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Strassburg, Knobloch, 1506-7 + 1511 4to. Bound in one very nice full mottled calf binding from ab. 1800, with five raised bands to richly gilt spine. A bit of wear to extremities. Occasional browning, but all in all very nice and clean. 289 ff (without the white blanks) + (4), xcvi, (7), (4, -index & errata). Scarce first edition of Giovanni Francesco Pico's seminal "Opera", issued by Pico himself, in which some of his most important works appear for the first time, e.g. "De Rerum Praenotatione", "De fide ordine" and the "Staurostichon" as well as his translation of Justin the Martyr's "Admonitio", here bound with the highly important second edition of the "Hymni heroici tres". The present publication occupies a central place in the development of Renaissance thought. Through the "Opera" of Pico, skepticism came to play a dominant role in the development of early modern thought. "Telesio, Bruno, Galileo, and others also employed the same arguments which Pico had brought to the consciousness of Renaissance Europe. Gianfrancesco Pico's skeptical techniques did not die with him, but lived on to produce a tangible, recognizable influence on the intellectual ambience of early modern Europe." (Schmitt, p. 7). This seminal "Opera", published 13 years before the publication of Pico's magnum opus ("Examen Vanitatis") and 26 years before his death, is of the utmost importance to the development of Pico's thought and to the development of Renaissance thought in general - "a study on the philosophy of Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola would furnish an important addition to our knowledge of the philosophy of the Italian Renaissance" (Schmitt, p. (VII)). The many important works in the present publication are known under the joint title "Opera aurea & bracteata" or "Liber imaginationis". The publication is made up of 9 parts, all of which were also intended for separate sale (and which all have separate paginations). The works included are: "De rerum praenotatione etc.", "De fide et ordine credenda", "De morte Christi & propria cogitanda libri tres", "De studio divinae & humanae philosophiae, libri duo", "De imaginatione", "Vita Io. Pici patrui. Eiusdem de uno & ente/ defensio & alia quaepiam", "Epistolarum libri quattuor ", the translation of Justini's " Admonitio " - together with "Saurostichon/de mysterijs Germaniae Heroico carmine" and "Expositio tex. decreti de con. dis.ii. Hilarii", and then follows " Ad lectorum " - 6 of the works here are FIRST PRINTINGS. The second edition of the "Hymni heroici" is of the utmost scarcity. It originally appeared in 1507, but only the second edition also contains Pico's famous poem "Staurosticon".This magnificent collection of works by "the first modern sceptic" and "the only serious student of Sextus before the middle of the sixteenth century" (Copenhaver & Schmitt) constitutes a milestone in Renaissance thought. The seminal work "De rerum praenotatione", which appears here for the first time, is among the most important that Pico wrote. It constitutes a fierce attack upon superstition, and a defense of the true religious truths - theories that underpin ALL of his later thought and are of fundamental importance to his later works, including the "Examen". "This is a lengthy work (second in length only to the "Examen Vanitatis" among Pico's works) against pretended modes of prophesy. It is of the same genre as Giovanni Pico's work against astrology and is dedicated to the author's cousin and protector, Alberto Pio. It was first printed in the "opera" of 1506-07… There is no substantial portion of the work extant in manuscript." (Schmitt, p. 192). The "de fide et ordine", which also appears here for the first time, is likewise one of Pico's significant works, although not as philosophical as the previous work. "This is a work of medium length, principally theological, but of some philosophical importance. It was dedicated to Pope Julius II in the first printed edition of 1506-07" (Schmitt, pp. 193-94).The "Staurostichon" is Pico's most famous poem, dedicated to Emperor Maximilian. In spite of the few pages it takes up, it has been the subject of much debate and interpretation throughout the centuries. Apparently "[t]he extant manuscript seems to have been made after the first printed edition [i.e. the present]." (Schmitt, p. 196).Pico's translation of the "Admonitio" (which is no longer attributed to Justin the Martyr) is of great importance. "The first printing of the translation, which is dedicated to Zanobi Acciaiuoli, was in the "opera" of 1506-07. It was often reprinted, remaining a standard translation for most of the sixteenth century." (Schmitt, p. 200). The four books of Pico's letters are also printed here for the first time. "In the three editions of the "Opera" are printed four books of letters. These were prepared for the edition of 1506-07 and were reprinted with few additions in the later editions. Consequently, it seems that the bulk of Pico's personal letters written after 1505 have not come down to us." (Schmitt, p. 200). Giovanni Francesco [Gianfranceso] Pico della Mirandola (1470-1533), not to be confused with his uncle Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) was a highly important Renaissance thinker and philosopher, who was strongly influenced by the Neoplatonic tradition, but even more so by the preaching of Girolamo Savonarola, whose thought he defended throughout his life. Just like his uncle, Gianfrancesco Pico devoted his life to philosophy, but being a follower of Savonarola and having a Christian mission, he made it subject to the Bible. He even depreciated the authority of the philosophers, above all of Aristotle. "At the very beginning of the 16th century, Gian Francesco Pico, the nephew of Pico della Mirandola, had predicted the final failure of all attempts at reconciliation of the different philosophical movements. Gian Francesco Pico was a thinker of very considerable stature and a follower of Savonarola. There was a touch of tragedy about his personality. For his life was suspended, as it were, between the scaffold of Savonarola and incessant family feuds - in the course of one of which he was finally killed. No wonder that he borrowed from the scepticism of Sextus Empiricus in order to destroy philosophy to make more room for religion." (Garin, p. 133). Gianfr. Pico, a learned scholar and apt reader of classical texts, was the first Renaissance thinker that we know to have seriously studied and used the works of Sextus Empiricus, which were not printed until the 1560'ies, causing a revolution in Renaissance thinking. "The printing of Sextus in the 1560s opened a new era in the history of scepticism, which had begun in the late fourth century BCE with the teachings of Pyrrho of Elis. [...] Before the Estienne and Hervet editions, Sextus seems to have had only two serious students, Gianfrancesco Pico at the turn of the century and Francesco Robortello about fifty years later." (Copenhaver & Schmitt, pp. 240-41). "No significant use of Pyrrhonian ideas prior to the printing of Sextus' "Hypotyposes" has turned up, except for that of Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola [...] His writings may seem isolated from the main development of modern skepticism that began with the publication of the Latin translations and modernized formulation of ancient scepticism offered by Michel de Montaigne. However, they represent a most curious use of skepticism that reappears in the early seventeenth century with Joseph Mede and John Dury and the followers of Jacob Boehme and in the early eighteenth century in the writings of the Chevalier Ramsay, the first patron of David Hume, to fortify or justify prophetic knowledge." (Popkin, p. 20). Gianfr. Pico develops his sceptical arguments to their fullest extent in his "Examen" (1520), which is considered his main work. However, the foundation of all these ideas are laid in his earlier works, all the significant of which are present here, in his seminal "Opera"-collection. Together, they constitute the earliest printed testimonies to the use of scepticism and a premonition of the role that scepticism came to play in Renaissance thought, primarily after the first printings of Sextus in the 1560'ies. "The revival of ancient philosophy was particularly dramatic in the case of scepticism. This critical and anti-dogmatic way of thinking was quite important in Antiquity, but in the Middle Ages its influence faded [...] when the works of Sextus and Diogenes were recovered and read alongside texts as familiar as Cicero's "Academia", a new energy stirred in philosophy; by Montaigne's time, scepticism was powerful enough to become a major force in the Renaissance heritage prepared for Descartes and his successors." (Copenhaver & Schmitt, pp. 17-18)."Throughout the early modern period, from Ficino and Pico to Newton and Leibniz, such convictions supported a pattern of historiography that could never have emerged without the humanists, even though it did not preserve their fame for modern times. Other myths of classicism and Christianity outlived the fable of ancient theology because they conflicted less flagrantly with the findings of historyThe purpose of the ancient theology was to sanctify learning by connecting it with a still more ancient source of gentile wisdom that reinforces sacred revelation. Rather than baptize the heathens as Ficino or the older Pico wished, some early modern critics damned them, and one of the most aggressive thinkers of this school was the younger Pico. He saw an impassable gulf between Christian and pagan belief where his uncle had tried to build bridges." (Copenhaver & Schmitt, p. 337). Schmitt Appendix Section I: nrs. 4, 13, 14, 26, 50; 51; Section II: nr.11See:Charles B. Schmitt: Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola (1469-1533) and his critique of Aristotle. 1967.Copenhaver & Schmitt: Renaissance Philosophy. 1992.Eugenio Garin: Italian Humanism. Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. Translated by Peter Munz. 1965.Richard H. Popkin: The History of Scepticism. From Savonarola to Bayle. 2003.

Amsterdam, Heinric Laurentius, 1644. Folio. Contemporary full vellum with neat later (19th century) rebacking. Six raised bands and gilt title to spine. Some wear to extremities. Internally a fresh and clean copy with only a bit of occasional brownspotting. Endpapers with a bit of soiling. 2 bookplates to inside of front board: Gilbert Redgrave, London (dated 1894) & Gorden M. Jones, Virginia. Text in Greek and Latin. Woodcut title-page, numerous woodcut intials throughout, and more than 600 woodcut illustrations in the text. (20), 1187, (1), (88 - Index) pp. First edition thus, being the most important and influential edition of Theophrastus' seminal work "Enquiry into Plants" - the first systematization of the botanical world and the most important contribution to botanical science up until the Renaissance. Bodaeus von Stapel's groundbreaking edition constitutes the first illustrated edition of Theophrastus' masterpiece as well as the first with both Greek and Latin text. Furthermore, von Stapel has not only collected all relevant commentaries and knowledge, he has also added corrections and much foundational information, turning the work into one of the most influential botanical works of the 17th century, profoundly influencing the likes of Linnaeus and contributing significantly to the development of modern scientific botany. "This edition displays great care and research; the notes are numerous and learned, and all botanical information to be gleaned from Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides, and other ancient writers, seems to be embodied in this work. The Greek text is Heinsius's; the Latin version is that of the editor, who has placed Gaza's in the margin, with frequent corrections. The conjectures of Scaliger, Constantine, and Salmasius, are also incorporated... it has collected into one body the opinions of the old writers on the subject of the PLANTS. It contains some wood-cuts of the rarer species, which are much better uncoloured than coloured." Dibdin II:498). The numerous woodcut plant illustrations were partly copied from other sources and partly made especially for this edition. Thus, apart from being "one of the best and most thoughtfully prepared of all the editions of Theophrastos" (Hunt), our editor has also made original contributions that are of great importance. "It is interesting not only because of the brilliance of the editing, but, curiously enough, to the American botanist as well, for involving in the discussion certain species from Virginia, other parts of the New World, and Asia. The illustrations of these plants have been largely overlooked in botanical history, because of their incidental presence in a work which might not be expected to contain anything of the sort. Some were merely borrowed from l'Ecluse or de Lobel, but others seem original in this work" (H.H. Bartlett: Fifty-five Rare Books - quoted by Hunt).At the height of the Renaissance, with the expansion of the known world and the spreading of the book due to the invention of the printing press, many new publications on plants appeared. Most of these publications, however, were primarily concerned with the medicinal qualities of individual plants and only few authors or editors took an interest in the general nature of the plants and how they could systematically be classified. One of the few exceptions was Bodaeus von Stapel. With his seminal 1644 edition of "Historia Plantarum", he focused on the overarching classification system of plants and took Theophrastus' work a step further, adding essential commentaries and illustrations - illustrations that were to be copied for centuries after. These illustrations remain the standard illustrations of Theophrastus' foundational work. This edition of Theophrastus' "Historia Plantarum" became the standard edition of that earliest work on systematic botany and the edition that all serious scientific botanists of the 17th and 18th centuries will have studied. "Linnaeus, in the practice of his favourite art of systematizing, classified not only plants but the writers about them. The writers he distinguishes primarily as Botanists, and Plant Lovers, recognizing as Botanists only such as treat of plants from some philosophic or scientific point of view. Choosing his illustrations from annals of remote antiquity, he names among the earliest of the Greeks who wrote of plants Hippocrates; but because he wrote of plants only in the interests of medicine Linnaeus styles him Father of Medicine... Similarly Aristotle... is down in the Linnaean list of ancient celebrities as Prince of Philosophers. To Theophrastus, however, he accords the title Father of Botany. From this opinion, far from having been newly promulgated in Linnaeus's time, there has been no dissenting voice. On the contrary, Albert Haller, one of the most learned men in Europe in his day, and a botanist of such renown that Linnaeus held him in reverence, and also in some fear, denominates Theophrastus "the first of real botanists in point of time." Kurt Sprengel in the nineteenth century, having rehearsed the names of a long line of ancient authors who had written more or less concerning plants, says: "But the most illustrious of them all, and the true father of botany, was Theophrastus Eresius…." (Greene, Landmarks of Botanical History, I:128).It is no wonder that Linnaeus should find in Theophrastus the Father of his own field - The "Historia Plantarum" was not only the earliest work on systematic botany, it also contained Theophrastus' description of the formation of the plant seed, the earliest account known and the best that was made for 2000 years.Hunt: 240; Pritzel: 9197; BM: V:2091; Dibdin: II:498.

