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Skalhollt, Hendrik Kruse, 1688. 4to. Bound in a nice newer, simple full limp vellum binding. Very light brownspotting. An excellent, clean, and fresh copy. Title-page with wide woodcut ornamental border, verso with full-page woodcut portrait of Olav Tryggvason. (4), 25, (2) pp. The rare editio princeps of 'Christendoms Saga' or 'Kristni saga', constituting one of the very first sagas printed on Iceland. The printing of 'Christendoms Saga' in 1688 was a significant event in the history of Icelandic literature and culture. The saga is a historical narrative of the introduction of Christianity to Iceland in the 10th century and had been orally transmitted for centuries. The printing of the saga in 1688 allowed for wider dissemination of the story and cemented the saga's place in Icelandic literary tradition. Iceland's first - and, until 1773, only active - printing press was established around 1530 in Holar, the island's northern episcopal, where it operated until the late seventeenth century. The press came into the private possession of Bishop Gudbrandur Thorlaksson (ca. 1542-1627) and his descendants, several of whom became bishops as well.The printing in Holar was solely centered on religious texts and are of the utmost scarcity and are never found in the trade. In 1648, Brynjolfur Sveinsson (1605-1675), bishop of Iceland's southern diocese Skalholt asked the Danish authorities for permission to establish another printing press to print historical texts and sagas alongside religious books. Not wanting the competition, his northern colleague in Holar intervened to halt this initiative, and nothing came of the plan for a second press nor of the printing of historical subject-matter for the time being. After Thordur Torlaksson (1637-1697), great-grandson of Bishop Gudbrandur Thorlaksson, became bishop in 1674, a monopoly from the King was granted, on April 7th, 1688, to print historical books on Iceland. Shortly after, namely the same year that the grant was given, the present work as well as "Landnamabok" and "Islendingabok" was printed - all three works being of the utmost scarcity. The printing press remained the sole press in Iceland until 1773. The "Christendoms Saga" is a significant piece of literature that provides valuable insights into the social, cultural, and religious transformation of Iceland during that period. The saga begins with the arrival of two Christian missionaries, Thorvald Konradsson and Thangbrandur, who are sent to Iceland by the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason. The missionaries face stiff resistance from the pagan chieftains who see Christianity as a threat to their traditional way of life "Whereas many accounts of Iceland's conversion to Christianity occur within the context of longer works, lives of Olaf Tryggvason or Sagas of Icelanders, Kristni saga (i.e. "Christendoms Saga") sets out to tell the history of Icelandic Christianity independently, as its opening sentence explicitly states: Nú hefr þat, hversu kristni kom á Ísland 'Now this is the beginning of how Christianity came to Iceland". (Duke, kristni saga and its sources: some revaluations)"Kristni saga is the only work in which the missions to Iceland form the main subject of the narrative and the organisational principle of the whole; it shares with Bede’s Ecclesiastical History the distinction of being one of the few works in the Middle Ages which can justly be described as ‘missionary’ history"." (Grønlie, Introduction to "Kristni saga, the book of the icelanders"). The present work is based on Jón Erlendsson's copy (AM 105) of Hauksbók (AM 371), a manuscript from the first decade of the 14th century, which is the only version of it preserved, whose main theme is kristnitaka, that is, the beginnings of Christianity in Iceland and the activity of Ísleifur Gissurarson and Gissur Ísleifsson, who were bishops of Skálholt, between 1056-1080 and 1082-1111.Pre-Eighteenth-Century Icelandic prints are in general very rare and are almost never found in the trade. The Skalhollt-prints are of special interest since they were the first in Iceland to print secular and historical works including the sagas thereby making a seminal contribution to preserving the Icelandic cultural heritage. Klose 5485Fiske p. 331, IcF64AA112

Nürnberg, Christoph Riegels, 1697. Folio (355 x 250 mm). In a contemporary full calf binding with six raised bands and gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine, edges of boards gilt. Light wear to extremeties, corner's bumped and some of gilting worn of. Small paper-label to upper compartment of spine (catalogue-number in an estate-library). The large plate depicting the funeral procession with a few repairs and tears as usual. Plates with light occassional marginal brownspotting but overall a very good copy. Engraved titlepage (Boulanger Sculp.). 4 leaves (incl. printed title), 734, (66), 24 pp. 10 engraved portraits and 114 fine double-page engraved plates (1 triple-page), including the 4,5 m. long funeral procession of King Carl X Gustaf, folded 14 times and composed of 7 plates. Scarce first German edition, second overall (the first being in Latin published in 1696), of this profusely illustrated work on the Swedish Wars.The writing of this official history of the Swedish Wars with Poland and Denmark from 1655 to 1660 was entrusted by the King Charles XI to Samuel Pufendorf, the famous and important German jurist, political philosopher, economist, statesman and historian, who was made a baron in 1694, shortly before he died. He has played a great role in the development of the philosophy of law and political history. His famous work on the Swedish Wars is also famed for its impressive and excellent illustrations, -not least the 450 cm. long procession-plate. To illustrate the history, use was made of the original drawings by Erik Dahlberg, the Quarter-Master general of the Swedish Army, who was an eye-witness. The drawings were engraved by the same artists that Dahlbergh employed in Paris and later in Sweden for his "Suecia Antiqua", e.g. Boulanger, Cochin, Jean le Pautre, Perelle etc. etc. It includes views from Poland, Denmark, Germany and Norway. It is easy to trace the influence of Callot, as well as of Rubens in these splendid Cavalry scenes. Swedish Books No 38 Warmholtz: 4840Graesse V, 504

Lugduni Batavorum (Leiden), Ex Officina Elzeviriorum, 1655. Folio. 18th century full calf with gilt spine. Gilding worn and some overall wear to boards, but fine and tight. Capitals restored. Internally very nice and clean, with just a bit of light brownspotting to the first and last leaves (dedication and index). Generally unusally nice, clean, and crisp. A small discreet stamp (Doublette der L.U. Bibl. Erl.) to title-page and a neat contemporary owner's inscription. Good margins. Bound without the portrait, which is often the case. Otherwise complete, with the magnificent double-page engaved plate showing the interior of the museum by Wingendorp, 11 beautiful engraved illustrations (one of which consisting in two illustrations), two of which are full-page (one being the famous one of the horn), and numerous lovely, and elaborate woodcut illustrations in the text. Woodcut title-vignette, woodcut vignettes and initials. Title-page, (4) pp. of dedication, (6) pp. of preface and index, double-page plate, 389, 3 (index) pp. A lovely copy, rarely seen in such nice condition. The scarce first edition of this monumental work in early modern museum literature, constituting the catalogue of the first Danish museum and one of the most important cabinets of curiosities in Europe. The magnificent double-page engraved plate depicting the interior and outlay of the museum is one of the most well known and famous illustrations from any "Wunderkammer"-book, iconographically summizing what we understand by the genre.The Museum Wormianum was filled with preserved animals, horns, tusks, skeletons, minerals, as well as various man-made objects that Worm found equally fascinating and interesting, either due to their age, their beauty, the wonder of their execution, their being exotic, etc., many of them depicted here in the finest manner. The text of the "Museum Wormianum" is divided into four books, the first three dealing with minerals, plants, and animals respectively. The fourth comprises man-made objects, e.g. archeological and ethnographical items, coins and some original works of art. This, Worm's magnum opus, is not merely a catalogue of the numerous wondrous items in the collection, however, it is a scientifically based scholarly work that also contains references to, and quotations from, other writers. The famous Danish doctor, Ole Worm (1588-1654), who was professor of medicine throughout the last thirty years of his life, had become professor of physics in 1621. Already the year before, in 1620, had he begun the famous collection that would become one of the greatest cabinets of curiosites in Europe (and one of the first museums) and which would earn him the position as the first great systematic collector (within natural history) in Scandinavia. It was his then newly begun collection that enabled him, as professor of physics, to introduce demonstrative subject teaching at the university, as something completely new. He continued building and adding to his magnificent collection, now known as "Museum Wormianum", throughout the rest of his life. Worm used his collection, not only in his teaching (for which he was famous), but also as a starting point for his speculations on philosophy, science, natural history, etc. He is responsible for many great discoveries, e.g. for identifying the narwhal's tusk as coming from a whale rather than a unicorn, as was generally believed at the time. As was also the case with other great cabinets of curiosities, the "Museum Wormianum" greatly served scientific advancement, not least when the images of its content were printed, as they were here, in 1655.As Worm visited other famous cabinets of curiosities, so many foreign visitors came to see his, which was famous throughout Europe. After his death, the collection was bought by the Danish King, Frederik III, and was thus included in Det Kongelige Kunstkammer (The Royal Art Chamber). The collection is now in Statens Naturhistoriske Museum (Natural History Museum), which in November 2011 famously reprodced the "Museum Wormianum", from what they could see it looked like on the great double-page plate in the fabulous catalogue, as a permanent exhibition. The magnificent folio catalogue of the collection was edited and seen through press by Worm's son Willum and was published by the Elzeviers. Willems 772; Paul Grinke: From Wunderkammer to Museum: no. 75.

