913. Although Stark shortly after having discovered it became and ally of Nazi Germany and rejected the developments of modern physics, his discovery became of the utmost importance to the development of quantum theory."Once again we must go back to November 1913. On the 20th of that month Stark announced to the Prussian Academy of Sciences an important new discovery: when atomic hydrogen is exposed to a static electric field its spectral lines split, the amount of splitting being proportional to the field strength. (the linear Stak effect). After Rutherford read this news in "Nature", he at once wrote Bohr: "I think it is rather up to you at the present to write something on... electric effects."We now encounter for the first time the widening interest in quantum theory [...] Even before Bohr sat down to work on the Stark effect, Warburg from Berlin published an article in which the Bohr theory is applied to this new phenomenon. Bohr's own paper [i.e. the present] on the subject appeared in March 1914. The next year he returned to the same topic." (Pais, Niels Bohr's Times, p. 182). Rosenfeld: No. 10.

Paris, Arnould Seneuze, 1687. 4to. Two contemporary uniform full calf bindings with five raised bands to richly gilt spines. All edges of boards gilt. Hinges and capitals worn, with some loss, but still tight. A damp stain to first and last leaves of both volumes (affecting about 17 leaves in all, mostly marginal). Otherwise a nice and clean copy with just the occassional brownspotting. Engraved frontispiece in vol. 1, engraved title-vignettes, large engraved vignette to verso of title-page of vol. 1, engraved portrait in vol. 1, woodcut vignettes and initials. Printed on good paper and with wide margins. (48), 621, (3) pp. + frontispiece and portrait; (4), 197, (3) pp. The very rare first edition of the first French translation of Grotius' groundbreaking magnum opus, "De Jure Belli ac Pacis", the founding work of international law. The profoundly influential masterpiece - written during the Thirty Years' War, in the hope that rational human beings might be able to agree to legal limits on war's destruction - "made him famous throughout Europe... [t]he questions which he put forward have come to be the basis of the ultimate view of land and society. This was the first attempt to lay down a principle of right, and a basis for society and government, outside Church or Scripture... Grotius's principle of an immutable law, which God can no more alter than a mathematical axiom, was the first expression of the "droit naturel", the natural law which exercised the great political theorists of the eighteenth century, and is the foundation of modern international law." (PMM 125). This magnum opus of legal philosophy played a tremendous role in French law and politics and in the entire development of international law in general. "It is on the DIB (De Iure Bellis) that the bulk of Grotius' reputation rests. It consists of an introduction and three books, totaling more than 900 pages in translation. As with DIP, the introduction or "Prolegomena" holds the greatest interest for philosophers, for it is here that Grotius articulates and defends the philosophical foundations of the DIB. While philosophers are naturally attracted to the "Prolegomena," the body of the DIB is also redolent with themes of philosophical interest. Book One defines the concept of war, argues for the legitimacy of war, and identifies who may legitimately wage war. Book Two deals with the causes of war, the origins of property, the transfer of rights and more, while Book Three is dedicated primarily to the rightful conduct of belligerents in war. After the initial publication in 1625, Grotius ushered several more editions to press during his life, each time adding more references without substantially changing the arguments." (SEP).Living in the times of the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands and the Thirty Years' War between Catholic and Protestant European nations (Catholic France being in the otherwise Protestant camp), Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations and religions. His magnum opus was a monumental effort to restrain such conflicts on the basis of a broad moral consensus. It was begun in prison and published during his exile in Paris. "In the dedication of his great work, "De Jure Belli ac Pacis", to Louis XIII of France, Grotius addresses the king as "everywhere known by the name Just no less than that of Louis ... Just, when you call back to life laws that are on the verge of burial, and with all your strength set yourself against the trend of an age which is rushing headlong to destruction; ... when you offer no violence to souls that hold views different from your own in matter of religion; ... when by the exercise of your authority you lighten the burden of oppressed peoples."When writing this dedication and the Prolegomena to "De Jure Belli ac Pacis" (originally published in Paris in 1625), Grotius was living in exile. Europe was war-torn and depression and suffering from hunger and cold prevailed in many regions, justifying Grotius' description of international law as such: "in our day, as in former times, there is no lack of men who view this branch of law with contempt as having no reality outside of an empty name." The treaty of peace, embodying many of the universal and permanent principles which Grotius abstracted "from every particular fact" in those dark days of the early part of the Thirty Years' War, was not concluded till 23 years later. The year 1624 was, in the negotiation of the treaty, assumed to be the norm year for restoration of the "Status quo".The more than three centuries since Grotius wrote his magnum opus seem to bear witness to his views upon war peace, in spite of the fact that many a state has not yet realized that the state is "Truly fortunate which has justice for its own boundary line." In 1625 Grotius famously stated: "there is no state so powerful that it may not sometime need the help of others outside itself, either for the purposes of trade, or even ward off the forces of many foreign nations united against it."Grotius's paramount influence upon international law is widely acknowledged worldwide. For instance, since 1999 the American Society of International Law holds an annual series of Grotius Lectures. Because of his theological underpinning of free trade, he is also considered an "economic theologist"."To those desirous of understanding the fundamental principles which have motivated some of the greatest statesmen of modern time and the bases upon which a state which is to remain essentially sound must rest, a reading of Grotius' Prolegomena to the "Law of War and Peace" is commended." (George Grafton Wilson: "Grotius: Law of War and Peace.", p. 1. In: The American Journal of International Law, vol. 35, nr. 2, 1941).