(København, ca. 1805-08). 4to. Near contemporary (ca. 1850) full brown calf with richly gilt spine and blindstamped border to boards. Spine worn and capitals lacking a bit of leather. Front hinge cracked, strengthened from verso. Internally very nice and fresh with only occasional brownspotting. With the book-plate of John Arden to inside of front board. Bound with the original wrappers for the fourth and ninth series. The front wrapper for the ninth has the title written in English in contemporary hand to the top right (slightly cropped), in ink that seems identical to the "9" denoting the series number. 57 (out of in all 72 published) engraved an excellently hand-coloured plates of costumes, one present in two copies (plate nr. 67). All plates with Danish and German text in the plate. Apart from two leaves that are slightly smaller, the leaves measure 25,5x19 cm. The print surface on all measures 20,5 x 14 cm. An unusually large collection of 57 of the rare plates that constitute the first Danish work on national costumes. The work is of the utmost scarcity, with only one known complete copy in public institutions (Danish University Library - the copy in the Royal Library is also incomplete). The title is known solely from the wrappers that each series of six plates was issued with. These wrappers are also exceedingly scarce and almost never present. Our copy contains two of them. As always, the issue number has been added in hand. Rieter and Senn were both born and educated in Switzerland and both arrived in Copenhagen in 1804. They studied costumes on Sealand, the West Sea Islands, and Holsten. The series of costumes is divided into two sections, the first depicting those of Copenhagen (along with Amager) and Sealand, the other that of Southern Jutland, including Holsten and the North Friesian Islands. Rieter left Copenhagen already in 1805, and Senn was left to complete the publication. It is assumed that Senn did most of the drawings. Only very few complete copies of the work are known to exist, only one in public collections. Colas states that “I do not know the exact number of plates to have been published in this collection, which is very rare. The copy of Lipperheide contains 56 plates, and that of the University of Copenhagen has 72.” (Own translation from French). Lipperheide 1045 (56 plates); Bibl. Danica II: 1080 (incomplete); Colas: 2557; Krohn: 873-944.

Hamburg,von Wiering, 1712. 8vo. In contemporary full calf with four raised bands. Embossed ornamentation to spine. Lower part of back hindge and back board with worm hole. Last three works with small wormtract to lower part of leaves (not affecting Lawson's work, other wise a good copy. [Lawson:] (14), 365, (3) pp. + frontispiece and 1 folded map; (4), 239, (5); (2), 94; (2), 134 pp. The exceedingly rare first German translation of "the first history of Carolina, with a very observant report of the life, customs, and natural history of the colony" (Streeter). John Lawson’s work offers a largescale portrayal of the customs and traditions of the Native American tribes during that era, while also serving as a meticulous record of the Carolinas' geography, climate, flora, fauna, and aquatic life, it constitute one of the most valuable contributions to the early history of Carolina and is considered to be one of the first travel account of the early 18th-century colonies. Lawson’s book provided a meticulous account of his 550-mile, 57-day journey through the backcountry of what would eventually become the states of both South Carolina and North Carolina. Beginning in the port city of Charles Town in December 1700, Lawson and nine other adventurers traveled northwestward toward present-day Charlotte, North Carolina. From there he explored the Piedmont basins of the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers before turning eastward toward present-day Bath, arriving there late in February 1701. John Lawson (1674 - 1711) was an English explorer, adventurer and writer. From 1700 onwards, Lawson was instrumental in the exploration and development of the northern part of what was then the British colony of Carolina, today's US state of North Carolina. Little is known about Lawson's life before his arrival in Carolina. In 1700 he traveled to America and arrived in Charleston where Lawson began a two-month expedition by canoe up the Santee River with five other British and various Indian guides to explore the then unknown land north of Charleston. The expedition ended about 1,000 kilometers further north at the mouth of the Pamlico River (now in Beaufort County). During the expedition, Lawson took extensive notes, which eventually was published in the present work. After the expedition ended, Lawson acquired land in the area where the expedition had ended and worked there, first privately and then on behalf of the colonial administration as a surveyor. At this point, a few scattered Europeans had already settled in the area. Lawson's holdings grew into North Carolina's first permanent settlement, Bath, which soon prospered and became North Carolina's most important port of entry. Lawson was involved with the Swiss Christoph von Graffenried and Franz Ludwig Michel in the founding of North Carolina's second oldest city, New Bern, by Swiss and German immigrants in 1710. Lawson was kidnapped and subsequently killed by the Tuscarora in 1711 after they noticed that Lawson had tried to take advantage of them in a trade. This event led to a deterioration in the climate between the Europeans and the Tuscarora and thus contributed to the outbreak of the Tuscarora War, which, after the initial successes of the Tuscarora, ended with their expulsion. Sabin 39453

Stockholm, Literis Wankiwianis, 1697. Folio. 2 contemporary, uniform full vellum bindings with coloured, gilt title- and tome- compartments to spines. Cords showing at inner hinges, but bindings solid and tight. Volume 1 with worn capitals and corners, and gilt compartments quite rubbed. general wear to boards and a stain to back board. Engraved book plate to inside of front board. Two old owner's names to title-page. Ttile-page dusty and with a bit of brownspotting. Otherwise internally in splendid condition, very nice, clean, and fresh. Front board of volume 2 a bit warped and back board with some staining. First two leaves loosening, but still attached, and with some damp staining. Otherwise internally very nice and clean, with just occasional light damp staining. (24), 830; (2), 486, (128) pp. With the engraved device to the title-page of volume 1. The magnificent editio princeps of Snorre's seminal "Heimskringla", his collection of the original sagas of the old Norse kings - beginning with the mythological prehistory going back to Odin and Asgard - printed for the first time in the original Icelandic, accompanied by translations into Swedish and Latin, also being the first translations into these languages. The "Heimskringla" constitutes one of the most famous and influential works of medieval Icelandic literature and a cornerstone of Norse mythology. These seminal sagas are of foundational importance not only to Norse mythology and Scandinavian history, however, but also to the medieval history of the Western world in general, famously narrating expeditions to many other European countries, most obviously England (e.g. the famous sacking of Southwark and the Battle of Hastings), but also many other parts of the world, ranging as far as Palestine (the saga of Sigurd the Crusader, where the Norwegian fleet is attacked by Arab Muslim pirates), Constantinople, Syria, and Sicily (the Saga of Harald Hadrada, which narrates his expedition to the East), etc. "In addition to this, there are early accounts of the western voyages of Erik the Red and Leif the Lucky and the early settlements on "Vinland", as the Norsemen called the north-eastern coast of American continent; and the equally daring eastern voyage of Sigurd the Crusader." (PMM) "Although the expeditions of the Norsemen to America were not mentioned in the manuscript copies of Sturluson's sagas, Peringskiöld introduces references to these expeditions in vol. I, pp. 325-348." (Sabin) "Snorri's contribution to the literature of Iceland is of inestimable importance. It was he who collected and preserved the great prose "Edda" (first published in 1665), which contains, with some tracts on composition and metre of considerable importance, the "Gylfaginning". Part mythology and part history, it is this which gives us the earliest version of the story of Aesir and their leader Odin, whose invasion of the North became the religion of Scandinavia. From this were spun the "Niebelungenlied" and "Beowulf"; ... Even more important than this is Snorri's own contribution, the great collections of the Sagas of the Norse Kings, called the "Heims Kringla", first published in full in 1697 in the original Icelandic, with translations into Latin and Swedish, edited by Johan Peringskiöld." (PMM) A few extracts of the work had been translated into Danish during the 16th and 17th centuries, with a Danish translation appearing in 1633, but the original Icelandic text had not been printed before and appeared for the first time - under the title "Heimskringla", which is the first known use of the name - with this magnificent publication, which also contains the first edition of the Latin translation and the first edition of the Swedish translation. The work is sought-after and difficult to come by. Sabin 85484 ("The New York Public Library has a copy of vol. I, but lacks vol. 2. The collation of vol. 2 is supplied from the "...Catalogue of the Icelandic Collection" in the Cornell University Library")Fiske 535PMM 168

Armenia, Etchmiadzin, June 7th, 1816. Folio (405 x 245 mm). All edges gilt. Manuscript-leaf in Armenian (Bologir), ink on paper, single column, 35 lines. Double lined margins in fine gold on the left and one on the right. Text in black and red ink, with two finely painted ecclesiastical emblems in colour: Above a seal of the Holy See of Etchmiadzin; A circular seal surrounded by radiant colored lines and a blue border with white stars. In the centre, an image of the Holy Trinity, used in official documents issued by the Catholicos of All Armenians. Above the All-Seeing Eye in a Triangle, an eye within a triangle, radiating light (stylized with golden rays and dots). This is a widespread Christian and Masonic symbol often called the Eye of Providence or All-Seeing Eye. In Armenian religious iconography, it symbolizes God the Father watching over creation Holy Trinity (the triangle suggests the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). This symbol is frequently seen in Armenian Church manuscripts, seals and ecclesiastical documents, particularly from the 18th–19th centuries, often influenced by Enlightenment-era Christian art. Folded. Minor wear at edges, a few tiny holes, overall very well preserved. An exceedingly rare illuminated Armenian ecclesiastical manuscript letter, issued under the authority of Catholicos Yeprem I Der Movsessian (Ephrem I ) (served 1809–1830), head of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Written at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the document formally records the ordination and blessing of a certain cleric named Haroutioun, commending him for his exemplary service to the Church. Documents of this kind - formally issued and stamped, personally signed and illuminated - were reserved for major ecclesiastical acts and now very rarely appear on the market. We have not been able to establish exactly who Haroutioun is. The letter describes him as "the confessing person named Haroutioun, for distinguished service to the Church", which strongly implies ordination or elevation within the clerical ranks - possibly to the priesthood (kahana) or to the rank of vardapet (doctor of theology). He may have been from a regional prelacy or rural diocese since the The Catholicos often issued such documents for clergy being appointed to distant parishes in Persia, the Ottoman Empire or newly annexed Russian territories (Georgia, Karabakh, etc.).Catholicos Yeprem I served during a pivotal period in modern Armenian history, as the Caucasus was being reshaped by imperial conflict. His tenure coincided with a profound geopolitical transformation in the South Caucasus, marked by the decline of Persian control over Eastern Armenia and the steady expansion of the Russian Empire into traditionally Armenian lands. As head of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Yeprem I’s leadership was crucial in navigating the Church through this period of realignment. What made Yeprem I particularly significant was not a legacy of bold theological innovation or political confrontation, but rather his quiet, deliberate, and pragmatic diplomacy. He inherited a Church fractured by external pressures and internal disputes, still recovering from centuries of divided jurisdiction under Ottoman and Persian rule. In this climate, Yeprem I became a stabilizing figure, reinforcing the authority of Etchmiadzin as the unifying center of the Armenian spiritual world. During his reign, Yeprem I worked to preserve ecclesiastical independence while cautiously cooperating with the Russian state. This was no small feat, as the Russian imperial government sought increasing control over religious institutions in its territories. Rather than provoke conflict Yeprem negotiated space for the Church to function - and even expand - within the framework of Russian imperial protection. His ability to balance loyalty to the Armenian tradition with the practicalities of Russian rule allowed the Church to maintain its institutions, liturgy, and internal governance. One of his most consequential acts was his handling of internal disputes, notably his anathema of Sargis II Hasan-Jalalyan, the rival Catholicos of Aghvank (Caucasian Albania). This decision, issued in 1815, demonstrated his unquestioned canonical authority and his determination to prevent fragmentation of ecclesiastical power. Through such actions, Yeprem I affirmed the exclusive legitimacy of Etchmiadzin and consolidated its role as the supreme authority in Armenian ecclesiastical matters. Though not a prolific writer himself, Yeprem I oversaw the continued copying and preservation of manuscripts at Etchmiadzin and supported the education of clergy. His era saw the groundwork laid for the modest revitalization of Armenian religious learning and a gradual increase in the Church’s influence in civil society - a process that would bear fuller fruit under his successors. Catholicos Yeprem I’s reign was not defined by major reforms or doctrinal controversy, but by his measured guardianship of Armenian ecclesiastical sovereignty during a period of imperial transition. His ability to preserve the independence and integrity of the Armenian Apostolic Church under the looming presence of the Russian Empire makes him one of the more subtle yet significant leaders in the Church’s modern history. His letters and official acts - such as the present - are fine testaments to his pastoral authority and institutional presistene. Regarding institutional holdings: The Matenadaran and the Archives of the Saint Apostolic Synod of Etchmiadzin hold letters and encyclicals from Catholicos Yeprem I. Outside Armenia, we are aware of only one comparable item: an encyclical from Yeprem I dated 3 August 1813, now held in the British Library (MS 15,957), catalogued by Vrej Nersessian.

