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Istanbul, Sirketi Mürettibye Matbaasi, 1933. 8vo. In a recent full black leather binding with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine and front board. Blindtooled frames to front and back board. A fine and clean copy. (7), (1), (5)-305, (1), [errata-leaf] pp. Rare first Turkish book-length appearance of Marx’s landmark ‘Das Kapital’, being a translation of the most important abridged version of Marx's Capital ever to have appeared, Haydar Rifat’s (Yorulmaz) 1933 translation Sermaye, which was based on an abridged French version (1897) of the original by Gabriel Deville. Exerting great effort for the formation of the leftist thought and discourse in the late Ottoman and early Republican periods, Haydar Rifat was a prominent translator acting as a culture entrepreneur in the cultivation of leftist ideas. In his preface to Sermaye, Rifat notes that only passing remarks are made on Marx’s works in the faculties of law and political sciences and accounts for his attempt to further introduce Marx and his ideology to the academia and the public as follows: Das Kapital, Karl Marx’s masterpiece, has been translated into all major languages, and numerous commentaries and interpretations on this work have been published by experts in modern countries. The translations, commentaries and interpretations of this work are so abundant that they quantitatively surpass the commentaries on all Holy Books; indeed, the works produced by various experts with different approaches under the title “Marxist Library” can fill up buildings. (Front the present work). "The epitome, here translated, was published in Paris, in 1883, by Gabriel Deville, possibly the most brilliant writer among the French Marxians. It is the most successful attempt yet made to popularize Marx's scientific economics. It is by no means free from difficulties, for the subject is essentially a complex and difficult subject, but there are no difficulties that reasonable attention and patience will not enable the average reader to overcome. There is no attempt at originality. The very words in most cases are Marx's own words, and Capital is followed so closely that the first twenty-five chapters correspond in subject and treatment with the first twenty-five chapters of Capital. Chapter XXVI corresponds in the main with Chapter XXVI of Capital, but also contains portions of chapter XXX. The last three chapters-XXVII, XXVIII, and XXIX-correspond to the last three chapters-XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII-of Capital." (ROBERT RIVES LA MONTE, Intruductory Note to the 1899 English translation). “He also refers to how he has had to deal with the challenges arising from the translation of certain terms and/or the absence of any expert on the field whom he could consult: While doing this short translation, I have encountered many difficulties. It is necessary to find equivalents for new terms, or rather the terms, which are new for us. The trouble arose not just from finding Turkish equivalents in line with the new course our language has taken, it also concerns the difficulty in finding any equivalent. Some of these words and terms were used for the first time, while I have replaced some others with alternative words and terms though they have been in use for the past five or ten years. I almost never go out. On those rare occasions when I leave home and go out, I can find almost nobody whom I can consult and discuss my translation. (Rifat 1933, 7)” Rifat concludes his lengthy preface with a humble, almost apologetic note stating that he would be more than willing to correct any mistakes in his translation that could potentially cause his readers difficulty and that he had consulted a whole list of experts, mainly economists, about the equivalents of certain terms and the general content of the translation. The preface actually ends with a list of the names of the experts to whom Rifat had sent a copy of his translation” (Konca, The Turkish Retranslations of Marx’s Das Kapital as a Site of Intellectual and Ideological Struggle) Rifat’s translation immediately triggered a series of articles and critiques in various journals and papers upon its publication.

Heidelberg, C.F. Winter, 1842. Bound in a nice later hcalf. Raised bands, titlelabel with gilt lettering. In: "Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. herausgegeben von Friedrich Wóhler und Justus Liebig", Vol. 42. (6),356 pp. Mayer's paper: pp. 233-240. Volume 42 is offered bound together with vol. 41. (8),376 pp. a. 1 folded plate. (This volume contains importent cehemical papers by Kolbe, Cahours, Kopp, Wöhler, Laurent and Liebig (the first printing of Liebig's famous work on animal physiology and pathology) First printing of one of the most important papers in physics, chemistry and physiology in the 19th century. The paper is the first to propose an equivalence of all forms of energy, including heat, and a conservation of total energy. Although Mayer was the first to set forth the general law of the conversation of energy (the first thermodynamical law), it was James Joule who first put the law on firm footing. "The paper of 1842 (the paper offered) set out Mayer’s definitive view on the conservation of force and established his claim to priority; historically the paper also provides insight into the processes through which Mayer arrived at his theory."(DSB)."Originally trained as a physician, mayer did not enjoy medical practice. About 1840 he began to be interested in physics and he entered thhe field of research, ... In 1842 he not only presented a figure for the mechanical equivalent of heat, but he also clearly presented his belief in the conversation of energy. He had some difficulty getting his paper on the subject published but Liebig finally accepted for the importent journal he edited. Though Mayer was five years ahead of Joule his paper aroused no interest, and in the end it was Joule, with his imposing experimental background. who received credit for working out the mechanical equivalent of heat. And it was Helmholtz who recieved credit for announcing the law of conservation of energy because he announced it so much more systematically. Yet Mayer went further than either of the other two, for he included living phenomena in the realm of energy conservation (a daring step in a decade when vitalism, with its view that the laws of inanimate nature did not apply to living systems, was still a considerable force). Mayer argued that solar energy was the ultimate source of all energy on earth, both living and non-living. He further suggested that solar energy was derived from the slow contraction of the sun, or by the fall of meteors into the sun, in either case kinetic energy being converted to radiant energy."(Asimov)"After 1860, Mayer was finally given the recognition he deserved. Many of his articles were translated into English, and such well-known scientists as Rydolph Clausius in Germany and John Tyndall in England began to champion Mayer as the founder of the law of the conservation of energy."(Alan Lightman "Great Ideas in Physics", p. 8).Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1842 P. - Magee "A Source Book in Physics", p. 196 ff. - Dibner: 157 (listing the offprint with a different title) - PMM: 330 (offprint-version). - Garrison & Morton: 606.

Firenze, Nella Stamperia S.A.R. Per Gio: Gaetano, e Sant Franchi, 1717. 4to. Contemporary full vellum with handwritten title to spine. A bit of wear to capitals and a bit of minor soiling to boards, but a fine and handsome copy. Inner hinges a bit weak. Internally nice and clean, with just a bit of light minor occasional brownspotting. Large engraved pictorial vignette (heading: Accdemia Fiorentina) to title-page. Very nice woodcut vignettes and initials throughout. XXXI, (1), 676, (2, - Approvazioni) pp. [Viviani's Galilei-biography: pp. 397-431]. First edition of this extensive work of biographies of the people of the Florentine Academy. Among the dozens of biographies in the present work, we have the first printing of Viviani's seminal biography of Galilei, the first, and by far the most important biography of the great astronomer ever written. It is from this biography that we have most of the canonical stories and anecdotes about Galilei that keep being repeated and quoted - e.g. the legend of Galilei demonstrating to his students that Aristotle was wrong about speed of fall being related to the weight of an object by dropping balls of different mass off the leaning tower in Pisa; the stories of how he came up with the idea of the pendulum after having watched a suspended lamp swing back and forth in the cathedral of Pisa when he was still a student there - and furthermore also how his first experiments with pendulums were carried out (by his son due to his own failing eyesight), etc., etc.Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) considered himself Galilei's last pupil and he spent most of his life reinstating the ideas of Galilei. He was merely 20 years old when his master died, and he was present at the bedside of the dying master as well as at the removal of his body. Thus, he was a direct witness to many of the events that took place in Galilei's life, and as such he is an indispensible biographer - especially seeing that no other person had attempted a biograhy of the great astronomer. After Galielei's death, Viviani was granted a pension by the King of France, in exchange for him writing a great, massive biography of his master. This planned massive work never came about, though, - probably due to both fear of retaliation, inabilty to reconcile geometry with the dogmas of faith, and finally a general fear of what such a biography could carry with it politically, etc. (he had apparantly also been warned of this). What we have left of the massive work is that which is present in Salvini's collection of biographies of the Florentine Academy. The work is written in the form of a letter addressed to Prince Leopoldo de'Medici, and it was not printed during Viviani's lifetime, but only in 1717, in the present book. Though not as extensive as had originally been planned, and though not printed as soon as originally planned, the work is still of the greatest importance to our knowledge about Galilei and forms the foundation for all later works on the astronomer. For the student of Galilei, it is absolutely indispensible. Being the first biography of Galilei, and the only one written by a contemporary, and one who knew him very well, the work plays a greater role in the study of the master's life than any other work.Viviani may not have been a faithful chronicler or a clear interpreter, but we will have to make do with that which he can tell us about Galilei. Though not all stories may be true, almost all of the most famous anecdotes and legends that we have about Galilei stem from the present work. After having described the various marvels, discoveries, etc. of Galilei's life, Viviani ends by describing the last hours of Galilei's life: "il Mercoledì delli 8. de Gennaio del 1641. ab Inc. a ore 4. di notte in età di settantasette anni, mesi dieci, e giorni vent, con Filosofica, e Christiana constanza, rese l'Anima al suo Creatore, inviandosi questa a godere, e rimarar più d'apresso quelle eterne maraviglie, ch'ella con tanta avidità, & impazienza aveva procurator per mezzo di fragil artifizio d'avvicinare agli occhi di noi mortali." (p. 423) ["On the night of Jan. 8, 1641, at about 4 o'clock at night at the age of 77 years, 10 months, and 20 days, with philosophical and Christian firmness he rendered up his soul to its Creator, sending it, as he liked to believe, to enjoy and to watch from a closer vantage point those eternal and immutable marvels which he, by means of a fragile device, had brought closer to our mortal eyes with such eagerness and impatience."] - clearly showing the sense that Viviani had for Galilei's biblically inspired faith.The work furthermore contains several hitherto unpublished treatises on men from the famous scientific academy of Florence.