(Argentorati (Strassbourg) apud Balthassarum Beck), 1541. Small 8vo. Contemporary full calf binding with brass clasps. Professionally and neatly re-backed. Title-page a bit soiled and three very small holes to first leaf of text, otherwise internally very nice, clean and fresh. Early 20th century book-plate to front free end-paper (depicting Aristotle and Plato and with Greek writing). One full-page and 7 half-page woodcut illustrations in the text. (4), 183, (4 - Index) ff. The very rare first edition edition thus, being the first edition edited by the celebrated Strasbourg physician Walter Hermann Ryff (reprinted in Venice in 1542). The book contains two works: Lull's "De secretis naturae" and Albert the Great's "De mineralibus & rebus metallicus", which is among the authentic writings of the author; both works are of the utmost importance and greatly influenced Renaissance philosophy and science: Lull invented an "art of finding truth" (often in Lullism referred to as "The Art"), which centuries later stimulated Leibnitz' dream of a universal algebra. Lull applied this to basically all subjects studied at the Medieval Universities. "Lull's metaphysics worked a revolution in the history of philosophy" (The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, p. 548). "The production of pseudo-Lullian alchemical texts culminated at the end of the fourteenth century with an important work, the "Liber de secretis naturæ sive de quinta essential". At that time the formation of this corpus of texts entered a second stage. In the "Liber de secretis naturæ" the alchemical practice of the Testamentum becomes linked to the fifth essence of wine, a distillation technique popularized in by Jean de Roquetaillade in 1350. Moreover, its author said on several occasions that he relied on the Testamentum and other alchemical texts, thus recognizing Lull as an alchemist. If the "Liber de secretis naturæ sive de quinta essential" seems to be a medical book guided by the thought and the style of Lull, it is also notable for its author's interest in turning matter into gold, unlike John Roquetaillade who for religious reasons was not mainly interested in such transmutation. It begins with a prologue consisting of a conversation between Lull and a monk, then come the two books paraphrasing Roquetaillade's De quinta essentia. It ends with a Tertia distinctio devoted to an alchemical application of the Lullian method (alphabets and trees). Even if the "Liber de secretis naturæ sive de quinta essential" suffered, like a number of alchemical works, from a very unreliable textual tradition in both manuscript and printed form, it enjoyed great success in the sixteenth century."His works on occult philosophy were essential to Renaissance magic. "As the inventor of a method which was to have an immense influence throughout Europe for centuries, Lull is an extremely important figure. Lullism is a precursor of scientific method. Lullian astral medicine developed into Pseudo-Lullian alchemy. The great figures of Renaissance Neoplatonism include Lulliiam in their interests, and naturally so since Lullism was the precursor of their ways of thinking. And from the point of history of religion and of religious toleration, surely we admire Lull's vision in taking advantage of the unique concentration of Christian, Moslem, and Jewish traditions." (Yates, The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age).The present work also contributed greatly to what later was to become known as Christian Kabbalah. Living in a region where the Catholic Church was dominant, where a large part of the land was still under heavy influence from Moslem Arabs, and where the Jews made important contributions to the culture, Lull sought to unify all three religions by developing a (natural) philosophy incorporating elements common to all. These rather unorthodox, and to some extent heretical, thoughts were later taken up by the Italian Renaissance philosopher Pico della Mirandola (1463-94). He and many of his contemporaries believed to have discovered in Kabbalah a lost divine revelation that could give the key to understanding both the teachings of Pythagoras, Plato, and the Orphics, as well as the inner secrets of Catholic Christianity. Pico della Mirandola had a considerable amount of Kabbalistic literature translated into Latin by the convert Samuel ben Nissim Abulfaraj.Raymond Lull (ab. 1232 - 1315), Majorcan writer, philosopher, memorycian (he was later to become a great source of inspiration for Giordano Bruno), logician, and a Franciscan tertiary. He wrote the first major work of Catalan literature. Recently-surfaced manuscripts show him to have anticipated by several centuries prominent work on elections theory. He is sometimes considered a pioneer of computation theory, especially given his influence on Gottfried Leibniz. He is also well known also as a glossator of Roman Law. Lull taught himself Arabic with the help from a slave. As a result, he wrote his "Ars Magna", which was intended to show the necessary reasons for the Christian faith. To promote his theory and test its effectiveness, he went to Algiers and Tunis. At the age of 82, in 1314, Lull traveled again to North Africa, where an angry crowd of Muslims stoned him in the city of Bougie. Genoese merchants took him back to Mallorca, where he died at home in Palma the following year.Despite the fact that a large corpus of the printed works by Lull are erroneously ascribed to him:" On the whole, we get the impression that the "Testament", "De secretis naturae seu de quinta essential", and "Lapidarius" are probably the oldest members of the Lullian alchemical collections" (Thorndyke)The present Ryff-edition became very popular and later appeared numerous times. It was reprinted already the following year in Venice, 1542, and editions followed in Nürnberg, 1546, Basel, 1561, Köln, 1567, etc. etc.Freilich: 372Adams: L, 1703Honeyman: v, 2064AWellcome: 3897

Londini Scanorum (Lund), Adami Junghaus - Vitus Haberegger, 1672. 4to. Contemporary or slightly later full mottled calf five raised bands to richly gilt spine. Edges of boards gilt. Very neat restorations to corners and hinges, barely noticeable. Blank front free end-paper with a few restorations. A mostly faint damp stain inner margin of first section of leaves. Some brownspotting. Title-page printed in red/black. (20), 1227,(9) pp. Scarce first edition of Pufendorf's magnum opus, one of the fundamental works of natural law. In this milestone work of political and legal thought, Pufendorf presents his system of universal law, which profoundly revised the natural law theories of Hobbes and Grotius. In his teaching, that the will of the state is but the sum of the individual wills that constitute it, he shows himself a precursor of Rousseau and of the "Social Contract"."It is a complete system of public, private and international law. Against Hobbes's view he contended that the state of nature was one of peace, not war, and heurged the view that international law... existed between all nations... [a work] of great importance" (David Walker, The Oxford Companion to Law)."In the 'De jure naturae et gentium' Pufendorf took up in great measure the theories of Grotius and sought to complete them by means of the doctrines of Hobbes and of his own ideas. His first important point was that natural law does not extend beyond the limits of this life and that it confines itself to regulating external acts. He disputed Hobbes's conception of the state of nature and concluded that the state of nature is not one of war but of peace. But this peace is feeble and insecure, and if something else does not come to its aid it can do very little for the preservation of mankind.As regards public law Pufendorf, while recognizing in the state (civitas) a moral person (persona moralis), teaches that the will of the state is but the sum of the individual wills that constitute it, and that this association explains the state. In this a priori conception, in which he scarcely gives proof of historical insight, he shows himself as one of the precursors of Rousseau and of the Contrat social. Pufendorf powerfully defends the idea that international law is not restricted to Christendom, but constitutes a common bond between all nations because all nations form part of humanity." (Encyclopedia Brit.).Collijn: p. 744.

Amsterdam, Labore & Sumptibus - Johannis Blaeu, 1662. Large folio (350 x 545 mm). In publisher’s full vellum binding with central gilt arabesque and armillary sphere. All edges gilt. Boards with stains and marks. Outer margin on back board with waterstain. Small stamp on front free end-paper, lower part of title-page and lower part of frontiespiece (The Royal Danish Geographical Society). Occassional light brownpostting throughout. Approximately 50 leaves with waterstain in outer margin, primarily affecting last part. (4), 256, (2), 78, (2) + 70 engraved maps. Complete, corresponds to Koemann Bl 56, 220. First edition of volume seven, containing France and Switzerland, of Blaeu’s monumental Atlas Major, one of the most significant works of the 17th century widely considered to be one of the greatest atlases ever produced. It was the most expensive book that could be acquired in the mid-17th century. The Atlas Major was a significant achievement in the history of cartography and it represented a major step forward in the development of the modern atlas. Most of the present maps were issued in previous editions of Blaeu’s atlases from the 1630s onwards, and derive variously from Maurice Bouguereau’s Le Théatre Francoys (1594), Jean le Clerc’s Le Théatre géographique du Royaume de France (1619), as well as from other maps by Hondius and Janssonius. "There are a small number of newer maps of France, some of which derived from the Geographer to the King of France, Pierre Du Val. The six maps of Switzerland in the atlas had been in print for several decades: four of them were copied from Mercator’s 1585 Galliae Tabulae geographicae." (National Library of Scotland). The Atlas Major was notable for its high level of accuracy and detail. The maps were based on the latest geographical knowledge and featured state-of-the-art cartographic techniques, such as the use of latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and a sophisticated system of map projection. The maps were also notable for their beautiful engravings and illustrations, which were produced by some of the most talented artists of the time. The Atlas Maior was a major commercial success and it was widely used by scholars, navigators, and government officials. It was translated into several languages, and it became the standard reference work for cartography and geography during the 17th century. Atlas Major was subsequently published with French, Dutch, German, and Spanish texts. Koemann Bl 56, 220.

Lugduni Batavorum (Leyden), Apud Petrum Leffen & Franciscum Moyardum, 1662. 4to. Contemporary full calf with gilt title-laebl to spine. (36), 121, (1) pp. + 10 plates. Complete with all 56 woodcut and engraved text-illustrations (many of which are full-page) and the 10 full-page engraved plates (several folded), one of which is the heart-plate with the 6 moveable parts, the Cardiac-flaps (of which only the smallest is missing). One folded plate cropped at fore-margin. First edition of Descartes' seminal treatise on man, the first European textbook of physiology, constituting an epochal work of modern thought, defining the mechanism of man as it does. "In the Treatise of man, Descartes did not describe man, but a kind of conceptual models of man, namely creatures, created by God, which consist of two ingredients, a body and a soul. "These men will be composed, as we are, of a soul and a body. First I must describe the body on its own; then the soul, again on its own; and finally I must show how these two natures would have to be joined and united in order to constitute men who resemble us"." (SEP). This highly influential work was the first to present a coherent description of bodily responses in neurophysiological terms that are still, to a wide extent, accepted today. In his attempt to solve the central question around which almost all philosophical thought had revolved since the time of Aristotle, what the relation between the soul and the body actually is, Descartes came to create a milestone work of physiology which changed the entire trajectory of modern physiological conceptions. "Without Descartes, the seventeenth-century mechanization of physiological conceptions would have been inconceivable." (DSB). He believed that the relationship between the soul and the body was mediated by the brain and the nervous system, and his seminal attempts to explain neural mechanisms drew a great deal on the engineering developments of his time (eg. the hydraulic automata that had been installed at the Versailles). He developed a hydro-mechanical theory of how the soul controlled the contraction of muscle through the intermediary of the pineal and the cerebral ventricles, and he produced an explanation of how it received, through the nerves from the periphery, signals that gave rise to sensation. Descartes' theories quickly spread throughout Europe, and the work in which he had developed them, his "De Homine" became extremely influential. This posthumously published work was actually written in the 1630's, but after the condemnation of Galilei in 1633, Descartes did not dare publish it; "although it thus had to await posthumous publication in the 1660's, his writing of the Traité de l'homme proved extremely important in the further maturation of Descartes's physiological conceptions." (D.S.B. p.62). "Some time after Descartes's death in 1650, his French manuscript, copies of which had circulated among his friends and correspondents, was edited and published. The first version was a Latin translation (De homine) by Florentius Schuyl in 1662, the second the now better known 'original' French version (Traité de l'homme) edited by Descartes's self-appointed literary executor Claude Clerselier in 1664. In the seventeenth century the 1662 Latin version was probably much more widely read than the French text. There were problems for the editors of both versions. Firstly, there were differences between the manuscripts: Clerselier in Paris claimed that his version was Descartes's own, that the others were 'corrupt' and that Schuyl had been 'misled' by them. However, a more important difficulty was raised because it was clear that the text was intended to be illustrated - Descartes refers to figures and to features within these labelled by letters. But no set of figures accompanied the manuscripts. Both editors have left quite detailed accounts in their long prefaces - little treatises in themselves. Here I consider only Schuyl, the editor of the Latin De homine. Schuyl (1619-69) was a professor of philosophy in the town of 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands, the country in which Descartes was living during the writing of Le monde. Two of the author's friends had copies of the manuscript that they supplied to Schuyl, and with one of these were included two sketches of illustrations apparently in Descartes's own hand. These Schuyl included. One of them represents the medial and lateral rectus muscles in the orbit, which deflect the eye nasally and temporally. The other figures Schuyl had to have made and, since he mentions no one else, one supposes that he designed them himself." (IML Donaldson, J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2009; 39:375-6).Wellcome II:453; Osler 931; Garrison and Morton 574. Waller only has a later edition.