Lugduni [Leiden], Jacobum Chouët, 1662. 12mo. Partly uncut in a nice later full calf binding (19th century?) with five raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. Hinges with a bit of wear and small piece of leather lacking on top of spine. Vague previous owner's name in contemporary hand to lower part of title-page. Ex-libris pasted on to pasted down front end-paper. Vague traces after stamp on p. 108. A fine copy. (12), 108 pp. + 3 folded plates. The rare first edition of Steno's early and first major discovery, being the findings of the 3 main Ducts and glands of the eye, the mouth and the nose, among these the first account of the excretory duct of the parotid gland now named "Stensen's Duct". He correctly stated that the true purpose of the glands was to secrete fluid and "with [the present work] Nicolaus Steno had established the study of glands as a science". (Snorrason). His careful dissections of animal, and later human, brains were revolutionary. He demonstrated that tears are secrated by specific glands, thus striking a deadly blow to the ancient notion of cerebral excretion, even disproving the speculations of scholars such as Descartes, who believed that the corpus pineale (a brain gland) was the connecting point between soul and body.Steno arrived in Holland in March 1660 and was given lodging by the city's physician Gerad Blaes (Latin: Blasius) who himself had studied in Copenhagen and was a friend of Thomas Bartholin. A year later Steno wrote in a letter to Bartholin: "After I had been given leave by Blasius to dissect on my own in the museum, I bought a sheep's-head in order to examine the brain. I happened to decide to investigate first the course of the veins and arteries at the mouth by introducing a probe into the vessels. I suddenly discovered that the point of the probe was moving freely in a spacious cavity and struck with a ringing sound against the teeth. Surprised at this, I called my host to hear his opinion. Blasius first said that it was due to force, then that it was one of nature's frequent freaks, and finally he looked up Wharton's book, but found no explanation there". Shortly thereafter, Steno repeated the investigation on a dog and confirmed, "there was a duct leading from the gland by the ear to the oral cavity, of a similar kind to the duct from the submaxillary gland found by the English man Thomas Wharton (1610-1673) a few years previously and described in his book Adenographia 1656. Steno was now certain that the gland was a salivary gland and not, as Wharton said in his book and as had been believed for some 1500 year, a kind of sponge intended to absorb surplus materials from the hard rami of the fifth pair of nerves, carry these back to the veins, warm up the outer and inner ear, and fill up the hollow around them." (Snorrason). "This discovery led Stensen to consider every fluid in the body as a glandular secretion. He then found a series of glands furnishing fluid to each of the body cavities. He likewise sought the afferent and efferent ducts of secretion. Stensen still used the name "lymph" for all watery glandular secretions, because he was not yet able to differentiate between them and to specify them chemically and physiologically. In the course of this basic research Stensen presented in his Leiden dissertation new discoveries of glands in the cheeks; beneath the tongue; and in the palate, whose structure of veins, arteries, nerves, and lymph vessels he also described. In his Observationes anatomicae (1662), dealing with his new discoveries concerning the glands, he described the lachrymal apparatus in great detail." DSB 13, 33. "Niels Stensen remains one of the most notable scientists in the history of anatomy. His method based on dissection and experiment enabled him to make significant contribution to the understanding of structure and function of human body. Like many successful scientists he was able to make the most of the rather serendipitous discovery of the parotid duct early in his career, soon expanding his research focus into new areas." (Strkalj, Niels Stensen and the Discovery of the Parotid Duct)."In the physiology his researches into the anatomy of the glands led to his discovery of the [duct of] parotid gland, one of the three salivary glands near the ear, into the mouth, is still named "Steno's duct."" (PMM 151)Osler 4018Garrison & Morton 973Waller 9226Heirs of Hippocrates 393Norman 2010Snorrason 1662(PMM 151)

S.-Petersburg, A Benke, 1893. 8vo. Bound with the original printed green front wrapper in a beautiful green half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Front wrapper brownspotted. Bottom 3 cm. of p.1-2 cut off, shaving a few lines off. A few underlinings to the first leaves. XVI, 353, (1) pp. + 29 tables, numbered I-XVI (with a,b,c's: IIIa-b, IVa-h, Va-c, VIa-b, VIIa-b, Xa-bXIIIa-b), on 16 leaves, 12 of which folded, most of them large + 2 leaves of explanation in between. The exceedingly scarce first edition of Danielson's groundbreaking work on the Russian economic development, which is widely considered the bible of Russian liberal economic thought. Danielson here proposed a way for the Russian economy to consolidate itself without foreign money by - highly controversially - claiming that capitalist industrialization was possible without any change in the political system and emphasizing and defending the peasant class, which so many socialists of the time readily proclaimed doomed. Danielson's economic philosophy was not only pioneering in contemporary Russian economics, it also anticipated many solutions to problems that still face some of the Third World countries today.Danielson famously stated: "The problem facing us could have been summed up in the following terms: What should we do to bring our industry up to the level of Western industry, in order to prevent Russia from becoming a vassal of more advanced countries, and at the same time raise the living standards of the people as a whole? What we did, instead, was to identify large-scale modern industry with its capitalist form, thus reducing the problem to the following dilemma: To what should we sacrifice our cottage industries - to our own capitalist industry or to English industry? When the issue was presented in this way - and this is how it was presented - our cottage industries were doomed and we began to propagate our own capitalist industry". [The present work, pp. 390-91]."[Danielson] reasserted that Russia allegedly lacked foreign markets and reaffirmed that furthering large-scale industry - that it, capitalist development - was prejudicial to Russia's interests. He further condemned the policy of industrialization based on "outrageous protectionism" and suggested that it was still possible for Russia to go back to reliance on agrarian communes and artisanal production. In sum, he believed that Russia could avoid becoming "a tributary of more advanced countries" and that it could foster a non-capitalist, state-controlled industrialization that would increase both productivity and welfare" (Spulber, "Russia's Economic Transitions", p. 43)."[The present work] was written at the suggestion of Marx himself. Danielson made every effort to emphasize the differences between himself and the economic publicists who "defended the people's cause from a narrow peasant point of view". [He] lost no opportunity to refer to the authority of Marx and Engels, even quoting from his private correspondences with them. Nevertheless, there can be no possible doubt that Danielson belonged to the legal Populists". (Walicki, A History of Russian Thought, P. 432).Danielson is often compared to Vasily Vorontsov and the two are considered the major exponents of narodnik economics. Danielson, however, should be distinguished from Vorontsov in regard to the factors that cause underconsumption: contraction in the purchasing power of the popular masses (and not the inability of capitalists to consume the surplus value). Danielson's analysis therefore falls into the school of underconsumption theory, initiated during the classical era of Political Economy by Sismonde de Sismondi. "According to Danielson, capitalist development reduces the number of workers (formerly self-employed craftsmen, small manufacturers, farmers or even laborers) through rapid increase in productivity. This leads to an ever smaller number of workers handling an ever larger mass of means of production, and accordingly also the number of mass consumers, since it marginalizes all those who are being pushed into the industrial reserve army, depriving society of their purchasing power. Crises therefore emerge as a result of contraction of the internal market and of popular consumption." (MILIOS, "Tugan-Baranowsky and effective Demand", p 4.). Danielson's analysis of the contraction of popular consumption linked his theory of crises with the Theory of Relative Pauperisation, thereby adopting a version of the "absolute immiseration" thesis.Danielson - initially a self-proclaimed Marxist - translated Marx's "Das Kapital" into Russian just two years after the first German edition appeared (thus being responsible for the first translation of the work into any language) and corresponded heavily with Marx and Engels up until the end of their lives. He was their primary source of information on the economic situation and development in Russia. While Danielson's research progressed and his own economic philosophy developed, he moved away from the popular Marxist economic doctrine, however, and eventually the famed Marx-translator became the influential critic of Marxism.The theory of Danielson's "Studies of Our Post-Reform Economy" represents "the first attempt to pose and find solutions to problems that still face some of the Third World countries today". Danielson was "the first to realize that economic backwardness creates its own specific problems, and that underdeveloped countries not only should not but cannot model their development on that of the advanced countries of Western Europe. (Walicki, "A History of Russian Thought", p. 434).