Chicago, American Medical Association, 1926. 8vo. Offprint in the original printed wrappers. Previous owner's name to top right corner of front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy. 19 pp. First printing, in the scarce offprint, of Minot and Murphy's seminal Nobel Prize winning paper which "ranks as one of the greatest modern advances in [anemia] therapy." (GM). Minot and Murphy shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Whipple "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia". "The brilliant discovery by Minot and Murphy in 1926, demonstrating the dramatic effectiveness of liver preparations in pernicious anemia, forms one of the landmarks in the history of therapeutics." (Satoskar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics)."Prompted by pathologist George Whipple's research on the feeding of liver to anemic dogs, Minot and Murphy fed liver to their patients. In a now famous 1926 paper [the present], they announced its miraculous benefits for forty-five otherwise doomed souls." (Wailoo, Drawing Blood: technology and Disease Identity in Twentieth-Century America). Up until the 1920'ies, pernicious anemia (also known as "blood thinning" disease) was a fatal disease, for which there was no cure. People who developed pernicious anemia - characterized by dangerously low counts of red blood cells - were left exhausted, hospitalized, and without the hope of being cured. "Minot’s work and that of numerous pupils during the decade after 1926 initiated a new era in clinical hematology by replacing the largely morphologic studies of the blood and of the blood-forming and blood-destroying organs with dynamic measurements of their functions." (DSB).In the early 1920s, most doctors believed that pernicious anemia was caused by a toxic substance in the body, and they prescribed doses of arsenic, transfusions, or removal of the spleen as treatments. But after these remedies were administered, patients had relapses, and death was inevitable. Across the world, 6,000 lives a year were lost to the scourge of pernicious anemia."In 1923, Minot met William P. Murphy, who had graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1922 and who was to become an assistant instructor at Harvard Medical School in 1924. In their investigations to find a cure for pernicious anemia, Minot believed that research by George Whipple, a researcher whom he had known while both were at Johns Hopkins Hospital, was particularly significant. Whipple had completed experiments in which he bled dogs to make them anemic. Then he determined which foods restored their red blood cells. His results showed that red meat and certain vegetables were effective treatments, but liver was the best treatment. Minot wondered if Whipple's findings with dogs could be duplicated in humans. He and Murphy were determined to try it, and proceeded to do so with their private patients. Observing an increase in the patients' red blood cell counts, they thought they were on the right track, and decided to try the experiment with hospitalized patients which eventually led to their landmark discovery." (The Harward University Gazette, 1998).After Minot and Murphy's verification of Whipple's results in 1926, pernicious anemia victims ate or drank at least one-half pound of raw liver, or drank raw liver juice, every day. This continued for several years, until a concentrate of liver juice became available.The active ingredient in liver remained unknown until 1948, when it was isolated by chemists Karl A. Folkers.Garrison & Morton: 3140

Berlin, 1913. Royal 8vo. Uncut and partly unopened in original printed wrappers. Soiling to spine, vaguely affecting first and last leaf. Overall in a very fine condition. (8), 446, (2) pp. The very rare first edition of Rosa Luxemburg's magnum opus - "without doubt, one of the most original contributions to Marxist economic doctrine since "Capital". In its wealth of knowledge, brilliance of style, trenchancy of analysis and intellectual independence, this book, as Mehring, Marx's biographer, stated, was the nearest to "Capital" of any Marxist work. The central problem it studies is of tremendous theoretical and political importance: namely, what effects the extension of capitalism into new, backward territories has on the internal contradictions rending capitalism and on the stability of the system." (Tony Cliff). Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) was one of the most influential Marxists of the late 19th century. In her youth, she joined the socialist movement and went to Switzerland in exile in 1889. Here she studied law and economics and developed close connections to the leading members of the Russian socialist party. As opposed to Lenin, she was in complete favour of internationalism and therefore in opposition to the established Russian and Polish socialist parties that supported Polish independence. In 1893, she co-founded what was to be the forerunner of the Polish Communist Party, namely the Socialdemocratic Labour Party of Poland.In 1899, Rosa Luxemburg settled in Berlin and joined the German Socildemocratic Party, SPD and represented the revolutionary wing. She believed strongly in revolutionary mass action, but as opposed to Lenin, she was not completely bound to the revolutionary party and spoke out against movements like the reform union in Germany. "Rosa Luxemburg was born in the small Polish town of Zamosc on 5 March 1871. From early youth she was active in the socialist movement. She joined a revolutionary party called Proletariat, founded in 1882, some 21 years before the Russian Social Democratic Party (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) came into being. From the beginning Proletariat was, in principles and programme, many steps ahead of the revolutionary movement in Russia. While the Russian revolutionary movement was still restricted to acts of individual terrorism carried out by a few heroic intellectuals, Proletariat was organising and leading thousands of workers on strike. In 1886, however, Proletariat was practically decapitated by the execution of four of its leaders, the imprisonment of 23 others for long terms of hard labour, and the banishment of about 200 more. Only small circles were saved from the wreck, and it was one of these that Rosa Luxemburg joined at the age of 16. By 1889 the police had caught up with her, and she had to leave Poland, her comrades thinking she could do more useful work abroad than in prison. She went to Switzerland, to Zurich, which was the most important centre of Polish and Russian emigration. There she entered the university where she studied natural sciences, mathematics and economics. She took an active part in the local labour movement and in the intense intellectual life of the revolutionary emigrants.Hardly more than a couple of years later Rosa Luxemburg was already recognised as the theoretical leader of the revolutionary socialist party of Poland. She became the main contributor to the party paper, Sprawa Rabotnicza, published in Paris. In 1894 the name of the party, Proletariat, was changed to become the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland; shortly afterwards Lithuania was added to the title. Rosa continued to be the theoretical leader of the party (the SDKPL) till the end of her life.In August 1893 she represented the party at the Congress of the Socialist International. There, a young woman of 22, she had to contend with well-known veterans of another Polish party, the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), whose main plank was the independence of Poland and which claimed the recognition of all the experienced elders of international socialism. Support for the national movement in Poland had the weight of long tradition behind it: Marx and Engels, too, had made it an important plank in their policies. Undaunted by all this, Rosa Luxemburg struck out at the PPS, accusing it of clear nationalistic tendencies and a proneness to diverting the workers from the path of class struggle; and she dared to take a different position to the old masters and oppose the slogan of independence for Poland. (For elaboration on this, see Rosa Luxemburg and the national question below.) Her adversaries heaped abuse on her, some of them, like the veteran disciple and friend of Marx and Engels, Wilhelm Liebknecht, going so far as to accuse her of being an agent of the Tsarist secret police. But she stuck to her point.Intellectually she grew by leaps and bounds. She was drawn irresistibly to the centre of the international labour movement, Germany, where she made her way in 1898." (Tony Cliff, Rosa Luxemburg Biography).In 1919, she was captured and murdered by reactionary freetroop officers, but her theoretical works remained highly influential throughout almost a century. As late as the 1960'ies and 70'ies, she was still seen as somewhat of a revolutionary hero and champion of communism. "When the First World War broke out, practically all the leaders of the Socialist Party [SPD] were swept into the patriotic tide. On 3 August 1914 the parliamentary group of German Social Democracy decided to vote in favour of war credits for the Kaiser’s government. Of the 111 deputies only 15 showed any desire to vote against. However, after their request for permission to do so had been rejected, they submitted to party discipline, and on 4 August the whole Social Democratic group unanimously voted in favour of the credits. A few months later, on 2 December, Karl Liebknecht flouted party discipline to vote with his conscience. His was the sole vote against war credits.This decision of the party leadership was a cruel blow to Rosa Luxemburg. However, she did not give way to despair. On the same day, 4 August, on which the Social Democratic deputies rallied to the Kaiser’s banner, a small group of socialists met in her apartment and decided to take up the struggle against the war. This group, led by Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Franz Mehring and Clara Zetkin, ultimately became the Spartakus League. For four years, mainly from prison, Rosa continued to lead, inspire and organise the revolutionaries, keeping high the banner of international socialism...The revolution in Russia of February 1917 was a realisation of Rosa Luxemburg’s policy of revolutionary opposition to the war and struggle for the overthrow of imperialist governments. Feverishly she followed the events from prison, studying them closely in order to draw lessons for the future. Unhesitatingly she stated that the February victory was not the end of the struggle but only its beginning, that only workers’ power could assure peace. From prison she issued call after call to the German workers and soldiers to emulate their Russian brethren, overthrow the Junkers and capitalists and thus, while serving the Russian Revolution, at the same time prevent themselves from bleeding to death under the ruins of capitalist barbarism.When the October Revolution broke out, Rosa Luxemburg welcomed it enthusiastically, praising it in the highest terms. At the same time she did not believe that uncritical acceptance of everything the Bolsheviks did would be of service to the labour movement. She clearly foresaw that if the Russian Revolution remained in isolation a number of distortions would cripple its development; and quite early in the development of Soviet Russia she pointed out such distortions, particularly on the question of democracy.On 8 November 1918 the German Revolution freed Rosa Luxemburg from prison. With all her energy and enthusiasm she threw herself into the revolution. Unfortunately the forces of reaction were strong. Right-wing Social Democratic leaders and generals of the old Kaiser’s army joined forces to suppress the revolutionary working class. Thousands of workers were murdered; on 15 January 1919 Karl Liebknecht was killed; on the same day a soldier’s rifle butt smashed into Rosa Luxemburg’s skull.With her death the international workers’ movement lost one of its noblest souls. "The finest brain amongst the scientific successors of Marx and Engels", as Mehring said, was no more. In her life, as in her death, she gave everything for the liberation of humanity." (Tony Cliff, Biography of Rosa Luxemburg).Sraffa 3560Social Liberation 4066