Duisburg, Falk & Lange, 1866. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed wrappers with author's presentation inscription: "Geschenk des Verfassers / Freitag, d. 13. April 1866.". Spine expertly restored and wrappers reinforced on verso. A few light underlignings in pencil, a fine copy. VIII, 256 pp. First edition, presentation-copy given by the author shortly after publication, of Lange's highly influential work, which Karl Marx read extensively. The work served served as a great source of inspiration to Marx, especially in regard to rent theory and soil exhaustion (chapter 4 in the present work).Lange was furthermore seminal in the spreading of Darwinism in Germany. It was through Lange that Nietzsche was introduced to Darwin, an introduction which was to become pivotal in the construction of his theory of the Übermensch. "[Lange], elucidates his critique against the Leibig school in the 1866 book [the present], the title which ironically mocks Dühring's book. Marx made some excerpts from this book in the beginning of 1868 and possessed a copy in his library. These excerpts are important because Marx focused on chapter 4 in which lange criticizes Carey's and Dühring's view on agriculture. Marx documented a passage in which Lange rejects Carey's idea of the harmonious development; especially the latter's treatment of a "protective tariff" as "panacea" which should automatically lead to the establishment of an autarchic." (Karl Marx's Ecosocialism)."Thus in 1868 Marx began reading the work of authors who took a more critical stance toward Liebig's Agricultural Chemistry. He was already familiar with arguments such as Roscher's, which held that the robbery system should be criticized from the point of view of "natural science" but could be justified from an "economic" standpoint insofar as it was more profitable. According to Roscher, it was only necessary to stop the robbery just before it became too expensive to recover the original fertility of the soil - but market prices would take care of that. Adopting Roscher's arguments, Friedrich Albert Lange, a German philosopher, argued against Dühring's reception of Liebig and Carey in his J. St. Mill's Views of the Social Question [J. St. Mills Ansichten über die sociale Frage] published in 1866. Marx read Lange's book at the beginning of 1868, and it is no coincidence that his notebook focuses on its fourth chapter, where Lange discusses the problems of rent theory and soil exhaustion. Specifically, Marx noted Lange's observation that Carey and Dühring denounced "trade" with England as a cause of all evils and regarded a "protective tariff" as the ultimate "panacea," without Lange's recognizing that "industry" possesses a "centralizing tendency," which creates not only the division of town and country but also economic inequality. Similar to Roscher, Lange argued that "despite the natural scientific correctness of Liebig's theory," robbery cultivation can be justified from a "national economic" perspective." (Saito, Marx's Ecological Notebooks).Lange is a significant figure among the mid-nineteenth century German intellectuals who were concerned to digest the impact of developments in natural science on philosophy, pedagogy, and politics."Lange was one of the originators of "physiological neo-Kantianism" and an important figure in the founding of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism. He played a significant role in the German labour movement and in the development of social democratic thought. He articulated a socialist Darwinism that was an alternative to early social Darwinism." (SEP)Die Bibliotheken von Marx und Engels (MEGA IV.32).

London, New York, Melbourne (printed in Great Britain), Published on behalf of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (1943). 8vo. Stapled as issued. Title-page printed in red. Stapels with rust, slightly affecting surrounding paper. A very fine, near mint, copy. 16 pp. The scarce first printing of this hugely important publication, which constitutes one of the very first official reports on Holocaust and one of the most accurate accounts that had been presented to the West, changing their knowledge of what was actually going on. This seminal pamphlet consists of 1) Raczynski's account of the ongoing Holocaust, based among other reports, on the eye-witness-report by Jan Karski, a Polish Government emissary in occupied Poland, who bribed his way into a German concentration camp and witnessed the mass extermination of Jews, 2) the seminal "Joint Declaration" by members of the United Nations, in which "The above-mentioned Govenments and the French National Committee condemn in the strongest possible terms this bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination. They declare that such events can only strengthen the resolve of all free-loving peoples to overthrow the barbarous Hitlerite tyranny. They reaffirm their solems resolution to ensure that those responsible for these crimes shall not escape retribution, and to press on with the necessary practical measures to this end." (p. 12), 3) an extract of Deputy Prime Minister Mikolajczy's statement on behalf of the Polish Government, and 4) the text of Raczynski's broadcast of December 1942, in which pleaded for action, wishing to make the public and the Allied nations "understand how real is the tragedy which is taking place not so very far from the shores of this island, on the continet of Europe - on the soil of Poland. For more than three years the Germans have consistently done everything they could to hide from the eyes of the world the martyrdom of the Polish nation, the like of which has never been known in the history of humanity. But "when we would keep silence the very stones will cry out"." (p. 15).While the details were neither complete nor wholly accurate, the Allies were aware of most of what the Germans had done to the Jews at a relatively early date. The mass murder of the Jews was of such dimensions, however, that, at first, they could not believe the reports that reached them. This quickly changed, though.In February of 1942 Jacob Grojanowski, an escaped prisoner of the Chelmno extermination camp, provided the Oneg Shabbat group with detailed information about what went on at the Chelmno camp. His report became known as the Grojanowski Report. It was smuggled out of the Warsaw Ghetto via the Polish underground and reached London in June of 1942. It is not known exactly what happened to the report at that point, but by February of 1942, the United States Office of War Information had decided not to release information about the extermination of Jews (thinking that there was a risk of the public viewing the war as only being a Jewish problem). Thus, the Grojanowski Report was not released. By at least October of 1942 British radio had broadcast news of the gassing of Jews to the Netherlands, and in December 1942, the Western Allies released their Joint Declaration [which is printed in the present publication], describing and condemning in the strongest manner Hitler's violent attempts at exterminating the Jews of Europe. In 1942 Jan Karski (1914-2000), a Polish World War II resistance movement fighter and later professor at Georgetown University gave his first report to the Polish, British, and U.S. governments on what was going on in the German extermination camps in Poland.Karski reported to the Polish government in exile (i.e. Raczynski, who was the Ambassador and one of its most prominent leaders) and the Western Allies on the situation in German-occupied Poland. Karski personally met with Franklin Roosevelt and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to explain what went on in Poland, and Raczynski wrote up the report. Eventually, the American Government confirmed the reports to Jewish leaders in late November 1942, and shortly thereafter they were publicized [i.e. in the present publication]. Karski's report (through Raczynski) became one of the most important reports in the history of the Holocaust, being a major factor in informing the West. It sparked one of the first official publications from the Allies on the mass extermination of Jews in Poland and resulted in the official reports and condemnations from the Allied countries, i.e. the "Joint Declaration" [also published here]."The purpose of this publication is to make public the contents of the Note of December 10th, 1942, addresses by the Polish Government to the Governments of the United Nations concerning the mass extermination of Jews in the Polish territories occupied by Germany, and also other documents treating on the same subject. [...] In the hope that the civilized worlds will draw the appropriate conclusions, the Polish Government desire to bring to the notice of the public, by means of the present White Paper, these renewed German efforts at mass extermination, with the employment of fresh horrifying methods." (From the Introductory Note, p. 3)."Most recent reports present a horrifying picture of the position to which the Jews in Poland have been reduced. The new methods of mass slaughter applied during the last few months confirm the fact that the German autorities aim with systematic deliberation at the total extermination of the Jewsih population of Poland and of the many thousands of Jews whom the German authorities have deported to Poland from Western and Central European countries and from the German Reich itself.The Polish Government consider it their duty to bring to the knowledge of the governments of all civilized countries the following fully authentical information received from Poland during recent weeks, which indicates all too plainly the new methods of extermination adopted by the German authorities." (p. 4).

Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen), Steens Forlag, 1834. 12mo (15 x 9,5 cm). Lovely contemporary brown half calf with gilt ornamentation to spine. General wear along hinges and edges of boards. But overall a very nice copy. Tight and fine. Book-plate of Kaj Christensen (1960'ies) to inside of front board and and ownership signatures to front free end-paper ("W. Unsgaard" and "N. Neiidendam / 1900") along with blindstamped ovnership stanp of Johan G. Melbye. Later pencil-annotation to inside of front board (stating that only tow copies are said to be preserved on private hands). VI, (2) pp. + 48 engraved and finely handcoloured plates. All the blank leaves inbetween the plates preserved as well. Exceedingly scarce - one of only a handful of copies knwon to exist - first, and only, edition of Bruun’s “Collection of Costumes From the Danish Scene” from 1834, which contains 48 wonderful, engraved and handcoloured plates of costumes from some of the most famous plays and operas performed at the height of the Danish stage, including nine costumes to three of Mozart’s operas: La Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, and Seraglio. These 48 magnificent plates showcase the wonderful diversity of the Danish stage at the time, the strong Gothic influence, the great influences of both German and French romanticism, and the influence of the Orient upon costumes of the Danish stage as well (eg. Seraglio, Lulu). In addition to the costumes for the operas by Mozart and for some of the most cherished Scandinavian plays (primarily Holberg), we have costumes for a wonderful array of other plays and operas that showcase the great influx upon Danish performance from many parts of Europe – Austria, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom. We have for instance Cinderella (Cendrillon), Monteverdi’s The Combat of Tancredi and Clorinda, La Dame Blanche, Beckford’s Azemia, Weber’s Der Freischutz and his Preciosa (which is based upon a novella by Cervantes). The full list of costumes is as follows: 1: Saft - i Sovedrikken. 2 & 3: Salomon Goldkalb & Brant – i Kong Salomon og Jörgen Hattemager. 4-6: Anna, Casper & Samiel - i Jaegerbruden. 7: Pantsatte Bondedreng – i Stykket af samme Navn (i.e. in the play by the same name). 8. Joseph – i Joseph og hans Brödre. 9 & 10: Montefiascone & Cendrillon - i Cendrillon. 11: Wenceslaus - i Herman von Unna. 12: Roux – i Röverborgen. 13: Hans Mortensen - i Aprilsnarrene. 14: Amenaide - i Taneredo. 15: Geert Westphaler - i Stykket af samme Navn (in the play by the same name). 16: Geske - i Den politiske Kandestöber. 17: Barthel - i Viinhösten. 18: Azemia - i Stykket af samme Navn (in the play by the same name). 19: Don Juan - i Stykket af samme Navn (in the play by the same name). 20 & 21: Jane & v. Thyboe - i Jacob v. Tyboe. 22 & 23: Preciosa & Pedro - i Preciosa. 24: Ariel - i Alfen som Page. 25 & 26: Valborg & Erland - i Axel og Valborg. 27 & 28: Hvide Dame & Georg Brovn – i Den hvide Dame. 29 & 30: Syvald & Rödhætten - i Deodata. 31-33: Almaviva, Bazile & Figaro - i Figaros Giftermaal. 34. Trampel - i Fugleskydningen. 35 & 36: Constance & Blonde - i Bortförelsen af Serailet. 37-39: Dilfeng, Barka & Lulu - i Lulu. 40 & 41: Mad. Voltisubito & Ledermann - i Recensenten og Dyret. 42: Zoe - i Væringerne i Miklagard. 43-45: Papageno, Monostatos & Papagena - i Trylleflöjten. 46 – 47: Mad. la Fleche & Arv - i Jean de France. 48: Jeppe - i Jeppe paa Bjerget. Many of the costumes with depiction of the actors and actresses are important in themselves and not only in a broader perspective - setting the tone for how to depict the characters in some of the most famous plays and operas for decades to come. An example of an individually highly significant illustration in the present work is the drawing of Christine Zrza in Constanze’s costume in Seraglio, wearing a so-called “Turkish” costume as a woman of the harem of Selim Pasha’s palace. Zrza herself was a significant figure in the foundation of Mozart’s operas on the Danish scene, playing also the first Countess Almavira in Figaro’s Marriage, the first Sextus in Titus, and the first Queen of the Night in The Magic Flute. The work is of immense scarcity, with only very few copies known to exist. Apart from the copy in the Royal Library in Copenhagen, OCLC list merely one copy, at Harvard. This copy only collates as having merely 1f. in addition to the 48 plates, where as our copy has all the four leaves in front consisting in title-page, contents-leaves and half-title. We have been able to locate one copy sold at auction, that having merely 43 plates. It is said that merely two copies are knbown on private hands. The great book collector Oscar Davidsen had a copy in his collection (nr. 5 in his auction catalogue (1940), where it is said of it that "this collection is of great scarcity). Krohn:1482.