London, 1813 (-1816). (Part I:) Cadell and Davies by Richard Taylor and Co., 1813; (Part II:) for Cadell and Davies, and Murray by Richard and Arthur Taylor, 1813; (Parts III & IV:) (Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor), (1816). 8vo. Lovely contemporary full calf boards with blindstamped frames made of single lines and ornamental corner-pieces. Double gilt line-border to boards. Gilding on front board very vague. Ornamental blindstamped inner dentelles. Neatly rebacked in style of the boards, with gilt ornamentation ond gilt red morocco title-label. End-papers renewed. 24; (VI),39 pp.; 1 f. (blank), 124 pp. Both half-titles to part III & IV included in the pagination. Some leaves evenly browned, but overall a very nice and clean copy (possibly washed). Very scarce edition of Owen’s seminal four-part work, which constitutes “The Birth of Socialism”, parts I & II being the first printings, and II & IV presumably the second editions (after the privately printed 1814-edition of both parts, which were for private circulation), later used for the 1816 overall second edition of all four parts together (which is continuously paginated, 184 pp. in all). The copy corresponds to Kress B6194, where it is listed first, and Goldsmiths' 20855. Goldsmiths' notes “The first and second essays have separate title-pages and pagination. The third and fourth essays each have a half-title, but their pagination is continuous. There are a number of textual alterations in this edition of the third and fourth essays, most of which were adopted for the 1816 edition.” Parts I & II have separate title-pages and are separately paginated. The title-page of part I does not mention Owen, but the dedication to Wilberforce is signed Robert Owen in print on p. IV. The title-page of part II reads: A new View of Society, or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice. Essay Second. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. Parts III & IV each have a half-title, both included in the pagination, which is continuous. The half-title of Part III reads: Essay Third. The Principles of the Former Essays Applied to a Particular Situation, and states on verso: Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor. The half-title of Part IV reads: Essay Fourth. The Principles of the Former Essays Applied to Government. "The theory of socialism has a long and distinguished history [...] the first practical statement of socialist doctrine came not from a theorist but from one who based it on practical experiment. Robert Owen became the manager of a cotton mill at the age of nineteen. He was brilliantly successful, not merely as a manager, but as an innovator, introducing the first imported cotton from America and improving the quality of the yarn. Before he was thirty he already had the experience, and the confidence born of it, to undertake his great experiment." (PMM). Having bought a factory with some of the poorest and workers’ quarters in the country and worst working conditions, Owen began improving conditions in all ways possible, including housing, working hours, education for the children (he founded infant schools in Great Britain), limitation of drinking, and he opened a store, where they could buy goods close to cost price. "'The Lanard Experiment' was a great success, and the mill ran a profit; nevertheless, Owen’s partners were dissatisfied at the cost of his social schemes and he was forced to dissolve the partnership and form a new company, in which Jeremy Bentham and William Allen, the Quaker philanthropist, were partners. It was at this juncture that A New View of Society came out. In it Owen laid down the principles which had determined his experiment. Having no belief in any kind of religion, he had thought out a new system of beliefs for himself. The chief points were that man's character is made not by but for him and that it has been formed by circumstances over which he has no control. The prime necessity in the right formation of character is therefore to place him under proper physical, moral and social influences from the very beginning. These principles - the fundamental irresponsibility of man and the effect of good early influence - lie at the root of Owen's theories and his practice. New Lanark continued to show their efficacy, and it became a model community, much visited by the statesmen of Europe… [T]he vitality of the word “socialism”, first coined by Owen about 1835, is testimony to the enduring value of his work" (PMM). PMM 271; Kress B6194; Goldsmiths' 20855

Venice, Trino di Monferrato, 1544. Small 8vo (15x 10 cm.). Bound in a late 17th century manuscript leaf of vellum, with neat decorative handwriting. Title-page with a closed tear, affecting the "R" in the title, but with no loss. Small, restored marginal wormhole to outer blank margin of all leaves, far from affecting text. Title-page a little dusty, otherwise very nice throughout. A well preserved and charming copy. Old owner's signature ("Giovanni de Brignoli") to verso of title-page. Large woodcut device to title-page. 23 ff. + 1 blank leaf at end. Exceedingly scarce first edition of the very first translation of any part of the Odyssey or the Iliad to appear in Italian translation. This slim volume constitutes a milestone in the history of the Homer-reception and is the earliest known version of any part of the Homeric corpus (naturally not counting the Batracomiomachia) to appear in Italian. The Italians had to wait another 20 years for another part of the Homeric corpus to see the light of day in their own language. "There is no doubt that Italy played a central role in the diffusion of the Homeric text among Italian humanists and the rest of Europe. It seems, however, that at the end of the sixteenth century, French scholars and publishers were the ones to take over Italy's leadership and advance Homeric studies in Europe. The first translation of Homer into Italian is the version of book 1 of the Iliad by Francesco Gussano, published in Venice in 1544. The first edition of Lodovico Dolce's translation in octaves of both the Iliad and the Aeneid was published posthumously in 1570. " (Translating Homer", Curated by Pablo Alvarez, Special Collections Library). "In Italy, Homer's entry into the vernacular was far slower: partial translations of the "Iliad" dribbled out in 1544 (Gussano), 1564 ("Iliad" 1-5, Paolo la Badessa), 1570 ("Iliad" I, Luigi Groto Cieco)... But a complete Italian Iliad did not appear until ... 1620." (Jessica Wolfe in: Cambridge Guide to Homer, pp. 496-97). The work is of the utmost scarcity, and we have not been able to trace a single copy at auction anywhere in the world within the last 50 years at least.According to OCLC, only six libraries worldwide own a copy, four being in the US, and two in the UK. Moss: I, 534 ("A very rare edition").

Paris, 1807 (atlas) - 1808 (text). 2 large 4to + 1 folio. All three volumes bound in contemporary half calf with gilding to spines - text volumes uniform. TEXT: Volume 1 with a split front hinge, but block still tight. A patch of paper missing from back board. Both volumes with some edge wear and bumped corners. Old paper labels to inside of front boards, and a stamp to half-titles and title-pages. A bit of brownspotting, but mostly marginal. Overall, most text-leaves are clean and bright. The plates in vol. 1 have some, mostly marginal, brownspotting. Both volumes with wide margins. Some of the text is printed on blue-ish paper. (4), LVI, 704 pp. & 32 folded engraved plates + (4), VIII, 691 pp. & 1 folded plate. Many tables with astronomical observations. In all 33 folded plates. ATLAS: Wear to extremities and bumped corners. Inner front hinge re-enforced. Top right blank corner of title-page repaired, far from affecting text. A stamp to title-page. A bit of brownspotting, mostly marginal. The last ab. 10 maps with a damp stain in the middle. The reast are very nice and bright. 4 (title-page + contents-leaf) pp. & 39 maps and charts, 29 of which are double-page. Fully complete with all 33 folded plates in the text-volumes and all 39 maps and charts in the atlas-volume. A contemporary handwritten note to the title-page of the atlas stating that THE COPY WAS GIVEN TO ADMIRAL VAN DOCKUM AT THE ORDER OF NAPOLEON I. ("à Mr. le Conte-Admiral Joost Van Dockum,/ par ordre de Sm l'Empereur Napoléon 1e.") A gift-copy, ordered by Napoleon I - for the Danish admiral that had earned himself great personal admiration from Napoleon - of the first edition of this magnificent travel account, which is famous for its exploration of the Australian coast while searching for the lost Pérouse expedition that had vanished in Oceania.The excellent maps and charts of this foundational publication are made by the expedition's first hydrographical engineer, C.F Beautemps-Beaupré, who is now regarded as the father of modern French hydrography, due to his work on the present expedition. The charts published here, in the atlas volume under the title "Atlas du Voyage de Bruny-Dentrecasteaux", in 1807 were very detailed and remained the source of the English charts of the area for many years. Those of Van Diemen's Land were the exceptionally detailed and have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the area. In September 1791, the French Assembly decided to send an expedition in search of Jean-François de La Pérouse, who had not been heard of since leaving Botany Bay in March 1788. Bruni d'Entrecasteaux was selected to command this expedition and was given a frigate, Recherche with Lieutenant Jean-Louis d'Hesmity-d'Auribeau as his second-in-command, Rossel among the other officers, and Beautemps-Beaupré as hydrographer of the expedition.On September 28, the expedition left Brest. The plan of the voyage was to proceed to New Holland in Australia, to sight Cape Leeuwin, then to hug the shore closely all the way to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), inspecting every possible harbour in a rowing boat, and then to sail for the Friendly Islands (Tonga) via the northern cape of New Zealand (allowing gardener Félix Delahaye to collect live breadfruit plants for transport to the French West Indies). After that, D'Entrecasteaux was to follow Pérouse's intended route in the Pacific. However, when Bruni d'Entrecasteaux reached Table Bay, Cape Town on 17 January 1792, he heard a report that Captain John Hunter (later to be Governor of New South Wales) had recently seen - off the Admiralty Islands - canoes manned by natives wearing French uniforms and belts. Although Hunter denied this report, and although the Frenchmen heard of the denial, Bruni d'Entrecasteaux determined to make directly to the Admiralty Islands, nowadays part of Papua New Guinea, taking water and refreshing his crew at Van Diemen's Land. On 20 April 1792, that land was in sight, and three days later the ships anchored in a harbour, which he named Recherche Bay. For the next five weeks, until 28 May 1792, the Frenchmen carried out careful boat explorations which revealed in detail the beautiful waterways and estuaries in the area.Beautemps-Beaupré, while surveying the coasts with Lieutenant Crétin, discovered that Adventure Bay was on an island, separated from the mainland by a fine navigable channel. On May 16, d'Entrecasteaux commenced to sail the ships through the channel and succeeded in 12 days. Port Esperance, the Huon River, and other features were discovered, named, and charted, the admiral's names being given to the channel (D'Entrecasteaux Channel) and the large island (Bruny Island) separated by it from the mainland.On May 28, 1792 the ships sailed into the Pacific to search for La Pérouse. On June 17, they arrived off the Isle of Pines, south of New Caledonia. From there, d'Entrecasteaux sailed northward along the western coast of New Caledonia. (The Bruni d'Entrecasteaux reefs at the northwestern end of the New Caledonia Barrier Reef are named for him.) He then passed the Solomon Islands along their southern or western coasts, sailed through Saint George's Channel between New Ireland and New Britain, and on July 28 sighted the south-east coast of the Admiralty Islands. After that he set sail for Ambon (in modern-day Indonesia), where his ships replenished their stores.Leaving Amboina on October 14, Bruni d'Entrecasteaux made for Cape Leeuwin, the south-western extremity of Australia, to carry out his original instructions of searching southern New Holland for La Pérouse. On December 6, land was sighted near Cape Leeuwin, and named "D'Entrecasteaux Point". They ended up sailing further east and penetrated numerous islands and dangerous shoals, to which they gave the name "D'Entrecasteaux Islands" (later changed to the Recherche Archipelago).After a violent storm in December, the ships continued eastward to the head of the Great Australian Bight, and on January 4, 1793, Bruni d'Entrecasteaux was forced to leave the coast at a position near Bruni d'Entrecasteaux Reef and sail direct to Van Diemen's Land (this decision was unfortunate, for if he had continued his examination of the southern coast of New Holland, he would have made all the geographical discoveries that fell to the lot of Bass and Flinders a few years later. If that had been the case, a French "Terre Napoléon" might well have been a fact).The ships anchored in Recherche Bay on 22 January, and the expedition spent five weeks in that area, watering the ships, refreshing the crews, and carrying out explorations into both natural history and geography. Beautemps-Beaupré, in company with other officers, surveyed the northern extensions to Storm Bay - the western extension was found to be a mouth of a river which received the name Rivière du Nord (it was renamed the Derwent River a few months later by the next visitor to this area).On February 28, d'Entrecasteaux sailed from Van Diemen's Land towards the Friendly Islands, sighting New Zealand and the Kermadec Islands en route. At the Friendly Islands, he found that the natives remembered Cook and Bligh well enough, but knew nothing of La Pérouse. He then sailed back to New Caledonia, where he anchored at Balade. The vain search for La Pérouse then resumed with Santa Cruz, then along the southern coasts of the Solomon Islands, the northern parts of the Louisiade Archipelago, through the Dampier Strait, along the northern coast of New Britain and the southern coast of the Admiralty Islands, and thence north of New Guinea to the Moluccas.By this time, the affairs of the expedition had become almost desperate, largely because the officers were ardent royalists and the crews equally ardent revolutionaries. Kermadec had died of phthisis in Balade harbour, and on 21 July 1793, d'Entrecasteaux himself died of scurvy, off the Hermits.Commands were re-arranged, with Auribeau taking charge of the expedition, with Rossel in Kermadec's place. The new chief took the ships to Surabaya. Here it was learned that a republic had been proclaimed in France, and on February 18, 1794, Auribeau handed his vessels to the Dutch authorities so that the new French Government could not profit by them. Auribeau died a month later, and Rossel sailed from Java in January 1795 on board a Dutch ship, arriving at Table Bay in April 1795. There his ship sailed unexpectedly with the expedition's papers, leaving him behind, but this vessel was captured by the British. Rossel then took passage on a brig-of-war, but this too was captured by the British. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, all the papers of the expedition were returned to Rossel, who was thus able to publish the present narrative of the whole enterprise. JOST VAN DOCKUM (1753 -1834) was a famous Danish naval officer. He started out as a naval cadet and midshipman in 1765, advanced to second lieutenant 1773, premier lieutenant in 1781, captain lieutenant in 1784 and captain in 1796. In 1798 Dockum became chief of a frigate used as a watch ship in Helsinore and here got caught up in a conflict with an English chief of a convoy, about the extradition of another Danish ship. Due to his steadfast and tactful handling of the situation, the case was resolved and battle was avoided, earning him great respect and a flattering letter from Crown Prince Frederik. In 1799, Dockum was sent out as chief commander of the frigate "The Mermaid" to join the Commander Captain Steen Bille's force in the Mediterranean, whose task it was to ensure the uninterrupted travel of Danish merchant ships. Even though Denmark was neutral and thus sought after for shipping goods, these Danish ships still faced problems from both privateers, who didn't necessarily respect the neutral flag, and from English war ships, which demanded the right to search Danish ships - something that the Danish chiefs had explicit orders to prevent. Van Dockum turned out to be exactly the right man at the right place, at the right time. In December 1799, in Gibraltar, he was forced to order firing against English vessels that attempted to search his convoy. For a short while, it even looked as if a heavy battle was forced to follow, but with his calm and assured conduct, Van Dockum made the English reconsider, and the case was handled with diplomacy in stead. Later the same year, a similar situation occurred, which Van Docum handled in the same admirable manner. His impressive conduct was clearly noticed high up in the hierarchy. Denmark, however, could not remain neutral, and in the beginning of 1801, the Danish forces were called back from the Mediterranean. When the English navy arrived in Øresund in 1807 and afterwards bombarded Copenhagen, Van Docken was given command of the battery of ships, Preøvesten. In 1809, he was sent to Schelden to serve in the French navy; upon his arrival, he took command over the line ship Pultusk, under Vice Admiral Édouard Jacques Burgues de Missiessy.Napoleon's plan was to form a naval port of the first rank, a goal that he pursued zealously. The English, of course, tried to conquer the station. It was here that Van Docken gained international fame. At the failed attacks by the English and with his obviously skilled maneuvers and his amazing abilities as an organizer, he gained the special attention of Emperor Napoleon I and earned special recognition for the Danish marine as such. He stayed at his post for more than three years, was appointed French Admiral, Knight of Dannebrog and an officer of the Legion of Honour. He was invited to Napoleon's feasts was showered with attention, when he visited Napoleon in Paris. He stayed in French service until 1812, and Napoleon has presumably given him the present work, when it appeared.