Amsterdam, Marc Michel Rey, 1755. 8vo. A spendid recent pastiche-binding in perfect contemporary style. Marbled half caf with five raised bands to richly gilt spine. Marbled paper over boards. Occasional very light brownspotting and a very light marginal dam stain to ca 15 leaves. A splendid copy, with good margins and printed on good paper. Old ex libris to inside of front board. Title-page printed in red and black, engraved title-vignette, the engraved frontispiece (by Eisen, engraved by Sornique) bound at the end. 1 large engraved vignette and a few woodcut vignettes. Frontispiece + LXX, (2), 262, (2, -errata & avis pour le relieur) pp. First edition, first issue, of one of Rousseau's main works and one of the most important works of political thought in general. The "Discourse on the Origins of Inequality" is considered Rousseau's first important work and the work that lays the foundation for his later thought.The present copy is with all the first issue pointers (e.g. the erroneous spelling of "Jaques", the accent aigu in "conformé" added by hand by M.M. Rey on p. 11) and the three cancels (pp. LXVII-LXVIII, 111-112, and 139-140). According to Tchemerzine, there were copies on thick, heavy paper ("Il existe des ex. en papier fort"), of which this is presumably one. At least the dedication (LXX pp.) in the present copy is printed on very thick paper, whereas the paper of the remaining leaves is a bit less heavy. The present copy has nice, wide margins. According to Dufour there are five counterfeit-editions bearing the same date (they are easily distinguishable from the first issue). Like his "Discourse on the Sciences and Arts " from 1750, the "Discourse on the Origins of Inequality" was written as a response to an essay competition from the Academy of Dijon. This work is thus often referred to as the "Second Discourse". Unlike the first, this did not win him a prize, even though it is was also then considered a far more accomplished work and now counts as one of his three main works (together with the "Contract Social" and "Émile"). It is in the present work that Rousseau begins to develop his theories of human social development and moral psychology and it is furthermore this work that for the first time clearly divides him from the Encyclopédiste mainstream of the French Enlightenment. The work is famous for Rousseau's portrayal of a multi-stage evolution of humanity from the most primitive condition to something like a modern complex society, which has gone down in history as one of the most important portrayals of man and society. Furthermore, the work is famous for its long preface.When Rousseau had converted to Catholicism, he also lost his rights to the status of Citizen of Geneva. This right was regained in 1754, though, when he reconverted to Calvinism, and a large part of his "Discourse on the Origins of Inequality" consists in a dedication to the state of Geneva. This preface is probably one of the most famous prefaces in the history of modern thought as it constitutes, not only a highly ironical and satirical praise of his birthplace, but also a masterpiece of utopian political thought. Geneva is praised as the good republic worthy of admiration for the stability of its laws and institutions, the common spirit of its inhabitants, the well behaved women that inhabit it, and the good relations with neighbouring states. Not only is it this piece of political fiction that provides us with an imminent insight into how a state should ideally be according to Rousseau an ironical description of what Geneva was not, it was also a fierce attack on Paris. Tchemerzine X:32; Dufour:55.

(No place but Hamburg, no printer), 1724 - 1726. 4to. In contemporary full calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Light wear to extremities. A few leaves closely trimmed slightly touching text, but generally nice and clean. 321 ff. (No. 1 - 156. All that was published). Exceedingly rare first edition, fully complete, of the famous Hamburg-journal “Der Patriot” – it was the most significant German weekly journal at the beginning of the 18th century and served as an important platform for the emerging Enlightenment. It was published weekly in Hamburg from 1724 to 1726. Due to its popularity it saw four reprints until 1765 and was also translated into Dutch and French. The genre of moral weeklies was inspired by English periodicals, particularly the highly successful publications edited and written by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, which appeared three times a week or even daily (The Tatler, The Guardian, and The Spectator). Unlike some other German moral weeklies, Der Patriot had an independent editorial team that did not simply translate English counterparts but instead selected and developed its own topics. Many German scholars and writers contributed to Der Patriot, but all published their articles under pseudonyms. Their true identities were not revealed until three years after the last issue was published. “In the course of the seventeenth and especially the eighteenth centuries, Hamburg’s press evolved from a mere supplier of information to a vehicle of public opinion. During the first half of the eighteenth century, Hamburg’s growing print culture was closely connected to the development of the city’s enlightened reform movement, embodied in the first Patriotic Society (1724–1726). For example, Hamburg’s own moral weekly, Der Patriot, a product of the Patriotic Society, informs both the rise of periodical press and the spread of enlightened ideals. Modeled on British periodicals, The Tatler and The Spectator, Der Patriot contained instructive essays on a variety of subjects, generally articulating middle-class norms and values. By appealing to a wide audience and disseminating useful knowledge and enlightened philosophy, such journals aimed to reorient the reader’s moral outlook and lifestyle, in particular to raise the intellectual and moral standards of its readers. Hamburg’s Der Patriot ran from 1724 until 1726, and was so popular that it was published in book form several times between 1728 and 1765. It was the most influential of the German moral weeklies. Der Patriot, seeking to enlighten and influence the morals of its readers, set itself in direct competition with the church. Aiming to “root out or at least expose all ridiculous or dangerous actions, mistakes, abuses and harmful habits through the orderly use of human reason,” Der Patriot's elevation of reason over faith angered Hamburg’s strong orthodox Lutheran church, which initiated a “pamphlet war” denouncing the journal. Der Patriot found both a multitude of detractors and supporters; roughly thirty-five pamphlets against and twenty-one in favor of the periodical appeared. This ‘battle of the pens’ certainly encouraged popular interest in Der Patriot and caused the publisher to print six thousand copies instead of the four hundred initially planned, reflecting both an expanding readership and growing popular interest in Enlightenment tenets. Der Patriot, furthermore, reflects the republic’s civic morality as it strove to promote the common good. If its attitude toward Hamburg’s governance was generally positive, it openly presented concrete proposals for improvement in the republic as well as the dangers of extravagance and excess, the loss of civic-mindedness, and political apathy. Indeed, Der Patriot asserted both the right and the duty of Hamburgers to speak out on any question regarding the welfare of their city-state.” (Aaslestad, Place and Politics).