Amsterdam, Salomonem Schouten, 1737. 8vo. Contemporary full mottled calf. Light wear to top of spine. Light wear along fronthinge. Raised bands. Richly gilt compartments. Titlelabel in leather with gilt lettering. Engraved frontispiece. Titlepage in red/black. (40),372,(38) pp. and 12 folded engraved plates. Printed on good paper. Internally clean and fine. Scarce first edition of this highly important work, which is one of the first in which Linné worked out his binomial nomenclature, being of "prime importance for the nomenclature of Arctic-Alpine species".On May 12th 1732, Linnaeus set out on his journey into Lapland, returning to Uppsala on October 10th, after adventures in snow and sleet, discovering 'novelties in all three kingdoms of nature', including many new plants. All this he recorded in diary and catalogue... Linnaeus worked on the present volume during his sojourn in Leyden and at the Clifford estate at Hartecamp in Holland. A Society was formed at Amsterdam to defray the expenses of the plates.., and the 'Flora Lapponica' came forth in 1737, just ahead of the 'Geneve plantarum' and the 'Hortus Cliffortianus'. Botanists had waited for it expectantly, and they received it with accaim. (Hunt No. 502)."The journey was the most adventurous that Linnaeus ever made; it has been assessed by his fellow-countrymen as the most fruitful single scientific expedition ever made in Sweden both for its immediate botanical results and its influence on Linnaeus's later career. It led to the publication in 1737 of his Flora Lapponica which is of prime importance for the nomenclature of Arctic-Alpine species; Linnaeus's Lapland specimens, on which this was based, are in Paris." (The Linnaean Correspondance).Hulth: p. 21 - Soulsby: No. 279.

Venice, Aldus, 1503. Small 8vo. A nice, simple, charming full vellum binding with handwritten title and number to spine. Binding with a bit of soiling, but overall lovely. First leaf with stamp of the Gottholdsche Bibliothek and restored with the lower blank part remade with paper pulp, extremely well done. Second leaf with a vague restoration to the lower part, presumably from the removal of a label. Apart from a bit of occasional brownspotting or thumb soiling, very nice and fresh. Early (16th or 17th century) ink marginalia in Greek and Latin to several leaves as well as ink markings in the margins. A few of the marginal notes, mostly to top and bottom, shaved. Later ink annotation (numbering) to inside of front board. Quire signatures partly supplied in early hand throughout. (190) ff. Last leaf with colophon on recto and Aldus' large printer's device to verso. Extremely important first printings of eight of Euripides’ tragedies – including the Cyclops, which is the only fully extant example of the genre of satyr play -, the publication that ensured the survival of these seminal Greek dramas. In 1503, Aldus issued in Venice a breakthrough publication in two volumes of all the extant plays of Euripides. Four of these had been previously published (ca. 1495), the rest of the eighteen appeared in this two-volume publication for the first time. The first volume contained 10 plays, among them the four previously published ones, whereas the second volume contained eight plays, all published here for the first time. We have here the second volume, in a lovely copy, of this seminally important edition, containing eight of Euripides’ plays printed for the first time. As Dibdin says, “[t]his is an Aldine publication, which, more frequently than any with which I am acquainted, is found in an imperfect or indifferent condition. The first copy of it on paper that I ever saw, and bound in the Grolier style, had only the first volume… Earl Spencer has a portion of the second volume uncut…” (Dibdin, I:528). The textual transmission of Euripides’ plays, from the 5th century BC, when they were first written, until the era of the printing press, was a largely haphazard process, and much of Euripides' work was lost or corrupted. It was due to Aldus’ immensely important undertaking that these dramas were preserved for posterity. His of the texts remained the most important until the 18th century. The title-page of volume one states that there are 17 plays altogether (including the four previously published), but in fact there were 18. Hercules Furens had only recently been discovered, and Aldus included it at the last minute, at the end of volume two. Electra does not appear in either of the volumes and was only printed for the first time in 1545. The book is beautifully printed in Greek type throughout, with the elegant typeface by Griffo. Each play is preceded by a half-title with the title in both Greek and Latin, whereas the text itself is only in Greek. Not only the contents of the book is of seminal importance to cultural history, so is the format itself. It is a prime example of the portable book ('libellus portatilis' or 'enchiridion') that would come to revolutionize leaning in the modern world and the reding habits of modern man. “It was Aldus Manutius’ editio princeps of the complete extant works of Euripides, printed in Venice in 1503, which established the most enduring model for Euripides in print. He returned to the familiar cursive, using the fourth instantiation of his innovative lower-case Greek type, which had premiered in his Sophocles the previous year. This had been simplified somewhat in comparison to previous versions, and was attractive, clear, and easy to read. Both the Sophocles and the Euripides formed part of one of Aldus’ most famous innovations: the classical library in the portable octavo format. The Aldine octavos were not necessarily cheaper than larger volumes; a catalogue from 1503 with Aldus’ manuscript additions including prices (dated to 1505) indicates that the two-volume Euripides sold for 1 ducat 3 lire, which H. George Fletcher estimates might be a week’s salary for a secretary or teacher, still a luxury item. But the smaller format took books out of the library and into the world; these texts, presented by themselves without learned commentaries, were aimed not at cloistered academics but at the educated gentleman, perhaps holding a political office, and the travelling scholar. Many of these editions are dedicated to teachers of Greek (including the Euripides, to Demetrius Chalcondyles), suggesting that Aldus also envisaged them playing a role in education. Where previously students had been reliant on what a lecturer told them about a text, now they were encouraged to have their own copies, as is reflected in the many references to students in the prefatory materials.” (Shakespeare and the Renaissance Reception of Euripides, p. 63). Lowry:142, 145, 152; Grolier:38 (erroneusly stating 198 ff. leaves instead of 190); Ahmanson-Murphy:69; Dibdin I:524-26; Renouard:43-44.