Paris, 1807 (atlas) - 1808 (text). 2 large 4to + 1 folio. All three volumes bound in contemporary half calf with gilding to spines - text volumes uniform. TEXT: Volume 1 with a split front hinge, but block still tight. A patch of paper missing from back board. Both volumes with some edge wear and bumped corners. Old paper labels to inside of front boards, and a stamp to half-titles and title-pages. A bit of brownspotting, but mostly marginal. Overall, most text-leaves are clean and bright. The plates in vol. 1 have some, mostly marginal, brownspotting. Both volumes with wide margins. Some of the text is printed on blue-ish paper. (4), LVI, 704 pp. & 32 folded engraved plates + (4), VIII, 691 pp. & 1 folded plate. Many tables with astronomical observations. In all 33 folded plates. ATLAS: Wear to extremities and bumped corners. Inner front hinge re-enforced. Top right blank corner of title-page repaired, far from affecting text. A stamp to title-page. A bit of brownspotting, mostly marginal. The last ab. 10 maps with a damp stain in the middle. The reast are very nice and bright. 4 (title-page + contents-leaf) pp. & 39 maps and charts, 29 of which are double-page. Fully complete with all 33 folded plates in the text-volumes and all 39 maps and charts in the atlas-volume. A contemporary handwritten note to the title-page of the atlas stating that THE COPY WAS GIVEN TO ADMIRAL VAN DOCKUM AT THE ORDER OF NAPOLEON I. ("à Mr. le Conte-Admiral Joost Van Dockum,/ par ordre de Sm l'Empereur Napoléon 1e.") A gift-copy, ordered by Napoleon I - for the Danish admiral that had earned himself great personal admiration from Napoleon - of the first edition of this magnificent travel account, which is famous for its exploration of the Australian coast while searching for the lost Pérouse expedition that had vanished in Oceania.The excellent maps and charts of this foundational publication are made by the expedition's first hydrographical engineer, C.F Beautemps-Beaupré, who is now regarded as the father of modern French hydrography, due to his work on the present expedition. The charts published here, in the atlas volume under the title "Atlas du Voyage de Bruny-Dentrecasteaux", in 1807 were very detailed and remained the source of the English charts of the area for many years. Those of Van Diemen's Land were the exceptionally detailed and have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the area. In September 1791, the French Assembly decided to send an expedition in search of Jean-François de La Pérouse, who had not been heard of since leaving Botany Bay in March 1788. Bruni d'Entrecasteaux was selected to command this expedition and was given a frigate, Recherche with Lieutenant Jean-Louis d'Hesmity-d'Auribeau as his second-in-command, Rossel among the other officers, and Beautemps-Beaupré as hydrographer of the expedition.On September 28, the expedition left Brest. The plan of the voyage was to proceed to New Holland in Australia, to sight Cape Leeuwin, then to hug the shore closely all the way to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), inspecting every possible harbour in a rowing boat, and then to sail for the Friendly Islands (Tonga) via the northern cape of New Zealand (allowing gardener Félix Delahaye to collect live breadfruit plants for transport to the French West Indies). After that, D'Entrecasteaux was to follow Pérouse's intended route in the Pacific. However, when Bruni d'Entrecasteaux reached Table Bay, Cape Town on 17 January 1792, he heard a report that Captain John Hunter (later to be Governor of New South Wales) had recently seen - off the Admiralty Islands - canoes manned by natives wearing French uniforms and belts. Although Hunter denied this report, and although the Frenchmen heard of the denial, Bruni d'Entrecasteaux determined to make directly to the Admiralty Islands, nowadays part of Papua New Guinea, taking water and refreshing his crew at Van Diemen's Land. On 20 April 1792, that land was in sight, and three days later the ships anchored in a harbour, which he named Recherche Bay. For the next five weeks, until 28 May 1792, the Frenchmen carried out careful boat explorations which revealed in detail the beautiful waterways and estuaries in the area.Beautemps-Beaupré, while surveying the coasts with Lieutenant Crétin, discovered that Adventure Bay was on an island, separated from the mainland by a fine navigable channel. On May 16, d'Entrecasteaux commenced to sail the ships through the channel and succeeded in 12 days. Port Esperance, the Huon River, and other features were discovered, named, and charted, the admiral's names being given to the channel (D'Entrecasteaux Channel) and the large island (Bruny Island) separated by it from the mainland.On May 28, 1792 the ships sailed into the Pacific to search for La Pérouse. On June 17, they arrived off the Isle of Pines, south of New Caledonia. From there, d'Entrecasteaux sailed northward along the western coast of New Caledonia. (The Bruni d'Entrecasteaux reefs at the northwestern end of the New Caledonia Barrier Reef are named for him.) He then passed the Solomon Islands along their southern or western coasts, sailed through Saint George's Channel between New Ireland and New Britain, and on July 28 sighted the south-east coast of the Admiralty Islands. After that he set sail for Ambon (in modern-day Indonesia), where his ships replenished their stores.Leaving Amboina on October 14, Bruni d'Entrecasteaux made for Cape Leeuwin, the south-western extremity of Australia, to carry out his original instructions of searching southern New Holland for La Pérouse. On December 6, land was sighted near Cape Leeuwin, and named "D'Entrecasteaux Point". They ended up sailing further east and penetrated numerous islands and dangerous shoals, to which they gave the name "D'Entrecasteaux Islands" (later changed to the Recherche Archipelago).After a violent storm in December, the ships continued eastward to the head of the Great Australian Bight, and on January 4, 1793, Bruni d'Entrecasteaux was forced to leave the coast at a position near Bruni d'Entrecasteaux Reef and sail direct to Van Diemen's Land (this decision was unfortunate, for if he had continued his examination of the southern coast of New Holland, he would have made all the geographical discoveries that fell to the lot of Bass and Flinders a few years later. If that had been the case, a French "Terre Napoléon" might well have been a fact).The ships anchored in Recherche Bay on 22 January, and the expedition spent five weeks in that area, watering the ships, refreshing the crews, and carrying out explorations into both natural history and geography. Beautemps-Beaupré, in company with other officers, surveyed the northern extensions to Storm Bay - the western extension was found to be a mouth of a river which received the name Rivière du Nord (it was renamed the Derwent River a few months later by the next visitor to this area).On February 28, d'Entrecasteaux sailed from Van Diemen's Land towards the Friendly Islands, sighting New Zealand and the Kermadec Islands en route. At the Friendly Islands, he found that the natives remembered Cook and Bligh well enough, but knew nothing of La Pérouse. He then sailed back to New Caledonia, where he anchored at Balade. The vain search for La Pérouse then resumed with Santa Cruz, then along the southern coasts of the Solomon Islands, the northern parts of the Louisiade Archipelago, through the Dampier Strait, along the northern coast of New Britain and the southern coast of the Admiralty Islands, and thence north of New Guinea to the Moluccas.By this time, the affairs of the expedition had become almost desperate, largely because the officers were ardent royalists and the crews equally ardent revolutionaries. Kermadec had died of phthisis in Balade harbour, and on 21 July 1793, d'Entrecasteaux himself died of scurvy, off the Hermits.Commands were re-arranged, with Auribeau taking charge of the expedition, with Rossel in Kermadec's place. The new chief took the ships to Surabaya. Here it was learned that a republic had been proclaimed in France, and on February 18, 1794, Auribeau handed his vessels to the Dutch authorities so that the new French Government could not profit by them. Auribeau died a month later, and Rossel sailed from Java in January 1795 on board a Dutch ship, arriving at Table Bay in April 1795. There his ship sailed unexpectedly with the expedition's papers, leaving him behind, but this vessel was captured by the British. Rossel then took passage on a brig-of-war, but this too was captured by the British. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, all the papers of the expedition were returned to Rossel, who was thus able to publish the present narrative of the whole enterprise. JOST VAN DOCKUM (1753 -1834) was a famous Danish naval officer. He started out as a naval cadet and midshipman in 1765, advanced to second lieutenant 1773, premier lieutenant in 1781, captain lieutenant in 1784 and captain in 1796. In 1798 Dockum became chief of a frigate used as a watch ship in Helsinore and here got caught up in a conflict with an English chief of a convoy, about the extradition of another Danish ship. Due to his steadfast and tactful handling of the situation, the case was resolved and battle was avoided, earning him great respect and a flattering letter from Crown Prince Frederik. In 1799, Dockum was sent out as chief commander of the frigate "The Mermaid" to join the Commander Captain Steen Bille's force in the Mediterranean, whose task it was to ensure the uninterrupted travel of Danish merchant ships. Even though Denmark was neutral and thus sought after for shipping goods, these Danish ships still faced problems from both privateers, who didn't necessarily respect the neutral flag, and from English war ships, which demanded the right to search Danish ships - something that the Danish chiefs had explicit orders to prevent. Van Dockum turned out to be exactly the right man at the right place, at the right time. In December 1799, in Gibraltar, he was forced to order firing against English vessels that attempted to search his convoy. For a short while, it even looked as if a heavy battle was forced to follow, but with his calm and assured conduct, Van Dockum made the English reconsider, and the case was handled with diplomacy in stead. Later the same year, a similar situation occurred, which Van Docum handled in the same admirable manner. His impressive conduct was clearly noticed high up in the hierarchy. Denmark, however, could not remain neutral, and in the beginning of 1801, the Danish forces were called back from the Mediterranean. When the English navy arrived in Øresund in 1807 and afterwards bombarded Copenhagen, Van Docken was given command of the battery of ships, Preøvesten. In 1809, he was sent to Schelden to serve in the French navy; upon his arrival, he took command over the line ship Pultusk, under Vice Admiral Édouard Jacques Burgues de Missiessy.Napoleon's plan was to form a naval port of the first rank, a goal that he pursued zealously. The English, of course, tried to conquer the station. It was here that Van Docken gained international fame. At the failed attacks by the English and with his obviously skilled maneuvers and his amazing abilities as an organizer, he gained the special attention of Emperor Napoleon I and earned special recognition for the Danish marine as such. He stayed at his post for more than three years, was appointed French Admiral, Knight of Dannebrog and an officer of the Legion of Honour. He was invited to Napoleon's feasts was showered with attention, when he visited Napoleon in Paris. He stayed in French service until 1812, and Napoleon has presumably given him the present work, when it appeared.

Lugduni Batavorum (Leyden), Apud Petrum Leffen & Franciscum Moyardum, 1662. 4to. Contemporary full calf with gilt title-laebl to spine. (36), 121, (1) pp. + 10 plates. Complete with all 56 woodcut and engraved text-illustrations (many of which are full-page) and the 10 full-page engraved plates (several folded), one of which is the heart-plate with the 6 moveable parts, the Cardiac-flaps (of which only the smallest is missing). One folded plate cropped at fore-margin. First edition of Descartes' seminal treatise on man, the first European textbook of physiology, constituting an epochal work of modern thought, defining the mechanism of man as it does. "In the Treatise of man, Descartes did not describe man, but a kind of conceptual models of man, namely creatures, created by God, which consist of two ingredients, a body and a soul. "These men will be composed, as we are, of a soul and a body. First I must describe the body on its own; then the soul, again on its own; and finally I must show how these two natures would have to be joined and united in order to constitute men who resemble us"." (SEP). This highly influential work was the first to present a coherent description of bodily responses in neurophysiological terms that are still, to a wide extent, accepted today. In his attempt to solve the central question around which almost all philosophical thought had revolved since the time of Aristotle, what the relation between the soul and the body actually is, Descartes came to create a milestone work of physiology which changed the entire trajectory of modern physiological conceptions. "Without Descartes, the seventeenth-century mechanization of physiological conceptions would have been inconceivable." (DSB). He believed that the relationship between the soul and the body was mediated by the brain and the nervous system, and his seminal attempts to explain neural mechanisms drew a great deal on the engineering developments of his time (eg. the hydraulic automata that had been installed at the Versailles). He developed a hydro-mechanical theory of how the soul controlled the contraction of muscle through the intermediary of the pineal and the cerebral ventricles, and he produced an explanation of how it received, through the nerves from the periphery, signals that gave rise to sensation. Descartes' theories quickly spread throughout Europe, and the work in which he had developed them, his "De Homine" became extremely influential. This posthumously published work was actually written in the 1630's, but after the condemnation of Galilei in 1633, Descartes did not dare publish it; "although it thus had to await posthumous publication in the 1660's, his writing of the Traité de l'homme proved extremely important in the further maturation of Descartes's physiological conceptions." (D.S.B. p.62). "Some time after Descartes's death in 1650, his French manuscript, copies of which had circulated among his friends and correspondents, was edited and published. The first version was a Latin translation (De homine) by Florentius Schuyl in 1662, the second the now better known 'original' French version (Traité de l'homme) edited by Descartes's self-appointed literary executor Claude Clerselier in 1664. In the seventeenth century the 1662 Latin version was probably much more widely read than the French text. There were problems for the editors of both versions. Firstly, there were differences between the manuscripts: Clerselier in Paris claimed that his version was Descartes's own, that the others were 'corrupt' and that Schuyl had been 'misled' by them. However, a more important difficulty was raised because it was clear that the text was intended to be illustrated - Descartes refers to figures and to features within these labelled by letters. But no set of figures accompanied the manuscripts. Both editors have left quite detailed accounts in their long prefaces - little treatises in themselves. Here I consider only Schuyl, the editor of the Latin De homine. Schuyl (1619-69) was a professor of philosophy in the town of 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands, the country in which Descartes was living during the writing of Le monde. Two of the author's friends had copies of the manuscript that they supplied to Schuyl, and with one of these were included two sketches of illustrations apparently in Descartes's own hand. These Schuyl included. One of them represents the medial and lateral rectus muscles in the orbit, which deflect the eye nasally and temporally. The other figures Schuyl had to have made and, since he mentions no one else, one supposes that he designed them himself." (IML Donaldson, J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2009; 39:375-6).Wellcome II:453; Osler 931; Garrison and Morton 574. Waller only has a later edition.