[Cambridge], Printed for Leonard Greene (+ 2nd part: Cantrell Legge, Printer to the Vniuersitae of Cambridge), 1610. Small folio. Nice contemporary English full calf binding with 6 raised bands to spine, compartments gilt. Blindstamped line-borders and gilt ornamented centre-pieces to boards. All edges of boards gilt. Title-label removed from spine, gilding to edges of boards occasionally worn off. Wear to extremities. Inner hinges open into the cords, binding still tight, but boards don't close properly. 18th century inventory number to verso of fist leaf. Owner's inscription, dated "Ups. 1749" (i.e. Uppsala) to title-page. Old owner's name cut off from top of title-page, far from affecting lettering. Occasional minor browning or soiling, but all in all very nice and clean. Several woodcut ornamental vignettes and initials. 1 (blank, except for signature-mark "A"), 3 ff + pp. 1-196, 2 ff. (separate dated title-page for "The second booke of this commentarie vpon the diuine prophesie of Daniel" + dedication) + pp. 197-520, 8 ff (Table of the questions & Controversies + errata) + final blank. Fully complete. Several mispaginations. The very rare first edition (in the even scarcer variant-version with L. Greene's name as publisher in imprint) of Willet's highly praised commentary on on the prophesies of Daniel, which contains much valuable information and constitutes an important study of these, handling the most difficult questions and knotty controversies and introducing new writers and commentators. According to Lowndes, "This is considered the most valuable of all of Willet's productions."The work is highly praised in all bibliographies and studies on the subject. It seems to be the best work on the the prophesies of Daniel and indispensible for the study of these."A work of much information, as it contains the opinions of many authors on each point of difficulty. The author has written comments on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Samuel, Romans, Jude, and some detached parts of books; but in none does he discover more skill or judgment than in the present work." (Williams's C.P., 5th ed., 290, quoted by Allibone, A Critical Dectionary of English Literature..., Vol III, 1871)."All these works [i.e. the Commentaries and Expositions] of Willet, though somewhat tedious, contain valuable matter. He possessed a very considerable acquaintance with the Scriptures, and with the languages in which they were written. The work on Daniel is considered as the most valuable. " (Orme: Bibl. Bib., 469, quoted by Allibone, A Critical Dectionary of English Literature..., Vol III, 1871).Andrew Willet (1562 -1621), born in Ely, was an important and famous English clergyman and controversialist. A prolific writer, he is known for his anti-papal works and his Calvinist, conforming and non-separatist views. He was very well known in his time, and much admired. He appeared as a witness against Edward Dering before the Star-chamber. Joseph Hall eulogised him in "Noah's Dove", and Thomas Fuller modeled 'the Controversial Divine' of his "Holy State" upon him. - For more information on Willet, please see the 7 column entry on him in the Dictionary of National Biography.Lowndes V:2927.

London [recte: Amsterdam, M.M. Rey], 1773. 8vo. Bound in one beautiful contemporary full mottled calf binding with five raised bands to richly gilt spine; triple gilt line-borders to boards and inner gilt dentelles. Edges of boards with single gilt line. All edges gilt. Corners abit bumped and a bit of overall wear. Inner hinges a bit weak. Internally very fine and clean. All in all a very fine copy indeed. (4), 210; 176; 167 pp. With all three half-titles, all three title-pages and all three indexes, as well as the introduction. The rare first edition, first issue (though Tchermerzine mentions an unknown 2-volume-edition form the same year - this edition has never been verified), of one of d'Holbach's most important works, his influential "social" and political continuation of his seminal main work "Systeme de la nature" - the bible of materialism. D'Holbach (1723-1789), who was raised by a wealthy uncle, whom he inherited, together with his title of Baron, in 1753, maintained one of the most famous salons in Paris. This salon became the social and intellectual centre for the Encyclopédie, which was edited by Diderot and d'Alembert, whom he became closely connected with. D'Holbach himself also contributed decisively to the Encyclopédie, with at least 400 signed contributions, and probably as many unsigned, between 1752 and 1765. The "Côterie holbachique" or "the café of Europe", as the salon was known, attracted the most brilliant scientists, philosophers, writers and artists of the time (e.g. Diderot, d'Alembert, Helvetius, Voltaire, Hume, Sterne etc, etc.), and it became one of the most important gathering-places for the exchange of philosophical, scientific and political views under the "ancient régime". Apart from developing several foundational theories of seminal scientific and philosophical value, D'Holbach became known as one of the most skilled propagators and popularizers of scientific and philosophical ideas, promoting scientific progress and spreading philosophical ideas in a new and highly effective manner. D'Holbach was himself the most audacious philosophe of this circle. During the 1760's he caused numerous anticlerical tracts (written in large, but not entirely, by himself) to be clandestinely printed abroad and illegally circulated in France. His philosophical masterpiece, the "Système de la nature, ou des lois du monde physique et du monde moral", a methodological and intransigent affirmation of materialism and atheism, appeared anonymously in 1770" (D.S.B. VI:468), as did the social and political follow-up of it, the famous "Systême social" in 1773. That is to say, Mirabeau whom he had used as the author on the "System of Nature" in 1770 is not mentioned in the "Social System", on the title-page of which is merely stated "By the Author of "Systême de la Nature". As the theories of d'Holbach's two systematic works were at least as anticlerical and unaccepted as those of his smaller tracts, and on top of that so well presented and so convincing, it would have been dangerous for him to print any of them under his own name, and even under the name of the city or printer. Thus, "Systême de la Nature" appeared pseudonomously under the name of the secretary of the Académie Francaise, J.B. Mirabaud, who had died 10 years earlier, and under a fictive place of printing, namely London instead of Amsterdam. "He could not publish safely under his own name, but had the ingenious idea of using the names of recently dead French authors. Thus, in 1770, his most famous book, "The System of Nature", appeared under the name Jean-Baptiste Mirabaud." (PMM 215), and so the next "System" also appeared in the same manner three years later.In his "Systême de la Nature", d'Holbach had presented philosophical materialism in an actual system for the first time and had created a work that dared unite the essence of all the essential material of the English and French Enlightenment and incorporate it into a closed materialistic system; on the basis of a completely materialistic and atheistic foundation, he provided the modern world with a moral and ethic philosophy, the effects of which were tremendous. It is this materialism and atheism that he continues three years later in his next systematic work "Systême social", through which politics, morality, and sociology are also incorporated into his system and take the place of the Christianity that he had so fiercely attacked earlier on. In this great work he extends his ethical views to the state and continues the description of human interest from "Systême de la Nature" by developing a notion of the just state (by d'Holbach calle "ethocracy") that is to secure general welfare. "Système social (1773; "Social System") placed morality and politics in a utilitarian framework wherein duty became prudent self-interest." (Encyclopaedia Brittanica). "Holbach's foundational view is that the most valuable thing a person seeking self-preservation can do is to unite with another person: "Man is of all beings the most necessary to man" (Sysème social, 76; cf. Spinoza's Ethics IVP35C1, C2, and S). Society, when it is just, unites for the common purpose of preservation and the securing of welfare, and society contracts with government for this purpose." (SEP).As the "Systême de la Nature" had been condemned to burning in the year of its publication, so the "Systême social" was on the list of books to be confiscated already in 1773, and it was placed on the Index of the Church in August 1775. As the "Systême de la Nature", the "Systême social" is thus also of great scarcity. Another edition of the work appeared later the same year, in 12mo. Tchermerzine says that "Il ya une édition, que nous ne connaissons pas, en 2 vol. in-8. C'est sans doute l'originale." The present edition was reprinted the following year, in 1774.Tschermerzine VI:246; Graesse III:317; Barbier IV:622 (only listing later editions).

Paris, 1529 (Colophon: 24 Mars 1524 pour Francoys Regnault) - Colophon: 2. Daoust (August) pour maistre Enguillebert de Marnef, 1524. Large 4to. (27 x 20 cm.). Contemp. full calf. Panelled covers with blindtooled rolls, inner panel with cornerpieces and in the middle an oval arabesque medaillon. 5 raised bands. Upper and lower compartments of spine repaired. 2 small nicks at bands on spine. light wear along fronthinge. Corners neathly repaired. Collation (Cronique et Histoire): Title-page with large and broad ornamental woodcut borders consisting of 6 pieces. A large printers woodcut device. Ff (4) + Ff 106. Colophon on folio CVI (106, some misfoliation - signatures correct). - Collation (Croniques Charles VIII): Title-page printed in red and black inside large ornamental woodcut borders. In the middle printers woodcut device.Ff (4) + Ff 54. Colophon on LIIII (54 - many misfoliations - signatures correct). On F (4) Arms of France in a large woodcut. Some annotations in a contemporary hand. - Both work with many large initials in woodcut. Lower margins throughout browned and with some repairs, some leaves in the middle having some heavy wormtracts in lower margins. Some corners at end restored. In the second work a wormtract in outer margins, but decreasing toward end. Upper right corners with a faint dampstain. Scarce early editions of these works that only later obtained the name of "Memoires", and they are a major primary source for 15th century European history. Commines is called "the first critical and philosophical historian since classical times" and "the first truly modern writer"."In 1498 (fifteen years after the death of Louis XI of France), Commines's work was completed (first published in 1524 in Paris), and is considered a historical record of immense importance, largely because of its author's cynical and forthright attitude to the events and machinations he had witnessed. His writings reveal many of the less savory aspects of the reign of Louis XI, and Commines related them without apology, insisting that the late king's virtues outweighed his vices. He is regarded as a major primary source for 15th century European history."The Mémoires are divided into "books", the first six of which were written between 1488 and 1494, and relate the course of events from the beginning of Commines' career (1464) up to the death of King Louis. The remaining two books were written between 1497 and 1501 (printed in 1528), and deal with the Italian wars, ending in the death of King Charles VIII of France."Brunet II,189-190. - Adams 2441 and Adams 2443 (but not quite the same collation). - Tchemerzine III, 452-54 (but differences in collations).