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925-26. Bound in 4 nearly uniform contemp. hcloth. Edges a little rubbed. Stamp on title-pages. In "Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrsg. von Karl Scheel", Vols 33,34,35 and 36. VII,950;VII,953;VIII,954;VII,951 pp. The offered papers: pp. 879-893 (vol.33), pp. 858-888 (vol.34), pp.557-615 (vol.35) and pp.336-363 (vol. 36). Internally fine and clean. First printings of these four absolutely fundamental papers, which together MARK THE TURNING POINT IN THE FABRICATION OF A NEW PHYSICS, Quantum Mechanics, also called "Matrix Mechanics"."In May 1925, Heisenberg took on a new and difficult problem, the calculation of the line intensities of the hydrogen spectrum. Just as he had done with Kramers and Bohr, Heisenberg began with a Fourier analysis of the electron orbits. When the hydrogen orbit proved too difficult, he turned to the anharmonic oscillator. With a new multiplication rule relating the amplitudes and frequencies of the Fourier components to observed quantities, Heisenberg succeeded in quantizing the equations of motion for this system in close analogy with the classical equations of motion.....in June Heisenberg returned to Göttingen, where he drafted his fundamental paper [the first paper offered], which he completed in July. In this paper Heisenberg proclaimed that the quantum mechanics of atoms should contain only relations between experimentally observable quantities. The resulting formalism served as the starting point for the new quantum mechanics, based, as Heisenberg's multiplication rule implied, on the manipulation of ordered sets of data forming a mathematical matrix....Born and his assistant, Pascual Jordan, quickly developed the mathematical content of Heisenberg's work into a consistent theory with the help of abstract matrix algebra [the second paper offered].Their work, in collaboration with Heisenberg, culminated in their "three-man paper" ["Dreimännerarbeit" - the third paper offered] that served as the foundation of matrix mechanics. Confident of the correctness of the new theory, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born, Dirac, and others began applying the difficult mathematical formalism to the solution of lingering problems." (DSB).In the last paper offered, the Pauli-paper, he shows that the hydrogen spectrum can be derived from the new theory. His starting-point constitutes, due to Lez, a method for integrating the classical equations of motion of a particle in a Coulomb field. Pauli's paper was received on January 17, 1926, but the main result must have been obtained before November 3, 1925, for on that date, Heisenberg writes Pauli: "..Ich brauche Ihnen wohl nicht zu schreiben, wie sehr ich mich über die neue Theorie des Wasserstoffs freue..." Pauli's paper convinced most physicists that Quantum Mechanics is correct. (Van der Waerden).

Firenze, Lorenzo de Morgiani and Giovanni Thedesco da Maganza, 1491. 8vo. Leaves loosely inserted in a later full vellum binding with four raised bands, preserved in cloth clamshell box. Several loose leaves. Several leaves closely shaved, some with minor loss of text, all with loss of signatures. 83 ff. (out of 104 ff). Rare first edition of the first illustrated Italian book on arithmetic, also constituting one of the first inexpensive illustrated textbooks making it available to many more students than earlier teaching materials. The woodcuts, which range from ornamental classicizing borders framing multiplication tables to lively depictions of people and animals that illustrate word problems, are exquisite examples of the flowering of Florentine woodcut illustration in the 1490s.Two variant issues were published simultaneously: One by Lorenzo Morgiani and Giovanni Petri, 1 january 1491/92 and the present by Lorenzo de Morgiani and Giovanni Thedesco da Maganza, 1491. Priority of issue has not been established (Hain, Smith, BM-Ital., De Morgan and Tomash & William quote this variant as the first), but there can be no doubt this present variant by far is the rarest. Calandri here gives the leading rules for integers and for lire, soldi and denari, and likewise puts division down in examples. Calandri is the first to give long divisons in the modern form, known to the Italian writers by the name "a danda". "Indeed Calandri gives only the 'a danda' method, omitting the galley forms, and is therefore fully a century ahead of his time." (David E. Smith). - In Augustus de Morgan's bibliography: Arithmetical Books from the Invention of Printing to the Present Time, 1847, Calandri's Arithmetic is listed as the first. GW 5884; BMC VI68I; BM-Ital 136; Oates 2423; Klebs 236.1; Stillwell 154; Goff C-34; Smith, Rara. Pp. 47-49; Tomash & William C9; Hain 4234. De Morgan p. 1.

Kopenhagen, Nicolaus Møller, (1761) 1766-1770. Folio. (37 x 25 cm.). Indbundet i 3 samtidige ensartede hldrbd. Rygforgyldning med blomsterstempler i rygfelterne. Forgyldt titeletiket på rygge. 2 kapitæler slidte med lidt skindtab. Lettere slidspor på rygge. Med 3 titelblade trykt i rødt og sort, hvert hefte med heftetitelblad samt indholdsfortegnelse (fra 8-10 sider) samt 537 (af 540) kobberstukne plancher- ikke kolorerede. (I første bind mangler 3 plancher: No. 112, 113 og 139). De 3 titelblade med tab af nederste venstre hjørne (kun lidt papirtab). Tekstblade og plancher rene og friske med kun ganske få mindre brunpletter. Originaltrykket af Flora Danicas 3 første bind (= planche I-DXL) i ukoloreret stand med de tyske titel- og hefteblade. De enkelte 9 fascikler er dateret 1761-70 1763. Titelbladene of fascikelhefterne til Flora Danica udkom på tre sprog: dansk, latin og tysk. Her i den tyske version.First edition of the 3 first volumes of Flora Danica with the title-pages in German. With 537 of 540 engraved plates in the uncoloured version.Carl Christensen II, 2c. - Bibl. Danica II,190. - Hunt,594. - Pritzel,6799. - Nissen,2249.