Amsterdam, Heinric Laurentius, 1644. Folio. Contemporary full vellum with neat later (19th century) rebacking. Six raised bands and gilt title to spine. Some wear to extremities. Internally a fresh and clean copy with only a bit of occasional brownspotting. Endpapers with a bit of soiling. 2 bookplates to inside of front board: Gilbert Redgrave, London (dated 1894) & Gorden M. Jones, Virginia. Text in Greek and Latin. Woodcut title-page, numerous woodcut intials throughout, and more than 600 woodcut illustrations in the text. (20), 1187, (1), (88 - Index) pp. First edition thus, being the most important and influential edition of Theophrastus' seminal work "Enquiry into Plants" - the first systematization of the botanical world and the most important contribution to botanical science up until the Renaissance. Bodaeus von Stapel's groundbreaking edition constitutes the first illustrated edition of Theophrastus' masterpiece as well as the first with both Greek and Latin text. Furthermore, von Stapel has not only collected all relevant commentaries and knowledge, he has also added corrections and much foundational information, turning the work into one of the most influential botanical works of the 17th century, profoundly influencing the likes of Linnaeus and contributing significantly to the development of modern scientific botany. "This edition displays great care and research; the notes are numerous and learned, and all botanical information to be gleaned from Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides, and other ancient writers, seems to be embodied in this work. The Greek text is Heinsius's; the Latin version is that of the editor, who has placed Gaza's in the margin, with frequent corrections. The conjectures of Scaliger, Constantine, and Salmasius, are also incorporated... it has collected into one body the opinions of the old writers on the subject of the PLANTS. It contains some wood-cuts of the rarer species, which are much better uncoloured than coloured." Dibdin II:498). The numerous woodcut plant illustrations were partly copied from other sources and partly made especially for this edition. Thus, apart from being "one of the best and most thoughtfully prepared of all the editions of Theophrastos" (Hunt), our editor has also made original contributions that are of great importance. "It is interesting not only because of the brilliance of the editing, but, curiously enough, to the American botanist as well, for involving in the discussion certain species from Virginia, other parts of the New World, and Asia. The illustrations of these plants have been largely overlooked in botanical history, because of their incidental presence in a work which might not be expected to contain anything of the sort. Some were merely borrowed from l'Ecluse or de Lobel, but others seem original in this work" (H.H. Bartlett: Fifty-five Rare Books - quoted by Hunt).At the height of the Renaissance, with the expansion of the known world and the spreading of the book due to the invention of the printing press, many new publications on plants appeared. Most of these publications, however, were primarily concerned with the medicinal qualities of individual plants and only few authors or editors took an interest in the general nature of the plants and how they could systematically be classified. One of the few exceptions was Bodaeus von Stapel. With his seminal 1644 edition of "Historia Plantarum", he focused on the overarching classification system of plants and took Theophrastus' work a step further, adding essential commentaries and illustrations - illustrations that were to be copied for centuries after. These illustrations remain the standard illustrations of Theophrastus' foundational work. This edition of Theophrastus' "Historia Plantarum" became the standard edition of that earliest work on systematic botany and the edition that all serious scientific botanists of the 17th and 18th centuries will have studied. "Linnaeus, in the practice of his favourite art of systematizing, classified not only plants but the writers about them. The writers he distinguishes primarily as Botanists, and Plant Lovers, recognizing as Botanists only such as treat of plants from some philosophic or scientific point of view. Choosing his illustrations from annals of remote antiquity, he names among the earliest of the Greeks who wrote of plants Hippocrates; but because he wrote of plants only in the interests of medicine Linnaeus styles him Father of Medicine... Similarly Aristotle... is down in the Linnaean list of ancient celebrities as Prince of Philosophers. To Theophrastus, however, he accords the title Father of Botany. From this opinion, far from having been newly promulgated in Linnaeus's time, there has been no dissenting voice. On the contrary, Albert Haller, one of the most learned men in Europe in his day, and a botanist of such renown that Linnaeus held him in reverence, and also in some fear, denominates Theophrastus "the first of real botanists in point of time." Kurt Sprengel in the nineteenth century, having rehearsed the names of a long line of ancient authors who had written more or less concerning plants, says: "But the most illustrious of them all, and the true father of botany, was Theophrastus Eresius…." (Greene, Landmarks of Botanical History, I:128).It is no wonder that Linnaeus should find in Theophrastus the Father of his own field - The "Historia Plantarum" was not only the earliest work on systematic botany, it also contained Theophrastus' description of the formation of the plant seed, the earliest account known and the best that was made for 2000 years.Hunt: 240; Pritzel: 9197; BM: V:2091; Dibdin: II:498.

S.-Petersburg, A Benke, 1893. 8vo. Bound with the original printed green front wrapper in a beautiful green half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Front wrapper brownspotted. Bottom 3 cm. of p.1-2 cut off, shaving a few lines off. A few underlinings to the first leaves. XVI, 353, (1) pp. + 29 tables, numbered I-XVI (with a,b,c's: IIIa-b, IVa-h, Va-c, VIa-b, VIIa-b, Xa-bXIIIa-b), on 16 leaves, 12 of which folded, most of them large + 2 leaves of explanation in between. The exceedingly scarce first edition of Danielson's groundbreaking work on the Russian economic development, which is widely considered the bible of Russian liberal economic thought. Danielson here proposed a way for the Russian economy to consolidate itself without foreign money by - highly controversially - claiming that capitalist industrialization was possible without any change in the political system and emphasizing and defending the peasant class, which so many socialists of the time readily proclaimed doomed. Danielson's economic philosophy was not only pioneering in contemporary Russian economics, it also anticipated many solutions to problems that still face some of the Third World countries today.Danielson famously stated: "The problem facing us could have been summed up in the following terms: What should we do to bring our industry up to the level of Western industry, in order to prevent Russia from becoming a vassal of more advanced countries, and at the same time raise the living standards of the people as a whole? What we did, instead, was to identify large-scale modern industry with its capitalist form, thus reducing the problem to the following dilemma: To what should we sacrifice our cottage industries - to our own capitalist industry or to English industry? When the issue was presented in this way - and this is how it was presented - our cottage industries were doomed and we began to propagate our own capitalist industry". [The present work, pp. 390-91]."[Danielson] reasserted that Russia allegedly lacked foreign markets and reaffirmed that furthering large-scale industry - that it, capitalist development - was prejudicial to Russia's interests. He further condemned the policy of industrialization based on "outrageous protectionism" and suggested that it was still possible for Russia to go back to reliance on agrarian communes and artisanal production. In sum, he believed that Russia could avoid becoming "a tributary of more advanced countries" and that it could foster a non-capitalist, state-controlled industrialization that would increase both productivity and welfare" (Spulber, "Russia's Economic Transitions", p. 43)."[The present work] was written at the suggestion of Marx himself. Danielson made every effort to emphasize the differences between himself and the economic publicists who "defended the people's cause from a narrow peasant point of view". [He] lost no opportunity to refer to the authority of Marx and Engels, even quoting from his private correspondences with them. Nevertheless, there can be no possible doubt that Danielson belonged to the legal Populists". (Walicki, A History of Russian Thought, P. 432).Danielson is often compared to Vasily Vorontsov and the two are considered the major exponents of narodnik economics. Danielson, however, should be distinguished from Vorontsov in regard to the factors that cause underconsumption: contraction in the purchasing power of the popular masses (and not the inability of capitalists to consume the surplus value). Danielson's analysis therefore falls into the school of underconsumption theory, initiated during the classical era of Political Economy by Sismonde de Sismondi. "According to Danielson, capitalist development reduces the number of workers (formerly self-employed craftsmen, small manufacturers, farmers or even laborers) through rapid increase in productivity. This leads to an ever smaller number of workers handling an ever larger mass of means of production, and accordingly also the number of mass consumers, since it marginalizes all those who are being pushed into the industrial reserve army, depriving society of their purchasing power. Crises therefore emerge as a result of contraction of the internal market and of popular consumption." (MILIOS, "Tugan-Baranowsky and effective Demand", p 4.). Danielson's analysis of the contraction of popular consumption linked his theory of crises with the Theory of Relative Pauperisation, thereby adopting a version of the "absolute immiseration" thesis.Danielson - initially a self-proclaimed Marxist - translated Marx's "Das Kapital" into Russian just two years after the first German edition appeared (thus being responsible for the first translation of the work into any language) and corresponded heavily with Marx and Engels up until the end of their lives. He was their primary source of information on the economic situation and development in Russia. While Danielson's research progressed and his own economic philosophy developed, he moved away from the popular Marxist economic doctrine, however, and eventually the famed Marx-translator became the influential critic of Marxism.The theory of Danielson's "Studies of Our Post-Reform Economy" represents "the first attempt to pose and find solutions to problems that still face some of the Third World countries today". Danielson was "the first to realize that economic backwardness creates its own specific problems, and that underdeveloped countries not only should not but cannot model their development on that of the advanced countries of Western Europe. (Walicki, "A History of Russian Thought", p. 434).