Wittenberg, 1791-1803). 8vo. 3 cont. full calf, gilt borders on covers. Backs formerly richly gilt, gilding now weak. The 3 textvolumes lacks, this is the atlas bound in 3 volumes with all 445 beautiful handcoloured engraved plates, where the details of the plants are cared for. Nissen: 1763. Pritzel: 8202. First edition. The numbering of the plates corresponds with that given by Nissen regarding the "1.Auflage".

Paris, L. Hachette et Cie, 1860-1914. 4to. Bound in 88 uniform contemporary half calf bindings with 5 raised bands (except for two volumes in half cloth). (Each year up to 1894 in 2 parts, 1895-1914 each year in one volume). Some top of spines with wear, some traces of use, otherwise a fine set. Profusely illustrated with large wood-cuts (full-page, half-page and smaller) and maps. A fine set of Eduard Charton's famous weekly magazine dedicated to travel and exploration. He described in detail most of the great expeditions which marked the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the last great period of exploration by Western travelers, including the discovery of the source of the Nile in the early 1860s to the conquest of the South Pole by the end of 1911.

Amsterdam, Marc-Michel Rey, 1769-70 and 1770. Bound in two fine uniform cont. hcalf., raised bands, gilt back, tome-and title-labels gilt. (Chappe in the first volume and Kracheninnikow in the second). 2 htitles, 2 titles. (4),VIII,(4),686 pp. 7 engraved plates (incl. folded frontispiece) and 5 folded tables. - 2 htitles, 2 titles (each with engraved vignette). (4),XVI,439;(4),492 pp. + Avis au Relieur, and 7 folded engraved plates, 2 large folded engraved maps. Printed on fine clean writing-paper. These two separate works were issued by the same printer at the same time, but are independent treatises. They both remain fundamental texts of Siberian scholarship, and both are some of the first descriptions at all of the areas concerned. First issued in Paris 1761 together with an atlas. Chappe: second edition of his work. Kracheninnikow: the third edition, but the first translated directly from the Russian and approved by a member of the Academy in St. Petersbourg. The first French, the first English and the first German editions were only issued in abridged form. The first Russian edition appeared in 1755. Kracheninnikow joined the Russian scientific expedition to East Siberia, lead by Gmelin, and he was the only member of the expedition to penetrate Kamtchatka; he stayed there for four years. The work contains a detailed description of the North-east Coast of America, Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands and thus constitutes one of the first descriptions at all of these parts of the world. Sabin 38304. - Brunet I:1798.

Franckfurt, Jacobi di Zetter, 1620. Folio. Old full vellum made out of manuscript vellum leaves (from 15th century with letters in red and black, 1 coloured initial, 2 columns, a bible-commentary). Re-backed, 3/4 of the old vellum-back preserved. Remains of blue and yellow ties. Fine engraved pictorial title (canons, equipment etc.), (12),145,(3) pp. and 15 double-page engraved plates, 8 showing artillery in function, technical descriptions, and diving equipments shown on plate 14 !!) - Second Part with fine engraved title (showing bombs and fireworks),(8),71,(5) pp. and 9 double-page engraved plates showing different kinds of fireworks. A few, mainly marginal brownspots and some faint browning to leaves. With exlibris from "Comit: Fuggeri 1630 (?)" in old hand on title. On fol. 2 a later rubberstamp: "Fürstliche Fuggersche Bibliothek in Augsburg". First German edition, complete with 24 engraved plates. The first part deals mainly with the artillery and its technical aspects and the second part with fireworks; the constituents and constructions are described on 71 pages and depicted. The diving equipments depicted on plate 14 in the first part consist of an inflated bladder which is attached to a belt and an iron-head with a long snorkel and some air-pumps used for diving activities.The Italian physician, alchemist and cartographer, Alexis of Piedmont or Girolamo Ruscelli, was born in Viterbo, Italy around 1500 (perhaps earlier), and died in Venice, Italy around 1565. He is (probably) the author of the important "Secreti", published in 1555, and the "Secreti Nuovi", published in 1567, the first of which was extremely popular and of considerable influence, the second of which must be said to be of the greatest interest, but apparently not very widely read. He also translated the Geography of Ptolemy into Italian, and his books on war and fire-works are now quite scarce. Most of his works were popular in his life-time and the century to come, and they were translated into Latin, German, French and Welsh. At a very early point he indicated the plan of a scientific academy, and he must be said to be a very interesting 16th century scientist.

Paris, 1898. 8vo. Contemporary half calf with five raised bands, gilt spine. Single gilt lines to boards. Capitals and corners worn. Inner hinges a bit weak. With Eugen Zabel's book plate to inside of front board, a postcard depicting Edmond Rostand's residense at Cambo, obviously posttamped on verso, pasted on to front free end-paper, contemporary newspaper-clipping about the numerous performances of "Cyrano von Bergerac" around the world pasted in to hinge of fly-leaf, where the presentation-inscription (for Eugène Zabel) is written, and finally, the original handwritten address in Rostand's hand, cut out from the envelope in which the book was sent to Zabel, is pased into hinge of half-title. Internally nice and clean. First edition, 136th thousand (same year as the first), presentation-copy "à M. Eugène Zabel/ très cordial envoi, -/ remerciement, -/ et sympathie./ Edmond Rostand/ Octobre 98" of Rostand's masterpiece, which against all odds became one of the most popular plays of the century and an overnight success throughout Europe.At the end of the 19th century in France, as well as in the rest of Europe, the industrialization was the force that dominated almost all aspects of society, i.e. everything from politics and sociology to science, art, philosophy, etc. And thus, also literature and theatre in this period were products of this new power. This meant that the trend that became prevailing within literature and drama was that of realism, which in France soon developed into naturalism. In the midst of this all-encompassing emphasis on objective documentation of everyday life which rejected romance, idealization and dreaming of any kind, emerged suddenly a work that no one could believe would have any success whatsoever, but which against all odds became the hugest dramaturgical success of the period and a theatrical monument that has been remembered ever since and which still stands as thus: Rostand's "Cyrano de Bergerac", the unlikely play about romantic heroes, fairy-tale like maidens, medieval-inspired sword-fights, about poetry, love, and art. The play had been taken on already in 1897, when the manuscript was finished, but the directors of the theatre regretted their decision immediately, not least due to the public reaction to the "outdated" romantic comedy-drama, which nobody would want to go see, and thus they severely cut the budget so that Rostand had to pay for all the costumes himself. Even the actor playing the main part, a leading actor at the time, regretted having taken the part, and Rostand is reported to have apologized to him for involving him in this "disastrous adventure". "Therefore, when the curtain rose on "Cyrano de Bergerac" for the first time on December 28, 1897, expectations were low. The audience, however, was about to be pleasantly surprised. From the hero's last first majestic entrance to his last farewell, he transfixed his viewers. Theatergoers cheered Cyrano's triumphs, sighed at his suffering, laughed at his witty wordplay, and cried as his fate became known. A full hour after the curtain fell, the audience was still applauding thunderously. It is not easy to explain why Rostand's play confounded everyone by becoming one of the century's greatest smash hits. Perhaps the answer lies in "Cyrano de Bergerac's" stark contrast to the grimly realistic plays of its day, which often focused on modern society's darkest problems. The figure of the swashbuckling Cyrano dueling his way across the stage and stunning his compatriots with his verbal cleverness took Paris by storm. In fact, many critics, both of Rostand's time and later, attributed the play's tremendous success to its romanticism, or emphasis on idealism and heroism." (Glencoe Literature Library, Study Guide for Cyrano de Bergerac).The work immediately became a huge success and within a very short amount of time, it had been translated into almost all European languages and was performed at theatres throughout Europe.Eugen Zabel was a famous literary critic and author, who at the time of "Cyrano de Bergerac" was editor of the "Nationalzeitung". He was born in Königsberg in 1851 and died in Berlin in 1925. In his youth he wrote poems, and after his move to Berlin, he worked as a journalist, critic, and writer. He did a lot of work on Russian themes, both political, historical, topographical, and literary, and he became closely connected to the country. He was highly respected for his liiterary criticism and his opinions, though often controversial, played an important role in public opiniation.