Rome, minted in 82 BC. 18mm. A magnificent specimen, with very clear, sharp imprint and sharp edges. Near mint - the finest copy we have seen. Obverse: Draped bust of Mercury right, wearing winged petasos; caduceus and control letter behind. Reverse: Ulysses standing right, holding staff in left hand and extending right hand to Argus; C•MAMIL to left, LIMETAN to right. Crawford 362/1; BMCRR Rome 2725; RSC Mamilia 6. A denarius of the Roman Republic featuring one of the very few references to Homer's Odyssey in ancient coinage. On the obverse is Mercury, a god very much propitious to Odysseus, easily recognizable by the winged petasos and the caduceus. The reverse depicts one of the most moving passages in literature, hardly matched to this day. In book XVII (290-327) Odysseus returns to Ithaca disguised as a beggar. His faithful dog, Argos, has been waiting for his return for 20 years. Ignored, abandoned by everyone, the dog is ridden with ticks and fleas, lying in a pile of manure. Odysseus is accompanied to the palace by Eumaeus the shepherd, who is unaware of the beggar's true identity. Odysseus recognizes his dog and is forced to hide a single tear that rolls down his cheek. He cannot greet the dog, as that would give away his identidy. Argos, after all those years, recognizes his master as well, but if he were to run to him it would most certainly cause his death by the suitors. Here Homer cannot do anything other than to end the life of Argos, otherwise the entire Odyssey would have been for naught. So Argos dies upon the vision of his master having fulfilled his life purpose: to await his return. It is also the moment that marks the end of the twenty year cycle since Odysseus left for the Trojan War, thus announcing the imminent closing of the Trojan Cycle itself. The denarius' reverse depicts the idealized moment of the scene where master and dog would be just about to meet and greet each other, but as we have seen, the reunion cannot happen. "There lay the hound Argos, full of vermin; yet even now, when he marked Odysseus standing near, he wagged his tail and dropped both his ears, but nearer to his master he had no longer strength to move. Then Odysseus looked aside and wiped away a tear. [...] But as for Argos, the fate of black death seized him straightway when he had seen Odysseus in the twentieth year." Mamilius Limetanus is one of the three moneyers for the year 82 BC. The moneyers, selected every year, were magistrates in charge of the production of coinage, and they were at liberty to determine the design of the coins, which were often deities and characters associated with their personal family history. Like most Roman Patricians, Limetanus claimed to be a descendant of a Homeric character, in this case, Odysseus—Julius Caesar's family, for example, thought themselves to be descendants of Aeneas. A spendid specimen of this magnificent Roman denarius.

Berlin und Stettin, Friedrich Nicolai, 1789-1805. Bound in 19 uniform contemp. hcalf. Gilt spines. Tome- and titlelabels with gilt lettering. Light wear to top of spine on 2 volumes. A paperlabel pasted on upper compartments. Stamps on title-pages. Complete with 241 folded engraved plates. In general fine and clean. A few minor brownspots. Scattered brownspots to volume 19/20. The work deals mainly with the natural sciences, physics, chemistry, mathematics, optics, technology etc. etc.Poggendorff II,1320.

London, New York, Melbourne (printed in Great Britain), Published on behalf of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (1943). 8vo. Stapled as issued. Title-page printed in red. Stapels with rust, slightly affecting surrounding paper. A very fine, near mint, copy. 16 pp. The scarce first printing of this hugely important publication, which constitutes one of the very first official reports on Holocaust and one of the most accurate accounts that had been presented to the West, changing their knowledge of what was actually going on. This seminal pamphlet consists of 1) Raczynski's account of the ongoing Holocaust, based among other reports, on the eye-witness-report by Jan Karski, a Polish Government emissary in occupied Poland, who bribed his way into a German concentration camp and witnessed the mass extermination of Jews, 2) the seminal "Joint Declaration" by members of the United Nations, in which "The above-mentioned Govenments and the French National Committee condemn in the strongest possible terms this bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination. They declare that such events can only strengthen the resolve of all free-loving peoples to overthrow the barbarous Hitlerite tyranny. They reaffirm their solems resolution to ensure that those responsible for these crimes shall not escape retribution, and to press on with the necessary practical measures to this end." (p. 12), 3) an extract of Deputy Prime Minister Mikolajczy's statement on behalf of the Polish Government, and 4) the text of Raczynski's broadcast of December 1942, in which pleaded for action, wishing to make the public and the Allied nations "understand how real is the tragedy which is taking place not so very far from the shores of this island, on the continet of Europe - on the soil of Poland. For more than three years the Germans have consistently done everything they could to hide from the eyes of the world the martyrdom of the Polish nation, the like of which has never been known in the history of humanity. But "when we would keep silence the very stones will cry out"." (p. 15). While the details were neither complete nor wholly accurate, the Allies were aware of most of what the Germans had done to the Jews at a relatively early date. The mass murder of the Jews was of such dimensions, however, that, at first, they could not believe the reports that reached them. This quickly changed, though. In February of 1942 Jacob Grojanowski, an escaped prisoner of the Chelmno extermination camp, provided the Oneg Shabbat group with detailed information about what went on at the Chelmno camp. His report became known as the Grojanowski Report. It was smuggled out of the Warsaw Ghetto via the Polish underground and reached London in June of 1942. It is not known exactly what happened to the report at that point, but by February of 1942, the United States Office of War Information had decided not to release information about the extermination of Jews (thinking that there was a risk of the public viewing the war as only being a Jewish problem). Thus, the Grojanowski Report was not released. By at least October of 1942 British radio had broadcast news of the gassing of Jews to the Netherlands, and in December 1942, the Western Allies released their Joint Declaration [which is printed in the present publication], describing and condemning in the strongest manner Hitler's violent attempts at exterminating the Jews of Europe. In 1942 Jan Karski (1914-2000), a Polish World War II resistance movement fighter and later professor at Georgetown University gave his first report to the Polish, British, and U.S. governments on what was going on in the German extermination camps in Poland.Karski reported to the Polish government in exile (i.e. Raczynski, who was the Ambassador and one of its most prominent leaders) and the Western Allies on the situation in German-occupied Poland. Karski personally met with Franklin Roosevelt and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to explain what went on in Poland, and Raczynski wrote up the report. Eventually, the American Government confirmed the reports to Jewish leaders in late November 1942, and shortly thereafter they were publicized [i.e. in the present publication]. Karski's report (through Raczynski) became one of the most important reports in the history of the Holocaust, being a major factor in informing the West. It sparked one of the first official publications from the Allies on the mass extermination of Jews in Poland and resulted in the official reports and condemnations from the Allied countries, i.e. the "Joint Declaration" [also published here]. "The purpose of this publication is to make public the contents of the Note of December 10th, 1942, addresses by the Polish Government to the Governments of the United Nations concerning the mass extermination of Jews in the Polish territories occupied by Germany, and also other documents treating on the same subject. [...] In the hope that the civilized worlds will draw the appropriate conclusions, the Polish Government desire to bring to the notice of the public, by means of the present White Paper, these renewed German efforts at mass extermination, with the employment of fresh horrifying methods." (From the Introductory Note, p. 3). "Most recent reports present a horrifying picture of the position to which the Jews in Poland have been reduced. The new methods of mass slaughter applied during the last few months confirm the fact that the German autorities aim with systematic deliberation at the total extermination of the Jewsih population of Poland and of the many thousands of Jews whom the German authorities have deported to Poland from Western and Central European countries and from the German Reich itself.The Polish Government consider it their duty to bring to the knowledge of the governments of all civilized countries the following fully authentical information received from Poland during recent weeks, which indicates all too plainly the new methods of extermination adopted by the German authorities." (p. 4).