London, 1813 (-1816). (Part I:) Cadell and Davies by Richard Taylor and Co., 1813; (Part II:) for Cadell and Davies, and Murray by Richard and Arthur Taylor, 1813; (Parts III & IV:) (Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor), (1816). 8vo. Lovely contemporary full calf boards with blindstamped frames made of single lines and ornamental corner-pieces. Double gilt line-border to boards. Gilding on front board very vague. Ornamental blindstamped inner dentelles. Neatly rebacked in style of the boards, with gilt ornamentation ond gilt red morocco title-label. End-papers renewed. 24; (VI),39 pp.; 1 f. (blank), 124 pp. Both half-titles to part III & IV included in the pagination. Some leaves evenly browned, but overall a very nice and clean copy (possibly washed). Very scarce edition of Owen’s seminal four-part work, which constitutes “The Birth of Socialism”, parts I & II being the first printings, and II & IV presumably the second editions (after the privately printed 1814-edition of both parts, which were for private circulation), later used for the 1816 overall second edition of all four parts together (which is continuously paginated, 184 pp. in all). The copy corresponds to Kress B6194, where it is listed first, and Goldsmiths' 20855. Goldsmiths' notes “The first and second essays have separate title-pages and pagination. The third and fourth essays each have a half-title, but their pagination is continuous. There are a number of textual alterations in this edition of the third and fourth essays, most of which were adopted for the 1816 edition.” Parts I & II have separate title-pages and are separately paginated. The title-page of part I does not mention Owen, but the dedication to Wilberforce is signed Robert Owen in print on p. IV. The title-page of part II reads: A new View of Society, or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice. Essay Second. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. Parts III & IV each have a half-title, both included in the pagination, which is continuous. The half-title of Part III reads: Essay Third. The Principles of the Former Essays Applied to a Particular Situation, and states on verso: Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor. The half-title of Part IV reads: Essay Fourth. The Principles of the Former Essays Applied to Government. "The theory of socialism has a long and distinguished history [...] the first practical statement of socialist doctrine came not from a theorist but from one who based it on practical experiment. Robert Owen became the manager of a cotton mill at the age of nineteen. He was brilliantly successful, not merely as a manager, but as an innovator, introducing the first imported cotton from America and improving the quality of the yarn. Before he was thirty he already had the experience, and the confidence born of it, to undertake his great experiment." (PMM). Having bought a factory with some of the poorest and workers’ quarters in the country and worst working conditions, Owen began improving conditions in all ways possible, including housing, working hours, education for the children (he founded infant schools in Great Britain), limitation of drinking, and he opened a store, where they could buy goods close to cost price. "'The Lanard Experiment' was a great success, and the mill ran a profit; nevertheless, Owen’s partners were dissatisfied at the cost of his social schemes and he was forced to dissolve the partnership and form a new company, in which Jeremy Bentham and William Allen, the Quaker philanthropist, were partners. It was at this juncture that A New View of Society came out. In it Owen laid down the principles which had determined his experiment. Having no belief in any kind of religion, he had thought out a new system of beliefs for himself. The chief points were that man's character is made not by but for him and that it has been formed by circumstances over which he has no control. The prime necessity in the right formation of character is therefore to place him under proper physical, moral and social influences from the very beginning. These principles - the fundamental irresponsibility of man and the effect of good early influence - lie at the root of Owen's theories and his practice. New Lanark continued to show their efficacy, and it became a model community, much visited by the statesmen of Europe… [T]he vitality of the word “socialism”, first coined by Owen about 1835, is testimony to the enduring value of his work" (PMM). PMM 271; Kress B6194; Goldsmiths' 20855

Amsterdam, Labore & Sumptibus - Johannis Blaeu, 1662. Large folio (350 x 545 mm). In publisher’s full vellum binding with central gilt arabesque and armillary sphere. All edges gilt. Boards with stains and marks. Outer margin on back board with waterstain. Small stamp on front free end-paper, lower part of title-page and lower part of frontiespiece (The Royal Danish Geographical Society). Occassional light brownpostting throughout. Approximately 50 leaves with waterstain in outer margin, primarily affecting last part. (4), 256, (2), 78, (2) + 70 engraved maps. Complete, corresponds to Koemann Bl 56, 220. First edition of volume seven, containing France and Switzerland, of Blaeu’s monumental Atlas Major, one of the most significant works of the 17th century widely considered to be one of the greatest atlases ever produced. It was the most expensive book that could be acquired in the mid-17th century. The Atlas Major was a significant achievement in the history of cartography and it represented a major step forward in the development of the modern atlas. Most of the present maps were issued in previous editions of Blaeu’s atlases from the 1630s onwards, and derive variously from Maurice Bouguereau’s Le Théatre Francoys (1594), Jean le Clerc’s Le Théatre géographique du Royaume de France (1619), as well as from other maps by Hondius and Janssonius. "There are a small number of newer maps of France, some of which derived from the Geographer to the King of France, Pierre Du Val. The six maps of Switzerland in the atlas had been in print for several decades: four of them were copied from Mercator’s 1585 Galliae Tabulae geographicae." (National Library of Scotland). The Atlas Major was notable for its high level of accuracy and detail. The maps were based on the latest geographical knowledge and featured state-of-the-art cartographic techniques, such as the use of latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and a sophisticated system of map projection. The maps were also notable for their beautiful engravings and illustrations, which were produced by some of the most talented artists of the time. The Atlas Maior was a major commercial success and it was widely used by scholars, navigators, and government officials. It was translated into several languages, and it became the standard reference work for cartography and geography during the 17th century. Atlas Major was subsequently published with French, Dutch, German, and Spanish texts. Koemann Bl 56, 220.

Milano, Genio, 1804. Lex 8vo. Large-paper copy, completely uncut, on extra-thick paper, in the original wrappers of hand-blocked patterned paper. With a few contemporary hand-written annotations/corrections and marginal markings. An extraordinarily fine copy with minimal wear. 78 pp. + 1 f. errata. Frontispiece portrait and two engraved plates (one - with the famous sheep - folded). A magnificent copy, in completely original condition, of the rare first edition (printed in a small number only) of this milestone in the history of plastic surgery, Baronio's immensely significant masterpiece, which constitutes the first example of purely scientific research in the history of plastic surgery. Furthermore, it is in this work that the possibility of skin transfer (grafting) is demonstrated for the first time, marking the beginning of a new era for plastic surgery. "The basic principle of free transplantation . . . constituted, when fully understood and applied, the greatest single advance [in plastic surgery] of the nineteenth century." (Gnudi & Webster, p 328)."Degli Innesti Animali, has to be considered an epoch-marking work for several reasons. It is the only treatise on plastic surgery written two centuries after Tagliacozzi's De Curtorum Chirurgia (1597). It is the first experimental account on a successful autologous skin graft in an animal with a detailed report. It is the first example of purely scientific research in the history of plastic surgery." (ISAPS - International Society of aesthetic plastic surgery)."It is a landmark in the development of plastic surgery procedure after two centuries of neglect." (Hagströmer).Describing his experiments with skin grafting on animals (most famously on the sheep, which is depicted in the book), Baronio laid the foundation for human skin grafting, which was only successfully done for the first time 13 years later, in 1817. "Baronio carried out trials on a total of 27 animals (rams, goats, dogs, and even a mare and a cow), always with the same positive results. These studies were of immense significance, serving first and foremost to demonstrate that grafts could be transferred and survive, a fact up to then had not been scientifically proven. Indeed, this possibility was dismissed by leading surgeons including Alfred Armand Velpeau who… asserted that "this strange operation will never be practiced" Furthermore, by comparing the results of grafts carried out under different conditions and different time intervals, Baronio succeeded in clarifying many of the biological aspects of the grafting and healing processes." (Santoni-Rugiu & Sykes: A History of Plastic Surgery, p. 123)."The publication of "Degli Innesti Animali" (On grafting in Animals) by Giuseppe Baronio (1759-1811) in 1804, the first account of experimental autologous skin transplantation in a ram, marks the beginning of a new era for plastic surgery - the demonstration that skin transfer in the same individual is possible and successful. Degli Innesti Animali, the most important work of Baronio, is a 78-page book, printed on thick paper, issued in 1804 in Milan by Tipografia del Genio. The book is rare and seldom appears on the market. It is divided into seven parts and includes three engraved illustrations. The first one shows the portrait of the Count Carlo Anguissola, to whom the work is dedicated, who sponsored the publication, although this is not mentioned, and provided animals and stables for making Baronio's experiments possible.In parts one and two, Baronio traces the origin of nasal reconstruction by quoting the Brancas of Sicily, Tagliacozzi, and the Maratha surgeons from India. The Tagliacozzi's arm flap technique is extensively described, whereas the Indian forehead flap procedure is also illustrated by an engraved plate. Part three is devoted to transplantation of teeth in human beings, a procedure first reported by John Hunter; whereas part four explains the grafting of spur and "other animal parts into the cock's comb." In part five, Baronio reports the method of healing severed skin parts by using certain balms, as proposed by some charlatans. Part six, the most important section of the book, deals with the original Baronio studies on skin graft in a ram. He carried out three types of experiments on the farm of the estate of the Count Anguissola at Albignano, in the surroundings of Milan. In doing this, Baronio was supported by two Milanese surgeons G.B. Monteggia (1762-1815) and G.B. Palletta (1748-1832).In the first experiment, he excised a piece of skin from the dorsum of a ram and grafted it immediately on the opposite side without suturing it, but attaching it with an adhesive. After eight days the graft took perfectly. In the second experiment, on the same ram, the time lapse was 18 minutes. Baronio noticed that the graft had some difficulties in taking (Author's note: probably superficial necrosis at it occurs in full thickness skin grafts). In the third experiment, always on the same ram, the time lapse was longer and the graft did not take. He concluded that the shorter the time for transplantation the better in terms of survival rate. A beautiful engraved illustration of a ram with skin grafts positioned along its dorsum accompanies the text. Regrettably, Baronio was not aware that the thickness of the skin was the most important factor for skin graft survival. Very possibly in the third experiment he harvested the skin with the underlying adipose tissue, thus jeopardizing the graft take.In the last part of the book, part seven, he created wounds on different animals (goat, dog, sheep) and covered them with aluminum paste to isolate wounds from the air to avoid potential contamination. He noticed that this method facilitated wound healing.Degli Innesti Animali, has to be considered an epoch-marking work for several reasons. It is the only treatise on plastic surgery written two centuries after Tagliacozzi's De Curtorum Chirurgia (1597). It is the first experimental account on a successful autologous skin graft in an animal with a detailed report. It is the first example of purely scientific research in the history of plastic surgery. For this reason, the founding members of the Plastic Surgery Research Council established the image of the Baronio ram with skin graft over its dorsum as the emblem of the organization. (ISAPS).Garrison-Morton 5736; Gnudi & Webster, The Life and Times of Gaspare Tagliacozzi, p 328; Zeis Index 301 & 422; Maltz, Evolution of Plastic Surgery, p 221; Bankoff, The Story of Plastic Surgery, p. 42; Belloni, 'Dalle "Riproduzioni animali" di L. Spallanzani agli "Innesti animali" di G. Baronio' in Physis, III, 1961, pp 37-48; Hirsch, I, 243. Waller 686.

A la Haye, Chez Jean Néaulme, (Recte: Paris, Duchesne), 1762. 8vo. Bound in four beautiful uniform contemporary full mottled calf bindings with gilt title-and tome-lables to richly gilt spines. Gilt line-border to edges of bords. Lovely patterned edges. Spines and some corners lightly and expertly restored, barely noteable. Occasional very light brownspotting or dusting, but overall very nice and clean. Printed on good, heavy paper, with wide margins. An excellent copy. (2), VIII, (2), 466, (6) pp. + (4), 407, (1) pp. + (4), 384 pp.; (4), 455, (1) pp. + 5 engraved plates (used as frontispieces and facing p. (141) of vol. 1 respectively). The first plate "Thétis" in the variant state without title (as described in MacEachern). Fully complete, exactly as described in MacEachern. With all the misprints: Vol. 1: 88 as S8, 443 as 433, 465 as 46; vol. 2: 356 as 256, 357 as 257; vol. 3: 383 as 363; vol. 4: 336 with first 3 broken (according to McEachern this is just the case in some copies). With the usual cancelled leaves: Vol 1: Av + B4; vol. 2: H3 + N6 (called I6). The final leaf ends with "FIN" and has no grapes (MacEachern: "The grapes appear in three different forms..."). The very scarce actual first edition, being the rarer, more sought-after, nicer 8vo-edition (as opposed to the much more common 12mo edition, which was printed about simultaneously, but which seems to have appeared later), the 8vo format also being the one preferred by Rousseau himself and the format in which he wanted his great work to appear.This magnificent work constitutes the climax of Rousseau's genius as well as the most important work on education since Plato. In Émile, Rousseau poses an entirely new approach to education and the upbringing of children. His thoughts were exceedingly controversial, the work was burnt by the executioner immediately after its first appearance and Rousseau had to flee the country due to a warrant for his arrest. The printing history of "Émile" is extremely complicated and has been a matter of intense dispute for many decades. Until Maceachern's bibliography from 1989, the edition that has now been established as the "Second Paris octavo" (MacEachern 4A) was generally considered the first printing of the work, but there is no longer any dispute about the fact that the present edition is in fact the actual first (1A). The first edition appeared in both 8vo(1A) and 12mo(1B), and it seems to be generally accepted that the 8vo-edition was distributed first, but that parts of the 12mo-edition may have been in printing a bit earlier. Rousseau himself seems to have preferred the 8vo-edition and wished for his great work to appear as this form first ("The question of the format gave rise to some dissension, for while Rousseau felt that the work was more suited to the octavo format, Duchesne preferred to print a duodecimo and only a limited number of the more expensive octavo. Rousseau finally agreed to Duchesne's plan with reluctance, declaring that in his opinion Duchesne was committing an error of judgment and that the octavo would certainly be the more sought after of the two formats." - MacEachern, pp. 18-19). Rousseau himself was more involved in the coming-to-be of "Émile" than perhaps any other author has been in any other book. Throughout the entire process there were a large number of misunderstandings between himself and Duchene which more than once endangered the printing and publishing of this seminal work, and which has contributed greatly to the extremely complicated bibliographical data of it. In fact, up until very late in the process, Rousseau did not believe that the work was actually going to be finished and it took several instances of mediation between the two to keep the work on tracks. Finally, however, the work was a reality, and with it one of the greatest works of Western culture had been born.Rousseau's "Émile" constitutes the most significant modern treatise on the education of man, surpassed only by Plato's "Republic". The comparison with Plato is all the more apt, seeing that both works grow out of and are meant to remedy lacunae in the political philosophy of their authors.The conclusion to Rousseau's work on the social contract, also written during Rousseau's stay in Montmorency, had pointed to a predicament of political thought: that only if man were himself naturally inclined to freedom, could he make use of political freedom. "Émile" is the analysis of the conditions, under which a child can develop into a free human being. As such, it presents the conclusion to Rousseau's earlier works on inequality, political freedom and servitude.The paradox of Émile is that, while the development of human nature must be natural, if the child is to develop into a free human being, steering that development in the right - that is, free - direction requires constant intervention which, moreover, must be hidden from the child. Rousseau details this intervention in his analysis of the five stages in the education of the child, covering the period from birth to the age of 25.Being one of the most influential thinkers of the 18th century, Rousseau is considered one of the indirect causes of the French Revolution. In Rousseau one certainly finds one of the most influential spokesmen for 18th century thought, and it is primarily the thoughts of him and Voltaire that are put into action with the Revolution."The first and last of these (i.e. Héloise and Émile), with their sentimental expression of deism, gave much offence, and Rousseau, like Voltaire, was forced to flee to Prussia. Restless and locally unpopular, he fled again to England, where he had a great welcome. Hume, who had offered him asylum, looked after him patiently..." (PMM 207, Printing and the Mind of Man).The totalitarian tendency of Rousseau's philosophy of education has been noted by a number of philosophers, in recent times most famously, Karl Popper.McEachern: 1A