(Oldenburg, Warner Berendts Erben), 1599. Folio. Contemp. full calf. Richly gilt spine. Titlelabel gone. Engraved ornamental title-page. (86),494,(18) incl. (2) blank. Profusely textillustrated with engravings and woodcuts among them the full-page portrait of the author, a full-page view of Oldenburg, 3 folded genealogical tables and the double-page engraved elevated plan of Oldenburg. Internally clean and fine. First edition. Hamelmann's Chronicon is the first book to be printed in Oldenburg (Brunet) and it is the historical source work for the "House of Oldenburg" whose descendents became kings of Denmark and emperors of Russia. -Adams H 30.

Dresden und Leipzig, Hilschern, 1736. + Dresden, Zimmermann, 1718. Folio. Bound in one contemp. full calf. Raised bands. Richly gilt compartments. Titlelabel with gilt lettering. Light wear to top of spine. A paperlabel pasted on lower compartment. Stamp on title-page. MIETH: Engraved, double-page frontispiece. (2),192,(2) pp., 32 double-page (or triple) folded engraved plates. Clean and fine. + GEISSLER: Engraved frontispiece. Title-page in red/black. (16),177,(4) pp. (pp. 5-13 a. 119 engraved), 3 engraved plates, 175 larger and smaller engravings in the text. The portrait of Geissler missing (supplied in xerox-copi). A few leaves with light browning. Mieth is third edition of his "Artilleriae Recentior Praxis", 1684. - Sloos. Warfare and the Age of Printing, 7048. - Rumpf, 1300.Geissler is first edition. - Sloos. Warfare and the Age of Printing, 7041. - Rumpf, 1120.

Torino, Bocca, 1887 + 1888. Royal 8vo. Bound uncut w. the original wrappers of both works in one very nice a bit later (ab. 1920) red hcalf w. five raied bands to back. Single gilt lines to raised bands and gilt title on spine. A bit of soiling to wrappers, which have minor lacks to the inner hinges, where they are mounted onto hinge-strips. Front-wrappers w. stamp from "Fratelli Bocca Editori". A bit of brownspotting, mainly to first work. A very fine and attractive copy of these two works, very finely bound together. XII, 334, (2) + X, (2), 170, (2) pp. Two rare and important first editions by the famous Italian mathematician, logical philosopher, pioneer of symbolic logic, and a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, Giuseppe Peano, uniting his first publication in logic with his introduction of the basic elements of geometric calculus. The present "Calcolo geometrico secondo l'Ausdehningslehre de H. Grassmann" contains a twenty-page long preliminary section on the operations of deductive logic, which constitutes Peano' s very first publication on the subject for which he is most famous, namely logic. This work appeared the year before his seminal "Arithmetices Principia...", in which he further improves his logical symbolism, which is introduced in the preliminary section of the present work. "This section, which has almost no connection with the rest of the text, is a synthesis of, and improvement on, some of the work of Boole, Schröder, Peirce, and McColl." (D.S.B. X:442).In the other present work, "Applicazioni geometriche del calcolo infinitesimale", Peano introduces the basic elements of geometric calculus and gives new definitions for the length of an arc and for the area of a curved surface. This important work (in which not only his geometrical calculus is introduced, but in which he also presented several new geometrical discoveries) is based on his lectures on infinitesimal calculus and its application to geometry from 1885. "The treatise "Applicazioni geometriche del calcolo infinitesimal" (1887) was based on a course Peano began teaching at the University of Turin in 1885 and contains the beginnings of his "geometrical calculus" (here still influenced by Bellavitis' method of equipolences), new forms of remainders in quadrature formulas, new definitions of length of an arc of a curve and of area of a surface, the notion of a figure tangent to a curve, a determination of the error term in Simpson's formula, and the notion of the limit of a variable figure. There is also a discussion of the measure of a point set, of additive functions of sets, and of integration applied to sets. Peano here generalized the notion of measure that he had introduced in 1883." (D.S.B. X:443). Peano (1858 -1932) studied mathematics at the University of Turin, where he was employed just after graduating (1880), and where he stayed almost all of his life, devoting this to mathematics. After having graduated with honours, he was employed to assist first Enrico D'Ovidio, and then the renowned Angelo Genocchi, who possessed the chair of Infinitesimal calculus. In 1890 Peano became extraordinary professor, and in 1895 ordinary professor, of infinitesimal calculus at the Unversity of Turin. Cellerino (Guiseppe Peano e la sua scuola. Catalogo monografico): Nr. 2 + 3. 2: "Il più alto raggiunto dai matematici del XIX secolo nell'elaborazione della teoria delle funzioni di insiemi, è il V capitolo del libro di Peano..." F.A. Medvedev."

Brussels, 1712. Folio (512 x 315 mm). In contemporary half calf with seven raised bands. Spine and hindges with wear. Leather brittle and upper and lower 10 cm hindges detached. Two library labels pasted on to pasted down front end-paper. Upper margin of first three leaves blind-stamped. Handwritten (19th century hand) index mounted in on verso of first map and each map numbered. With 75 maps and plans, many double-page or folding: 24 cartes des Pays Bas, Carte générale de Brabant, Carte du Pays de Waes, Carte des Postes d'Allemagne, 48 plans des Villes, Sièges & Batailles (complete). 3 maps with minor marginal tear (outside plate), 2 with minor split to lower part of middle folding. A few maps at end with browning. A few plates (primarily 61, 50, 33, 25) heavily trimmed with slight loss to upper margin. An overall fine and clean copy. First edition of Fricx’s famous atlas consisting of topographical maps, plans of towns, fortresses, sieges and battlefields. Today Fricx is considered one of the most important map publishers in the Southern Netherlands in the 18th century. This collection of maps and plans of fortifications is also known under the title ‘Recueil des cartes des provinces meridionales des Pays Bas et des frontiers de la France. The first 24 maps form together a topographical maps of the Southern Netherlands, scale 1:115.000. Most of the plates were engraved by Jacob Harrewijn. These maps were based on military maps by French engineers and show an accurate representation of the topography. The importance of the map of the Spanish Netherlands is demonstrated by the fact that the 24 sheets were copied in Paris, Augsburg, and Amsterdam. The maps were also published separately. “The bookseller and printer, Eugéne Henri Fricx, was one of the most important map publishers of the Southern Netherlands in the 18th century. He lived in Brussels where he had his shop on Rue de la Madeleine. His activities in the field started in 1706 with the production of military plans of battles and sieges of the War of Succession. In the same year,he also stated the publication of the map of the Southern Netherlands in 24 sheets; it was finished in 1712, apart from the sheet Luxemborg, which was engraved in 1727. He employed Jean Harrewijn of Brussels as an engraver and Cornelis Marke of Middelburg as a contractor for the ‘enluminators’. Although he had children, his business was not continued after his death (about 1740). His map of the Southern Netherlands was copied by Covens & Mortier and sold until ca. 1780, when it was replaced by Ferraris’ Map of the Austrian Netherlands.” (Koeman II, Fri1) Koeman II, Fri1

1997. Small folio. Entire volume of no. 6619 of Nature, in the original illustrated wrappers, with the cloned sheep Dolly on the front wrapper. Very minor signs of wear to corners and capitals. Original label with address of original buyer to front wrapper. An excellent, clean and fresh copy. Pp. 810-13. [Entire volume: 753-844, 44 pp. (Classified) + 3 subscription-leaves]. Richly illustrated. The scarce volume of Nature, in which the completey groundbreaking article on Dolly the sheep, the first mammal in history successfully cloned fron an adult body cell, appears for the first time. This seminal paper constitutes a milestone in the history of genetics, a spectacular scientific breakthrough, which not only provided the modern world with a wealth of new medical advances and sparked a revolution in our understanding of mammal reproduction, ageing, genetics in general, etc., but also raised a storm of ethical questions, pushing our boundaries of man's abilities to play God. "Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. The endgame was never meant to be armies of genetically identical livestock: Rather, researchers continue to refine the techniques and combine them with other methods to turbocharge traditional animal breeding methods as well as gain insights into aging and disease." (George Seidel, in The Conversation)."[I]n February 1997, Ian (now Sir Ian) Wilmut and his research team at the Roslin Institute announced Dolly’s birth in the prestigious science journal "Nature". This provoked political and ethical debates that have never truly stopped... issues relating to cloning technology remain crucial to debates over biomedical research and its regulation.The announcement - with a description of the method used to bring Dolly into existence - triggered a feverish worldwide response because of the possible implications for human cloning. It was immediately obvious that SCNT could, in principle, be used to create human babies. Across the world, many countries banned human cloning - often with significant punishments, such as lengthy jail terms, even for attempting such a thing." (Russell Blackford in The Coversation)Dolly is now the symbol of modern medical technology, of our exitement with mankind's ability to create specific kinds of life as well as the symol of the fear of a "brave new world". "It’s been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep, the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. Dolly was an exact genetic copy of that sheep - a clone." (George Seidel, in The Conversation)."Before the decades of experiments that led to Dolly, it was thought that normal animals could be produced only by fertilization of an egg by a sperm. That's how things naturally work. These germ cells are the only ones in the body that have their genetic material all jumbled up and in half the quantity of every other kind of cell. That way when these so-called haploid cells come together at fertilization, they produce one cell with the full complement of DNA. Joined together, the cell is termed diploid, for twice, or double. Two halves make a whole....In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. The resulting egg becomes a factory to produce an embryo that develops into an offspring. No sperm is in the picture; instead of half the genetic material coming from a sperm and half from an egg, it all comes from a single cell. It's diploid from the start....To date, the most valuable contribution of these somatic cell nuclear transplantation experiments has been the scientific information and insights gained. They’ve enhanced our understanding of normal and abnormal embryonic development, including aspects of aging, and more. This information is already helping reduce birth defects, improve methods of circumventing infertility, develop tools to fight certain cancers and even decrease some of the negative consequences of aging - in livestock and even in people. Two decades since Dolly, important applications are still evolving." (George Seidel, in The Conversation).

Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1916. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed wrappers. Top part of spine loosening, but fully intact and completely unrestored. A bit of dusting to wrappers. Front wrapper with some mild brownspotting to upper part and left margin. Lower right corner has been bent, leaving a crease. A few nicks to extremities. Title-page with light brownspotting to upper margin and an old owner's name across the middle ("Ernst Helmut Klein"). 64 pp. First issue of the first edition in book form, being, not an offprint of the"Annalen der Physik" journal issue as often stated, but a separate edition of the paper, completely re-set and with significant changes and additions, including for the first time in print the "Einleitung" and the "Inhalt".The first issue is distinguished from the later reprints by the printing of "Sonderdruck aus dem "Annalen der Physik" Band 49, 1916", and "Druck von Metzger & Wittig in Leipzig. 314" to the verso of the title-page and "Metzger & Wittig, Leipzig" to the foot of the back wrapper. Furthermore, "This separate edition is printed on good, strong paper, the wrappers are of strong material too, and it is described now as 'the original edition' of this classic paper" (Weil). Einstein's seminal "General Theory of Relativity" has had an immense impact on all science, philosophy, and man's view of the world in general. Few other books of the 20th century can be said to have so basically altered the way that we view the world and our place in it. Determining space and time as being interwoven into a single continuum known as "space-time" and determining that there is no absolute space-time coordinate system - i.e. that there are no absolute positions in time and pace - established the fact that events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at different times for another, i.e. all positions in space and time are relative. This general theory of relativity, here presented in its full exposition for the first time, in book form, is now a basic foundation for scientific thought."The theory of relativity has transformed astrophysics, and indeed the whole scientific outlook." (PMM)."Whereas Special Relativity had brought under one set of laws the electromagnetic world of Maxwell and Newtonian mechanics as far as they applied to bodies in uniform relative motion, The General Theory did the same thing for bodies with the accelerated relative motion epitomized in the acceleration of gravity. But first it had been necessary for Einstein to develop the true nature of gravity from his principle of equivalence...Basically, he proposed that gravity was a function of matter itself and that its effects were transmitted between contiguous portions of space-time... Where matter exists, so does energy; the greater the mass of matter involved, the greater the effect of the energy which can be transmitted. In addition, gravity affected light... exactly as it affected material particles. Thus the universe which Newton had seen, and for which he had constructed his apparently impeccable mechanical laws, was not the real universe... Einstein's paper gave not only a correct picture of the universe but also a fresh set of mechanical laws by which its details could be described" (R.W. Clark). "This paper was the first comprehensive overview of the final version of Einstein's general theory of relativity after several expositions of preliminary versions and latest revisions of the theory in November 1915. It includes a self-contained exposition of the elements of the tensor calculus that are needed for the theory. (T. Sauer in Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics). PMM: 408. - Horblit 26 c. - Weil 80. - Boni: 78,1 - Schilpp-Schields: 86.

Coloniae, Ioannem Gymnicum, 1591. 4to. Bound in a very nice contemporary full calf with five raised bands, rebacked with the contemporary spine. Richly gilt spine and gilt lines to edges of boards. Contemporary handwriting to top of pasted down front free end paper. Pp. 777-798 with wormholes in margin, not affecting text. A very fine and clean copy. (76), 798 pp.(As usual with the typopgraphical errors: pp. 139, 234, 267,353, 685, 768 are numbered as 339, 202, 263, 343, 645, 778. These errors are to be found in all published copies. See Einaudi 737). Scarce first edition of one of the earliest - and most important - works on coinage, dealing with weight and measure, as well as the value and devaluation of money. Apart from the seminal original contribution of Budel, this extensive work contains 29 contributions by earlier philosophers and theologians on the subject, - "a compilation of almost every earlier treatise on the subject" - which, in a true Renaissance spirit, makes it the very first compilation in economic history." "De Monetis et re numaria" remained the standard work on the subject for almost two centuries". (Nussbaum, A Note on the Idea of World Money). During the Renaissance, international banking saw a rise, which eventually resulted in a demand for one uniform European coinage. Budelius' thesis can be read as an ideological response to this demand, as he argued for precisely that: a unified market with one universal coinage. In this sense, his work anticipates by several hundred years many of the economic thoughts presented by the Classical economists during the second half of 18th century. Budelius discusses the metallic view and the abuse of adulteration and falsification, and then attempts an exposition of how money may be coined in the most practical way. He then goes on to deal with the problem of how a debtor will meet his obligations if the coinage has been debased since the time the debt was contacted or the loan received. He maintaind that the same bullion value must be repaid although the coin may be depreciated - a view that was generally accepted at the time.The third part of the work consists of a "compilation of almost every earlier treatise on the subject. In nearly all of them, the central problem is the same as the one discussed in the second book of Budelius' work". (Mariana ,The political economy of Juan de Mariana).The general thesis of Budelius' work is that the trading partners should seek to use only one currency and that the law of coinage and money's "natural state" (an early reference to how money behave in the market) should be unified. In the period of the Cologne War, Germany had several different currencies and laws in relation to coinage and minting of coins. This not only restrained the domestic trade in Germany, it also lead to armed conflict which again resulted in a more fragmented economy. Budelius's work can be read as an attempt to unify Germany (and the rest of Europe) under one currency, which also would serve the purpose of stabilizing the highly volatile curriencies during this period: "The widely cited Rene Budel (1591) held it "to be indubitable that a Prince in the midst of costly wars, and therefore in great necessity, can order that money be made out of leather, bark, salt, or any material he wants, if he is careful to repair the loss inflicted thereby on the community with good and better money". (Cambridge Companion to Economic Thought). In the sense of unifying Europe under one currency, Budelius seperates himself from not only Medieval monetary thinkers, but from his contemporary mercantilists as well: "The medieval literature on money is characterized by nascent nationalism, with the imagery of the body applied to the kingdom, and of money as the blood moving through its parts. Nicole Oresme’s De Moneta pointed out that if money is accumulated in the king’s treasury and withdrawn from circulation, it constitutes an abscess in the body." (Cambridge Companion to Economic Thought). His comments represent the synthesis of two traditions, one uncovering the theoretical possibility of fiat money, the other uncovering its practical usefulness, as means of raising revenues in emergencies, from examples taken from history. Budelius cites examples of copper petty coinage in Germany and the Low countries, and gives examples of siege money. From Maastricht in 1579 (copper), Vienna in 1529 (lead), tin in Neuss, and even paper siege money in Leyden in 1574. He then writes: "I hold this to be indubitable, as I recall a little earlier, that a Prince in the midst of costly wars, and therefore in great necessity, can order that money be made out of leather, bark, salt, or any material he wants, if he is careful to repair the loss inflicted thereby on the community with good and better money." The insights of Budel about token money were to be tested by some experiments in the coming years and were carried further by important theorists in the Renaissance and later. Budelius (1530-91), was a practitioner, a jurist by training, who worked as diplomat for the archbishop of Cologne, and later as mint-master in Westphalia for the duke of Bavaria. This is reflected in his practical and empirical approach to the economic challenges the Renaissance society was subjected to, unlike the more often seen theoretical and moral approach. Goldsmith 254Mattioli 451 Einaudi 737 Adams 3153; Smith, Rara Arithmetica 396: "A monumental work".