Stockholm, Ignatium Meurer, 1620. - Stockholm, Christoffer Reusner, 1622. Folio. Indbundet i et samtidigt hellæderbind over træ med 5 ægte bind på ryggen. Begge permer med rigt blindtrykte rammer. Rester af beslag til lukkestroppe. Ryg med nogle krakeleringer ved forreste fals. Hjørner let stødte. Ganske få marginalrifter. Nogle læg i slutningen af Tegel's værk brunede. Få spredte brunpletter.Titelbladet i rød/sort med rigsvåbnet i træsnit. (8),XVI,663 (664 blankt),(26) pp. Kolophon: "Tryckt i Stockholm, hoos Ignatium Meurer Anno M. DC. XX. - Tegel: Begge titelblade trykt i rød/sort. (14),324,(14);(6),416,(8) pp. Kolophon: "Tryckt i Stockholm hoos Chr. Reusnerum, medh Authoris eghet förlagh och bekostningh. Anno M.D. CXXII. Johannes Magnus' værk er den sjældne første svenske udgave af hans berømte værk "Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sveonumque regibus" 1554. Værket var inspirationskilden til Sveriges stormaktsideologi i 1600-tallet.- Colljin: 558.Tegels værk er originaludgaven. "Tegel sammanskref denna Historia på Kong Carl XII:s Befalning, til Vederläggning på Arild Huitfelds Danska Chrönika om Kon. Christian III i Danmark; men beskylles före, at hafva i det stället snarare, ånda til Danskan Ordasätten följt, och afskrifvit densamma. At Tegel på mangå ställen ord ifrån ord afskrifvit Biskop Peder Swarts Krönika, er redan här ofvanföre...anmärkt."( Warmholtz Nr. 3041). - Colljin: 913-14.

Paris, Chez l'Auteur - Saint-Petersburg, Issakoff, 1844-48. Small folio. (35 x 27 cm.). In a worn contemp. hcalf. Spine cracked and broken. Boards detached. All parts stitched, a few loose. All parts uncut and unopened. All parts clean and fine. Each part separately paginated and with own title-page. Text to each part (from 8-12 pp.). Each part having a large folded engraved general map and from 11 to 27 engraved folio-maps. In all 292 textpages and 441 engraved maps. The parts (volumes) comprises: 1. Turquie. 2. Afrique. 3. Grèce et Iles Ioniennes. 4. Portugal. 5. Mer des Indes (1ere Division). 6. Autriche (Mer Adriatique). 7. Espagne (Cotes N., Mer de Biscaye). 8. Espagne (Mer Méditerranée). 9. Sardaigne. 10. Brésil. 11. Amérique Équatoriale, Colonies européennes (1re Section). 12. Amérique Équatoriale et Continentale. 13. Prusse. 14. Russie (Mer Blanche). 15. Russie (Mer Baltique). 16. Russie (Mer Noire). 17. Norvège. 18. Suéde. 19. Deux Siciles (1re Section). 20. Deux Siciles (2e Section). 21. Danemarck. 22. Hanovre. 23. Pays-Bas.