Paris, J. Delahaye, 1843. Large folio. (58x42 cm.). Bound in 3 uniform contemp. hcalf. Covers with inlaid cloth with ornamentation in gold. Wear to spine ends. Spines rubbed. A repair to lower part of spine on volume one. Chromolithographed frontispiece. XIV,(4),80;(2),68;(4),20;(4),42;(4),21,18,(2) pp. and 2 lithographed maps, 127 lithographed and tinted plates (2 coloured) and 10 handcoloured lithographed plates of flowers. Textillustrations. Cul de lamps. All plates with tissue-guards. Some browning and spotting to many of the plates. First, and only, edition of Berbrugger's monumental description of Algeria. The plates depicts city views, landscapes, costumes, scenes from daily life etc.Colas, 298. - Lipperheide, 1594. - Brunet I, 782.

Venetia (Venice), Giordano Ziletti, 1574-(73). 4to. Hcalf from ab 1820. Gilt back. Slight rubbing to spine. (78),350 pp. and 65 double-page engraved maps with text on verso of plates (130) pp,56,65 pp. 6 textlvs. at end with brownspots in right margin, sometimes a little browning to pages, few brownspots and a few textlvs. with minor wormtracts. Complete with all 65 maps called for, each measuring ab. 19 x 26 cm. A great part of the maps have some background shadowing from the printers ink, mainly due to the fact, that this is the third Ruscelli-edition, where the plates have been used before. 3 printer's wood-cut devices and 20 smaller and larger woodcuts in the text. 2 woodcuts with Ptolemy shown observing. Third edition of Ruscelli's translation from Venice, 1561. The maps are printed from the same plates, with the exception of Ptolemy's map of the world, for which Malomba had returned to the original conical projection of Ptolemy. Moreover, one map is added: the map of "Territorio di Roma". In general the maps are enlarged copies of Gastaldi's maps from the edition of 1548 which came out in 8vo. The Ruscelli translation contains an important innovation, namely the division of the world map into two parts, one for the Old World and one for the New, as seen on the plate "Tavola Universal", depicting the 2 hemispheres. The atlas contains 27 ptolemaic maps and 38 new. 1 World, 1 Hemisphere, 10 Europe, 4 Africa, 12 Asia and 38 others. 10 of the maps relate to America.Philipps I:380. Sabin 66505. Nordenskiöld Nr. 34 (p.27).

Lübeck, Jürgen Richolff, 1555. 4to. Senere hellæderbind (omkr. 1750). Med ophøjede bind i 5 rygfelter. Rig forgyldning, men forgyldningen delvis krakeleret. Titelfeltet med forgyldt skindtitel. Øverste kapitæl restaureret. 315 blade, heraf er 1 blad i faksimile (Qqi, - et blad i registeret). Uden det sidste blanke blad. På titelbladet er teksten trykt inden for stor figurlig træstukken ramme. Med de 36 store træsnit som er kopier efter originalerne stukket af Erhard Altdorfer i Lübecker-udgaven fra 1498. Her og der med lettere brugsspor. Af største sjældenhed, kun ganske få eksemplarer i privateje. Med dette værk bliver Middelalderens dyreepos indført i Danmark. "Det i Omfang og Indhold betydeligste Værk er Rævebogen, der indfører Midelalderen dyreepos i vor Litteratur... oversætteren var en Malmøbo og broder til den kendte Lægebogsskribent Henrik Smith... Oversættelsen, der efter Tidens Skik er noget lokaliseret (Løven Kong Nobel holder saaledes Hof i Lemvig) er udført frit, ingenlunde uden Friskhed og Lune, saa at den i det hele og store maa siges at være meget vellykket og endda fornøjelig at læse." (Carl S. Petersen)."With this Reynard the Fox medieval animal fiction is introduced to Denmark. The origin poem goes back to the 12th century in France. In the 13th century the fox becomes the cunning hero in the edition by Fleming, Willem. The poem was printed 1498 in Low German in Lübeck, and in 1539 and 1549 in Rostock by Ludwig Dietz. The 1539 Rostock edition, of which incidentally only one copy is preserved in the Staatsbibliothek, hamburg, is the one used in the translation by herman veigere. The book is dated september 20, 1554, and dedicated to King Christian III.. Veigere's translation is certainly not inferior to the original." (Thesaurus I,282).Lauritz Nielsen, 1406.

A la Haye, chez Isaac van der Klott, 1729-47. Large folio. (54 x 35 cm.). 3 uniform contemporary full mottled calf. Compartments richly gilt. Tome- and titlelabels with gilt lettering. Some wear to top of spine and some cracking to leather along joints on volume I-II. Corners a bit bumped. Small stamp on title-pages. LXI,132; II,336;(6),357,(1) pp. 3 engraved titlevignettes, 10 half-page engraved headpieces and 95 fine engraved plates (7 maps, 13 battle-scenes 73 plans and views, 2 portrait-plates (one as frontispiece in Vol. III)) mostly double-page (also triple-page or more). 8 tables, some folding. Internally fine and clean, printed on good paper. Wide-margined. First edition. Simultaneouly published in French and Dutch. This fine and monumental work describes and depicts the wars of Prince Eugene de Savoye, the Duke of Marlborough and the Prince of Nassau, in Italy, Hungary, Germany, The Netherlands and against the Turcs. The engraved maps are engraved by Hubert Iallot, Covens & Mortier, Guillaume de L'Isle etc. The very detailled panoramas of war scenes, include the fine and famous series made by Jan Huchtenburg (Huchtenburg, Pinxit et excudit). Prince Eugene's almost invariable success on the battle-field raised the reputation of the Austrian army to a point which it never reached either before or since his day. War was with him a passion. Always on march, in camps, or on the field of battle during more than fifty years, and under the reigns of three emperors, he had scarcely passed 2 years together without fighting.Graesse II:445. Brunet II:881. Cohen-Ricci 337. There is no standard collation of this work (varies between 90 and 102 plates).

Sth., C. Delén a. Others, 1802-1829. Lex8vo. 10 nice hcalf from ab. 1900 in old style, richly gilt backstop edge gilt.(G.Hedberg). Spines a little faded. Uncut. With 720 handcoloured engr.plates. First edition of the first Swedish colour-plate book on flowers. Palmstruch had learned drawing from Desprez and planned his magnificent work using Flora Danica and Sowerby's English Botany as models. The work was esteemed by contemporaries as an enterprise of national importance. Palmstruch's own illustrations, in the six first volumes, have been characterized as the best pictures of plants ever produced in Sweden, and make this one of the most beautiful of Swedish books (Lindberg, Swedish Books). The last parts of the final volume (vol. 11) were never published and a fire in the printing house destroyed the stock of the last published parts, which are consequently very rare.