Paris, The Olympia Press, (1958). Original printed green wrappers. Green border on title-page. Spine a bit worn, with minor loss of upper layer of paper to hinges and capitals. Light wear to extremities. Lower corner of front wrapper slightly bent. Internally nice and clean. The scarce first edition, first issue (Traveler's Companion Series, number 64, printed October 1958, with the Francs 1.200 to back wrapper, not overstamped. - N.B. the 1.200 has been crossed out by hand, with a pen, but it is NOT stamped over) of Southern and Hoffenberg's greatly scandalous novel, which was confiscated by the Brigade Mondaine (i.e. "La Brigade de répression du proxénétisme" (BRP)) and officially banned in France. "Candy" not only caused an inevitable furor for its vulgar take on contemporary culture, but brought about landmark changes in how the First Amendment applied to erotic literature. The work, which constitutes the unison of three greatly provocative and time-changing minds (Southern, Hoffenberg, and Girodias), quickly gained classic status and is now one of the most famous "Beat"-novels. It was famously made into an all-star film (starring Marlon Brando, Richard Burton, James Coburn, Charles Aznavour, John Huston, Ringo Starr, Walter Matthau, John Astin, and Ewa Aulin) by Christian Marquand in 1968, and in 2006 Playboy Magazine listed it among the "25 Sexiest Novels Ever Written", describing the story as a "young heroine's picaresque travels, a kind of sexual pinball machine that lights up academia, gardeners, the medical profession, mystics and bohemians."The work was published pseudonymously by Maurice Girodias, owner of the scandalous "Olympia Press", in October of 1958. Almost immediately noticed by the BRP, who seized copies of it in the Paris bookshops, "Candy" was officially banned in France in May of 1959 (under a statute called the "1939 Decree", an amendment to the law of 1881, which gave the French government more power to ban offensive publications in foreign languages).In December of 1958, Maurice Girodias changed the title of "Candy" and reissued it as "Lollipop" in order to fool sensors and sell the remaining copies of the work. This supposedly work quite well and many copies of the book survived thus, leaving the first edition with the original title quite a scarcity, both in the first (not-overstamped) issue and the second issue. Later on, "Candy" was published in North America, by Putnam, under the authors' own names, those being Terry Southern and Mason Hoffenberg. In an interview, Terry Southern explains the origin of the pseudonym as thus: "Yeah. And the name of the author was Maxwell Kenton. A name I first used with David Burnett, of all people. He was the son of Martha Foley and Whit Burnett of The Best American Short Stories fame. We were collaborating on some short detective stuff, and even sold a couple to Argosy Magazine, and we used the pseudonym 'Maxwell Kenton'. So when Mason at one point had an attack of conscience and said, "Man, I've decided I don't want my mother to know about this book," we took the name Maxwell Kenton so his mother would be spared anguish at her Mah-Jong parties." (Smoke Signals).Terry Southern, though mostly famous for his bestseller "Candy", which greatly influenced popular culture of the 1960'ies, was known for a lot of things, including writing much of the film dialogue of the landmark films "Dr. Strangelove" and "Easy Rider". In his "The Candy Men. The Rollicking Life and Times of the Notorious Novel "Candy"", Nile Southern tells the story of the book, the men behind it, and the furor that it caused: "When I was in grade school in 1967, one of my six-year-old classmates, Daisy Friedman (now a writer), turned to me and said, "Your father is a dirty old man!" I asked how she knew that, and she said, "He wrote a book called "Candy" - and it's a dirty, dirty book!" Again, I asked how she knew all this, and she said, "Because my parents told me - they have it on their bookshelf." Not knowing what a "dirty old man" was, I came away with the impression that whatever my father was, he was a great Upsetter. I would later learn that young, literate New Yorkers had no issue about having a copy of "Candy" in their libraries, but this was certainly not the case across the country - censorship and prudishness were in fact still alive and well, not only in the United States but abroad.I first got the idea for "The Candy Men" after reading a letter in Terry's files from a British barrister advising how (even in 1968) the only way "Candy" could appear in England would be to undergo a "pornectomy" - eliminating about eighty instances of what was considered "indecency," which the barrister had handily indexed in a kind of blueprint for the operation. The assessment featured page after page of cryptic references to offending words and passages to be excised or modified: Page 60 line 7 "COME" amend to "come to you" without capitals; Line 15 "jack-off" amend to "liberate"; Page 93 line 2 "exactly like an erection." Delete.(...)There were three men responsible for bringing the erotic fantasy Candy to fruition - and they could not have been more different. The first, Maurice Girodias, was Europe's most infamous publisher and indefatigable survivalist. Girodias put out otherwise unpublishable works of (mostly) erotic literature in English when the English-speaking world needed them most: Lolita, Naked Lunch, Henry Miller's The Tropics, the Marquis de Sade. As Girodias wrote of himself, "The connecting link is clear enough: anything that shocks because it comes before its time, anything that is liable to be banned by the censors because they cannot accept its honesty." Girodias was also a seasoned gambler. "A day out of court is a day wasted," he used to quip.Mason Hoffenberg, the second of the three, was one of the smartest, hippest, most undisciplined poets on the scene - whether it be Joe's Dinette, the Riviera bar in the Village, or the Old Navy on the Left Bank of Paris. A "permanently kicking junkie" as William Burroughs once described him, Mason the writer never really got started - though Terry, his best friend, described him as a "Nobel Prize-type genius."And Terry Southern, a writer with a destiny and a killer ear for dialogue. Terry's mandate was to take things as far out as they could go - with absolute credibility. A prose stylist gone Hollywood - his Texan, Irish, and Native American roots made him Trickster and Taurus bull - oblivious to the rules of the Game."

London, Hodgson & Son, 1945. Royal 8vo. Entire volume 48 of "Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series" bound WITH ALL THE SIX ORIGINAL FRONT-WRAPPERS for all six parts of the volume (bound in at rear) in a very nice contemporary blue full cloth binding with gilt lettering and gilt ex-libris ("Belford College. Univ. London") to spine. Very minor bumping to extremities. Overall in excellent, very nice, clean, and fresh condition in- as well as ex-ternally. Small circle-stamp to pasted-down front free end-paper and to title-page ("Bedford College for Women"). Book-plate stating that the book was presented to the Library of Bedford College by "Professor H. Simpson./ 1945" + discreet library-markings to upper margin of pasted-down front free end-paper. Pp. 180-197. [Entire volume: (4),477, (1) pp + 1 plate (balance sheet)]. The very rare first printing of Turing's first published paper devoted to the Riemann-zeta function, the basis for his famous "Zeta-function Machine", a foundation for the digital computer.While working on his Ph.D.-thesis, Turing was concerned with a few other subjects as well, one of them seemingly having nothing to do with logic, namely that of analytic number theory. The problem that Turing here took up was that of the famous Riemann Hypothesis, more precisely the aspect of it that concerns the distribution of prime numbers. This is the problem that Hilbert in 1900 listed as one of the most important unsolved problems of mathematics. Turing began investigating the zeros of the Rieman zeta-function and certain of its consequences. The initial work on this was never published, though, but nevertheless he continued his work. "Turing had ideas for the design of an "analogue" machine for calculating the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function, similar to the one used in Liverpool for calculating the tides." (Herken, The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-Century Survey, p. 110). Having worked on the zeta-function since his Ph.D.-thesis but never having published anything directly on the topic, Turing began working as chief cryptanalyst during the Second World War and thus postponed this important work till after the war. Thus, it was not until 1945 that he was actually able to publish his first work on this most important subject, namely the work that he had presented already in 1939, the groundbreaking "A Method for the Calculation of the Zeta-Function", which constitutes his first printed contribution to the subject."After the publication of his paper "On computable Numbers," Turing had begun investigating the Riemann zeta-function calculation, an aspect of the Riemann hypothesis concerning the distribution of prime numbers... Turing's work on this problem was interrupted by World War II, but in 1950 he resumed his investigations with the aid of the Manchester University Mark I [one of the earliest general purpose digital computers]..." (Origins of Cyberspace p. 468).Not in Origins of Cyberspace (on this subject only having his 1953-paper - No. 938).

Nürnberg Johann Hofmann, 1688-89. (The engraved allergorical title having: Amsterdam, Beÿ Jacob von Meursen nachgelassene Witve, 1681). Folio. Cont. full calf, raised bands, old repairs to top and bottom of spine. Richly gilt compartments. Crowned royal monogram on covers inside gilt frames, gilt stamps at corners. Some wears to covers, scratches. Engraved allegorical title, printed title in red/black. 200,(4) pp; titlepage,400,(8) pp., 10 double-page engraved maps and plans, 29 engraved plates (of which 21 are double-page) and 29 half-page engravings in the text. The first ab. 35 leaves with a small wormtract in outer margin. A few scattered brownspots, otherwise clean. Dappers well-known work on Asia Minor (here in the second German edition) was originally issued in Dutch. This German edition was translated and edited by Jacob von Meursen, who also engraved the plates. It partly depends on the older texts by Josephus, Eusebius, Hieronymus and Adricom's work on the Holy Land from 1589.