Armenia, Etchmiadzin, June 7th, 1816. Folio (405 x 245 mm). All edges gilt. Manuscript-leaf in Armenian (Bologir), ink on paper, single column, 35 lines. Double lined margins in fine gold on the left and one on the right. Text in black and red ink, with two finely painted ecclesiastical emblems in colour: Above a seal of the Holy See of Etchmiadzin; A circular seal surrounded by radiant colored lines and a blue border with white stars. In the centre, an image of the Holy Trinity, used in official documents issued by the Catholicos of All Armenians. Above the All-Seeing Eye in a Triangle, an eye within a triangle, radiating light (stylized with golden rays and dots). This is a widespread Christian and Masonic symbol often called the Eye of Providence or All-Seeing Eye. In Armenian religious iconography, it symbolizes God the Father watching over creation Holy Trinity (the triangle suggests the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). This symbol is frequently seen in Armenian Church manuscripts, seals and ecclesiastical documents, particularly from the 18th–19th centuries, often influenced by Enlightenment-era Christian art. Folded. Minor wear at edges, a few tiny holes, overall very well preserved. An exceedingly rare illuminated Armenian ecclesiastical manuscript letter, issued under the authority of Catholicos Yeprem I Der Movsessian (Ephrem I ) (served 1809–1830), head of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Written at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the document formally records the ordination and blessing of a certain cleric named Haroutioun, commending him for his exemplary service to the Church. Documents of this kind - formally issued and stamped, personally signed and illuminated - were reserved for major ecclesiastical acts and now very rarely appear on the market. We have not been able to establish exactly who Haroutioun is. The letter describes him as "the confessing person named Haroutioun, for distinguished service to the Church", which strongly implies ordination or elevation within the clerical ranks - possibly to the priesthood (kahana) or to the rank of vardapet (doctor of theology). He may have been from a regional prelacy or rural diocese since the The Catholicos often issued such documents for clergy being appointed to distant parishes in Persia, the Ottoman Empire or newly annexed Russian territories (Georgia, Karabakh, etc.).Catholicos Yeprem I served during a pivotal period in modern Armenian history, as the Caucasus was being reshaped by imperial conflict. His tenure coincided with a profound geopolitical transformation in the South Caucasus, marked by the decline of Persian control over Eastern Armenia and the steady expansion of the Russian Empire into traditionally Armenian lands. As head of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Yeprem I’s leadership was crucial in navigating the Church through this period of realignment. What made Yeprem I particularly significant was not a legacy of bold theological innovation or political confrontation, but rather his quiet, deliberate, and pragmatic diplomacy. He inherited a Church fractured by external pressures and internal disputes, still recovering from centuries of divided jurisdiction under Ottoman and Persian rule. In this climate, Yeprem I became a stabilizing figure, reinforcing the authority of Etchmiadzin as the unifying center of the Armenian spiritual world. During his reign, Yeprem I worked to preserve ecclesiastical independence while cautiously cooperating with the Russian state. This was no small feat, as the Russian imperial government sought increasing control over religious institutions in its territories. Rather than provoke conflict Yeprem negotiated space for the Church to function - and even expand - within the framework of Russian imperial protection. His ability to balance loyalty to the Armenian tradition with the practicalities of Russian rule allowed the Church to maintain its institutions, liturgy, and internal governance. One of his most consequential acts was his handling of internal disputes, notably his anathema of Sargis II Hasan-Jalalyan, the rival Catholicos of Aghvank (Caucasian Albania). This decision, issued in 1815, demonstrated his unquestioned canonical authority and his determination to prevent fragmentation of ecclesiastical power. Through such actions, Yeprem I affirmed the exclusive legitimacy of Etchmiadzin and consolidated its role as the supreme authority in Armenian ecclesiastical matters. Though not a prolific writer himself, Yeprem I oversaw the continued copying and preservation of manuscripts at Etchmiadzin and supported the education of clergy. His era saw the groundwork laid for the modest revitalization of Armenian religious learning and a gradual increase in the Church’s influence in civil society - a process that would bear fuller fruit under his successors. Catholicos Yeprem I’s reign was not defined by major reforms or doctrinal controversy, but by his measured guardianship of Armenian ecclesiastical sovereignty during a period of imperial transition. His ability to preserve the independence and integrity of the Armenian Apostolic Church under the looming presence of the Russian Empire makes him one of the more subtle yet significant leaders in the Church’s modern history. His letters and official acts - such as the present - are fine testaments to his pastoral authority and institutional presistene. Regarding institutional holdings: The Matenadaran and the Archives of the Saint Apostolic Synod of Etchmiadzin hold letters and encyclicals from Catholicos Yeprem I. Outside Armenia, we are aware of only one comparable item: an encyclical from Yeprem I dated 3 August 1813, now held in the British Library (MS 15,957), catalogued by Vrej Nersessian.

Stockholm, Literis Wankiwianis, 1697. Folio. 2 contemporary, uniform full vellum bindings with coloured, gilt title- and tome- compartments to spines. Cords showing at inner hinges, but bindings solid and tight. Volume 1 with worn capitals and corners, and gilt compartments quite rubbed. general wear to boards and a stain to back board. Engraved book plate to inside of front board. Two old owner's names to title-page. Ttile-page dusty and with a bit of brownspotting. Otherwise internally in splendid condition, very nice, clean, and fresh. Front board of volume 2 a bit warped and back board with some staining. First two leaves loosening, but still attached, and with some damp staining. Otherwise internally very nice and clean, with just occasional light damp staining. (24), 830; (2), 486, (128) pp. With the engraved device to the title-page of volume 1. The magnificent editio princeps of Snorre's seminal "Heimskringla", his collection of the original sagas of the old Norse kings - beginning with the mythological prehistory going back to Odin and Asgard - printed for the first time in the original Icelandic, accompanied by translations into Swedish and Latin, also being the first translations into these languages. The "Heimskringla" constitutes one of the most famous and influential works of medieval Icelandic literature and a cornerstone of Norse mythology. These seminal sagas are of foundational importance not only to Norse mythology and Scandinavian history, however, but also to the medieval history of the Western world in general, famously narrating expeditions to many other European countries, most obviously England (e.g. the famous sacking of Southwark and the Battle of Hastings), but also many other parts of the world, ranging as far as Palestine (the saga of Sigurd the Crusader, where the Norwegian fleet is attacked by Arab Muslim pirates), Constantinople, Syria, and Sicily (the Saga of Harald Hadrada, which narrates his expedition to the East), etc. "In addition to this, there are early accounts of the western voyages of Erik the Red and Leif the Lucky and the early settlements on "Vinland", as the Norsemen called the north-eastern coast of American continent; and the equally daring eastern voyage of Sigurd the Crusader." (PMM) "Although the expeditions of the Norsemen to America were not mentioned in the manuscript copies of Sturluson's sagas, Peringskiöld introduces references to these expeditions in vol. I, pp. 325-348." (Sabin) "Snorri's contribution to the literature of Iceland is of inestimable importance. It was he who collected and preserved the great prose "Edda" (first published in 1665), which contains, with some tracts on composition and metre of considerable importance, the "Gylfaginning". Part mythology and part history, it is this which gives us the earliest version of the story of Aesir and their leader Odin, whose invasion of the North became the religion of Scandinavia. From this were spun the "Niebelungenlied" and "Beowulf"; ... Even more important than this is Snorri's own contribution, the great collections of the Sagas of the Norse Kings, called the "Heims Kringla", first published in full in 1697 in the original Icelandic, with translations into Latin and Swedish, edited by Johan Peringskiöld." (PMM) A few extracts of the work had been translated into Danish during the 16th and 17th centuries, with a Danish translation appearing in 1633, but the original Icelandic text had not been printed before and appeared for the first time - under the title "Heimskringla", which is the first known use of the name - with this magnificent publication, which also contains the first edition of the Latin translation and the first edition of the Swedish translation. The work is sought-after and difficult to come by. Sabin 85484 ("The New York Public Library has a copy of vol. I, but lacks vol. 2. The collation of vol. 2 is supplied from the "...Catalogue of the Icelandic Collection" in the Cornell University Library")Fiske 535PMM 168

Hamburg,von Wiering, 1712. 8vo. In contemporary full calf with four raised bands. Embossed ornamentation to spine. Lower part of back hindge and back board with worm hole. Last three works with small wormtract to lower part of leaves (not affecting Lawson's work, other wise a good copy. [Lawson:] (14), 365, (3) pp. + frontispiece and 1 folded map; (4), 239, (5); (2), 94; (2), 134 pp. The exceedingly rare first German translation of "the first history of Carolina, with a very observant report of the life, customs, and natural history of the colony" (Streeter). John Lawson’s work offers a largescale portrayal of the customs and traditions of the Native American tribes during that era, while also serving as a meticulous record of the Carolinas' geography, climate, flora, fauna, and aquatic life, it constitute one of the most valuable contributions to the early history of Carolina and is considered to be one of the first travel account of the early 18th-century colonies. Lawson’s book provided a meticulous account of his 550-mile, 57-day journey through the backcountry of what would eventually become the states of both South Carolina and North Carolina. Beginning in the port city of Charles Town in December 1700, Lawson and nine other adventurers traveled northwestward toward present-day Charlotte, North Carolina. From there he explored the Piedmont basins of the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers before turning eastward toward present-day Bath, arriving there late in February 1701. John Lawson (1674 - 1711) was an English explorer, adventurer and writer. From 1700 onwards, Lawson was instrumental in the exploration and development of the northern part of what was then the British colony of Carolina, today's US state of North Carolina. Little is known about Lawson's life before his arrival in Carolina. In 1700 he traveled to America and arrived in Charleston where Lawson began a two-month expedition by canoe up the Santee River with five other British and various Indian guides to explore the then unknown land north of Charleston. The expedition ended about 1,000 kilometers further north at the mouth of the Pamlico River (now in Beaufort County). During the expedition, Lawson took extensive notes, which eventually was published in the present work. After the expedition ended, Lawson acquired land in the area where the expedition had ended and worked there, first privately and then on behalf of the colonial administration as a surveyor. At this point, a few scattered Europeans had already settled in the area. Lawson's holdings grew into North Carolina's first permanent settlement, Bath, which soon prospered and became North Carolina's most important port of entry. Lawson was involved with the Swiss Christoph von Graffenried and Franz Ludwig Michel in the founding of North Carolina's second oldest city, New Bern, by Swiss and German immigrants in 1710. Lawson was kidnapped and subsequently killed by the Tuscarora in 1711 after they noticed that Lawson had tried to take advantage of them in a trade. This event led to a deterioration in the climate between the Europeans and the Tuscarora and thus contributed to the outbreak of the Tuscarora War, which, after the initial successes of the Tuscarora, ended with their expulsion. Sabin 39453