Venedig, Bernardino de Tridino - Stagnatius (Bernardino Benalio and Giovanni de Tridino / Bernardino Benalio and Giovanni de Tridino alias Tacuino), 10. April 1486. Folio (binding: 33x22 cm, block: 31,5x21,5 cm). In a charming contemporary full blindstamped pigskin binding over wooden boards. Five raised bands and early handwritten paper title-labels to spine. Spine and upper parts of boards with wear. Front hinge cracked, but still holding, although inner hinge very weak. Brass clasps, but no ties. Boards richly blindstamped with panels of acanthus-stamps and diamond-shaped stamps with two-headed dragons. Centre-panel with round stamps inside which a lion. Front board with "Iohannes" repeated four times inside banners. Pasted down front end-paper richly annotated in various hands - contemporary and early - and with several Ex libris - Ditlev Duckert, Sigurd&Gudrun Wandel, and "A-D". First blank with contemporary or near contemporary two-line inscription and a discreet stamp ("Veräusserte Dublette aus Stadtbibliothek Frankfurt am Main"). Neat, contemporary handwritten annotations to margins of many leaves. Pasted-down end-paper with many contemporary handwritten annotations as well. Beautifully printed in two columns throughout, 70 lines to each. Handpainted initials in red throughout and rubricated in red. A few leaves cropped at lower blank margin (far from affecting text), one leaf with a vertital tear (no loss), one leaf with a large brown stain, and one leaf with the red initials smudged. Otherwise just some occasional brownspotting. Generally very nice and well preserved. All in all a lovely copy. 200 ff. (a-p8, q-r6 (incl. the 3 ff. of Tabula) + aa-mm8 + 2 ff. Tabula) - thus fully complete, with both registers and the first blank. The scarce and magnificent Tridino-edition of the seminal third part of the Summa Theologiae, Aquinas' unfinished magnum opus, of which each part constitutes a work in its own right, the third dealing with Christology. It is here that we find Aquinas' groundbreaking "Five Ways", his five arguments for the existence of God, arguably the most influential demonstration that God exists ever written. Each individual part of the "Summa" has its own separate printing history and its own bibliography, and the three parts are not expected to be found together. The "Pars Tertia" was printed for the first time in the 1470'ies, by Michael Wenssler. A reissue of this appeared in 1485. The present edition, by the renowned Venice book printer Tridino, constitutes the second edition of this landmark work of Western thought and the third appearance overall. Aquinas wrote his seminal magnum opus, the "Summa Theologiae", as an instructional guide for theology students and those interested in understanding Christian theology. Together, the three volumes that he wrote present the reasoning for almost all parts of Christian theology in the West, following a cycle beginning and ending with God, in between which we find Creation, Man, the Purpose of Man, Christ, and the Sacraments (unfinished), the third part dealing with Christ, the most fundamental question of the existence of God, and man's way of knowing him to exist. Although he left the "Summa" as such unfinished, the individual parts have come to form "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature." (Ross, James F.: "Summa theologiae, Christian Wisdom Explained Philosophically", 2003. P. 165). Determining that the way which leads to God is Christ, the path to God becomes the theme of Pars III of the "Summa", where we find Aquinas' Christology developed in full, his seminal demonstration of the existence of God, and his assertation of the necessity of the incarnation. Centering on the unity of the divine and human in the person of Christ, Pars III argues that all human potentialities are made perfect in Jesus. Aquinas here focuses on Christ's true humanity, including his birth, passion, resurrection, and the symbolism of the cross, and combines the Christian and the non-Christian in a synthesis that comes to be defining for all later Christian thought and theological philosophy. The most famous and influential part of Pars III of the "Summa", however, is probably Aquinas' considerations of - and arguments for - the existence of God. Exploring the rational belief in God, amongst other things, Aquinas here presents his "Five Ways" for the first time. "Aquinas considers whether we can prove that God exists in many places in his writings. But his best-known arguments for the existence of God come in Ia, 2, 3(the "Five Ways")... [i]t would be foolish to suggest that the reasoning of the Five Ways can be quickly summarized in a way that does them justice. But their substance can be indicated in fairly uncomplicated terms. In general, Aquinas' Five Ways employ a simple pattern of argument. Each begins by drawing attention to some general feature of things known to us on the basis of experience. It is then suggested that none of these features can be accounted for in ordinary mundane terms, and that we must move to a level of explanation which transcends any with which we are familiar..." (Marenbon, Medieval Philosophy, 2004. Pp. 244-45). "The Five Ways, Latin Quinquae Viae, in the philosophy of religion, the five arguments proposed by St. Thomas Aquinas (1224/25-1274) as demonstrations of the existence of God. Aquinas developed a theological system that synthesized Western Christian (and predominantly Roman Catholic) theology with the philosophy of the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle (384-322 BCE), particularly as it had been interpreted by Aristotle's later Islamic commentators. In his "Summa Theologica", which he intended as a primer for theology students, Aquinas devised five arguments for the existence of God, known as the Five Ways, that subsequently proved highly influential. While much of Aquinas's system is concerned with special revelation-the doctrine of the Incarnation of God's Word in Jesus Christ-the Five Ways are examples of natural theology. In other words, they are a concerted attempt to discern divine truth in the order of the natural world. Aquinas's first three arguments-from motion, from causation, and from contingency-are types of what is called the cosmological argument for divine existence. Each begins with a general truth about natural phenomena and proceeds to the existence of an ultimate creative source of the universe. In each case, Aquinas identifies this source with God. Aquinas's first demonstration of God's existence is the argument from motion. He drew from Aristotle's observation that each thing in the universe that moves is moved by something else. Aristotle reasoned that the series of movers must have begun with a first or prime mover that had not itself been moved or acted upon by any other agent. Aristotle sometimes called this prime mover "God." Aquinas understood it as the God of Christianity. The second of the Five Ways, the argument from causation, builds upon Aristotle's notion of an efficient cause, the entity or event responsible for a change in a particular thing. Aristotle gives as examples a person reaching a decision, a father begetting a child, and a sculptor carving a statue. Because every efficient cause must itself have an efficient cause and because there cannot be an infinite chain of efficient causes, there must be an immutable first cause of all the changes that occur in the world, and this first cause is God. Aquinas's third demonstration of God's existence is the argument from contingency, which he advances by distinguishing between possible and necessary beings. Possible beings are those that are capable of existing and not existing. Many natural beings, for example, are possible because they are subject to generation and corruption. If a being is capable of not existing, then there is a time at which it does not exist. If every being were possible, therefore, then there would be a time at which nothing existed. But then there would be nothing in existence now, because no being can come into existence except through a being that already exists. Therefore, there must be at least one necessary being-a being that is not capable of not existing. Furthermore, every necessary being is either necessary in itself or caused to be necessary by another necessary being. But just as there cannot be an infinite chain of efficient causes, so there cannot be an infinite chain of necessary beings whose necessity is caused by another necessary being. Rather, there must be a being that is necessary in itself, and this being is God. Aquinas's fourth argument is that from degrees of perfection. All things exhibit greater or lesser degrees of perfection. There must therefore exist a supreme perfection that all imperfect beings approach yet fall short of. In Aquinas's system, God is that paramount perfection. Aquinas's fifth and final way to demonstrate God's existence is an argument from final causes, or ends, in nature (see teleology). Again, he drew upon Aristotle, who held that each thing has its own natural purpose or end. Some things, however-such as natural bodies-lack intelligence and are thus incapable of directing themselves toward their ends. Therefore, they must be guided by some intelligent and knowledgeable being, which is God." (Encycl. Britt.). "Thomas Aquinas's "Summa theological" was originally written as a teaching document, a guide for beginning theology students. At more than 3,500 pages, it may seem an intimidating introduction to Christian theology; however, the influence of the "Summa" exceeds its volume. Aquinas's work influenced every subject in the liberal arts, especially astronomy, logic, and rhetoric. Aquinas's methodical disputations, rhetorical style, and logic are as much an education as his insights on the balance of faith and reason within Christian doctrine." (University of Dayton Library). "During the high Middle Ages theology itself underwent important changes. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the study of logic and dialectic began to expand at the expense of grammar and rhetoric… Another change that accompanied this development was the effort to transform Christian doctrine from scattered pronouncements of Scripture, the Councils, and the Church Fathers into a coherent and systematic body of statements. This process culminates in Peter Lombard's "Sentences"…, and in St. Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologiae"." (Kristeller, Renaissance Thought and its Sources, 1979. P. 117). Hain:1470; Proctor: 4826; Graesse: 7:139.

Husum, Matthias et Nicolaus Petersen, 1652. Folio. (48x34 cm.). Bound in a fine contemp. full calf with raised bands. Covers with rectangular triple gilt borders and a large gilt centerpiece. The binding expertly restored with rebacking, edges and corners neatly repaired. Scratches on covers repaired. Edges gilt. Endpapers renewed. Engraved ornamental title-page. (8),301,(3) pp. and 40 double-page maps and plans (43x52 cm, some larger) with original HAND-COLOURING IN OUTLINE. Title with a small stamp in upper margin. Lower margin of title-page a bit frayed. Small wormholes at end, mainly marginal, but a few in image of last 2 maps. With the usual browning to text and maps. First edition of the first full mapping of Schleswig-Holstein and the FIRST ATLAS PRINTED IN DENMARK. The work is highly esteemed, as the mapping and surveying by the Danish cartographer Johannes Mejer showed a precision which was without competition at its time. Mejer was educated in the tradition of Tycho Brahe and Longomontanus, and in the years 1638-48 he mapped Schleswig-Holstein and published these 37 maps in Danckwerth's description of Schleswig-Holstein. These maps were the best for nearly 150 years, and were used by Blaeu and other carthographers. The Danish King, Chr. IV, urged him to proceed with his mapping of Denmark, which he did for some years, making maps of Jutland and a general map of Denmark, in order to make a Nordic atlas, but only these 37 maps were published. Because the quality of the maps was of such a high quality compared with the surveying of the day, the Younger Blaeu used these maps, made re-engravings of them and printed the whole series in his "Atlas Maior" 1662.Coloured copies are very scarce, the offered item is only coloured in outline. The copies (3) in the Royal Danish Library are un-coloured. - Not in Phillips - Shirley T.Danc-1a. - Bibl. Danica III:653

Paris, Bossange père; Londres, Martin Bossange et Comp., 1822 & 1823. 8vo. [Traité:] Two lovely contemporary, uniform half calf bindings with gilding and blindstamped ornamentations to spines. "E. C." in gilt lettering to top of spine on both volumes + [Sommaire:] a bit later red half cloth with marbled paper over boards. Gilt title to spine. [Traité]: signed by the author on verso of half-title in vol. 1: "Ch Fourier". Title-page of vol. 1 with a small light brown stain (probably candle-starin), far from affecting lettering. Both volumes in lovely condition, with only very light occassional brownspoting. LXXX, 592 pp.; VIII, 648 pp. [Sommaire:] Title-page slightly browned, evenly. Otherwise very nice, clean, and fresh. 16 pp, pp. (1329) -1448 + 4 ff. (= (A8 (unnumbered) - on two leaves, first recto and second verso blank) + B8, C8, D8, E8).A lovely set. Scarce first edition of Fourier's milestone work of political theory, which is considered a founding work of Utopian Socialism and a main inspiration for Marx. The work, which contains "the essence of Fourier's doctrine" (David Owen Evans, Social Romanticism in France 1830-1848, p. 129.), is here presented together with the exceedingly rare complete supplement, which was published the following year.It is in the "Traité..." that Fourier presents the revolutionary ideas that Marx were to adopt and use in his "Kapital", namely the theory of poverty and exploitation and its relation to the means of production. These same ideas are those that made Marx speak of Fourier's "Gargantuan view of man".It is due to the "Traité de l'association" that Fourier is considered one of the founding fathers of Utopian Socialism (being by far the most utopian of them); in his quest for a more equal society, he became one of the very first to defend things such as same-sex sexuality and the rights of women - in fact, it is Fourier that later coins the word "Feministe", while stating that the position of women in society was equal to that of slaves. Many of his publications preceded those of de Saint-Simon, Owens, and Marx, but his ideas seemed to find greater influence when interpreted by others. Due to the lack of success of the "Traité", Fourier decided, the following year, to publish the "Sommaire", in an attempt to draw attention to his revolutionary ideas in the "Traité". The "Sommaire" constitutes a short, more easily understood, summary, though also containing some additional new work. The "Sommaire" is often referred to as "The Appendix" to the "Traité" and is considered as belonging to that work. One of the central themes of the work is the thought of "harmony": "The word harmonisme - here fully explained and described for the first time - was first applied to the highest of the passions or motives of humankind; then (as a synonym for Harmonie) to the ultimate stage of social evolution. The fortunate inhabitants of the perfected world he called harmoniens, a word coined in the present work. These words were duly translated by the Fourierites of other lands. Harmony, the Harmonic state, Harmonization, or integral contrasted association, were the terms used in the earliest English translations in 1841 to describe Fourier's proposed social system; and Harmonism was employed in the 1850's. The inhabitants were spoken of as Harmonians; and Fourier's philosophy as a whole was sometimes described as the Harmonian Doctrine. Even the word harmonious was called into service as a technical term, one English disciple writing of a Harmonious Phalanx." (Bestor, The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary, p. 264).Charles Fourier claimed to find inspiration in the exorbitant price of an apple in a Parisian restaurant and he convinced himself that he could design a more efficient way to produce and deliver goods. Unlike other socialists of his day, Fourier believed that the pursuit of self interest served as an effective incentive to productive work. He simply did not believe that the market economy of his day successfully mobilized the pursuit of self interest for the common good and he was offended by the low productivity of labor. He argued that most people were employed in deadening jobs that failed to fully utilize their energies, and that nearly two thirds of all workers were performing virtually useless tasks. A more efficient economic organization promised enormous benefits to all if only a benefactor capitalist would advance the money necessary to set up the first community or ''phalanstery''.Phalanxes, structures called Phalanstères or "grand hotels", were four level apartment complexes where the richest had the uppermost apartments and the poorest occupied the ground floor residence. Wealth was determined by one's job, jobs were assigned based on the interests and desires of the individual. There were incentives: jobs people might not enjoy doing would receive higher pay. Fourier considered trade, which he associated with Jews, to be the "source of all evil" and advocated that Jews be forced to perform farm work in the phalansteries. Furthermore he believed that there were twelve common passions which resulted in 810 types of character (it is not clear why exactly this number), so the ideal phalanx would have exactly 1620 people. One day there would be six million of these, loosely ruled by a world "omniarch", or a World Congress of Phalanxes.Fourier and his contemporaries such as Owen and Saint-Simon were named utopian socialist because of their visions of imaginary ideal societies. Many saw them as not being grounded in the material conditions of society and as reactionary. Despite Fourier's lacking sense of practicality his ideas profoundly influenced all later socialist political and economic though; Not only was he immortalized by Marx, "John Stuart Mill shared the same enthusiasm for Fourier as did the German Marx and Engels and the American George Ripley. Fourier's was "the most skillfully combined, and with the greatest foresight of objections, of all the forms of Socialism." (Feuer, The Influence of the American Communist Colonies on Engels and Marx, P. 466). Fourier's views inspired in the mid 19. century the founding of the communities in Utopia, Ohio, La Reunion near present-day Dallas, Texas and several other communities within the United States of America, including the North American Phalanx in Red Bank, New Jersey; Brook Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts and the Community Place and Sodus Bay Phalanx in New York State.In the mid 20th Century, Fourier's influence began to rise again among writers appraising socialist ideas outside the Marxist doctrines. After the Surrealists had broken with the French Communist Party, André Breton turned to Fourier, writing Ode à Charles Fourier in 1947."Traité de l'association domestique-agricole ":Kress C864 Goldsmiths 23694 Einaudi 1960 (including both works). "Sommaire du traité":Kress C1060Goldsmiths 23997.