Bern, Abraham Weerli, (1618) - 1619. 4to. Contemporary full calf binding with brass clasps. Five raised bands and single gilt line-ornamentation to back. Single gilt line-borders to boards. Professional, very neat restorations to back. Some browning and a, mostly marginal, damp-stain to first leaves, but overall a very nice and attractive copy. Many diagrams and computations in the text. Title-page in red and black, with woodcut ornamental border. Woodcut title-pages to second, third, and fourth parts (all part of the collation, all dated 1618). 1/3 page woodcut at end. (56), 704, (16) pp. + two folded diagrams. Extremely scarce first edition of this comprehensive mathematical work, which was important in the spreading of the understanding of mathematical concepts. Johnn Rudolph von Graffenried, an encestor of Niklaus von Graffenried, was born in 1584. His great passion was the understanding of mathematical concepts, and in 1618-19 he published his main work "Arithmeticae Logisticae", in which he deals with the mathematical theories and theorems of Cardanus, Christoph Rudolf, Glarean, Schoner, Stiffel, Ramus, etc. The first part of the work deals with calculating with cardinal and broken numbers, the second with proportion, progression, etc., the third with calculation of interest, society, demography etc., and the fourth with decimal fractions.The general state of mathematics and the teaching of mathematics in Switzerland in the early 17th century was in a bad state, and Graffenried came to play a dominant role in the spreading and teaching of arithmetic in Switzerland, mainly through the present work.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1934. Original full red cloth with gilt line-borders to boards, original dust-jacket, somewhat worn, with a red label over the price and chips and nicks to extremities. Minor loss to corners of dust-jacket, and a large loss of upper part of spine of dust-jacket (ca. 6 x 2 cm), thus lacking the title to spine of dust-jacket, and leaving the cloth of the same part of the spine sunned and the gilding of the title on spine almost faded off. Some soiling to dust-jacket. Internally nice and clean. X, (2), 204 pp. An excellent presentation copy of this scarce first edition of the great logician's first book, which is the published version of his doctoral thesis, hailed by Whitehead as a landmark in the history of symbolic logic.Inscribed by Quine "To F. Gomes Cassidy, historian of/ languages, from Van Quine, manu-/ facturer of one. Mathematical/ truth is linguistic convention,/ and logic is the [four Chinese characters]".Frederic Gomez Cassidy (1907-2000) was a great capacity within wold language scholarship and a close friend of Quine, whom he had known since school and been to Oberlin College with. He was a talented linguist specialized in Early English, Creoles, Lexicography, and American language, who is now primarily famous for his lately begun monumental project, the "Dictionary of American Regional English" (known as DARE). Cassisy was born in Jamaica to a Canadian father and a Jamaican mother and grew up hearing their varieties of standard British English as well as the Cleole variety of the Black majority. When Cassidy was eleven years old, the whole family moved to Ohio. "Here the young Jamaican was introduced to yet another variety of English and was dismayed to learn that it was he who sounded "funny." But that distinction was to have a significant benefit. It piqued the curiosity of a classmate who sought to know and befriend the boy who looked, acted, and sounded so different. That classmate was Willard Van Orman ("Van") Quine, later to become one of America's most distinguished philosophers. The friendship he and Fred began as boys was to last their lifetimes, nourished by shared experiences at Oberlin College, regular correspondence through the decades, and frequent summer hiking trips." (Memorial Resolution of the Faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Madison on the Death of Professor Emeritus Frederic Gomes Cassidy). The time at Oberlin College was of specific joy to him, and it was here he came to explore his interest in languages, philosophy, and science. He obtained his BA in 1930 and his MA, also at Oberlin, in 1932, and in 1938 he was given his PhD from the University of Michigan. Quine graduated from Oberlin College in 1930. He then won a scholarship to study for his doctorate at Harvard University, where he wrote the important thesis that was to constitute his first book. Quine's supervisor at Harvard was Alfred North Whitehead, who has also written the Foreword to his first book and who introduced him to Bertrand Russell, who visited Harvard during this time. From then on, Quine kept an ongoing correspondence with Russell. Quine finished his doctorate in two years and was awarded his Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard in 1932. After that he received a travelling fellowship, which he used to travel to Vienna, where he got acquainted with the members of the Vienna Circle. During his travels he also met Gödel and Ayer. In Warsaw he spent six weeks with Tarski, and in Prague he studied under Carnap, who greatly inspired him. After his year of travelling, he returned to Harvard, where he published the present version of his doctoral dissertation, his first book."In this book Dr. Quine has effected an extension of the scope of Symbolic Logic. The advance is more than an improvement in symbols. It extends to fundamental notions. He has introduced a generality adequate to the complexity of the subject matter; and the symbolism embodies the generality of its meaning. I have no hesitation in stating by belief that Dr. Quine's book constitutes a landmark in the history of the subject." So Whitehead writes in his Foreword (p. (IX) ). The logic that Quine takes into consideration is that of Russel and Whitehead's "Principia Mathematica", and when Whitehead towards the end of the Foreword states that "Dr. Quine does not touch upon the relationship of Logic to Metahysics. He keeps strictly within the boundaries of his subject. But - if in conclusion I may venture beyond these limits - the reformation of Logic has an essential reference to Metaphysics. For Logic prescribes the shapes of metaphysical thought" (p. X), the metaphysics he is talking about is nominalism. For Russell and Whitehead, Quine's work represented an unusual illustration of their own logic.The work was also under much influence of the Polish logicians, and as Whitehead concludes in his Foreword, "it is interesting to note the influence of of the work of Professor H. M. Scheffer, and of the great school of Polish mathematicians. There is continuity in the progress of ordered knowledge." (P. X).

London, A. and J. Churchil, 1701. Folio. Contemp. full calf, 5 raised bands, Blindtooled covers, Cambridge-binding style. Rebacked, preserving most of original spine. Front free endpapers renewed. Engraved frontispiece (M. Vander Gucht Sculp.). Printed title in red a. black. (6),4,(28),26,444 - (2),230,(28) pp. One folio (signature N) outside pagenumbering: "The World in Planisphere". Some textengravings, some wood-engravings in the text. With all 43 engraved maps interspersed in the text. A bit of corner of one leaf (pp.313-14) gone affecting a small part of the frame on the last map (Chili, Magellans-Land). Printed on good paper, a few scattered brownspots, mainly in first part. Some browning to two leaves in the first index (signature e,1-2). First edition. The work is, in effect, an enlarged edition of the "Thesaurus geographicus" (1695) omitting all except one of the small town plans but with additional maps marked as "New""(Shirley T.MOLL-1b, where the worldmap is missing).In 1701 he published A System of Geography, the first of his own publishing. Although it contained no fundamental changes in the presentation of his previous work, it helped him to assert himself as a freelance cartographer. Over the years, the work itself as well as individual maps were of influence on other publishers, as they were frequently copied and re-issued.

Heidelberg, 1817. 8vo. COMPLETELY UNCUT in contemporary (original interim?) marbled paper-binding with handwritten paper title-label to spine. Boards rubbed and corners a bit worn. Internally unusually clean. Last ten leaves with a small marginal worm-tract, not affecting lettering. Extensive contemporary hand-written scholarly notes (seemingly in three different hands) to all end-papers, in all 6 closely-written pages, in French and German. Contemporary owner's name to title-page (Th. Daulli [?]). A fabulous copy, with very varying sizes of pages. XVI, 288 pp. The rare first edition, extremely scarce in original uncut condition, of Hegel's immensely important work, the "Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences", by himself and his contemporaries considered his main work, and likewise an absolute main work of philosophy in general. Hegel is considered one of the four greatest philosophers of all times, and his contributions to philosophy are incomparable to other than perhaps those of Aristotle, Plato and Kant. In 1816 Hegel chose the professorship of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, and here he taught his courses with great enthusiasm. He lectured no less than 16 hours a week, mostly over his own system, which is the object of this (chronologically speaking) third main work, generally just called the "Encyclopaedia".Hegel himself considered his "Encyclopedia" to be the most important of his works, and his contemporaries likewise judged it his actual main work. Hegel was considered the epitome of the great systematic thinker of the 19th century, and his "Encyclopaedia" forms the epitome of his work, at the same time as it, to his own mind, constitutes his greatest achievement. Hegel's main aim was to systematically comprise all spiritual and natural knowledge, and thus his philosophy peaks with his all-comprising Encyclopaedia, which remained of the greatest importance to himself throughout his life-time. He kept working on the book, and no less than three different altered editions appeared within his lifetime, the last in 1830, the year before he died, confirming his lasting devotion to this work.