Lugduni [Leiden], Jacobum Chouët, 1662. 12mo. Partly uncut in a nice later full calf binding (19th century?) with five raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Hinges with a bit of wear and small piece of leather lacking on top of spine. Vague previous owner's name in contemporary hand to lower part of title-page. Ex-libris pasted on to pasted down front end-paper. Vague traces after stamp on p. 108. A fine copy. (12), 108 pp. + 3 folded plates. The rare first edition of Steno's early and first major discovery, being the findings of the 3 main Ducts and glands of the eye, the mouth and the nose, among these the first account of the excretory duct of the parotid gland now named "Stensen's Duct". He correctly stated that the true purpose of the glands was to secrete fluid and "with [the present work] Nicolaus Steno had established the study of glands as a science". (Snorrason). His careful dissections of animal, and later human, brains were revolutionary. He demonstrated that tears are secrated by specific glands, thus striking a deadly blow to the ancient notion of cerebral excretion, even disproving the speculations of scholars such as Descartes, who believed that the corpus pineale (a brain gland) was the connecting point between soul and body.Steno arrived in Holland in March 1660 and was given lodging by the city's physician Gerad Blaes (Latin: Blasius) who himself had studied in Copenhagen and was a friend of Thomas Bartholin. A year later Steno wrote in a letter to Bartholin: "After I had been given leave by Blasius to dissect on my own in the museum, I bought a sheep's-head in order to examine the brain. I happened to decide to investigate first the course of the veins and arteries at the mouth by introducing a probe into the vessels. I suddenly discovered that the point of the probe was moving freely in a spacious cavity and struck with a ringing sound against the teeth. Surprised at this, I called my host to hear his opinion. Blasius first said that it was due to force, then that it was one of nature's frequent freaks, and finally he looked up Wharton's book, but found no explanation there". Shortly thereafter, Steno repeated the investigation on a dog and confirmed, "there was a duct leading from the gland by the ear to the oral cavity, of a similar kind to the duct from the submaxillary gland found by the English man Thomas Wharton (1610-1673) a few years previously and described in his book Adenographia 1656. Steno was now certain that the gland was a salivary gland and not, as Wharton said in his book and as had been believed for some 1500 year, a kind of sponge intended to absorb surplus materials from the hard rami of the fifth pair of nerves, carry these back to the veins, warm up the outer and inner ear, and fill up the hollow around them." (Snorrason). "This discovery led Stensen to consider every fluid in the body as a glandular secretion. He then found a series of glands furnishing fluid to each of the body cavities. He likewise sought the afferent and efferent ducts of secretion. Stensen still used the name "lymph" for all watery glandular secretions, because he was not yet able to differentiate between them and to specify them chemically and physiologically. In the course of this basic research Stensen presented in his Leiden dissertation new discoveries of glands in the cheeks; beneath the tongue; and in the palate, whose structure of veins, arteries, nerves, and lymph vessels he also described. In his Observationes anatomicae (1662), dealing with his new discoveries concerning the glands, he described the lachrymal apparatus in great detail." DSB 13, 33. "Niels Stensen remains one of the most notable scientists in the history of anatomy. His method based on dissection and experiment enabled him to make significant contribution to the understanding of structure and function of human body. Like many successful scientists he was able to make the most of the rather serendipitous discovery of the parotid duct early in his career, soon expanding his research focus into new areas." (Strkalj, Niels Stensen and the Discovery of the Parotid Duct)."In the physiology his researches into the anatomy of the glands led to his discovery of the [duct of] parotid gland, one of the three salivary glands near the ear, into the mouth, is still named "Steno's duct."" (PMM 151)Osler 4018Garrison & Morton 973Waller 9226Heirs of Hippocrates 393Norman 2010Snorrason 1662(PMM 151)

Strassburg, Knobloch, 1506-7 + 1511 4to. Bound in one very nice full mottled calf binding from ab. 1800, with five raised bands to richly gilt spine. A bit of wear to extremities. Occasional browning, but all in all very nice and clean. 289 ff (without the white blanks) + (4), xcvi, (7), (4, -index & errata). Scarce first edition of Giovanni Francesco Pico's seminal "Opera", issued by Pico himself, in which some of his most important works appear for the first time, e.g. "De Rerum Praenotatione", "De fide ordine" and the "Staurostichon" as well as his translation of Justin the Martyr's "Admonitio", here bound with the highly important second edition of the "Hymni heroici tres". The present publication occupies a central place in the development of Renaissance thought. Through the "Opera" of Pico, skepticism came to play a dominant role in the development of early modern thought. "Telesio, Bruno, Galileo, and others also employed the same arguments which Pico had brought to the consciousness of Renaissance Europe. Gianfrancesco Pico's skeptical techniques did not die with him, but lived on to produce a tangible, recognizable influence on the intellectual ambience of early modern Europe." (Schmitt, p. 7). This seminal "Opera", published 13 years before the publication of Pico's magnum opus ("Examen Vanitatis") and 26 years before his death, is of the utmost importance to the development of Pico's thought and to the development of Renaissance thought in general - "a study on the philosophy of Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola would furnish an important addition to our knowledge of the philosophy of the Italian Renaissance" (Schmitt, p. (VII)). The many important works in the present publication are known under the joint title "Opera aurea & bracteata" or "Liber imaginationis". The publication is made up of 9 parts, all of which were also intended for separate sale (and which all have separate paginations). The works included are: "De rerum praenotatione etc.", "De fide et ordine credenda", "De morte Christi & propria cogitanda libri tres", "De studio divinae & humanae philosophiae, libri duo", "De imaginatione", "Vita Io. Pici patrui. Eiusdem de uno & ente/ defensio & alia quaepiam", "Epistolarum libri quattuor ", the translation of Justini's " Admonitio " - together with "Saurostichon/de mysterijs Germaniae Heroico carmine" and "Expositio tex. decreti de con. dis.ii. Hilarii", and then follows " Ad lectorum " - 6 of the works here are FIRST PRINTINGS. The second edition of the "Hymni heroici" is of the utmost scarcity. It originally appeared in 1507, but only the second edition also contains Pico's famous poem "Staurosticon".This magnificent collection of works by "the first modern sceptic" and "the only serious student of Sextus before the middle of the sixteenth century" (Copenhaver & Schmitt) constitutes a milestone in Renaissance thought. The seminal work "De rerum praenotatione", which appears here for the first time, is among the most important that Pico wrote. It constitutes a fierce attack upon superstition, and a defense of the true religious truths - theories that underpin ALL of his later thought and are of fundamental importance to his later works, including the "Examen". "This is a lengthy work (second in length only to the "Examen Vanitatis" among Pico's works) against pretended modes of prophesy. It is of the same genre as Giovanni Pico's work against astrology and is dedicated to the author's cousin and protector, Alberto Pio. It was first printed in the "opera" of 1506-07… There is no substantial portion of the work extant in manuscript." (Schmitt, p. 192). The "de fide et ordine", which also appears here for the first time, is likewise one of Pico's significant works, although not as philosophical as the previous work. "This is a work of medium length, principally theological, but of some philosophical importance. It was dedicated to Pope Julius II in the first printed edition of 1506-07" (Schmitt, pp. 193-94).The "Staurostichon" is Pico's most famous poem, dedicated to Emperor Maximilian. In spite of the few pages it takes up, it has been the subject of much debate and interpretation throughout the centuries. Apparently "[t]he extant manuscript seems to have been made after the first printed edition [i.e. the present]." (Schmitt, p. 196).Pico's translation of the "Admonitio" (which is no longer attributed to Justin the Martyr) is of great importance. "The first printing of the translation, which is dedicated to Zanobi Acciaiuoli, was in the "opera" of 1506-07. It was often reprinted, remaining a standard translation for most of the sixteenth century." (Schmitt, p. 200). The four books of Pico's letters are also printed here for the first time. "In the three editions of the "Opera" are printed four books of letters. These were prepared for the edition of 1506-07 and were reprinted with few additions in the later editions. Consequently, it seems that the bulk of Pico's personal letters written after 1505 have not come down to us." (Schmitt, p. 200). Giovanni Francesco [Gianfranceso] Pico della Mirandola (1470-1533), not to be confused with his uncle Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) was a highly important Renaissance thinker and philosopher, who was strongly influenced by the Neoplatonic tradition, but even more so by the preaching of Girolamo Savonarola, whose thought he defended throughout his life. Just like his uncle, Gianfrancesco Pico devoted his life to philosophy, but being a follower of Savonarola and having a Christian mission, he made it subject to the Bible. He even depreciated the authority of the philosophers, above all of Aristotle. "At the very beginning of the 16th century, Gian Francesco Pico, the nephew of Pico della Mirandola, had predicted the final failure of all attempts at reconciliation of the different philosophical movements. Gian Francesco Pico was a thinker of very considerable stature and a follower of Savonarola. There was a touch of tragedy about his personality. For his life was suspended, as it were, between the scaffold of Savonarola and incessant family feuds - in the course of one of which he was finally killed. No wonder that he borrowed from the scepticism of Sextus Empiricus in order to destroy philosophy to make more room for religion." (Garin, p. 133). Gianfr. Pico, a learned scholar and apt reader of classical texts, was the first Renaissance thinker that we know to have seriously studied and used the works of Sextus Empiricus, which were not printed until the 1560'ies, causing a revolution in Renaissance thinking. "The printing of Sextus in the 1560s opened a new era in the history of scepticism, which had begun in the late fourth century BCE with the teachings of Pyrrho of Elis. [...] Before the Estienne and Hervet editions, Sextus seems to have had only two serious students, Gianfrancesco Pico at the turn of the century and Francesco Robortello about fifty years later." (Copenhaver & Schmitt, pp. 240-41). "No significant use of Pyrrhonian ideas prior to the printing of Sextus' "Hypotyposes" has turned up, except for that of Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola [...] His writings may seem isolated from the main development of modern skepticism that began with the publication of the Latin translations and modernized formulation of ancient scepticism offered by Michel de Montaigne. However, they represent a most curious use of skepticism that reappears in the early seventeenth century with Joseph Mede and John Dury and the followers of Jacob Boehme and in the early eighteenth century in the writings of the Chevalier Ramsay, the first patron of David Hume, to fortify or justify prophetic knowledge." (Popkin, p. 20). Gianfr. Pico develops his sceptical arguments to their fullest extent in his "Examen" (1520), which is considered his main work. However, the foundation of all these ideas are laid in his earlier works, all the significant of which are present here, in his seminal "Opera"-collection. Together, they constitute the earliest printed testimonies to the use of scepticism and a premonition of the role that scepticism came to play in Renaissance thought, primarily after the first printings of Sextus in the 1560'ies. "The revival of ancient philosophy was particularly dramatic in the case of scepticism. This critical and anti-dogmatic way of thinking was quite important in Antiquity, but in the Middle Ages its influence faded [...] when the works of Sextus and Diogenes were recovered and read alongside texts as familiar as Cicero's "Academia", a new energy stirred in philosophy; by Montaigne's time, scepticism was powerful enough to become a major force in the Renaissance heritage prepared for Descartes and his successors." (Copenhaver & Schmitt, pp. 17-18)."Throughout the early modern period, from Ficino and Pico to Newton and Leibniz, such convictions supported a pattern of historiography that could never have emerged without the humanists, even though it did not preserve their fame for modern times. Other myths of classicism and Christianity outlived the fable of ancient theology because they conflicted less flagrantly with the findings of historyThe purpose of the ancient theology was to sanctify learning by connecting it with a still more ancient source of gentile wisdom that reinforces sacred revelation. Rather than baptize the heathens as Ficino or the older Pico wished, some early modern critics damned them, and one of the most aggressive thinkers of this school was the younger Pico. He saw an impassable gulf between Christian and pagan belief where his uncle had tried to build bridges." (Copenhaver & Schmitt, p. 337). Schmitt Appendix Section I: nrs. 4, 13, 14, 26, 50; 51; Section II: nr.11See:Charles B. Schmitt: Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola (1469-1533) and his critique of Aristotle. 1967.Copenhaver & Schmitt: Renaissance Philosophy. 1992.Eugenio Garin: Italian Humanism. Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. Translated by Peter Munz. 1965.Richard H. Popkin: The History of Scepticism. From Savonarola to Bayle. 2003.