Kiøbenhaffn, Mads Vingaard, Henrich Waldkirch, Hans Stockelmann, Niels Michelsen, 1595-1604. 4to. Indbundet i 10 - nær samtidige - ensartede marmorerede hellæderbind med ophøjede bind på rygge. Rig rygforgyldning og forgyldte titel- og tomefelter. Alle bind med helt guldsnit. Nogle kapitæler fint udbedrede. Varierende bruning afhængig af papirkvaliteten. Sidste bind "Den Geistlige Historie... 1604) som altid med kraftigere bruning. Dette meget velbevarede eksemplar har tilhørt Henning Valkendorf (1560-1626) til Glorup og Søbogaard og senere søofficeren Frederik Hoppe (1690-1776). På alle forpermer er i guld trykt en lille blomsterkrans hvori et bundet neg (Valkendorfs bogmærke ?). Yderst sjælden i komplet stand som den foreligger her med alle 10 bind, hvis trykkerhistorie strakte sig over 10 år. Værket om fatter: 1. En kaart Historiske Beskriffuelse... Christian den Tredie. 1595. Med kongens portræt opsat på bagsiden af titelbladet. 198 blade. - 2. Beskriffuelse Om .... Kong Christiern den Anden. 1596. 192 blade. - 3. Konning Friederich Den førstis ... Histori. 1597. 198 blade. - 4. Kong Hansis Krønicke. 1599. 178 blade. - 5. Historiske Beskriffuelse... Herr Christiern den Første. 1599. 164 blade. - 6. En Kaart Chronologia ... Fran Canuto VI. oc det Aar 1182. Oc indtil ... 1448. K. 1600. 208 blade. 7. Den Anden Part Chronologiæ. 1601. 332 blade. - 8. Den tredie Part Chronologiae. 1603. 360 blade. - 9. Danimarckis krønicke, fra Kong Dan den første, oc indtil Kong Knud den 6. 1603. 118,18,25 blade. - 10. Den Geistlige Historie offuer alt Danmarckis Rige. 1604. 120 blade.Extremely scarce with all ten volumes of Huitfeldt's celebrated history of Denmark. "After publishing his translation of Saxo Grammaticus, Vedel was asked to continue saxo's work and to bring the study of Denmark down to his own time. There were disagreements about how thorough this history should be and which language should be used, Danish or Latin. The project was then given with Vedel's notes to another historian, who accomplished little, and finally to Arild Huitfeldt. Huitfeldt worked quickly, from 1595 to 1603, providing nine volumes of Danish history from King Dan I down to 1559 and the reign of Christian III. He published the ninth volume first (1595)... In 1604 he added a tenth volume, a chronicle of Danish bishops. Huitfeldt had hoped to create a more carefully written version of hist history, but he died before he had the chance. Although roughj in some places, this work provides an invaluable source of information not otherwise available. For example it contains the text of original documents, letters, and description of laws." (Houghton Library, Danish Literature, 1986).Lauritz Nielsen, 960, 962, 959, 963, 958, 961. - Bibl. Dan. III,12 og II,898. - Thesaurus I, 220-229.

Copenhagen, Peter Haubold, 1673-80. 4to. A very nice recent full calf pastiche binding with four raised bands and gilt red title-label to spine. blindstamped borders to boards. Old owner's inscription ("Sven Borgh/Lund 1840") to title-page. A very nice and clean copy with only a bit of brownspotting and some evenly browned leaves. A tear (with no loss) to one leaf and one leaf (vol. V, L3) with a neat marginal restoration, far from affacting text. The following two leaves with minor loss to blank upper margin (far from affecting text). The large double-page folded plate with Stensen's lymphatic glands (vol. II, p. 240) with a neat restoration to verso, no loss. Annotations and corrections in the same early, neat hand throughout. Woodcut vignettes and initials. All four title-pages (part III & IV have a joint title-page) printed in red and black. (16), 316; (20), 376; (16), 174, 216; (8), 342 pp. With ab. 60 woodcut illustrations in the text, many of them quite large, two of them full-page, and all 62 engraved plates (of which two are on a folded leaf), four of which are folded. A truly excellent, fully complete copy with all five volumes and all 62 plates. The very rare first edition of all five volumes of Bartholin's groundbreaking medical journal, which constitutes the first scientific periodical in Scandinavia and one of the very first medical periodicals in the world. Thomas Bartholin (1616-1680) was one of the leading physicians of his time, now remembered, among many other things, as the discoverer of the lymphatic system. He "was the most celebrated physician of his period in Denmark and perhaps in all of Europe". (Kronick, p. 81). He is considered "a typical representative of the "Curiosi naturae" of the 17th century with all their learning, diligence and insatiable spirit of curiosity... He belonged with all his heart to the learned period, and yet he made an anatomical-physiological discovery of high mark when he found, and demonstrated, a hitherto entirely unknown vascular system in animals, and later in man - the lymphatic." (Meisen, p. 25). He was a hugely influential and extremely productive man. Apart from his seminal discovery of the lymphatic system, he wrote a number of highly influential treatises, published a series of very influential anatomical papers, published his vast correspondence with other scientists, which has the character of a scientific archive at a time when there were not yet periodicals of natural science, provided us with the most extensive information about medicine in Denmark and about the conditions of the physicians, called attention to the significance of pathological anatomy, etc., etc., and "[y]et the greatest importance is to be attached to his "Acta medica philosophica Hafniensia", in 5 volumes, that was published from 1673 to 1680, when he died. It is a scientific periodical, wide in its scope, one of the first of its kind." (Meisen, p. 28). "The Copenhagen biologists, under the quickening influence of Thomas Bartholin, produced five volumes of transactions known as the Acta medica et philosophica Hafniensia, which is now very rare." (Hagenströmer)The leading contributors to the periodical, besides Bartholin himself, was the great Niels Steensen (Steno), Holger Jacobsen (Jacobaeus), Caspar Bartholin, Ole Borch (Borrichius), Ole Worm, Simon Paulli, Johan Rohde, Caspar Kölichen, etc., but the contributions were not confined to Danes or Scandinavians. For instance, the English anatomist Edward Tyson (1650-1708) also published here, as did several other internationally famous physicians and scientists. Interestingly, the "Acta Hafniensia", as it is known, has a great focus on the odd and curious, the astounding and marvelous, the unnatural and abnormal. Thorndike claims that "Monsters and freaks of nature receive perhaps the most attention." (vol. VIII, p. 234). However, the journal was far from limited to this. "Thomas Bartholin describes the male mandrill illustrated by three anatomical plates (Male genitalia) and a figure of the entire animal, which had died of disease in the Royal Menagerie. Holger Jacobsen describes the scorpion, the salamander, snakes, several birds, the heron and the parrot (based on dissections and figures by Steno). He also investigated the fascinating and unique anatomical puzzle of the tongue of the black woodpecker (with plate). He gives an exceptionally interesting account of the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa, which is important as being one of the first in which the elongated segmental heart of insects is described and figured. This memoir is a commendable piece of zootomical research, and it is all the more outstanding because the subject of it was an invertebrate (Cole). The most outstanding contributions in the entire periodical, however, are the 12 by Niels Steensen (Steno), which are all printed here for the first time. Steensen was the most gifted of Bartholin's disciples, and when he returned to Denmark in 1672, he immediately took up anatomical demonstrations and dissections, the fruits of which he published here, in the first three volumes of the "Acta Hafniensia". His contributions constitute important finds in the fields of The Brain, The Heart, The Muscles and General Embryology. "Steno's dissections of the muscles of the eagle, Aquila (1673) is one of the most remarkable essays in zootomy published up to his time, and it is perhaps more detailed and reliable than almost any other." (Cole). (Gosch 24).In the paper "Embryo monsto affinis Parisiis dissectus" (Gosch 15), we have the first known description of the "tetralogy of Fallot" (Garrison & Morton no 2726.1). "Bartholin was the most celebrated physician of his period in Denmark and perhaps in all of Europe. He was professor of anatomy at the University of Copenhagen and later became Dean of its Medical Faculty. The publication seems also to have associated with the activities of a scientific society, although there seems to be little evidence for Neuberger's statement that the "Acta" were the proceedings of this society. The preface to the translation of the "Acta" which are included in the "Collection Académique" gives the following account of its origins: "The Academy of Copenhagen was founded by Frederick III, who was aware how much glory it brought to him and to Denmark by encouraging the sciences and by attracting and holding scientists in his kingdom. One finds little to clarify the history of this academy, even in the five published volumes. The editing of the memoirs was principally under the care of Bartholin, the first Dane to publish medical observations. His aim was first to make a collection which embraced all parts of science; but, deterred by the immensity of the task, he limited himself to the different parts of medicine and to those observations that were offered to him. His sponsor was Count Griffenfeld, the grand chancellor of Denmark, who obtained an edict enjoining all Danish physicians to render exact correspondence with the Dean of the Faculty of Copenhagen and to inform him of all singularities in medicine and natural history observed in different parts of the kingdom. Bartholin had great hopes for this collection and one can truly find in the five volumes which he published many discoveries which would have been lost or perhaps not have existed if this correspondence had not brought them to light and encouraged him." The "Acta" consisted primarily in short original observations on medical and natural scientific subjects, although it also contained a few abstracts of books." (Kronick p. 81). Waller: 712 (listing only 39 plates)Wellcome: II, p. 108 (listing 61 plates)Gosch: III, pp 58-59 & I, pp. 137-38Hagströmer Library has only vols. I-IVBartholin papers: Gosch: Bartholin 30-43Steensen-papers: Gosch: Steno 15-26; Garrison&Morton: 2726.1Cole, F.J.: A History of Comparative Anatomy, pp 369-93Thorndike: History of Magic and Experimental Science, vol. VIII, Chapter 30Kronick, David A.: A History of Scientific and Technical Periodical 1665-1790, p. 57 & pp. 80-82Meisen: Prominent Danish Scientists through the Ages, pp. 25-28

Nürnberg, Christopher Riegel, 1729. Folio. (38x25 cm.). Bound in two unifrom later half vellum with handwritten titles and line bands on spine, all in black ink. Bound partly uncut. Half-title, (8), 362, (363-367), 368-626 pp. + Tractatus Praecipui 53 pp. + Index (9) pp. + Informatio pro Bibliopegis &c (2) pp. Engraved allegorical frontispiece (by Jean Boulanger after D.K. Ehrenstrahl). 12 engraved portraits and 115 fine engraved plates (numbered up to 112, some numbers omitted, some unnumbered, some double-numb - COMPLETE). Plates are double-page, but some of the plates folded three times and made from more than one copperplate; the plate with the view of Stockholm, showing the procession of the funeral of Carl X Gustav, is printed from 13 plates and is 450 cm. long. One plate (Expeditio Gloriosa... qua Mare Balticum) shaved in left and right margins, loosing part of the printed frame. Many engraved vignettes, coins and medals in the text. Although the binding is rather new, it is the copy's first binding, thus the first and last few leaves in both volumes have some brownspots and some soiling, otherwise rather clean with some scattered brownspots, mainly to margins. A few corners with minor repairs (no loss). 7 plates in part I having a wormtract in upper right corners, not affecting the engravings. Scarce second Latin edition - the first published 1696 - having the same plates as the first, of this magnificent and profusely illustrated work on the Swedish Wars, which also appeared in translations into German and French. The writing of this official history of the Swedish Wars with Poland and Denmark from 1655 to 1660 was entrusted by King Charles XI to Samuel Pufendorf, the famous and important German jurist, political philosopher, economist, statesman and historian, who was made a baron in 1694, shortly before he died. Pufendorf played a decisive role in the development of the philosophy of law and political history. His famous work on the Swedish Wars is also famed for its impressive and excellent illustrations, - not least the 450 cm. long procession-plate. To illustrate the history of the Swedish Wars, use was made of the original drawings by Erik Dahlberg, the Quarter-Master general of the Swedish Army, who was an eye-witness. The drawings were engraved by the same artists that Dahlbergh employed in Paris and later in Sweden for his "Suecia Antiqua", e.g. Boulanger, Cochin, Jean le Pautre, Perelle etc. etc. They includes views from Poland, Denmark, Germany and Norway. It is easy to trace the influence of Callot, as well as of Rubens in these splendid Cavalry scenes. Swedish Books No 38 - Warmholtz: 4840 (1696-edition).