(København, ca. 1805-08). 4to. Near contemporary (ca. 1850) full brown calf with richly gilt spine and blindstamped border to boards. Spine worn and capitals lacking a bit of leather. Front hinge cracked, strengthened from verso. Internally very nice and fresh with only occasional brownspotting. With the book-plate of John Arden to inside of front board. Bound with the original wrappers for the fourth and ninth series. The front wrapper for the ninth has the title written in English in contemporary hand to the top right (slightly cropped), in ink that seems identical to the "9" denoting the series number. 57 (out of in all 72 published) engraved an excellently hand-coloured plates of costumes, one present in two copies (plate nr. 67). All plates with Danish and German text in the plate. Apart from two leaves that are slightly smaller, the leaves measure 25,5x19 cm. The print surface on all measures 20,5 x 14 cm. An unusually large collection of 57 of the rare plates that constitute the first Danish work on national costumes. The work is of the utmost scarcity, with only one known complete copy in public institutions (Danish University Library - the copy in the Royal Library is also incomplete). The title is known solely from the wrappers that each series of six plates was issued with. These wrappers are also exceedingly scarce and almost never present. Our copy contains two of them. As always, the issue number has been added in hand. Rieter and Senn were both born and educated in Switzerland and both arrived in Copenhagen in 1804. They studied costumes on Sealand, the West Sea Islands, and Holsten. The series of costumes is divided into two sections, the first depicting those of Copenhagen (along with Amager) and Sealand, the other that of Southern Jutland, including Holsten and the North Friesian Islands. Rieter left Copenhagen already in 1805, and Senn was left to complete the publication. It is assumed that Senn did most of the drawings. Only very few complete copies of the work are known to exist, only one in public collections. Colas states that “I do not know the exact number of plates to have been published in this collection, which is very rare. The copy of Lipperheide contains 56 plates, and that of the University of Copenhagen has 72.” (Own translation from French). Lipperheide 1045 (56 plates); Bibl. Danica II: 1080 (incomplete); Colas: 2557; Krohn: 873-944.

Uppsala, Henricus Curio 1679-89/ Stockholm, P. A. Norstedt & söner, 1863. Folio + atlas i imperialfolio. Grav. front,+ (8),+ 891,+ (1) s.; grav. front,+ (16),+ 350, 350-351, 351-435, 435-542, 542-543, 543-544, 544-545, 545-672,+ 36,+ (8) s.; (2),+ 104, 107-210,+ 20 s.+ utvikbar karta; Atlas: Grav. front,+ (80) s. med gravyrer och träsnitt. Åtskilliga helsides träsnitt i pagineringen framförallt i del två. Enstaka marginalanteckningar med bläck och i del ett understrykningar med rödkrita och småfläckar. Andra delen med små hål s. 151 och 183, med bokstavsförlust, bläckstänk s. 304-305 och småfläckar. Del 1-2 i samtida uniforma pergamentband, ryggarna med senare blåmålade titeletiketter med textade titlar, del fyra oskuren i halvpergamentband med guldornerad rygg och beige titeletikett. Atlasbandet i samtida helt skinnband med guldornerad rygg och med Maria Elisabeth Stenbocks förgyllda pärmstämpel med hennes monogram. Skada överst på ryggen och planschbladen med pappersförstärkning i innerkant. Stort och fint exemplar med fina avdrag. Del två med Anders Lanaerus namnteckning på titelbladet, liksom en bortklippt namnteckning med papperslagning. Ur Victor von Stedingks bibliotek med exlibris i samtliga volymer. Saknar tredje delen. Collijn sp. 784f. Warmholtz 1229. Lindberg, Swedish books, 33. Bibl. Rudb. 704B, 705 & 737. Med latinsk och svensk parallelltext. Den latinska översättningen gjordes i del 1-2 av Andreas Norcopensis. Första delen i variant B med tillägget ”Edition secunda multi in locis emendata & aucta...” i titeln, vilket dock inte stämmer då det endast är de fyra första bladen som är omtryckta. Den saknar som alltid sista rättelsebladet ”Ad bibliopegos”. Del två är i första upplagan, men saknar som oftast ”Testimonia”. Båda delarna trycktes i 500 exemplar. Fjärde delen är som alltid i faksimiltrycket som utgavs med kommentarer av G. E. Klemming i 100 exemplar. Originalet trycktes 1702 på Rudbecks eget tryckeri men vid Uppsala brand samma år hade endast 210 sidor tryckts och nästan hela upplagan, liksom en stor del av del tre, brann upp då branden drabbade det Rudbeckska huset hårt. Av fjärde delen överlevde endast en handfull exemplar. Första upplagan av det berömda atlasbandet. Det utgavs tillsammans med första textdelen av Atlantican 1679, men kopparsticken var färdiga redan 1676. Den innehåller fyra dubbelsidiga graverade kartor, fem graverade planscher samt åtskilliga träsnitt, både hel- och dubbelsidiga samt två dubbelsidiga tabeller. Samtliga kopparstick är utförda av Philipp Jacob Thellott, utom den berömda frontespisen, som är graverad av Dionysius Padt-Brugge. Inget svenskt historiebibliotek utan Rudbecks Atlantica! Här ställdes ”hela svenska stormaktstidens historiska strävan till sin spets, med allt vad det innebar av göticistiska drömmar om storhet och vetenskaplig fantasi”. Maria Elisabeth Stenbock (död 1693) var hovdam hos Ulrica Eleonora d.ä, och gunstling hos Hedvig Eleonora samt gift med landshövdingen Axel Lillie. Flera folianter från hennes bibliotek är enligt Carlander kända och samtliga har hennes monogramstämpel på pärmarna (II, s. 130.).

Albuquerque; Hoshour Gallery, 1988. 28,5x24 cm. 35 folded sheets, unbound in double yellow card slipcases, as issued. Reproductions of paintings, drawings and sculptures by Robert Therrien are accompanied by seven poems by Creeley and six prose pieces by Butor. Issued in an ordinary edition of 1500 copies and a limited edition of 35 copies. This is number 23/35, which includes an original artwork by Therrien on the cover, and an additonal short poem in handwriting by Creeley. Signed by all three contributors on the colophon. From the library of Anders Tornberg Gallery in Lund, Sweden, and with a stamp confirming this on inside of the box.

Rom, I. M. de Viotti, 1555. Folio. (84),815 s. Med en stor mängd träsnittsillustrationer i texten, en helsideskarta på s. 8 och kombinerat vapen för Olaus Magnus och boktryckarmärke för Viotti på s. 405 respektive sista bladet. Renoverat marmorerat skinnbd från omkring 1700 med upphöjda bind, rikt guldornerad rygg och titeletikett. Röda snitt. Den nötta originalryggen fäst på ett senare skinn. Titeletiketten delvis loss och bucklig. Enkla sentida förstärkningar i pärmarnas innerfalsar. Någon enstaka småfläck och några få blad lätt bruntonade i den som helhet mycket fina inlagan. Små maskhål i de inledande bladen. På kartan på s. 8 är övre tryckta rubriken bortskuren. Lagad reva i marginalen på s. 83. Litet rosthål i marginalen till s. 805. Med en överstruken namnteckning och A. Leonards daterad 1731 med noteringen ”collationné” samt H. Godwins grav. exlibris. Collijn Sveriges bibliografi II, s. 221-27. Lindberg Swedish books 18. Rudbeck Skrifter till Sveriges historia 1094. Warmholtz Bibliotheca historica Sueo-Gothica 1414: ”hålles med rätta för vara nog sälsynt”. Första upplagan. Den i Linköping födda Olaus Magnus (1490-1557), Sveriges sista katolske ärkebiskop, gick liksom sin bror Johannes Magnus i landsflykt efter reformationen. Under tiotalet år befann sig bröderna i Danzig där Olaus Magnus påbörjade arbetet med sin berömda karta över det nordliga Europa, ”Carta marina”, tryckt i Venedig 1539. Olaus Magnus storverk var emellertid ”Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus” som delvis var tänkt som en mycket utförlig kommentar till ”Carta marina”. Ambitionen var att för en internationell publik berätta allt som fanns att veta om det avlägsna Norden. Tendensen var patriotisk och ”götisk” och kom att bilda skola för senare tiders svenska historieskrivare som exempelvis Olof Rudbeck. Olaus Magnus använde sig delvis av befintlig litteratur, men i huvudsak av egna anteckningar, liksom personliga minnen från resor i Sverige. Boken är rikt illustrerad med drygt 470 träsnitt. Ett mindre antal av dessa är hämtade från detaljer i ”Carta marina” och andra verk, men merparten tillverkades för detta arbete. I Rom tecknade Olaus Magnus det avlägsna Nordens snökristaller – förmodligen de första avbildningarna i historien – liksom dess vilda djur och växter. Boken innehåller bland annat den första sammanfattningen av den svenska faunan, en beskrivning som anses ha ersatts först av Linné. Arbetet väckte i samtiden stor uppmärksamhet och utgåvor på tyska, holländska, franska och italienska trycktes. Det har haft stor inverkan på det lärda Europas bild av Norden men även på den nordiska självbilden, inte minst under stormaktstiden. Men arbetet ger även många inblickar i vardagslivet, i folkets seder och traditioner, mat- och dryckesvanor, jakt och fiske, vilket gör det till en mycket underhållande om än inte alltid tillförlitlig kulturhistorisk källa. En svensk översättning utgavs först 1909-25.

N. Cohens Bogtrykkeri, 1885-1887. Två volymer, (2), 473, blank, VII ( Fremmede ord + rettelser) + (4), 363, blank. Båda volymerna i samtida Klotband. Both volumes in Contemporary cloth. (Socialistisk bibliotek IV-V) Första danska utgåvan av "Das Kapital" översatt från den tyska utgåvan som publicerades i Hamburg 1883 och 1885. Tryckåret är 1886 på smutstitelsidan i serien Socialistisk bibliotek vol. 4 och 5 som gavs ut av Socialdemokratiska partiet i danmark, men 1885 på titelsidan för själva Kapitalen. (Allt som utkom i den första danska utgåvan). First Danish edition of "Das Kapital", translated from the German edition published in Hamburg 1883 and 1885. Printing year 1886 on Half title in the Issued volumes 4 and 5 of the "Socialistisk Bibliotek" published by the Danish Social-Democratic Workers' Party in 1886-87, but 1885 on the title page of Kaptalen. (All that was published in the first Danish edition).

Nürnberg, Christopher Riegel, 1729. Folio. (38x25 cm.). Bound in two unifrom later half vellum with handwritten titles and line bands on spine, all in black ink. Bound partly uncut. Half-title, (8), 362, (363-367), 368-626 pp. + Tractatus Praecipui 53 pp. + Index (9) pp. + Informatio pro Bibliopegis &c (2) pp. Engraved allegorical frontispiece (by Jean Boulanger after D.K. Ehrenstrahl). 12 engraved portraits and 115 fine engraved plates (numbered up to 112, some numbers omitted, some unnumbered, some double-numb - COMPLETE). Plates are double-page, but some of the plates folded three times and made from more than one copperplate; the plate with the view of Stockholm, showing the procession of the funeral of Carl X Gustav, is printed from 13 plates and is 450 cm. long. One plate (Expeditio Gloriosa... qua Mare Balticum) shaved in left and right margins, loosing part of the printed frame. Many engraved vignettes, coins and medals in the text. Although the binding is rather new, it is the copy's first binding, thus the first and last few leaves in both volumes have some brownspots and some soiling, otherwise rather clean with some scattered brownspots, mainly to margins. A few corners with minor repairs (no loss). 7 plates in part I having a wormtract in upper right corners, not affecting the engravings. Scarce second Latin edition - the first published 1696 - having the same plates as the first, of this magnificent and profusely illustrated work on the Swedish Wars, which also appeared in translations into German and French. The writing of this official history of the Swedish Wars with Poland and Denmark from 1655 to 1660 was entrusted by King Charles XI to Samuel Pufendorf, the famous and important German jurist, political philosopher, economist, statesman and historian, who was made a baron in 1694, shortly before he died. Pufendorf played a decisive role in the development of the philosophy of law and political history. His famous work on the Swedish Wars is also famed for its impressive and excellent illustrations, - not least the 450 cm. long procession-plate. To illustrate the history of the Swedish Wars, use was made of the original drawings by Erik Dahlberg, the Quarter-Master general of the Swedish Army, who was an eye-witness. The drawings were engraved by the same artists that Dahlbergh employed in Paris and later in Sweden for his "Suecia Antiqua", e.g. Boulanger, Cochin, Jean le Pautre, Perelle etc. etc. They includes views from Poland, Denmark, Germany and Norway. It is easy to trace the influence of Callot, as well as of Rubens in these splendid Cavalry scenes. Swedish Books No 38 - Warmholtz: 4840 (1696-edition).

Hafnia, Joachim Moltke, 1643 + Melchior Martzan, 1642. Folio (290 x 200 mm). In contemporary full calf with four raise bands and embossed super ex-libris (C. H. Helwerskov (1655 - 1733), Danish landowner and supreme court judge) to front- and back-board. Rebacked and back-board with repair. Annotations to pasted down front end-paper and front free end-paper. Closed tear to leaf B2. A very nice, clean and wide margined copy printed on heavy paper. Engraved title-page (by Simon de Pas). (24), 526, (16) pp. + large folded woodcut plate (the Golden Horn). Large woodcuts in the text + (12), 36 pp. The text is in two columns, in Latin and runes. Captions and some runic letters printed in red. A very nice wide margined copy printed on good paper of the scarce first editions of both of Worm's famous masterpieces on runes - 1) "Danicorum Monumentorum" being Worm's runic magnum opus, which not only constitutes the first written study of runestones and the first scientific analysis of them, but also one of the only surviving sources for depictions of numerous runestones and inscriptions from Denmark, many of which are now lost; 2) "Regum Daniae", which contains the highly important reproduction of The Law of Scania in runes as well as in Latin translation with commentaries. The "Danicorum Monumentorum", with its numerous woodcut renderings of monuments with rune-inscriptions - including the world-famous folded plate of the Golden Horn, which had been found only five year previously, and which is now lost - is arguably the most significant work on runes ever written, founding the study of runes and runic monuments. Most of the woodcuts were done after drawings by the Norwegian student Jonas Skonvig; they are now of monumental importance to the study of runes and runic monuments, not only because they appeared here for the first time in print, but also because many of the monuments are now lost and these illustrations are the only surviving remains that we have. Ole Worm (Olaus Wormius) (1588-1655) was a famous Danish polymath, who was widely travelled and who had studied at a range of different European universities. Like many of the great intellectuals of the Early Modern era, Worm's primary occupation was as a physician, for which he gained wide renown. He later became court doctor to King Christian IV of Denmark. In 1621, Worm had become professor of physics, but already the year before, in 1620, had he begun the famous collection that would become one of the greatest cabinets of curiosites in Europe (and one of the first museums) and which would earn him the position as the first great systematic collector (within natural history) in Scandinavia. It was his then newly begun collection that enabled him, as professor of physics, to introduce demonstrative subject teaching at the university, as something completely new. He continued building and adding to his magnificent collection, now known as "Museum Wormianum", throughout the rest of his life. Worm's fascination for antiquarian subjects not only resulted in his famous "Museum Wormianum", but also in a deep fascination with early Scandinavian and runic literature and the history and meaning of runestones. These monuments found throughout Scandinavia, were carved with runic inscriptions and set in place from about the fourth to the twelfth centuries. In most cases, they are burial headstones, presumably for heroes and warriors.Worm published works on the runic calendar, translations of runic texts and explications of folklore associated with the runestone histories. By far his most extensive and important work was the "Danicorum Monumentorum", which was the first serious attempt at scientifically analyzing and recording all 144 then known runestone sites in Denmark. With the King's blessing and support, Worm contacted bishops all over the country who were instructed to provide details and drawings of the barrows, stone circles and carved inscriptions in their regions.Many of the monuments recorded in this splendid work have since disappeared. Some of them appeared in the fire of Copenhagen, to which they were brought at the request of Worm himself. The book thus contains highly valuable data about missing sites in Scandinavian archaeology and is an invaluable source to anyone studying runes and runic monuments. Included in the work are Worm's three earlier, small treatises on runes, here collected for the first time and set into a systematic an scientific context, among them his 1641 treatise on the Golden Horn. For Danes, the Golden Horns, discovered on 1639 and 1734 respectively, with their amazing, complicated, and tragic story, constitute the Scandinavian equivalent to the Egyptian pyramids and have been the object of the same kind of fascination here in the North, causing a wealth of fantastical interpretations, both historical, literary, mystical, linguistic, and artistic. The two golden horns constitute the greatest National treasure that we have. They are both from abound 400 AD and are thought to have been a pair. A span of almost 100 years elapsed between the finding of the first horn and the finding of the second. Both findings are now a fundamental part of Danish heritage. In 1802 the horns were stolen, and the story of this theft constitutes the greatest Danish detective story of all times. The thief was eventually caught, but it turned out that he had melted both of the horns and used the gold for other purposes.Before the horns were stolen, a copy of the horns was made and shipped to the King of Italy, but the cast which was used to make this copy was destroyed, before news had reached the kingdom of Denmark that the copies made from the cast were lost on their way to Italy, in a shipwreck. Worm's work constitutes not only the earliest description of the seminal first horn, but also the most important source that we now have to the knowledge of the horn. It is on the basis of the description and depiction in the present work that the later copies of the first horn were made. Both horns were found in Gallehus near Møgeltønder, the first in 1639, by Kirsten Svendsdatter, the second in 1734, by Jerk (Erik) Lassen.Kirsten Svendsdatter made her discovery on a small path near her house, initially thinking that she had stumbled upon a root. When she returned to the same place the following week, she dug up the alleged root with a stick, and took it for an old hunting horn. She brought it back home and began polishing it. During the polishing of it, a small piece broke off, which she brought to a goldsmith in Tønder. It turned out that the horn was made of pure gold, and rumors of Kirsten's find quickly spread. The horn was eventually brought to the King, Christian IV, and Kirsten was given a reward corresponding to the gold value of the horn. The king gave the horn to his son, who had a lid made for it so that he could use it as a drinking horn. An excavation of the site where the horn was found was begun immediately after, but nothing more was found - that is until 95 years later when Jerk Larsen was digging clay on his grounds - merely 25 paces from where Kirsten had found the first horn. The year was now 1734. The horn that Larsen found was a bit smaller in size and was lacking the tip, but it still weighed 3,666 kg. As opposed to the first horn, this second horn had a runic inscription. After the horn had been authenticated, it was sent to King Christian VI, where it was placed in a glass case in the royal art chamber, together with the first horn. Before being placed here, a copy was made of both horns. These copies were lost in a ship wreck, however, and the casts had already been destroyed. In the fatal year of 1802, the gold smith and counterfeiter Niels Heldenreich broke in to the royal art chamber and stole the horns. By the time the culprit was discovered, the horns were irrevocably lost - Heldenreich had melted them and used the gold to make other things, such as jewellery. A pair of ear rings that are still preserved are thought to have been made with gold from the horns, but this is all that we have left of the original horns. New horns were produced on the basis of the descriptions and engraved illustrations that were made after the finding of the horns. And thus, the plate used in the present works constitute our main source of knowledge of the appearance of the first horn. "The longest of the golden horns was found in 1639 and described by Ole Worm in the book 'De Aureo Cornu', 1641 (a treatise which is also included in his greater "Danicorum Monumentorum"). The German professor at Soro Academy Hendrich Ernst, disagreed with Worm’s interpretation of the horn. Ernst believed that the horn came from Svantevits temple on Rügen, while Worm interpreted it as a war trumpet from the time of Frode Fredegods, decorated with pictures, calling for virtue and good morals. Worm immediately sent his book to Prince Christian and the scholars at home and abroad. You can see in his letters, that not only did the horn make an impression, but also the letter and the interpretation. In that same year there were such lively discussions on the horn among the scholars of Königsberg, now Kaliningrad!In 1643 Worm reiterated the description of the golden horn in his great work on Danish runic inscriptions, 'Monumenta Danica'. In 1644, his descriptions of the horn reached for scholars and libraries in Schleswig, Königsberg, London, Rome, Venice and Padua. Several learned men wrote poems for him, and the golden horn was mentioned in an Italian manus. Map Cartoonist Johannes Meyer placed the finds on several of his map of South Jutland. When the Swedish commander Torstensson attacked Jutland in 1643, Peter Winstrup wrote a long poem in Latin addressed to the bishop of Scania (which at that time still belonged to Denmark), the poem was called 'Cornicen Danicus'. It was immediately translated into Danish, entitled 'The Danish Horn Blower'. He interpreted the horn and its images as an warning of war, and his interpretations were very hostile to the Swedish. Paul Egard and Enevold Nielssen Randulf were among some of the other scholars who interpreted the Golden Horn In the 1640s. They were both deans in Holstein, and had a more Christian interpretation of the horn.All these works were illustrated with copies of Worms depictions of the horn. The Golden Horn remained known throughout the 1600s, both in terms of interpretations of the horn and designs. The found of the short golden horn in 1734 renewed the interest of the meaning of the horns." (National Museum of Denmark). Thesuarus: 727 & 733Biblioteca Danica III, 23

Sth., C. Delén a. Others, 1802-1829. Lex8vo. 10 nice hcalf from ab. 1900 in old style, richly gilt backstop edge gilt.(G.Hedberg). Spines a little faded. Uncut. With 720 handcoloured engr.plates. First edition of the first Swedish colour-plate book on flowers. Palmstruch had learned drawing from Desprez and planned his magnificent work using Flora Danica and Sowerby's English Botany as models. The work was esteemed by contemporaries as an enterprise of national importance. Palmstruch's own illustrations, in the six first volumes, have been characterized as the best pictures of plants ever produced in Sweden, and make this one of the most beautiful of Swedish books (Lindberg, Swedish Books). The last parts of the final volume (vol. 11) were never published and a fire in the printing house destroyed the stock of the last published parts, which are consequently very rare.